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Wastwater PDF
Wastwater PDF
ABSTRACT
The performance and initial cost of a waste water treatment unit are analyzed
using both the fundamental laws of fluid mechanics and emperical data. Analysis is
made for Kima waste water treatment unit (system 1) using the above mentioned
analysis. Comparison was made with the data of Naga-Hamady waste water treatment
unit (system 2). Amendments are made in system 2 to enhance its performance and
minimize its drawback (system 3). Comparison is made for efficiency to cost ratio for
the three systems.
KEYWORDS
2. PIPELINES DESIGN
The design of waste water pipes includes the estimation of velocities and depth
of flow. The flow in pipes are partially full , the velocity in pipe is in the range betwen
0.3 and 1.2 m/s and the recommended velocity is 0.6 m/s. the pipes are buried. So, the
l
oads on pipes must be calculated such as the weight of the earth and any
superimposed loads. The design of piping system depends on Renolds number
(laminar or turbulent flow) and , friction factor and local losses. The following
eqations, tables and charts help in the design.
2/3
(1)
V = 83R h S 1 / 2
where, V is mean velocity of flow in pipe (m/s), Rh is hydraulic radius of pipe (m), S is
pipe slope. The load on the pipe is calculated using the following formula
W = CwB 2
(2)
where, W is load on pipe per unit length (kN/m), w is weight of soil per unit volume
(kN/m3), B is width of trench (m), C is coefficient which value depends upon type of
soil and ratio of depth of cover to trench width.
3D
B = 304.8 +
(3)
2
where, D is diameter of pipe (m). Equations (1,2,3) are sited in [2].
Tables 1, 2 and 3 give the values of C, w and S respectively.
Table 1 Values of C [3 ].
Ratio of depth Sand and damp Saturated
to trench width topsoil
topsoil
0.5
0.46
0.46
1.0
0.85
0.86
2.0
1.46
1.50
3.0
1.90
1.98
4.0
2.22
2.33
5.0
2.45
2.59
6.0
2.61
2.78
7.0
2.73
2.93
8.0
2.81
3.03
9.0
2.88
3.11
10.0
2.92
3.17
11.0
2.95
3.21
12.0
2.97
3.24
13.0
2.99
3.27
14.0
3.00
3.28
15.0
3.01
3.30
Damp
clay
0.47
0.88
1.56
2.08
2.49
2.80
3.04
3.22
3.37
3.48
3.56
3.63
3.68
3.72
3.75
3.77
Saturated clay
0.47
0.90
1.62
2.20
2.66
3.03
3.33
3.57
3.76
3.92
4.04
4.14
4.22
4.29
4.34
4.38
Slope; S
1:75
1:100
1:135
1:200
1:300
1:400
1:500
Diameter; D (mm)
600
700
800
850
1000
1200
1300
Slope; S
1:700
1:800
1:900
1:1000
1:1100
1:1200
1:1300
Head loss in pipes varies directly with pipe length and square of velocity, and
inversly with pipe diameter. Using a dimensionless coefficient of propertionality; f
called friction factor, Darcey, Weisbach, and others proposed equation in the form:
LV2
hl = f
(4)
D 2g
where, h1 is head loss (m) ,g is gravitational accleration (m/s2) and L is length of pipe
(m). Friction factor; f depends on Reynolds number of flow and pipe relative
roughness; e/D.
where, Re is Reynolds number based on diameter; D and it is defined by:
VD
(5)
where, is the density of the flowing fluid (kg/m3) and is the viscosity of the
Re =
V2
hl = k l
(6)
2g
where, k 1 is the loss coefficient. Values of k1 for various common fittings are tabulated
by Street et. al. [1].
Equations (4,5,6) are listed by Street et. al. [1].
3. CONVENTIONAL WASTE WATER TREATMENT
3.1. Introduction
In general, the removal of organic pollutants in waste water may be divided into
two stages. The first stage, which involves the removal of the waste water solids, is
called primary treatment; figure 1-A. The second stage, which involves the removal of
the colloids and the dissolved organic matter, in waste water, is called secondary
treatment; figure 1-B. The secondary treatment of waste involves removing the
leftovers from primary treatment. The leftovers are composed of colloidal and
dissolved organic matters. Since these forms are colloidal and dissolved, they can no
longer be removed by simple sedimentation. They must be transformed into solids that
can then easily be settled. This transformation involves feeding them to micro
organisms, mostly bacteria. As the bacteria feed on the colloidal and dissolved organic
matters, they grow and multiply, thus converting those which were once colloidal and
dissolved into solids that are capable of settling.
Raw waste
water
Primary
clarifier
screens
Effluent
from
primary
clarifier
Flow
meter
Grit
chamber
Under flow to
sludge treatment.
(A) Primary treatment
From primary
treatment
Q0 , S 0 , X 0
Aerator
Part of
QR
sludge
Xu
returned
To sludge treatment
QW,XU
Secondary
clarifier
Setting sludge
Effluent to further
treatment or to stream.
Qu,Xu
Q=KWH1/2
(8)
Where, Q is the flow through an orifice, K is the orifice constant, W is the width
of over the weir and H is the head over the weir crest.
Q = At .V t
Design criteria for primary sedimentation tanks is tabulated in table 4.
(10)
Value
range
Typical
1.5-2.5
2
30-50
____
80-120
120-450
90
200
2-6
15-100
3-30
0.5-1.5
3.5
30
10
1
3-5
3-60
60-160
0.02-0.05
4.5
30
80
0.03
Rectangular
depth
length
width
Sludge scraper speed (m/min)
Circular
depth
diameter
Bottom slope (min/m)
Sludge scraper speed(r.p.m)
BOD5
Percent removal
60
50
Suspended
solids
40
30
20
10
0
0
20
40
60
80
100 120
Tank dimensions, ft
Depth
Width
10-12
30-40
12-14
35-50
13-15
40-60
12-17
45-65
15-18
45-75
15-20
50-85
15-20
60-80
P=
gHQ
1000
(12)
[X ] =
C =
c Y ([S 0 ] [S ])
(1 + k d c )
V [X ]
QW [X U ] + (Q 0 QW )[ X e ] Q 0 [X 0 ]
(13)
(14)
where, [X] is mixed population of microrganisms utilizing the organic waste, [Xe] is
Effluent biomass concentration, [X0] is Effluent biomass concentration, [XU] is
underflow concentration, [S] is the concentration of a limiting substrate or nutrient,
[S0] is the inflow concentration of substrate, Q0 is influent to secondary tank, Q w is
sludge waste rate, Y is specific yeild of organisms mass of organisms produced, K d
is the rate of decay, is nominal hydraulic retention time and c is is mean cell
residue time. A complete analysis of secondary treatment is shown by Sincero [3].
8
6
6
10
10
9
10
10
Sludge
11
17
Water
12
4
5
17
NO
1
Unit
2
3
4
5
Screening chamber
Grit chamber
Distribution chamber to P.S.T
P.S.T-Four 28m diameter,
water depth 3.25m
Aeration tanks L=112m,
W=26m, depth=4.4m
Returned and excess pumping
station (screw pump)
Collection chamber
Distribution chamber to S.S.T
6
7
8
9
13
13
Entrance chamber
14
15
16
1
2NO Unit
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
(6)
I
990 m
III
IV
960m
II
E
F
BB
(7)
30 m
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(5)
Pipes
7.5 m
C
A
Channels
(5)
(5)
(2)
(5)
(4)
(1)
50m
500m
10 m
400
(7)
960m
990 m
H
30 m
(4)
30 m
(4)
(4)
(4)
K
(8)
(6)
18m
(6)
(6)
(6)
(5)
(2)
50m (3)
10 m
500m
7.5 m
(1)
Valve closed.
II
IV
D
G
F
A
III
C
K
II
C
G
F
A
III
(8)
(8)
II
C
K
IV
E
H
IV
III
(8)
II
IV
F
A
III
J
(8)
System 1
100
Cost ( LE)
1004356
Efficiency to cost ratio (%/LE) 9.96*10-5
System 2
80
System 3
90
242076
3.3*10-4
234876
3.83*10-4
5. CONCLUSIONS
An analytical analysis has been made for the design of waste water treatment
unit using both fundamental laws of fluid mechanics and imperical data. The design
includes a system comparable to kima system; system 1, system comparable to NagaHamady waste water treatment unit; system 2 and system 3 which represents modified
system 2. Comparison has been made for the performance and the mechanical cost of
three systems. The study showed that although system 1 has the highest efficiency, it
has the lowest efficiency to cost ratio due to its high mechanical cost. Moreover,
system 3 has the highest efficiency to cost ratio. In addition, It is expected to have a
low maintenance cost compared to the other systems due to its simplicity and
modifications performed. However, system 3 requires large area compared to system
1. Hence, it may be concluded that system 3 is recommended when compared to the
other systems.
APPENDIX A
SPECIFICATIONS OF SYSTEMS 1 , 2 & 3
Item
1- Flow rate
System 1
35000 m3/day, flow
comming into plant by
gravity and cleanning
velocities are (0.3,0.6)
m/s
2- Inlet
chamber
3- Screens
System 2
35000 m3/day, flow
coming to plant by
gravity
and
pressurized
by
centrifugal pump at
the first of plant.
Cleanning velocities
are (0.3,0.6) m/s.
System 3
Effluent from plant
= 35000 m3/day.
Flow coming to
plant by gravity
and pressurized by
jet pump at the first
of plant. Cleanning
velocities
are
(0.3,0.6) m/s.
1 inlet pipe to 2
inlet
pipes,
centrifugal
pump 1waste water pipe
with H=5m. P=40 Dia=927
mm,
KW
1 pure water pipe
(d =0.625m) to jet
pump with nozzle
diameter =0.158m,
throat
diameter=
0.347 m.
Normal screen to remove big grains of
grits
There is no grit L=18m, W=1.4m ,
chamber
d=0.97m.
There
is
no It is taken by its
pumping station
weight
Automatic
screens
L=6.5, W=1m.
4- Grit
L=20m,
W=0.85m,
chamber
d=1.2m.
5- Pumping Submerged
pump
3
station of
Q=25.5 m /hr, H=4m,
grits
P=3KW.
6- Collection 3 tanks, D =2.5 m, There
is
no 3 tanks, D =1.7m ,
grit tanks
V=1.5 m3.
collection grit tanks. V= 1.5 m3.
Item
System 1
System 2
System 3
7- Channels
in the
system.
-1channel
with
W=1.1m, d=1.2m is
divided into two
channels, each one
for two baisns, each
one
has
the
dimensions,
W=0.55m,
d =1.2m.
-1channel
with
W=1.1m, d=1.2m
is divided into two
channels, each one
for two baisns,
each
one
has
dimensions,
W=0.55m,
d=1.2m.
System 2
System 3
-1 channel collect from -1 channel collect
4 channels to aeration from 4 channels to
tanks with W=1.6m, color baisns with
d=0.74m.
W=1.6m, d=0.74m.
1- channel between
collection chamber to
D.C with W=1.9m,
d=1.24m.-4
channels
take water from S.S.T
with
W=0.7m,
d=0.76m.
8- P.S.T
-4 circular tanks with -4 rectangular tanks, with L=30m,
inlet
D
=28m, W=7.5m, d=2.8m.
d =3.25m.
9- Aeration
In aeration tanks using In oxidation ponds depends on
the activated sludge atmospheric oxygen where the depth =1m
process and oxygen to enable the flow exposing to natural
using
mechanical oxygen .
aerators
10- Pumping Archimedean
screw There is no pumping station for returned
station for
pump H= 6m, P=10 and excess sludge .
returned and KW, R.P.M=60.
excess
Submerged
pump
sludge.
(excess sludge) H=9m,
P=14 KW.
11- S.S.T
4
circular
tanks, The oxidation pond acts as secondary
D =38m, d=3.5m.
treatment with L= 990 m, W=960 m, d=
1m.
12- Effluent 4 centrifugal pumps, 4 centrifugal pumps, H=80 m, P=123 KW.
pump
H= 102 m, P=155 KW.
Item
13- Drying
beds
14- Type of
treatment
15Mechanical
cost
16- Building
cost
17-
Maintenance
cost
System 1
System 2
System 3
Moderate cost
Low
Low
Very large area
80%
90%
performance.
REFERENCES
1
2
3
4
5
6
NOMENCLATURE
A
C
d
D
Area
Coefficient
Depth
Diameter
Friction factor
g
hl
H
K
Kd
Kl
L
N
O
P
Q
Gravitational accleration
Head loss
Head
Orifice constant, Constant
Rate of decay
Loss coefficient
Length
Speed
Over flow rate
Power
Flow rate
Sludge waste rate
Influent to secondary tank
Reynolds number
Hydraulic radius
Slope
Concentration of a limiting
substrate or nutrient
Inflow concentration of
substrate
Qw
Q0
Re
Rh
S
[S]
[S0]
v
V
w
W
Approach velocity
Velocity, Volume
Weight of soil per unit volume
Load on pipe per unit length,
Width
[X]
Mixed population of
microrganisms utilizing the
organic waste
[Xe]
Effluent biomass concentration
[XU]
Underflow concentration
[X0]
Effluent biomass concentration
Y
Specific yeild of organisms
Efficiency
Desity
Abbreviations
BOD Biochemical oxygen demand
D.C
Distribution chamber
P.S.T Primary sedimentation tank
S.S.T Secondary sedimentation tank
Temp. Temperature
Subscripts
t
Tank