N

LCCDE= ak y [ nk ] = bm x [nm]
k=0

m =0

H ( e jw ) = je

jwM
2

1
X ( e jw ) e jwn dw
2

c [ k ] =2 h[

c [ k ] sin ( wk )

M
k ]
2

---------------------------------------------------------------

Fori=X ( e )= x [n]e
jw

(
k=0

---------------------------------------------------------------

Inv Fori=x [ n ] =

M
2

jwn

FIR 4 :h [ n ] =h [ M n ] M odd

For z transform put z= e

jwn

----------------------------------------------------------

H ( e jw ) = j e

(1c k z 1 )

b [ k ] =2 h [

k=1
N

(1d k z1)
k=1

Then Frac : X ( z )=
k=1

Ak
1d k z1

Where Ak =( 1d k z1 ) X ( z ) at z =d k
----------------------------------------------------------

z1a
H ap (z)=
1a z1
----------------------------------------------------------

FIR 1:h [ n ]=h [ M n ] M even

H ( e jw ) =e

jwM
2

M
2

a [ k ] cos ( wk )

k =0

a [ 0 ] =h

[ ]

M
M
a [ k ] =2 h[ k ]
2
2

------------------------------------------------------------

FIR 2:h [ n ] =h [ M n ] M odd

H ( e jw ) =e

jwM
2

M +1
2

k=0

b [ k ] =2 h [

1
b [ k ] cos w (k )
2

))

M +1
k ]
2

--------------------------------------------------------------

FIR 3: h [ n ] =h [ M n ] M even

M +1
2

k=0

b
If X ( z )= 0
a0

jwM
2

M +1
k ]
2

))

1
d [ k ] sin w (k )
2

Butter Filter : H ( j )=

1
2N

1+( )
c

-------------------------------------------------------------

Impulse Invariance : =
poles: sk =c e

Td

j
(2 k+2 N1)
2N
N

H c ( s) =

( c )
All stable poles ( ss k ) form
N

Ak
(after fraction)
k=1 (ss k )

H c ( s ) =
N

H ( z )=

k=1

T d Ak
1e s T z1
k

---------------------------------------------------------------

Bilinear : =

tan
Td
2
j

poles: sk =c e 2 N

(2 k+2 N1)

( c )N
H c ( s) =
All stable poles ( ss k ) form
put s=

2 1z
H c ( s ) get H ( z )
T d 1+ z1

-----------------------------------------------------------------

2n
M
0 n
M
2
Bartlett :w [ n ] =
2n M
2
< n M
M 2
0 otherwise

-------------------------------------------------------------------

Hanning :w [ n ] =

0.50.5 cos

( 2Mn )0 n M

0 otherwise

---------------------------------------------------------------------

Hamming :

w [ n ]=

2 n
0nM
M
0 otherwise

0.540.46 cos

( )

-------------------------------------------------------------------------

DFT : Same as DFS . DFS is preodicits one period

is called DFT i. e . 0 N 1

--------------------------------------------------------------------

Kaiser :

[(

]) ]
2 1

( n ) 2
I 0 1

w [ n ]=
0nM
I o ( )
0 otherwise

0.1102 ( A8.7 ) A >50

= 0.5842 ( A21 )0.4 +0.07886 ( A21 ) 21 A 50
0 A< 21
= s p
A=20 log 10 ( )
M=

A8
2.285

-------------------------------------------------------------------------

DFS :W N =e
x [ n ]=

1
N

N1

j2
N

N 1

X [ k ] = x [ n ] W N kn
n=0

X [k ]W Nkn X [ k ] = X ( e j) = 2Nk
n=0