1.

Explain why covalently bonded materials are generally less dense than
ionically or metallically bonded ones.
Covalently bonded materials are less dense than metallic or ionically
bonded ones since covalent bonds are directional in nature whereas metallic
and ionic are not; when bonds are directional, the atoms cannot pack
together in as dense a manner, yielding a lower mass
density.
2. Describe the difference in atomic/molecular structure between crystalline
and noncrystalline materials.
A crystal or crystalline solid is a solid material whose constituents, such
as atoms, molecules or ions, are arranged in a highly ordered microscopic
structure, forming a crystal lattice that extends in all directions. In addition,
macroscopic single crystals are usually identifiable by their geometrical
shape, consisting of flat faces with specific, characteristic orientations
noncrystalline solids lack a systematic and regular arrangement of atoms
over relatively large atomic distances. Sometimes such materials are also
called amorphous (meaning literally without form), or super cooled liquids,
inasmuch as their atomic structure resembles that of a liquid
crystalline
atoms pack in periodic, 3D arrays
Usually in metals, many ceramics
and some polymers

noncrystalline
atoms have no periodic packing
It occurs for complex structures and
rapid cooling