ENGINEERING

MATERIALS, PROCESSES
AND TESTING (ME136P-2)
Description
• A course that deals with liquid and gases covering such topics as
properties of fluids (liquid and gas), hydrostatic pressure, basic
principles of kinematics of fluid dynamics, relative equilibrium of
liquid, flow through orifices, tubes and weirs, fluids flow in pipes and
open channels.
Introduction to Material Science and
Engineering
Definition:
materials science - the scientific study of the properties and
applications of materials of construction or manufacture (such as
ceramics, metals, polymers, and composites)

The engineered item needs the right materials.

Fundamental Principles
There are three fundamental principles that governs structures and
properties of materials.

1.Properties of materials depend on its structure

e.g graphite and diamond are both carbon but their structure is
different. Graphite is smooth and slippery with a dark color and is a
good electrical conductor whereas the diamond is hard and an
electrical insulator. This is due to their different atomic arrangements.
Fundamental Principles
2. A material acquires a certain equilibrium structure in order to attain
the lowest total free energy for the system

e.g When you are making coffee or milo drink. The solid “powder” will
dissolve in the hot water. But as you add more and more, the less
powder will be dissolved. It reaches a state of structure equilibrium
whereby the “structure” can no longer accept additioanals.
Fundamental Principles
3.Properties depend directly on the synthesis or processing techniques.

Synthesis – it is the production of chemical compounds by reaction and

from simpler materials.

e.g Refer to the milo example, the solid is dissolved in hot water, the
property of the drink is different of that of the milo.
 Atomic Structure
and
Inter-atomic bonding
Atomic Structure
Atomic structure refers to the structure of an atom comprising a
nucleus (center) in which the protons (positively charged) and neutrons
(neutral) are present.

The atom consists of

Nucleus: contains positive protons (p) and
neutral neutrons (n) 
Electrons: circling the nucleus within energy
"shells"

The Rutherford-Bohr Model of an Atom

Inter-atomic bonding
Inter-atomic bonding is defined as the bonding between atoms that
holds the atoms together.
Types of Inter Atomic Bonds
There are 3 types
1. Ionic
2. Covalent
3. Metallic
Ionic Bond
• It is the complete transfer of valence electron(s) between atoms. It is
a type of chemical bond that generates two oppositely charged ions.

• In ionic bonds, the metal loses electrons to become a positively

charged cation, whereas the nonmetal accepts those electrons to
become a negatively charged anion.

*valence electron is the electron on the outer shell of the atom that can
participate in the formation of the chemical bond.
Covalent Bond
A covalent bond is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron
pairs between atoms. These electron pairs are known as shared pairs or
bonding pairs, and the stable balance of attractive and repulsive forces
between atoms, when they share electrons, is known as covalent bonding.

3 Types of Covalent Bonds

• Single bond
• Double Bond
• Triple Bond
3 Types of Covalent Bonds
• Single bonds occur when two electrons are shared and are composed
of one sigma bond between the two atoms.
• Double bonds occur when four electrons are shared between the two
atoms and consist of one sigma bond and one pi bond.
• Triple bonds occur when six electrons are shared between the two
atoms and consist of one sigma bond and two pi bonds (see later
concept for more info about pi and sigma bonds).
Metallic Bond
• A bond that holds atoms together in a metallic substance.
The Structure of Crystalline Solids
A crystalline structure is any structure of ions, molecules, or atoms that
are held together in an ordered, three-dimensional arrangement.
Types of Crystalline Structures
There are 4 types
• Ionic
• Metallic
• Covalent network
• molecular
Ionic Crystalline Structure
The ionic crystal structure consists of
alternating positively-charged cations
and negatively-charged anions. The ions
may either be monatomic or polyatomic.
Generally, ionic crystals form from a
combination of Group 1 or 2 metals and
Group 16 or 17 nonmetals or nonmetallic
polyatomic ions. Ionic crystals are hard
and brittle and have high melting points.
Ionic compounds do not conduct
electricity as solids, but do conduct
electricity when molten or in aqueous
solution.
Metallic Crystalline Structure
Metallic crystals consist of metal
cations surrounded by a "sea" of
mobile valence electrons. These
electrons, do not belong to any
one atom, but are capable of
moving through the entire crystal.
As a result, metals are good
conductors of electricity.
Covalent Network Crystalline Structure
• A covalent network crystal consists of
atoms at the lattice points of the crystal,
with each atom being covalently bonded
to its nearest neighbor atoms. The
covalently bonded network is three-
dimensional and contains a very large
number of atoms. Network solids include
diamond, quartz, many metalloids, and
oxides of transition metals and metalloids.
Network solids are hard and brittle, with
extremely high melting and boiling points.
Being composed of atoms rather than
ions, they do not conduct electricity in
any state.
Molecular Crystalline Structure
Molecular crystals typically consist of molecules at
the lattice points of the crystal, held together by
relatively weak intermolecular forces The
intermolecular forces may be dispersion forces in
the case of nonpolar crystals, or dipole-dipole
forces in the case of polar crystals. Some molecular
crystals, such as ice, have molecules held together
by hydrogen bonds. When one of the noble gases
is cooled and solidified, the lattice points are
individual atoms rather than molecules. In all
cases, the intermolecular forces holding the
particles together are far weaker than either ionic
or covalent bonds. As a result, the melting and
boiling points of molecular crystals are much
lower. Lacking ions or free electrons, molecular
crystals are poor electrical conductors.
Properties of Major Classes of Solids