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Abstract Voltagecontrolinlowvoltagenetworks PVNETdkbrochure UK DKSIPM208D102 WEB
Abstract Voltagecontrolinlowvoltagenetworks PVNETdkbrochure UK DKSIPM208D102 WEB
www.danfoss.com/solar
Methods
30
PF*
45
South
Figure 1:
Physical orientation of the residential solar PV systems.
Figure 2 shows that by distributing the solar PV systems in
orientation and inclination the hosting capacity can be further
increased with more than 10% compared with solar PV systems
only pointing south and with 45 inclination.
900.00
Distributed orientation
800.00
East
West
Q*[pu]
Common orientation
700.00
Power[W]
600.00
Uinv [pu]
500.00
400.00
300.00
200.00
100.00
-
5 6
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Time [h]
Figure 2:
Clear sky average hourly PV power generation for Common/
distributed oriented systems.
Slack bus
Line1
Line2
Line3
10 kV
P,Q
Aggregated
distribution
networks
0.4 kV
2x
PV
1x
PV
2x
PV
1x
PV
3x
PV 3x
PV
2x
PV
2x
PV
3x
PV
4x
PV
1x
PV
1x
PV
1x
PV
3x
PV
2x
PV
1x
PV
1x
PV
1x
PV
2x
PV
5x
PV
2x
PV
4x
PV
1x
PV
6x
PV
4x
PV
2x
PV
2x
PV
2x
PV
4x
PV
3x
PV
Figure 4:
Generic distribution network with solar PV generation at each user. The ring connection is open. The indicated number of PV inverters in the
boxes means a lumped PV inverter model.
A generic LV grid model developed at DTU, with 71 users and a 100 kVA distribution transformer is used in the simulations, being
considered as representative for most LV networks in the area of STKRAFT Net A/S, see Figure 4.
All users are equipped with solar PV systems, of equal size and
orientation. Furthermore, a simple MV network is implemented
in order to observe the voltage variations in the 10 kV network as
well. The energy consumption for each of the 71 users is based
on time-series containing 8760 hourly values for a year of generic
consumption, see Figure 5.
The solar PV generation is based on synthesized hourly irradiance
by the PVsyst software, taking both clear sky and covered sky
into consideration. All loads and PV inverters are assumed being
connected through three phases. The PF for the loads is being
held constant at 0.95, inductive.
The following results are for the worst case scenario where
all solar PV systems are facing south with 45 inclination, as
previously mentioned. The hosting capacity of the LV networks
can be increased by additional 10-15% if the solar PV systems
are evenly distributed in orientation as in Figure 1. All results are
summarized in table II. The results presented here are for one LV
network only, but we still believe in the general result.
The results in Figure 6 show that without voltage control the
overvoltage phenomena starts for a solar PV capacity of 1.5 kW
per user (total 107 kW). By applying a standard PF(P) control
scheme with PF equal to 0.95 at nominal power, the overvoltage
condition is avoided up to a solar PV penetration level of 1.8 kW
per user. By applying Q(U) control, the overvoltage condition is
mitigated up to 2.0 kW per user (total 142 kW). The overvoltage
issue is not solved by upgrading the distribution transformer on
the contrary increasing the size of the distribution transformer
has a slight negative effect.
The loading of the distribution transformer is documented in
Table I. More than 140 kW solar PV power can be installed on the
100 kVA distribution transformer before it becomes overloaded.
This is in agreement with the 150% hosting capacity in [9].
Table I:
Frequency of loading of the 100 kVA distribution transformer when
no voltage control is applied and increasing penetration of solar PV
capacity.
Solar PV
penetration
[kW]
110%
120%
130%
36
71
107
142
14
178
142
76
27
Bus 1
Outermost
distribution box
10 / 0.4 kV
transformer
MV_T
LV_T
Bus 2
PV
Load
Voltage (pu)
1.1
2.5% Voltage Increase on the LV
lines in the 0.4 kV net
Tap position
+2.5%
2.5% Voltage Increase
lines in the MV lines
(d)
(b)
(a)
(d)
(c)
(c)
(b)
(a)
(b)
(a)
(d)
(c)
(b)
(a)
0.9
(c)
(d)
Installed PV: 71 kW
Installed PV: 36 kW
Installed PV: 0 kW
Figure 6:
Comparison of voltage control methods. Base case is (a) without voltage control. In case (b) the standard PF(P) is applied and in case (C) the
Q(U) is applied, with m = 4. The Q(U) control is also applied in the night, thus increasing the minimum voltage on the feeder. In case (d) the
distribution transformer is upgraded to 160 kVA but without applying voltage control.
10
8
7
6
5
4
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Figure 7:
Energy losses for the four cases, when increasing the solar PV capacity. Minimum losses of 5.3 MWh per year are reached for a total solar PV
capacity of 71 kW, but up to 107 kW can be installed and still keep the losses below the case with no solar PV.
Hosting capacity
[kW]
Overvoltage
Transformer
loading
Total yearly
Maximum
energy loss
hourly
at full
reactive power
penetration
exchange
through
transformer
[MWh]
[kVArh]
107
142-178
5.8
-30 (ind)
107
n.a.
7.0
-30 (ind)
124
~142
6.7
-53 (ind)
142
107-142
7.8
-66 (ind)
EN50438-DK
DLX
n.a.
TLX + /
TLX PRO+
No voltage
control
LV1 /
Danmark
16A
LV2 /
Danmark
> 16A
LV3
PF(P) with
minimum
PF = 0.95
PF(P) with
minimum
PF = 0.90
n.a.
No voltage
control
(constant
PF = 1.0)
Recap
References
The first part of the PVNET.dk project will establish the theoretical
framework for integrating large amounts of solar PV into the grid.
The project will suggest, analyze and assess different solutions.
In the second part, the proposed solutions are implemented
into solar PV installations already deployed during the PVIB
projects. Finally, the operation of the network without and with
the developed solutions will be verified in a third part, which runs
parallel to the first two.
DKSI.PM.208.D1.02
Ulsnaes 1
DK-6300 Graasten
Denmark
Tel.: +45 7488 1300
Fax: +45 7488 1301
E-mail: solar-inverters@danfoss.com
www.danfoss.com/solar