4

:ryqfqfrq.fq
dc[{ ,fE (Stalfus q-qfqf{El

wqkrfir

{RrBfu

qs6r, er$&.
"rfrft, 1qq, qqrqRe-n-,{s

*}eEAq,.
awken

ftor"t,
g.

q'drq-4rfll6t

kgf*

Tftrr,

ffie i s. 'B*"B fu*firrfr,

r* R-#

fu
ffi1rl$wrrar
n*ro *o,;.'it+: .:ffi--T;ffit

"r{'nc{i,
e wqn*

'

4.

ilfrrts, ;-h

Rrry<

rfrTmmffi

ofu,r*

ITra {-{T-{, qrfl$ it(,, qr6f cfi-{K, ofrq gdrfi, sf6 Tf6c, lltroq srf<s

xrlqfurr+* ffiFfi ervr{q{

qEq.m, cq, sfufia, n-q, qrlt&&-s(q,
es[-6rflEr{
", m,
Trrrr$

e 6{rsftG,

ffi c !ttr"

eriFrjlrsri, q.

Trffil 117rft

mm 6rEr+l E rmrdry
6qrrft6-$qfrrflt, <clutfr,
'Ir?cF, iq+rq s urfuor{

aqB, cnfik$ c,tr&

qfr<TKr cc@f s e..q!Kre4, q.

T. ersKpq, q.
Tr{r&,e:q*f{flx
il'{riqe
Edrstm
rsEI

orffi

TIffi, r"**

EGt r r.

*-.IB.s r.Jc

. =," .ly,t*
reiK{tlm{
WcB s o. ffi,
qft{iq-s <rEr{r

{'{"fu

saII,

{. .l6$i

rt. ETTtr

sqT, q.

erfrrsq

- - #ar,ffirqr-r*
Erqffis <r< {t

ccEl e o. ,l{1fu{
IIfrTEk ffiTryF, crq ft-sTHn frEn
q{t-d&T <reqr, s-qilcrfl-$ qfftfu

rrdr qrw, rrrEr Bqqfrn ft.,o1 ns-{h,, xlvr, o-ft

rifs <rrqt

^ '^

q"Y:fF

dFroftft

ffryF
Iir[rrg B nnrq-{ H[Eq
arwl,
.,. ._.y"Kro e

<RIIyql
clTre-+ "tT-fi

ffiw

*_s,.uffi,84n
clqN-s <r{{ird

"

e qemrm TEtrGrq{,

cffi-s

frF

Tr+{tT

qr<,

9Xlo--9o

eoB ercF EeK frco {r<

8oX)=8o

<-*frfficX

o{#

Tqfu

fuTqR

m' fifr

tN, qlflfu f=rrr

cNCs "F.fta. s*qTg,

si r

sc:trn Bs-<

tg

6qrBqrya = loo

il5rril<R

gft, s. {{rf*,

frtn, c'{G {rft yft-o e rrffi

e<r qm&-$ ,fir<6{,

sE

ere[, E.

crrfc rFr#

----l

rF"m
elcl-rr

qntqfrerrr< tRC-Rs

qrfrrg

rlTrsRu,mn

fr@rr+f,

1slftas-$qc s

awfrurcq-< r(6l-), qrrqfrw.rr+< ergfu_.r, :mm

r5{-g>rqsrfrerr+< ?<AfrT q6rar-.55,'rrns#rK
nrrb<
qryB-te,
crrqRu.rrq< ,n<1fl t<&a6-1c.,
lfrry
"tR&_
qfts.f
rryfr-)v,
pq-dTF.o orK&*5.1, qyqiqfiiltq&-5q, q;{frE
"rn{&-:s,

,tRit-a, cflqRelq

fl,(B-)\e,

q{-),

5-\9b

j,

ffivfr-+

ffis

re,-l{il qfu
tn{fr-5u, cff'g-aryct ,F(fu-)u,

c"..tsqq1Es ,i66aq.f ,txfu-:u., {frq".?[Ta cdlq-:r,

Nfrqp.t-q5, q+feffitfin otic,r* Te <t nE?flq ;{ffR E<ql{-trr, <f$x
q'{i, i&qrcm
fr<ffim e mq&-+ sftrffi qqqr{-i6, &ex mna +&"r*
qqqr4-qs, q{fqfrH E q-fl'F{r cTTflb+ Ru.1lqi w$ q",ior6-lq,
<ffre.r6-< c"6q c11qfr6rfi{
ryorf-lq t&qrm* cr't c$sRsurrir rr+ffi-s, 1-f<ern:i xrea {{rqfr*rr{{
q{ft&r ctcq cmqfrIclR ryer6-\e5, qqMmrTc{s'qp1 qq1qft;664s wr+*w *f?us
i
qq-+ftq s1trQ e8
cTlqFlwlt-{R Eqq& e

qrffi{

ffi,

"q6-;,

trfu qr{rxr

3ft;a;g "Ifufg5iXqfqffi
\9b-b
tqn {E$- ul, wfl:i rfis-8i, Ef6tr ceFnr- ss, ,efrEy-c{Ier- sq. +.6ltfi- et, alltr
ers-<Br- cs, sr{ft-{ft trqrftE gxrrQ- all

y6-{r qr$fis

:ryrrFerfrerrrffi

<rrSo c*ta ers-rs

9o-U.g
qrllq-so, rqlqfrGH $rfirslcai cq$ c(El-so, ;{ITIqfrEIft
R.T. Schaefer-qR (q$ ct@.ig:, qfiqm D. popenoe-{c< cqsil qtut-s), Tqql{-st, a.gqy5g:ffi-ss, qEfsf-go,
JIqqrm{E qHfr'siol-r,\g, rNtq E q'qqiT-v8, q(\
<l qR&-ss, q'uq'E s q(Ti w(] oMt+l-w,
qB$n-sq, frfrA emra qmr&-s qG6T{-uy, qs, <{t{ uB$rr-."]."'fiB
ur*-.;; ,nfi. ;qi
ftstE-cl, $qfrs n xc.qqfat ctr&-ql, rTqift'-$ cfifi-q\, qrm +rbrc*-q,e, q]Tt&-frffi.t-;a,
.gql-qb, mmrErfr .fir wrt, ,ttEa{ c{r+ffi-qs, qtq{ s
{q,T.{I{-lb, crHa<zq q1q{ e
13ril?f{ EfrrT- 85, q-{ft{fr qg-*fta sfia-u.r
r

EEd qrtrmr

!ry{twQ-qc.l<S-rFnq:tq{

rftflfrc Elmffd
ctsTeo

Eflq'rrqK

'trFT q{rfi{
I

)l \

,
t

qsrc-b8, <c.trtfu{ qgFr-rl, cumff <r

@r<-b5, qttdrft qq{ftq $ffi1-5o
otR<rr=r,

ffie-$

a-b\,

E flEmn qsFl-tsb,

'

R<re e e'rBcrya>rq6

ba-> >c

"rffi qgffi-5o1, flri-{nffi sfTflq-)o8, fu<nq<

* I* ffi-)os, ft-flrql eFptitF.q-)os, fr{lffi pfr-o s p.1ffi_5r1, qfuq..q?6_
)ok, -ElBflrfrfr eFFIBT[sh-)ob, u.lftrlord( ffi s orffi- )5o,
r-Rsarq e ulM-)):,
6lB{116 EIIflEE-'))), e1fuqq'r6 q:11q TI}1-6I
qllrqR
q$q stbfm e wfB
-55q, ffiq
qel-d-551, e.ft:pd e qftqF+ ctr,fl _5)u, Erfrq:prf s
_])r:,
Gw
e.1fuqq-5 s
"rR{i{-sq,

orkqrffid eFfl3rrsvi-bb,

q(E6',t-)oc,

slqrE1mrE -)5u,

utfu1*ffi1ftEn , 6.G ffi-:lri, w1ffi

qq-{ftE o{qqi-:se

-s-&

sfr-Et- s:\e

{IT6i Rq]qli q]{&-s

frft

ll

>\'->\ea

rc<ft{trJ{

-ryl{Ier+

lTrrtrs

rrlI

55nIfiFr 5}

a,

4NI&-S EKfrqiLlIK q(61- ) ) b '

{i{leT

s-{'K(sa-)ro' 4csar-5i5' q-F=rt-)e\'

qril&-s 6ft vsqqtqr-5\8' cmks dft
INt&-+ E-{k{flq E-q-)tc'

*-#;';d,*r-;.;,"fl,eT *.frilrni r<a sl

-:lo,
srft<(-:ri,qrtu-<cft
ym"&,-;o;;'#i4;ilF,t
i<l
"t(rq-:tq,
'rqrdr6.rr *r *+-ri*', *iiXq'-i.OAu
xfl1ks:oft{inq<
gq**W'515'
kir* *lr{ r,{fi* qq <t q{{"s Eq-)\l, s1'FTqTnhit
qt{Q*)si
I
qs-fi1q
*fr6 frTFTAT EQ-5o), ftffi szE< wr-tm-*-)\e)
_
,

. }rec-}c8
xqfr< EK6ll-)eC, cerfri q(Et-)ec, c'P{frK Ofu'm ffitti-:',c'l' "ye. TTP_',lY:
fE<6q-ra-o' {&-<m o<"'
*'fr. ffi-r;;, #qig .*fre {tfr"-rnl< Gs"tfr-.lsr".*'tr
q{ft&-)g,c, ffifiq-< q"\ l ?<FttI-)88, tt1rqR Bsqfr^e ffi:t3 srr<tfrr {,1{i1-)8c',
rc{-ffi5s <r*{'efr

q'rgrt \rrqlfis

ffiqq

${rFI qrrfl ft!

q$m rrlqFtq
friffid6< ei

q$nct <,trlfi-)eq,

{Fsm <rr{$r-58s, tcfin-< G^*rro :-ry*

{e#,B$fr s frqr{3q[tfi-56y,
!{ffiQ'-<-"{rqg]frT Eft3&-$ R.f<-ell=)8b, 116T <Tft
visF 6S{ mEnn-< RaH
offi-rri, *onqq** s{ft& <t frr q{ft&-5c) , yift,ft rynfte sf{'Q-56q
a>

We{ qqITrS

ffi-

*rHH-rfr; t""r,-it;,

'*'Eu
iufdrfi:>,bo, *r{-),s>,^sdtitrs srq.s'6-)sr,

**.*{;,^"G*6'

>vr,

{fifr$

<d![ \{rrrr{
qd-*

cqul-:q\,

udil-oa

{BIGtt-5cs,

{#{

ef<Fwrw-}l8,

-iffi'.6

$
ht,r1glyffifr'"

w-

-le*

sm{ q$q

qrs

1ffio&t-:vr'
5

q& Tfr'rfi q.rffiq'FFIsl->qc'' d ry< {flqffi

o1ffi-51v'

#Eu oi.rt-:.1, nr+a *ffi{t -q s trrq

tffiotr-:.i, dgrr-Y,-. dqq rvr, R$q(-)o^e'

)ua,

qrfrgt

a)o, r.rnfr-s

<rysmqfu

,",

:rurrqRt

e.r{c-a.a\,

W-JI;H
rgyg1f
ffi
+-:::' Hg ;H <<n{qns
;id"yqf"$, qi*='i-';v:'";, ;;-o-*qiffiflld
Jffi
i;' <.qmd$'n@+
ffiffi , ift #:#*:.UEk g 1"mT
-{lu

qtnrrt-lee, C{ftqft t1uffie irxrtt-lac'

"EER

Fr6rGs daQtqG
CG-f, 6{rc6< er3'Ia'

a.aDr-a.aY

{fr! F
wlwnturmq

@qrg
WFIFRETr+{T

s{m iFfi"

si{Q-{\e
*qre-+ crBr<\en
,.s<FIf-f q{IfiS
-\lv' fi&1i\s,
rm6r {fr$56a.{ {rfftl-lLc', ,ro'm. 'm-*o-qtc',
*ot'l':t3':::
fr.6-uoolfr-H ; H&; Hd;: ii;l

iir-:i,ir,

Definiiion

*r$yy$.:t}':ffi*'.1'"'m

fiTsrl<Tdqfil, ;d,h+"fr.'ruo &*';"ssKreq-\:r,

*q+omd

3{l-{
qrTre

}b'b-a'a'a
FrERs .q<<:ryr{I&-<s Frsa"f '
Y-rxr'
l{EJl\e-)trd' qol{l{
ftq&-:u's,
-5bo, E'l${ s
irmk+
TE.t-)b8, q*o.il'aruq-lja,qft{ftT T.K{-).b1,

E'Em<-<
eroKrcq-)br., ftEfib
s-q-''1{'
tre" i".furq'q-ro), qfu< W-Y\,e6r.ttq"rre
dd:;;", uiffi.
qqnr{IT{$
<iffi
"
u"rnft-4
"ruq-I"r, s-q_r*drry-"1r+ sq-vs,
H;rffi d_.,^;: ,f"*tET
G
i-{ft&'i{si
Fiiircq-<
c'TGis
-i.o.., *,-ffiq< SIg,KI{T{-S <JTsr[-tob.,-"*^*" frGq- \oi,

q-.rrr

r+r;r r+d

Hoebel, Man
McGraw N.I

qq-)bE

fte; fr.,r:i.t,
ffi:i+#qffi{d q<ix1{r&6 qRr6-lb's, q1ffii qs-{ig $Saq-)u'o'

i.ftS*

(Sociologd {
(Companion)

c-<-slK-* {-c$ q-or6e

<I s{k<fi
E-q r(u",.-)st, snq

nrE J<.
ilrq\.q.{fl_5((, a@x 1El--lcv, $-ct< EofmF,_)cg,
Es'F ffi ffi

;;::-#+. I

Etyrologficd
qTF{ A

}cG-5

<fixffi+

qlr{$-r<Tm.l]-roo,

qrrqftrr

mlqFrEHrSt

IA

iA
1

4
d)
6

C
A

_t
6t

/,

Frcs

qq|fi,t

science

offf

qmstrrq{tl
and social

:rfiqtrglqrr
. study of i6

*ience of S

qp[5r

q$l{

CTRBB

An Introd;ttption to Sociolqgr

ffi c{rf{ qlffi;I q{l{ Grqr.f qq:rqrqfr6'fr{R

frT{-<T qpR-6 esB {K.ft qqH I q;l

{t{rcr snrst FFneTrr'{rs.wrsfurq fr{RK :nst tRua rfrR frN utt r e Ecq,.r$ EIT{I <6TH
q{fiR a:nsR6rr"K qgl, qG, ,fffi, r1ry, ;rmmRemn M-s r6trT, tfrfi"ft oiK&, q:flqfuirfi Eu< e froH ,c<(m'rqfr6,fl< {rcfl qflw TFrr&-s fru.rrq-{ qq'r6 frrl qtrqtu-fl <IIl-< I

qlS-rfuorio E^Srt,*s qd

ffi

Etymological root & meaning of Sociologr

ryrfrq .Fi 6{rF{TIq (socius) q<( ihs r{i ET[trtrt (Logos)-F a:liim {trdfu frrfrqfr
(sociologr) .rrq< Bs"tfr r cfifrffi qd :ltm q<s. qcrfl'{ c{
r qirB{ cqTfrTIq n6qs q{
(Companion) r EGI
ryry( (qEft flft fut fi-<q f+6 q'm qqlq tft\g erb s-R ccfinrm.
sRt{ ffiq r sfrE eml dr.qt ft+ nq Logos (Er{, 'trb, frerql 6HI En sarrf}r & crt cd ersrt
iEIN mn 6$r{ eI[n{ ftr+ .fq lrgia *<. cfiqlo <I ff{ .tq. logr
<,?rqfn qF fu {H I (fi'$
Hoebel, Man in the Primtttue uortd. McGraw. N.Y. 1958 : 3 :l( B. Philips sociotogg
McGraw N. Y. 1972; IETI(, Ir{iqs qCd qflqfr.l"t q[q q{rq {{Dr6 E]"1<I {slIFCt WtrlIF[ |
6q {f.n'Wrf{or.t ,F1,q qa{^6 'rtq '11}"{ ts rq,fic[t em ccilt m qqIatrl@H
<rys:mrefrclq {rqr qrflq rlttrE <,pfiu "nb <r Rcrsq

ffi

ffi

ffit

ffiEgr

Deflnition of Sociologr
sfre frB-{ q$qffi qflqfur{rs {Hrerm c..Erfrs p-sr< cu-Sr smr{q sffi
:mrefurqr'er< qcFlt I{w ftTs m r frvs lfrs-erors 'ft(ro cq ,r:nsfurr{i :{(EBI cFrq
qr <Filt,rlfl I EC< fir&n q(gq :rc$ E esB Rrcn Eflle frq uTs Gtt {l{ I 6$lq,
@
,rflctft6trfi qfirfl$ ccutt iplwrq{:6=fm $<"{fs-$ qprr6< s'Er rl{qtirt'I :rcrrq q<( qt qd
:{flqtrwHrs ffi{:Tanfr <r ,trrqfr+ {cor6< frwn <cq qefu G[ D-FI
.:
6rcq rNqfiutr{r <r&'m c(irR E-@{:eil qq I
mreffi ya{h (Durkheim}-Q< qF qflqkwn qq q-{hq-{e$rcffi frsrq 'ttre
sdience of institutions'. qllqfrEtft r+fsm-ffi $ovalevsky) qIGr{F $t'l qft6{ ft(Itr <r{rq{,
qqmfirg.n qq qNr&-s ca0{ qqqqTlsi
"tffir+a f,Esrq (-ttre science of social organization
I

IA

iA

sl

lf)
6l

a
A
t
t

I
F

_9

6t

T
/L,

and social change'.) 1 q4ft6E

il"fo

cdffl<r+ EB iFfn TJTTI Ern?Ill (Max Weber)

:mrqfuHrs cr@rRs =rmre3 csrr{-c{rqfr@.H {E {NI&T fu{r-s( a1
'na (-ttre
study of social actioir-) (See San{uel Koenig, Soctotogg : An l.ntroduction to the
Science oJ fucietg, New York : Barnes and'Noble, tnc. 1969 : I)
EBI ?Fcr[{

qffis

Q.'

BD

rI$frs qfiqRu.F (qa6 ,E)

sfrs crrcrRElrri E"lrflB r..ulr{rEr* qs"r{ qqfreffi-sq11

e{rcr ,,r*,*-*rffin oG,R
qr{frs cler E{ +;rr
Eq
I

B<G--r:sqr{Frs.qrs-r

(Total and co

+
*J*""r,

{dF
q< frB qTffii wrqR@*Ti
i"*,ii'eop.ro"
Srnc$ T6q, .sociologr is
the systematic ."j
(re86 : sa+)
"Oi."ii""""udy of society and social
n-{R.wrcwrTaq qq(TTG*
ft clti n,Mrm

o**
' q{rc.ffi*--.ryqru-nr

ft{ilt

ftm Robertson 61tr sociorogyTNT

+-rcs

frerc qrfl "The scientific study .,

n"-""

q.rqet

<FFt 6{, rTflq

*il'r* ,ll,li;rvior,
bhovior" (1980 :, sorl
q***e. cril&-$ qrouq ,.q<qo,-.r<-;o*uh*,-o'ft6;-#'qr
569 r vdrs
william a. a"".,,.Y. Dictionary oJ sociotog.y-re
<rt-1, ..Sociologr is the scientific
behavior g88

#'#Hi i#

Etz-TlB frGX qq@K ErrErr$

: +o

.-{dr*

rr

**R-**;#ffi'***

cq,
qrr qrfr fu,o vt <qfr,
vrR <t ffi-s farq cqrrp qffi{
qrsprft+ Ter{f{rr \mmrEqT
"mrq'qr(il+ nqr* ,,,u*_qrErr v$r
TRil
qrvr

<urrc o[R

rmfqfr

\e.

ffiE{qia,{
rrm{cff{ egrft

e. {Trqfr

emFrft{ r qdR.
analysis) <16

'

frcr

Erffi

urr<sn om r

ffi
@

RIC?I{I

R, >rqfqR6,lT.ffi.s

eErF

16ron Rrs fi{-{

:rrpf6

s{I qTf&_$ {cDr6

<q-{rc-flfr Tqr{i wm-+crr
q<q
syfrs fin{g]fr+ cftFr
1,1an
*,
,##- ffi",'*, q;i+

ffiry

* ",ileifr'ffi

v. ffil
qflq-frHclq 4
Rs$

5Ep frqr <r

qn

wrqfrsenfuui
q.

rrufl

neutrd atvq
frEI{ sttB EaF

u,^q.

qsqR, q:rmRon-q. aTe

fl,
,rr"R-"
qnqRg.rm c(EK Tc{,tqwR*.rrm
r-n .o^" d#
r s.R, ctwqmmSrr$rr {r{I
frRu r fi.e cqrqfr@rrrR.1o 8
Tfr
l' :rtrsrfr*rri,
ergB vtt qr E'rqr; {Trrq
*r..,ff Tqrr{ ffis }rorr{fr
ot human interaction) t i v{ r,,qR*,q
TEC{.
"t"

*ryT

ior<.crtEirdm

**

luFEr, ,u, ss,u <r qRo-rm Rr<m

frTr_F ?atrt,
*F,," I EI}nE,

6 ;

fl.,;;;*

ffi

ffi

6q5qfr5ary 3 .
qsFlE, d

ffigs,

v.
o-ge <nzu a frrn

Efu, ft

frgc,fr

Nature of Sociology

a. qrrd
social stnrcti
sd,a<(fu1Q
sR[qr fr wrq
qq-6r
'flrPtR-{

<6rfd

q:firffiIqffi

erx'sr{ tfr--qr rEffimK qTl6TR*,mR qrrt'f?F

Richard T. schaefer 6Er socbrogy
srai Trftr, "sociorogy is the systematic-study
of social r"r."rio.
;r;;r";oups( t e83 : 545).-eft\ >Nrqrte.H
"rra
EF {m{cqrff *<"."q[ffi'#;

crrqR*k-{R C.*'t

rtb*q

qar#

snfuTItrTr
ffin RWstr qfiqrp
smelqer,SB sociologg
ilqs dr*l
I# i-E,lfr" ** A* TCH;I, ..SociologrNeit."l.
is an empirical science that
studies society and social relations.
.{qrq q:H
{lgS1 : S0ot._qfrqT
a \r ) ''
.{sE,fm{{f
fr'\rt frwlq {r silq e<(crTr&-s c*r6
frcl .** **;

:ffit*

wlrqfr

q.

qtft

{rr&-r ttu{H
<f*t e fr61q

'

w1-qfuH@

r. qrd

(Social ph-rln:

ftffiI sqne*
ffirrn
f<er6

flsqqqE,

.-

qxlqke'rrd_{

";REC

\. {:tfqFr6tT qcEfi T{rrq-d t{fst

I qfr,wfq.6s {ffi-{ qqi il,1-qst6 q{rs{ TGr
(Total and aomprehensive study) "r*
c ilsksarT u, q{ft& 6{ 6S-rq qrr*-K
-rnrLer* qY
** *"a a*
qaffi q6 <'rr rc ffi@ qqlqft*H ,+ra qorr*<
qI;
frmq
;;=
1fu
e.
mEqr
f{EBefr-s
d
'mqf{etr
to scientifie study of hurnan
er q{ ,qt c<, crrsfielq x:nq ,lcfi6rr{ f{*C$'q"<& -;;-d*
"ort"tyl.a
wffiT{ T.Gr I ryinffiBr
rffrfii e
e' mref{EE crfu f{rs{'t{ff

ftlt (Analytical science) s rwrqfrg.rq cd-{r(RE

6q-qq* qs..\rBilqcq* or<"r<i rr*r+ fiqLT
$fre-s Rur< frryqq R
eFm 'ffn t q6q qqrqfrEF ciF-q q{Ff,q-n
wqrtqT \svoerrPLj
(Description) Trtr, ot6rrql5.ils (critical
analysis) Td t
wrce-R

'

qffiR qffi

sociar structure of societyl no6d ![rFItsTt :FGt

s ftzffi
ed eu.
<r
cr?, srln*,r.
".rqEc[ w orbrmr< d",fr;;
scilqr R mrtffisr rrgq
E& qm flt{-{ ,rer6

frer-a frr--c,ilq ,165

;;';r"tu"*

qr*rr, frs-{ r q?n,o +Tr

r v&, c{r& e<( qB-&rff{ *'ro,

c$qfrErqR.*r fr* , *R;'*"
J;* vr{m {qo* sF
v. ffis,-+qf* efrf mfqtrrE.|q firc"fr (Ethicauy
neutral) s en c{ ** **nl*r{
wm-frerqcq:urftqr <TE<sr E.rot rnrn rrsr +a, *o*
a,6_, * A *, snq c+,n
qe$^EGs, ft qr{Ev e"-{
fr{R fr(c,rTEI E<Ercffi om-cdtq e Rr[T
116 rm m$ c{rs
c\rqfuH fr<u qrra

'flKqR-s {+rs

ffi fag6e6q

q. rqrqfrc.rrq
mrrc ,ftrd TI (sociology cannot be
neutral dwavs) a {fr* EIR-ssIc< fiq\*rfi'e-r* q*mRwrq
wrfl{ FKHS ('.]rre r.ee)
frwn o+rft
crrcq c,{rqRu,rq u6r< q{sq qrR qrnq wrcq-{ qrryKR
6ftv_E3"t ,{qq
ror<,crr{rffn frrftqT fiBrr r E<qr
frTR
qt
qsrcq
ftTR r
1,ft.+
(crr$ Rr{E
qt$o, qflqR@r{ cqrew ,Tt{rRct
Rry qrFE{Ir vstT fi-trc{ssr w(q <r{c" qsq
frfffrs, silq flR-$fitl <T cmrffi'foqq q:fiqrfi ,F{f ,f,r{frF
+-*r<.mm

Mr

ql

;;;*,

esDr
ltr6+
fr'flrsI
v' qts csts qr qrs ,*rqfus' qfi{r*,fl:*eT fefuftNI

TffiT {fuft{ur* (social dynamics) frglT e cfic qfi c{T{ qsfr.r$ (sociat statics)
wre-{ ftt& qarqrn
<f+r s frefi{ w{firs eil qrfln {NGs
#og.o*;{.,
*i;;, ;*
're^ftqw
*yR*rt finrq-< 'tBftqq s F{Btqsr trqn frrr
" TK
fra crrfirqt
s. rqr*frro aqm ffi
q?r( TTrEi fu"
r+r-e
s$t
r

philosophy and theoreticai

lsolialqnqg
frd.Rr
cvqft-grrr< 96us.:1p.;q

""rr"i"f i**q'.t

rrft

vt&-s FreRq
e1fuq:ftq
6q
c{.rcq-{ fr-s

"rfrH*

M'-$

<ETr

.rn-qrflK

TrS C<, qo,-qfreri rT:rrq Ee[

wc{ lriro< fiix"t$

-,*

wm o#rmrr frEH cft-s 14ro f+cr{"t u,

qlra,m

$q ${lfus wsft@ri (qaN 'ro

ffiorftf,t

fr6fiq Ta{

Scopc of Sociology

mm qfu

society),

i,-ffiftq

s q,tfiiq- r HBr sR rymRg.rzqR "fRf{ asrq <fz4s qrq I {5ilEif{@Tr{:l

qlFIEI frsn ErE mmffi firfrX <Ifu, cun& e qefizq< {r0
c{TrtTq fi4's e snq-d trqfr+ Tar6
frcmq I {r$ {efiTs RfrH rflTle-{ {frR.t 1R&tG-n c$r'r6{ -{try6q I q6q
"ngr{R-s fiqfusf
fi:qq rrfu qv ssrq coqfr:moterzm rfrrrqt 6r-Es frT frn
IR flcqt \ilt wrsfru.rna
qfrft Er:Ft <rI'FFE< ER
n',fiC6-'IT( E\Ei cr<i S-F qffiEIT Ofre iefm qnfil 6R?Es fi 6{, {Tfefoefq qfq
cqrcqts {fut ffive-+ "trb r q{o cqril wrmafrtg fuIscftwmfunqR Brc,t q<r.mt qd
<6t {El c{, ofFt cqlqt cTlsfu[ffi ,tRfiw
mlEfuI{ c{tbt qrETs qt+cs 1<rre EqI vt3r rftTR srffi fir&{ ttTF B {rdtlt \r*n rtl
ilFrLs {r$ r qrrq 6{rry TI'FF, atBftq q<( tF<6{{tr Ett cilqR-wnffi
'raa uvz<ret g
I

c"rmQ uzqrq

ril

(capitalistic
society)-Q31

qftrrr*nl
(Soclologrr

*r

fr6g qrq1q1,

ffi{rc

.{Eqffi
qarr6,

{ffi

e1frq;r.d<

ry|!

cflqfiEEqR frEa qf<n enHI rrsq I qr6 .1F6 em{Rr }TrrrreK fir$a orq fts rfrq.It Toq
{rq I qrs sGI rFIIcqr frtra cwro cilqR@,fft<T "rmfrgl qfi <errqq q<c.s q rfr<R.tt qR{6rE
Wrtrn rjtH EC{.r{{
i+rr mrsltwn-{ q-K{qI cFqTmR csfrre <ftr ftf}Rq rEil q6r rrrr rl{rg:1 >wrqfurrm
'rRft caE6 sln"fi E6{ {s<

fura1 frG.i
wtqsq Efi
qarfn EIH,

(Social Dcr

(Soctological Theory)

qrfqfrwfrfi c rs-qB mtsRETr{R_fre{ opi, eEi-n, ft&

.c<(

qtrffdftqct *afr6 tiutl

{{IqRrEltrl< erBrfl{trsltrqrgEqwmfurcq<
'rpi B etqlnrnqsl
e<(Tr<qk$ fie >iqr6 ffinf{qT qqn r efr E-q ttrri db+ Tc{rrfttor

Bfi
IEII

qriFT

L{<"rsl?tsI&T

"ro(&as ry*t
<rrct"t qftTr frRsr
eRs,

ftsrm wre rarr6 sg fiffs q*, 1ffi $ sq{

{Ir .cqs, fuTtrtt <I qEq .c-carn wrclrm v-qro 1*ffi6t irir rltr c+r< frsr* wruvrs+ sq
qrcqm,rts om r

(sociological theory)

q{f{H

ctrfu$ q<(qr{fra

frfu

"lat

c:IlqEI&s Erq milq qc{F6o

(guide line) fit{ Fcr
Dldtl{t I

{GRcfEt saft <ilifrr

frcs{cqt

:ill[t&-{ eNr{r

q{H
qffiq$rr

1ft8

<tr{ <r<r{t!
rtc{rr.fi rFG[ I

rRrd J?mqill

q-{frt
qifu crrrfril

c'fGl(qrsttl

(Historical Sociology)
qr:iqfrel-{ <6TH e

efrFH qrIrcBI Bg-<, i{$Ft e re+qlqI

w{#

orfrt qqr+l
,tr<Rql rFrl

'q-fuqfrs ffiq'L<@l.i T5il-rqr ffiqfi $Frir qrit;I srst I TFFI qrrq r{Trrq xfuH erA
s<J{l{ ams fr r
wrqffi-<r mrlrq3 Eqt&, "Irtfti frfrn qq6rq q{rffi;r'affiEm fi"
<T{lTstft Tri3r< r<fro1{ ftqq-Tmr s{rft frr* srtcovn EFr{tr r e
rymffiar
TIs
qflq .-c<q Ftq qflTf;-i eE4 fu{ qrr6rru-{t e'rfu{
otftt {rrq, ,q Tqq qrrq,
frur< frrysq Tr<

&ffi+

elrC+;r

:flTIfrN

ffislr$qfu{
q-rffio

frrq[qil +trd

fiTt&-{Td

wrw&euq
f+r:n"f s'cr

,lfr-{ttr

I frfrn TfrEEEs w<ti

.iffio qflqffirtct :1qfcqir ei eqfirsIrfi {RIm <il<{.rl

(Rural and"

sfiq t
frcx rrrEs"lEt

fiftq

qflq #rfir'i
<,?raft e<R.El

:mtqfrgtrri

"rRfi&

frenq rFCiH t ffi{- Trffi q$qMqq c$qf{fi-cffi E1-g1'g "q1ft'q' qrrq, (primitive
society), qpl IITF (slave society),fiqgeffus {:I]Q 11",r6a1 society),"lffi q:rfq'
(capitalistic society),cIIqE.Itr$ T:IIQ (socialist society) q1'. mlTfft T5I1E (communist
society)-(itr Sql <rFI qI6Fq

"nffirrirdT{rqTH
(Sociotogy of family)
*.kT!E< wrqRun
ft6n qrrqlEqT Frn

"fR<Irgil Bsot&,

frsFt,

a<Fiq,

ffilf{fu

qRqmr

rlffi

'q<({IFm

qrcqlEil srd
'tk{rrffi wrqful{ >rfiq e Tfrqk {Rr<tlrffi ?F.rhTII.r {-sq e erFBns'rr fra
cB qffiq
wftwn cerrilqrf qk{rffi Ei{r s rtffi T{'116 rfrfict Etqr{ r ffi<Irffi vfr{is
Tqr6s {R<tr qqlqRE.lq (sociology of family) Eq<e e q'r{Gr$ qfiflu-qr< rIEIru fa6n qrrr
16{r-fi WteREn 6fip1 q1EI "IRE1R qrr6-6n rfrsr$ Elcil{ q1 I qh fr{R, tr-{tr srr{, eff&,
k{rrq< ft&-ft&, qTfiK q${ q<( rlffi :{$m ffir+< 1q frer<"t T-{K cu.6l sr< r {frrrnil
mp{W urffi frr1s \rf[Ef6-{ om t ofiKK }Trlry q<( 61e (fifti {{]?Fkt ffis q<( <g
{arftn Elez{r rqm< qm&-+ q<".qr<ft{ <,vrq {a'rr6 qfrsT EFIII
qfrlTrffi:mtqRr6n G<K, ut& T{016, fr<R c<qfr{rqfuqq lqqr6 qr6qtu-{ vm r Fr<rq
fr[ETci:pEr.t e stR vanrrcq R T< qrHIT cqrtt fi]t c{ rFI frrrcs e tR"<r* c$?reE qIrtIFII iFK
r

{rrrfu-s w<r<en
(soctal Demography)
}ilTflqT qTr{H q-{'IE{]]Eq, q;FI$III3I ?FIAIdI, q-{q$TK
Iq, qqq(?li'IK <G84, q<(EI3tqgrc
atc<rs.[
:Txn&$
o.rd
fuT "tt{ {rt-{ e
qqREH erB sr<ftF {eftq
ffiEr r qfr qqqc{,lR 1frr< +ta"t, wrcw E"K
qTrrqSll
lRa eroR, 1lt4. frGa cm ,.c<( qsi &Tfi frfvE etm q-{qE{]Td II;IS (density)
<fq <r<rr{t {cor6 ETTqT{ EFTITT I I{lflks qiR6.t{ qr{q{Ird ){FrlEBr 'FFI (migraLion) rp1-5{s
{trRcfi Tr< I qfr .C<t fir1:t WIEr6{ .fqn C{f$ Sf:t, SFI Ccff+ ,fqfl, dN Celm Sfit q<s..I{it C{m

ffi

mwtk

IETd )e[FTIg3'IT{ :TATT6 ETTE]FI

TK

qrfun qgfrks

ndrs qr{E{JI-r ffi<try{ qorc'6 'rrq<.$ umm r qT{ts m 1Rfti

qft ff{r&+ {e-ftqgt ,q<c.sftFrqa ffiq, 16 qrs(ql qrq qs(1fuq qB{:F{ qfu$ 1R
Cefrs6q r giR q-qfrwfr<< rfr{{.tK 6qq e-"iRfr fu ft 1F< c,fr{ lrcnq
I

,ttfrq q<qrrlir mtqFren

Otftq e qffi

wfu{

ffi"t wrq q<(Irf{ q$q

r{Drr6 E{r-s{ T.cr r fiftq c<({ttK.ft<n

errEs"tKq-{rE6iGEfrf cFiIErclrcqt ffiIFI I

fift"f xttwfrwF{ (rurat sociology) qrcffi {tlqftfi, {firs-"t v1&l+ qetfl q<t m{
mniq {brr$ ir{of# clrElu-il qrr r qtftq qqrffi.3 sffi fiitfiFI q<( irBtRffin gsR, y{fftn ffi?FEt
ar{rEfi q<(E$r{:raR'6 rfr{{6|ITrd

Frcn

Bu w<i^n-+ crmfru.H (saFI q-q)

qtk

$#m

**fr-"

crler frEA w{ rilfus,

q<1i't3t

qIFTIE.TI

S'K

(urban sociotogy) qrk T:irffist Q-ct-<nfl g.trft,

Tpf-{fr-$, Effa

qe13t

.fi(!ilqe-s

cgs.l'f6 qrtc
qEzTr asn.i

tkss41, rrk wr6qx

q-Sr{ qffi qqr6

ilrreT;rq

(Social psn

qrr* mrqrir6'H

- {ffn *ry

et frrn
frcjqq Trg

nft qNGs 69 ffi r*'.6 qrmrFrr scr

qdr rmtqfr@T{ Er{< Eq't&, fr+H .erq ffa ,gg e:otffi qq6 \l.{c.qtq urflTJ
efr
ffir

qrura-q-{Srq, frxm,

r{Br {r(.i fttrc

q<( qrum q-tsrc-ra :rc$' sq-ffi-{<F qftr're

(comparative religion) qlm eTE fu a5q{ctt 6SE[ <rSCq l

ErErE

clTr&,-r

clTrk+;
+a r cfr <lfu
(mofivation),

(Sociologr of Education)
Frqm mrsRETT Fr*t e Frnm qreq cm&-s eftK +irr6 e<". frntrqrsf, E[En r s q3 ,n't
T:fireBl wrEj qi"fi-r{i Tsr6 Tqz-r{ nt{,
'fit{ Lc<". rl-rficfi <rc3t
ftfln ITraRET{ FItK Bcq$, Efrst s rrffi qq-r6 w1fr{rq Erdrnr I *g p6;s v1&-s
Ef{, Ftrt c'H qRG e<".Ft+rK Trq q'{rq rrhuffi qer-6 f+msq au,< cno ar<
'
FrsK qTIqfiElI fim q1-q:qr (educarion system) e tr@< ffifu-ffi T<o116
"r{RFrE-{r
+m r vE"rR, Flsri wlvf<u,n wm fi-qrr F15m qv1< fr*" -T,;ilr"I-** , fu*-frC{ ;,fr=
ftst q]llr.tl rt[Iffi R&n c"r"nnr* efi-d E-s< \ErF cRITr inn q fi[ns F;pK cTIqREIT ETffiir

:nqeowr

(Cultuial Sor
crqGs:
Ts1u-6 frErr fre

ep5q

qfr$6

urflr i

r <ryv ge-*qr+ n(

Fr+lRT{rqfuH

ffis

rTr(Tfrr

srrcqr ffC Al

wrd

crqe-s

RaR6s.fr.l

TtIlqSBI

ilrqhe{r+rqfuH
(Political Sociologr)
ilq?qFs cnrqRrq ErK ilqf{fr-s
ryosdfaqom q.rn

(Social Thoq

ffiR

:Tr't

:t:tte-<

frE{

FKI

nrqffis qflqfrF.RX${ Es'l& e wk+f{ frcn

{ffi{Ba c$t}l qqr6 qftrr DFrR

El]tsD-{fR 'fF.trflFl

f{Gn (Rnn

rrfti

:mmtrgt

c$ft, c{r& safi qrrtRrr<

ryq fi6p1

eqtrffic'rrfr

.cfr

risffis cqfu, rmffi+

qarr6 niJq-Tt{ E rrr<{qr rGI

xrurL.]N"e -r.ilrrrlEEiq

Tar6

EIIETIE{I iFGI elrrs

B-{s{,

ilqtlfus qm{ e qrfilqn q<(ilq,;46-s qffi{

l<lE{ ffiff{ fl-i(;ITE-s <Fratl c{:F[-il-qsEi, eqREA,

'i"fEd w
r ftfta nqtrrfr+ qrq-{ s q,ffiFrffin **"re* *Vfr qqolzfu

nnffiGo Trqrq 6dye cqRrl

effrs

(Merton),

ilTre-s

,f{rmEqr

rct

il

"flf'41p

rrfu(

(Social Stattud

E[.r{rd3r JtIIrqFrEFI

(Sociology of Law)
qltsR c$qR@H r{H<ryt {qr<R

"fstcT

{trif (Roussearif
CrlClR (Spencefi

TmGr "rd

ftBft&,

Tarr6**

sa[, {qrr<t{ sturr qD-dq e wtqors R*.tft

*t

crfle-s ,tE

rr{16r

qteEtn c{rsiREH:rrsrfq

s {rfrvzq frBf cilrq3 TTNIC1-$ ft& ft&, frgl gqfi,

14rm{ s
cRi frrn yrsqT uFrm r efr ETirdn clrrT&-s naq- qen6s dy fi{R r I'rlrq-< 6q;1qsffi3
*E

B'rqrfisq

qtrqfrurn-i,fR6,C

ffiffi;ffi

efte;*,,.*

ltmreovr*rRu.n

(Social psychology)

n**.rTJT

wr'q-< cqFl'r6 <]&n Dkq,

wurn-qD-n6r, {r{-{ri6rr

.-r<r

v6g

ano6d

*ffi*.il*#*"*;1ffiffiffi;
ffT

6u*

w'K-qlEn{ cPR-6 qT*"q.,o

;;;*. ffi
S:,*t#"ffi

Hg#ffi#ffig3

-tv;1 nrrs v crITUEtr ,r"!

gw
oA r eff vB6Ti frOf
frctfuTI Tsrr6s qIrryIDq
qrEr'rr
,O"u*
A*
W
-R*
(mofivationl , >rm-s
(mofivation),
qm&-* eMIF.t
IR{q lintetrigencel, **
evypcl (socir,
(soriar

;ffi

-.,^^1,1^Ta=oHon),
0".*rr"";

nqBrwrefu.n

#:

(Cultuial Sociology)

qrc LqR(w{T'rs lqru<

*,"ffi
<ryfrsr.r qRq"{rq e-m srr
eM<
cTq-s
fl wrqrern rw aRqu,* q"fft frrR
{{rG fttu q6, ya ne*,
v@rtril orr REx
qq,.a1* 1.rifr *#
qkn'*
E-qq,

+T,*

e frun frersq
wrerrlno,R Er< nq&-+
wrEr'{R qs*

ffi;ry#''-*

rflqBsr

(Social Thought)

wtq-< +tbtoil, ffi-{6{ e<(

cmt&-$

* ,P

fr*.6 cqu-6 Er&s q<( m{frs <rr$T q,o

wm Gw*omks*-*n esm q{i.{

s wrq.E*qrou wrq
ro'rffis'nur *,-rr+r, *ir
,rftr$
e
x.vrqR*kr ctrtbr
lrratol
(Rousseau),

_F ;; ;, ;;
ffi{ly
; ;; ry_l
H ffi*

urfrm qrrs
"q
_n"r,rri"r;;;
{cril
(Locke),
[q5q_{,sET (rbn_Khatdu.r,*
ar lHobbes),*F
@rnr (spencer),
il_ri,t,11+,+rs
(Augusre Comre),

(Merton)'

Ere{

r,r,ii",*i,

"flT{-{c (parsons)

qc{i

ryeftqsRrr
(Social
Statistics)
-cm&-$
Tarr6<ni,T

,rRccqm

q*srn,

crfie+

(Max weber), r,utr{

ig !r";.,1ffi;r*
;"qr; a*
efr*

qo,q fiBr,

"ft

t
a

i+

6TCE

qlqp <t qE
*rWou c$fisr&-$ frn< fremq
<rstr ,tra[ e

qr.,n-r-ry-#[,]H.f.*,ffi
TNr&T qfr{$r

mr

d"rq

BE

{t{ift-{ mqFtu.H

(sqn ,rq}

ftffiq

efta<{rfr+< B'rr
{cirrs (qualitative) e<( "{ful.tulE (quantitativel
rym Q-+r+< ftBa cr,qr$ ${Jre qFFIrd:ilnfi{q:Fci llsrn gopttFts
q<({5t qRcr-< q56E frqn {c'rr6 {IR.fi q6r ?F-<t {l{

wrfe Fnr
Fnrynrfu

r qlTt&-s qfrcRIH

?EGr

i[

c{r$ {d

wrl

furgdrt

(Sctotogr t
Fnrfltr

'fl-<[?t[Illtr|-.ItEU"rE't t

fio"iorogy or uortrooment)
qef+ r+m qIrEIIE-{I q611
'ffSr{rIK rl{rqT{6[-{ {SE {l-t{ eqlE:{ I$?FBI
qRc{mi efsf< qrafr6 .{R tIrfitctl'fREIfrE q{

rysfr+nr

qrfi fr{6

IT

qm&s c<< aQB+ {Rfir.K qer< :f{Tr6 q-i5nrn ErqR I :tqre ft{r{ itEtt${,
cNre-$ g'i?B:n{r{< ergr< {err6 .-{fr {-r<{"It EIErr{ I ,fr.IPftFt {rfeT
Ftflts{, q-fi({fi, ffi
qrftE, ftq QtB-q eFR, ,trf{tqfr{r frg;+'Kc.l< erc-f< qfro{Dt, <{fi, q-g, qft5pn, s{B!6, !t41ffi

ft{r+il cnr
frentr

W<

n6Fr<nTd

,qf6

etst<

frme e3 qI{.qlq

rlfu{ {ffiqs

qn

${rm r ffqA

.crr{frfir{
*Rrsf*rrt

ffifi

(Sociologr

Egrr

qrq crfrcsr#

cssrr e EXs4 ffiqRutr+i qrB wllsx t{qt( 'fmw crr-q r RGA qrrsi e ffi<tm ilfti
5[dmT, q{r{|;t e gft-q {{'116 efr
't'-{ 'r#q e .rrr<s{t T-K I qTl-rq rR{rrq-< nffiq rfaI"'r
frfrs-{aq c<". {rft lfu qrcqrq-l qr{6 efr tm{"rr EmRl ctft qfkflR qefiT qrft qzc]qffid
qfr-fi ,I{trEIE-{tB eR es6 Rrfi fr"s r ,tkm.t e rfft, E-4m e Ttft, {tft E'Er s:rsl*rlr 6q< q<

rffiqr

q6rdn q1Qsrr
q6E

frrB{ 1cr;

Ttfur q{-cs{
{E-ttE fiR4
fu.m qfrsra

Rf+e{rT$rqfur+

(Medical sociology)

ftftsr{t:Ntsfun Tt' wtqrscq 6<tcrBr sr;rd B aesm q*prt'6 fi&X qfu Tqrcrd $I6tqlr.tt .fiqfr$c {an{ w{'jrq14 DFITJI r q{rq,sm 6<[ctlit iFIR.l, qfurilq {5q( qeTK {{pft-6 reffis
fr.drq, cqrqq ffis{t (cw{- ors Bftentl ffi cprr6 Gftcpll q{Iq'EE 6&q mfur qrrs
nq atttru {qr e ,trftrffi <rr{E[, 1ffi e qFqi {pfr6 q<.fr Fnn ,{R tm{.fi Trd qlrs
{Ffi&s Aftcv-rq frGtr <-rcm 6iltt :rarr6 efr :{ftfi DIfrIs r ffiqm ft&, $ fre Ma

a6s6q

Fr,er*rqFrgrt
(Industrlal sociologlyl
Fm wrqfiurq ficT{rqi :rrq q{rq rlbrc$i :rc,r6 frrficqn q:rl{ 'fBr r cfr Ftq frtr<,
I'tqmq qrpm, T.Tf,fms q{Es< rr{rnn {c,rr$ qT{"sH unqrn cfl-rs r qE-lr-q =FEFTFIBI sl-re r<rsa
cmrfrfr c$ft< lqrfl< 'fi<r{R'{ {ryr6 r{<(EIrq-f qfi-{.tK e sf{ {anf }rfrsf EFTII
:rtm 6r<r+< eori Ttqrtrq, ffi
e<( rlrrtr{ r".trrt qrqg.flET qfiqvr r+rN qfi rt6R.rl
Tr* qrs r Ufir+ qrntil{, tfrs qriilT{ e<( Gu tEfia-q frBrm q<r srr erciltt qfiE qsqilfr
I

6qa qd

)r.[uq
efrNfl?t

ffitfi

r+n fti-+;r+t

r{Ii

vaaftry1q'p

rTmtes etgt<rytr69 fifrscf mstr[6t{."rb{-q*{ ts ffrfi$:F,Gr

:ilfu(

(Gender and development)

q-Gnqr

ffr

cEtcrrc rr{u

cqutlt e

:i{rt f;

c|Trfr{ <eNr, EFi frB{ {S <r+qrn q<(,s ,rtqF6-s :BrsrR c<( cfif,fiR qe#Em Efr$I
e ofuclRsr qlir6 qF rIr<{"tt q<r Krrrq
n{ft'i[gtr{ a qRR.f E{ct EEq ffi< a-{n EBr eNI?r
<qE{ct, .13 T{.t, ,[R TSq
rrcrt'6 qfrr<{ wrqfretq rIr$16[ qfr6s ep5q I
I

q{TCEE T

'9
i3
,t
'.4

q:1qft
knpqrtanc!

-d

w&t{

.d

qr++A u-$FI

:a)
ilI

C
l-l

ia
;g
I

t@

f*rs x
) I IFTTI

'fldn ertqtqill
GF+ qmqt q

q$qRu.nn<

ql

lfi

{16

fiq c{rqR@F'q-{a.*flT

Ftq c{rqR@rrdR qf5ft-{rn

FrtrsErRqqlqfrH
(Sociology of art)

urqm r Frq
q-s-6e

qfrEB

qprc6i n{B-s freT.lql q<( q qvifu \5T&T M\3

fiq-sfl< cflqRg,lq FE-+,-{K T16l qfiq rTbrcTI? q:{rr6 fr1"{6t GITTI g:lrc EtEilT r ftsrr<
wm fr+rrm ctcal crcq fiflsql< fu{ stBrq EI fiflsil qqlqREli q-{Idqr{ T-r< I <T\o- FIT$TI
Erq m1rq3 s{q r fifls-flI {c{Ti {ct ed c$q fr-<rai RCH fr-s e<< Rfrn c'mrfrfr Oft<
ft{Hn ffiI S-4tE f+s-{ r \$t qilq ftflr+ qFIr< .effi q-{1vn cfrm qq Fm-+til< qTmulftil{
frc${q

:rflq fr-fi{ RT{ <TtlE

<(

gnftlfu qqfu ft-+ Oqft fi-6aqt-s qotcs

"3
frT* rrrm M r e<8 'rF.fi"ffFt mitlBrq-{

q{rstls a<Tfu

ErqF Til II{ r \rtB,

{r{Iqrfffid
Em 'nqr<
qKi'frfi
qrdr$
(abstract art)
EETIrq.< fiqfi Trt od fiN
|
fiqr{
crqrcql rcsrq
q{bR,
qlq*qql,
\rrmrs fiq
${16r I FE+,{ cfiq Q<ffd frfrX ffirqt cas EF s-fl {l{ r R&n
q{-{frqry qRr+r+< cs"crc Ftq-$qi<q{{Plt'r

1Mr

:ilffir*{qutrtglq
(Sociologr of literature)
TIRg:lz-+:FIIrq? q{q <ffi cf\rfu:F<l q{ I qtRcs],< qqlqETm frcmq q1'\mfrq TIhffiK
nrq cTfurK qwr6 q-{rrqnt qK {ry err r qtRcE] wrrq-{ slB:ilfi srt r frfra {ctt<Gno firBn
q'qr6 qFrqs
r*r+< sffur +T{< xq, ffi lrtn q$q q&Rfts qrr elrm r qt ftel {ctrd crflq
qrn ffi {c{a q|fur E{r{"r ffiT q-{R I qerr< ffi 1ut, {{]I't q<(qt{T$ $'tKGs frBA r*rqa
4fuj 4{ n:n-R1!.$, Bo1i,.;1.qf q<FE, rlc[, 'Iq, ftfi uRo, qI{ffi ffi< a6qJ q:Ilw Q-<r{n
qHK ffirGI
{G-{iG frrT c${fl\rtz< 1.6 ud r ioft cTRCgIK clrgi-sq wlq e<( E.BI TrbfHIm

frmgaqs4,

cTRNi cITq TcB eA I 'n-ntFt eDre fro m cTRri-< fi{I ({ ffiq'(6{tq s

{-{-{ftNt ETEF T-dI TEr C6ltrr13r AsItrr q:t|q {,nsRs q{-C{K qI.rq s6rNR eer< {Rce-IR qsR
Rrscq mFI cIRzEK set;t {rlrqqltq rltmit qsl<

q Fan fts

cq

rr[h qrt

Trt te ersrs I wlrrqa'tfu 'rr] E{qt wss {?rq {{rqFrrffid fireT'nln

eHHI* c{frcm fr&-tr ft-+ {er6 h{s ftFR frrfqq T-<t q{ I qqs <lB qr qqrq fr{ffid 6{
6srq ftrErst mrwft-+ fqrmrf* qrc\d-{ \flril Trfr
I

,q
iA
l.
,-c

iA

ir

if,

ld
ii

ia

l-E

i
:l

tG
I
I

:r+rqfrer;r -rrdtfr ?t{fq

Importance of the study of sociology
sqlq6@r[q< o-1&
qfl+Er qt{rfi ?FBII {rrt

s ffi1i T{TffiE

qrrqrD-{T cerrs

crrERqr{ trc}r

tlg e qr{Iqfr{sl

Fnq wqrqttet{ "rrdrs T{q qrrfiETt Tdt E{ 3

) I rf{ffsiit {Fs-{q !{-$t?rtrr A qTrqf{6'H q:mcq-{ <fre-<E-l qt{I{r{ cl-$S's-r< t qi q<
q:rfll <rq ofr cc qxtq Tair6 <lw< Eql 1fu RuIT
'trdi emffiftTvt E-{fts6 | c+"l-fl 6 qwq
.
ffi-+ Em"fr qgr qqnq-{ 4Tre-{ ftaq q1[< vxof ,.c<(qBt4 I

)o

gq $<jfr$ cqlsRe.rc

(scFI ero

q I rnErFrq qElE

iErrs c qflqfrg.l.{ qFn-rq-{rs Etq{cDE;t,

eQrcrug-{, qil-q q-6Eq q<o\
:ilTGr s orgfu+ "tRrTf cqr6 {cus;{ s6
Vqre T{Rsl 6-59; ffiq vfu ezqm qrrrcq(
sPl _csi ,tREn ft, qI$&-$ mI eQF lcutr&st qnrrqrr wfl{F q<( mf{ ffiIfr-$ ,tfrrqpt qvdt
qflBTfr<q Effi
oR ur qr{cs e gtco yrflqfr@l{ {qH-s
Efr-fi ffi T.c3r I mq-{I qrTqR@r{
oG, dft tcffi) e<(crflil clqr&-s e<r orgBo ffir+,f s*rr6 E$-s{ sK
e I rrem dcrFt <fir+f, cfrfu-s ertt q(rt e q{qker{ qrra e qrgfrBo et6rm qom
q<(
{[Tttt lftqR <6-{ qqr.6 q{rffirrs eTrqrt $-K | x:mq-n Eq"nR-l qfr, ftd ffil s6-d
{rq q'ittrqa Rfrx q$ e c"nft< ,rir6 fr, m +sil Es'finrt .{<< qm&i, **m y<*.qrrrn
ntttcE e<( TT$R(I +sfi csq qfkoK 6sttt T-{R, ,{Rs. srflt<I qrq mrftw q-{Dtra B
trrpt ffm
<fug ttrnfr ft'+n qr{r urq qq{ +-scs ffi

5ol

qlr cEr @

?FII
'flirFl Trd |

TTTffi

Scicntlfic

t Tffl&-s Efkq-T6$

qt{Frfi

q{M

a61k-s
65<Ft {ttr, qpreT
T6<j
q$qR@,H ENIrqn @l{ qF ?Fct I qK 6{
+frcqQ frf\"E qNreT {{qnR ffifi q-fiS]t
;Fr,fi, fr*E<st, q'rflq
mffir<Efin cqlsfrgrnn E.lq
I <TE {lTIk ryqfi 6Rs
qqfi<fr{
rfq-{El
qt{I<r{
$il,
<r<I q<( or qcrr c${rc-K fr$ fu"ftil-cqgTl qntIrq<r ,Iqte=
dc-<ja {r{I qrg r q4rq ryflq rasrm wrsTRelrfi u,rr e+ru wqR

qqds

ffi

firenBfu+ {r
filgnBfu-+,rt
qT{TslECili

@,

61 elftqert at.lpr

{rGrt{m

ml{ qt{-qm&-$ e<( {Tl{frs ,tfr$T{t q$rfi

wefurrm uq vffl ciFFI qffi-q ffi<ry{r <trc-{rfu qr< qI <ft cc ffieq-fl qNr&-s
Jl:r'rrrEr qr5qffi qftE qT En I qrmffir
c$n csn c$Q-{ TIT{ ezs ssfi fiF Er{ ? qffis
rg

s 6{

flfr$q{r <rjs?njrtrfir "rcal ft fr cmr&-$ mqe+ <KI Fcrcq, EEr frsrm \rt
Ei,TnI {fT cryffi
frsr$ EE qdqr qqJ W1qk6r6pnb evm utrR
I

vr

{frsfffid rlf6-et?B Eq{l.rrq

{ffi

c-rtcqptc-erfc uq{I{{ q<( 6{

ETilfr <]+r{T el-<"t mlqREkn? E,Fr fu{ Tqnr+ I TjrIq mr1ft-m q<( mn or*ru ,a-uru"
<,q,
c+n q<piqm qft, Oft B qlB Rfir< Er5tIcRsr csFI
}rprr6
wrr{H
$sII
$mqr
6q
ryrsfrElq
'tr$t
qNrrqrrs
'{qfrr6"m frre'm<
1r ErrqT v[Trr{-qwrr s qTlqk6.F r<r{K RCX {flq qt&t w$.srrGl wq.r{-qh];l
fire ciQrr <rGr r cs;ril wmfurq "rna crrfrr m'{-frrq-fin frGx wm, TqqR e cur& qar6
qFrcq ,tIR r erc flF:,tRs vrr<n'qfq1"{-ernrrfi
6,*1 --* ffinqr
wrrrt fr *, #*
'l.qtq

'

I efrd:Dffts q-Dr6.ET{z+ 3 o16ryfrq q?r6 B'dfin qhfiqfiulrqr e.n s{ffi I ql-{r{ir

'
qrl ffirEt tr{ e xvfuqE r erB
"rt-tr tRs ryer6
{t, w,il{ e perfiqr$ cqlF frft.f q<( Tr+<
qvrr6n qrqr ffio l-'flE-s q-4rfn >efm :rqr+fFlq e
lMf+ qffitg.ri
{{o16

16
c1ffi r mrqE sqlqfurq xrr-< q-or{ qqBlrfir REH, ccq qTffiEH trrb wm XITE qafr6i
eryG' Tlor6 t-dnzqa ft-+
bI

efc?llru

\nffi
r

firftr*

"rR

Fq'-{sls f+rsrn-c crirffin qp{dgl

Tn'-qqlg fiBr{ci {flcTRurq frr.m q<qH

FFtcE 'fr-Gr r EXp fr6x cilqftElrda sFrsq flre <lBrq-d frrg advocacy group
ffi qt qt
.l{ Group q3t iFrq S-{ frTIqR lqfrssl G[
,qR(

mrqfr
g$ <tr frqr

lE

Efu I

6q, qqrqFretG
EEIPT

'

qrrqfid

q$gfiE
'r,<& q{mq,
qsq rr{, Ert
{r<t qqlsfiRi
wreRten 'rtfi

ffifuor<
qTT.i

'Ifts,I-f

erclllql

eT{r

ffif

,{t
ryq

fu{ qed

(qr

s-+l

qBrE firqrfE

,AETTC!

frerq Rmr<c

)r

$E{
ryqrefrwrr{{!

qlllil I

":

rr {rd

ryreffisr
,?f

$d

sr< rrrrsfr{.

E"ffdfg 'fqefEl I

q\fu'ffiqRCe
tr

t
l

,rTiqEEii-Gi-s

II

qTlqR@IrqR

t
It

ir
|,

;'
I

tt

!;

?:
t

;
r
t

r
t

EGftq

ct

qcr-l"t

s <rre-{rrm

fu{

yfr+}

frE.rr{n @H c<rn sr(q rer_mFt EIr{n_{ KH Emq

C<g6n=f<F -,rftfTgft

'

ffi-s

ffiq1qq6o e{rr{ TI <Et q{q ut cq qwR@r+r+ frg.F T{E cFfifu

ft-crq rys r Er< ur qrfeT frutrti
I6s&r saff
,tK&
,frifi.fl
qtc<.t or< r
RsrqBe-s
qffi
rm&T Rrs<T <lr"irgr 6q-6q
dB'$ s
M'r&-+ t{I, +-qrdfi Ea[ tnft3 "rltqRelq
rpm fon affrs I qrp ,fr,t R TT&1g {rg1]r TEr qs \.65
'!T{ Rli I Er< 6{ fr@.rq sm trr<rl.tkt GErs rq-{e- Tsrcs M{-s Iffi\r-eK crqnl' ff{ srr+ fcsrq
"fq<tca pfrv;n orn m{' crpFr sr<{ r+Q r Eeql c{, qNI&-$ xtr*er<rq e fr<r-<ry< erlB exl
c{, qfiqfrsrn< frenq e vkslnft cqcrrq qftr
rcr$ cfts qr< er{E ce-r< +m sil {sr rt
io$Pt
rlrsr"fi e qrfir gqi fr6R 6fiB-s *u*fr*rqoff
41ffiq-q5E fucr* qr FIIsl .sFt trrrrq.qnq
z wrqfuwn qrfr
sqn

q#

l,i
f:

s6ol 6-q-qfrE6a

E.l.r r$?m ctqR6t ,tftr+< q.Trf

Scientific status of sociology

ri

I .ch REX 4s46-c<Tfl{fR ce{rn

etFH $GI I <6rBr qc'FFI

Krr{ TI

qirstfr B fiut:rstft lt$||-g Tt{s'c{ s fi$qfr6.fffid

50 I

ir

))

<tn

ftil r cs$ cy R, rymRerq atry

c$qffi

ft

'tqB W[dq sGI sl<

q(${ sGI, EqrTr{BI

ffivfu+

Ifu

rfr<T"fl:t sf6i EF1I$; rfC<t-{tf6t

fr{n fr-6ri or<, fr{t$s RI1g3 E,BI sqt.

1fuA<As eftfurrt FK G frqrg ?rI iEHI SqTH iFffi E{ st {lER r.c{ 6mEI

ffie stlaREIF EfrlltTq

?BII

qs

tt

esB cl{rdq Tq q"rr{

iF[i r wq<, 6qq1 {gtr 6{tr,

qll Ta{qs ElG< snFrcffi qoe umm rT {FE
T*frq"
qrd
r ct
cqlqfrE.|T,m fren <m qtrvfu qjrt EFr r <ryu, frw.6
*,o q[qrc6F
q6qi {ilsl-FftFm {r{m ql"r qr
rf|'11
1fucfu-s rlels
qr-q Eq qfuSr <Kr
+-*r< cu'st

"rfu<+q Eq{ \rc$Tr frur<-fremq ?F"K

**

.*;

ryo-l

ilil;;

ffi

M fi$tl eDr qr+rs uF fr a, c$i frH{ ror;r <uq ,K c{cF fro rc I ffi qg1qryK
qi fi.* qfi" Erri
{E, frno <r rwnh frs orsRcq{;,** F* ;*'*u*. qrEt sr

*t <,ER e-diQ erQqr{ $crql Er< | qsl-v-rr< wtffi

sto.ltr ffirR mc=Q om ?FGFI

crrrffi-{ i+sq qr 1q {sz\o qtEmftm"t

frffi

csc{q qflsfrg'EqF :{rgat qIT&T frrtT<

fr[cm

qFtIT cqETiR

{:R q ,m{ogm:Eq rH[s

) r flTes ftg,Eryn rrr<rr"tm

cflqRwfrl-< Rsr atrq {R EcrKfr
rll{ 4I

qr-++ ,nd-+i
Er< | ffijFr

q@

E{ q<( wmfurqze

sqffi <T s'kssr mrq fiId sT ,l?pt8R T-Tr {'<[ Tt{

enQry

<r

c-<frt"

r qIR ETt

o*te*'* .*

*<o,

f*,

r r orlB+ frEEiK

,frc{"I'BI B"nnF <t oqrsfr e6qsE-ft-e.fts

xo1{ fri-rr"t I q'fi1rp,
,rm{mft{
T{rqffiR
B"ncH < sqr<fr {ry{ $ r;m{Fp-c{<
14 fiwc"t m
efrqs"fift{
orlB+-ffi
ur
6R
sql B"nqH <r ,mr{1qq Qqpft eTBn qre4 c,rn6 frfr6u
sn rr:narfi-+ afr q<r<qq ip;rctr 'n-GH r E ri'f(s, qTl"R*fia
"fffi qITr&-s ur*Ii"qIqn
B{rils 'F{rx arlB-+
llrs fu{ sFc{ sr< qGfr$ ,r{r<q"t G[ qrT q{s<
r

ffi<

)t

E6 {t<ifrs cqlqRE.r{ (saN erGI)

s r Of1fu+ ffiK {-K{6fI "f,Xe cITqR6^ffi{ a1-f<rtcfl."t'qftK 6p6g qfi-d E-gs .l<".
f+6rmun r q$qkrft $TB$ MR qr{ ,{Tfr frffi e6qqc66 <ffirrd tftwrq-< Ttq +;rp
gIIGT{

{T

frca e15q{$ trEis

{NI&F

mH- {Fi?t EIIu;t6t, qrfi ir{'r6 ffi

F-{r {S qlR$qT$ e<r o,ml q qrrs<

{ITtr

ffi<

sfrliwft cmqffi{ sR$nftR orl qltser +Eerq ap a1ffi

$wrft-<
ry*^**n frGa <rR 1n1"t fom{.s-Grtft+q ryeK {r{n{ G {q Erv r-flq frfr-rs
vRTlfift 431 qttr{ I qernotrs qfiqfulrd3 crcq eaqfi qqq T:t I 6sHI, T1-q< Ekq'tRq<q {Fr<
orl&o

riel"i5 q'q'rd( vt-<TErqT 3r3II (q-rqE E.t c?t 6s-GI SEmmT

ffi c$

EI

il

.a. ; *.f

(e r ilTETi<Edi es{ rEs-{ <rnc<K crir+r

o-grre- trrfft q<s. E[< TEIfsE g{FE .{sQ ,Itsrl
ql;Pfrs,
:TTlEfrEffrfll qst Rn[T( <BrKBr rl-r<r"fnl Gi frA fiKIrg qrrrt q<( rl-rfi6fBl
TITI I

e ffi
SkETn eq

qT{

G, :flTfts s1trT{q q{n o16-{r'Tft-{ 1 q6q {1-{ {

frfi{
+q TI '|Isl't slT "|3-{ff-rfrq eTt 1t{ffi fl;r rfr{{ctBr TEr
fr$tr qcg <t{t I EIqvT c+t 1rt erQ c{rffi< rtrfi"Inr EQqq rk-{tr$ sFilql-grtr< rrm{6tl sK qr#p
}ITli frX frX frEflrs EnF{ {I qryBr fr-e.m< 6{dn'{ wr{RN q6 ,n
rfr<rr613t
r ryffir
$offqFIFE<rgis "tqT{r c.lR qrc.fi?fl-n.rFr {ffi{qssKI{EI4tt * omcqt{ryB-sffii
<lK(<Er tftsTiFrffr {c$ Eiiu{i1ffi et"n
q r mrq,t@in qNI&s sflscq{rqi ffifr-o fCem"t q;m{ eB11q
{fs r :mfqfrElft< c<5B
qn
frr'fi sfi$
et m, frfr fizw q$q-{'{rt{ q<(Er< {ra{{rn q<s?Fs q?Fcr{ {q{ r {rt{:rq65
tlr<{6tl
{q({i
<rsfi fi"-dc"Is Erutim .c=r fi-c-r rraT'GBI q?ril{ RurR I q'r<'frs, or@r
<ry
qotq rTi'fr6 etrficlt T-Gn R{tr{ frfr
fr-fiqqsT qBfr{ I'F{ I Le $.El-c6t\3 TEI Em Or,ui *, qqMR@.fq
!F+t frrlvq fi-sc{s-sm 'iREr frcE flc< qr I qrK ql qTrqR-rq
f<erfr-+ {fir41q6(q qr++tr
f
PrRcn Krn'e I sR <cq ft c$qke.n ft-en m ?
q$qfr@H EK
'rrfi"fK fifu $rqR -{e sfrcr Drsrq ,e<r aqQu sarKEK fr*rqGfrs
sair {fu fr6< f<rmq +;nn empt tr@ | qr+g **a fi-sc"w-or q6r+< sqi sEI
fiq crrq rr$rcrl
TI SK qql'c{rrsTn tfrficll{ s...t fr@ I rfr{{ctFrq Emro frfre cFrq $5Ii-<R+i T-56 frEg-ag n6
ETl-n or<q qre
qcfl q{rq tf<?icIBr

tr-f<vnlft ?mrn erc{rc "itcq

GtG

6E1<ra firr
q\:i ctG
{c{CE

CFTqMT

fiterq frc{rc,

wtqfitensfi

:ryaTiiFr
Methods o,f

vr< eEI T{t {titr 6{, r+rq

frqq sRRmft rBrcs ,tr(3l rt I E Eprrs, wrqfrerT
qtrr&-s qlsatr{rq< f<msq cfil sk$Erft ;TK arp
*3'p{ {T 16 rT16errs
qlm

SEflrFfdtsfreq]{[T

9I=I

c'r-

fraTrr{ rrmfil

qrm c'rat

E{FTI-{

q flf<Tqt'flrn c6s-etr< {Aisl-fiftwt

'rArq ?KB{ rctr gnm T-{t m[u 'frGI r q*terrs, qtte rirl Etrt c{, q< (rffiil
,rq]{frErd.t ,trflrqT4rr<
'rftsq fifrK qET cqlr ;n r Eq-RKq-qq Fil <H cq, cqlT&s{rq
(Astronomy) erB q-{lvr qIBrT RelT {I stR rrm{6ft3t Erqt+ (6{:H3{q, ntrq ffi) a1q5q
otlK qI r Esq<, flKGrrs fr-s catiT qTlqfunr$ frsrq <-qr
'tr{{6ll{rr{ e6{ {ftsl- frftsl +;rrc
arye-+

sawff Frc

.qh fi-s c{, q$q'frqr-q aq< fq<a <t

{5IrE

t<fi

err[q r I

cqnrc

W,q<,

6SFI

Cqm'furr<-.
+rqB fr-e-rmt

ffisqrfir-:
{ft.<

Scientific

q1frr
rqrcFren
tttT{rctrd

oflgt

cTa

{a-

)IIrtF
\ I "Eft

et rTd

arad

.clqs,
stEft

wtqREmRqfrGG

)e

"

w.m q-.prrf 'tr$i6fi +-rn esfr ftr< e<( qqtr<fftn Efrvqlft e-<n ssil F6q SryfrT
frErri{-< rrr<<"na 6srq q wil T6-{ m I .$;t-{I, $TeT f{6t[-{n rr6{{6tB[ fr{R-<ry a $cxqlaqlF
gl< rrq{ ftTdtnt.r
Tqffi rc-ld sKK(. I {Fl-< affi ,qaq$T{ Efr-q 3[qql:Bl, qFe q<(
qff+ 6qrqt .e1 66<l I K fr{c{ qft51-frft51 <rm qsm 4{Kq {rq c{tqT T6-{sT +m <6 !
sr< mrqp q< rfm{cfi cpq$ s erfe
FqaI.<rq

q\i
qcecq.

ffis

qcn qlrycq

Msfu-s

frrqg ttrcllue wmUQ--+ tfr<{'fi o'(

qr+ip csEI .<rrR 6{"nT

TilSfr*fiK

rkc<.n< s-{rc-q q<( sFRralft

cE{

<Ca

ffiE

f{61[-{i (meteorolog5rl vR<nfft :{ffi eVq TIffi 4I eeTI qrqe eil esB
qle qrg'm< sqfi
fr@H flq6c6 1qe6u csr{fr qTrqk@IGK sRIIHft rT<flt qsrEiI Tffi
\fl?rq1S1

q:fi8[Fr6FI rEWn

ffi-ra.qrs
Methods of sociology
Q".rrfr Method rlrq-< <t(sl {k\r-tsl qrq 1K& I Method ffiB ffs Meta .1R( Logos
ql-Errru
E|r$ rcmrq I ffa ffin E(r<e {cnrFm with q<q way {Btr <rffi q{ q{ 'Fc$[q <l^or{afiR
qsq<, 6q6 pffi IFIWI< cq1 1-drc C{ etralrl tlVay) aqRi frru E{ st "t'<& r qq&t <m
*ff'stm" s'm T-{l:[s{ i q"ft e cfi{s (Technique) G{rg=K I
(Method) qq cflBt
I

't'x&

cq-r<

6fi"pt (Technique) Eq .h 'rqfu <r 'Fe[I w{T{6t:El-F G

TME fuIr< <qrrc Er< fiEK
affs'(o
E"1a q-{qqq a;rp q5q atf r cfr.frq< Ea4n q"qfu cfi <n"Fp I si {E&R .{Tfts ffi{q
,Farr I qBI

firi

tf6<Tctt efncffu

ffi

Scientific research method

ffifu+

Gl

q{Itrr qFrdt
mffun 6q ffifus 'f,qfu wttrd.t prr 9R qTf6 {,Wf 6qeTf.it efnf{ {R I ]rtrfq
rtFR.tR mrq {{rqFrr{ cq ffiB{
'Fqfr wt{dct Trd vBt Trs's6 d{t"t 'fft{ ilClr(q
qt{F1-E

wlfqfrrt wrfq {rq{tp

"r'qfr qt{Fq

o{rfi <{I r{T{rlffi

q1 qdKsct

q<(v{rqqdq'

e I rrerfuv'c$J3r c$ftffirH Ttqr{ft{Eq-<F-dct

qqQs

efu-6 TETI s6f{H

a I qq,st ql {st{st TIER
8I

vc$J;t

stvfr$Ttftl

)8

*<l,fro c$qk6l{ (qell qtr)

Ery

5I

qr{rt ft6Er

,1611166

(Setecting a problem)
q:ilq tl6{{6fl{ aq{ fflffiI Tlq qruq c+rq csB rrr<T.tK
Rrrrs fi,ftD-{ FFI I q
wfqR@lrffi Elso.Ir qrg.qr"i c+fq eTE frr{rs rlrs$tg q-dr
6{,

"ffiq6 'fktr{fr

qfu,ffid

fr{tq

lz;TIgt<[, Erq ,rm{6[rf, ftvg

$.GFr I

<ifu15
&.rq frrq'qs,
qdp6n

e6aq

Sqqffi-{1 Til

'ffrEsct q<(vet qqfq

(Obserration and Collection of Data)
e '6En q:fiq rlc<{r$R srg qrq 4-r<{a-< fr{nB frreqz< m.It q<"r cc rarr6 sar caR
v-<t r E-e EqIq q-{$ft fll-{ftq< 6q-5q offi-q6 ffi-{q-ffi qe q.rc
1frsfut-i-*r ?gil q<1
c{ +err6 qtTla'fr{ EqrKfr c?rq s<T | q-r<{rffi
'frs <ft wo dlT<tffr; ers sqlrqE <KI q=u
il ER sRF ffi em $&"rs a1q5q fr,fl6q q<-GF{ c{rlrfl yu oefinrgft (representative)
etH I eqT, ffi c+t $,rn-sB T{tI $N (Sample Village)
fr{Tul s-cr CT{f{ Celrs Eeg.qAR{r<n
C$q
wrE
ftr{
frfr
qm
$5 strcq< (Field worker)
PO
'fi,lr{{ c<( frffi {-rfi r.Tsrr q<(
S tts m 11 eftR
sql
6qtr$
s(sqre-fln'errufi
nfr *u".
'rEF flE cnnr qE rt qs 6{frrs fu{ qstrT{qs
16 nr+ $Rrq{
e r sccfBr c$ftfrry'l{
(Classification of Data)
1

"*" *, ; **

et 'rdrmxltu vafRfrrs .crB frnT Fx-cl q|-qrrql ermffi I <{FI, froi, FIqT,
cttr, ErEr ffi csrq qfrfln {RwilR se G{ frr qntvm $B qc= qrr< r q
#: F*r,
Frr.r, cfi q<".qd-r+&-s firqnsq
"*
Jurma*.til*
*'*_u*','_"*
frE{
TtqIft
fir-ffid r\5Frs (csH- i&<trs qt ctBqr.u'n)".ry
ntKfi'{ TRtGr Rfrn om-qg a;rt 6{cE ,11.6{ r qre
Tsq, froot, c,f.tt," qtfcfs r{m W rerq tE-{.rs e<( fifufi'-s iq'< cqprs vqr<fr
-.: T{BFtuTr< fl<ftrs qro qrB fr61-q strfi retFl ,nr<
ttr<rIGfBI

8I

fVerificat
gl{s E{IE

{l-:r

qI

ffi

crrcrotqtrl(

Efuqcafuir

ilE q{rFTI ,SlR

wqq,cr<wft
.661nq{g<r
TqF|E {F ettcl I

N{r<ftmq (c,eri
frRtIg Sq.t <r:l
Illql;Iftffiq T{q,
qrflsFr c'fI{tct?s!l
g1

ufr$fift

[Predictlon]

Er{IEfi
illqrccfiir otsq

IrrtcEs <l{i ?Ertr

Eqrfls fl
rBr qKErt vq al
ffi.{R.'1-3-<f1g
\oq,

Sil{t qcfs{

F6i d

wftlftEq<r{
.'

(Making a Hypothesis)

;'

{lRfttr< sqr<fu qe 1fr F<X +-m rrr<{rffi

"rm eTE qr{kr6t fr"qs11-$ 11f<r qq.1o t
Tsir
{rrr r rrE, str{t aqT{ E(q q:H qsB ffi{r q?FFt <I fr1G qT * *q,T*.*
ra"
q(E
qFflIt Eql EBII ff{ffio TI qH 6c 4EHI
'frGI I
<rfuq <m q6g q[s,grn
qce-

q:rrsn-Grel

Rcscarch MelI
toilTcqR

Bqrflrs EE'rqrcm 6s-rq qEiil

Fq-itc{q qqT{ $;rcs rffR s <riqEqr,{

qfr{tr
'Iqrq? WTE T{{rt
'rfrw+ta q& 6{Ft xlqrfi qeTnrr rtrilerq c'tt[6t
'tftc5rYr{lr {fut qk{R etkosnn qB c{Fr{Eotgqfu.+Fsrzqrsm c'frqq+m-t =FGr-,
E-e

TTs, qfr eFD

u-*.qK Terfl <t

orfl n fr-1ergil

sar EIfl rTf{e- es$ crc,rrs

$u <u 9Ir[n I ,e{rfi Ereq <r{r
GBr **E\a* qe qi *, *ftu*
qrcErc
R$ n $TiT q"t{q qE-{ r
qq-{Frn
olIK
omF qre
rt-r<rr.trr >FHrt <t R{T-<T
s3il
RCE
I
q-sq
,66qq.t
T<e
1tE,
Yffis
<I
FftDrri
.g-ql carQ q-*m
r qn-s rircrrF csn-A sEFfi gq1{ a.F-4 | eEI cE< qn
trQ FE"II sfl]lE qsp
^ql,\o
Frr q6l]r[-K CmE errcq{rn et EcK qrc
esB Eftsw 1BGfr-$ q<q EarEfr

qGr[q.r 6{,

wt

#, **

""*

rymffi cq:

trilrffP a{cn qi
iEIR $r$-q{ E3 t l

kfirercWrd
sflti

rrrfill
Methodologr fl

{?ff6

<firFp Erg6

qilqRe,nn<

qRBG

)c

{rFrriEr <iRnE {ra6fr, gut s q1tH E*t @rffin qqr I v-flR. mft-<r( v-cqrd frfucs.scril g{Tffd
E-rrqrq fr<-q'm q<( qrs sFrK rqT{q frftg o-<-re
1frc< <l
r

t.

bt+e
I Tr{
L

:
i

t!tra
I q<q
rqg{
t
F

Eve)

kqr
I c<(
i
I q<(
i

ri
E

Ft,
tl't,
L.^
l{l\rc

c I rsptTrrsffiTrrre
fVerification)

qI6 s{tKfrrs ffifi-{q :mrr

cs sEt"n <l T.qrrc{Q q{s{ T-fi qs ET gI s$r<fr qRt

qmgn
ilfrs
fril friT $il{
I t{s.Il irr, 6{rr< qqr<Ft c{m s$ cqq <m qmrq sf
<rcE E-{'F{I ,qEIOt nES frq oql rT(S{ s'c3t qcm & :r< qEil?FEr c"fr,s sR{ EIfrcr i&ryr<l afts
eqTlq{f{i q{IdEI frefsq <tfl c{(E qIK r q "r{nx atr{ T'rq Eq-jsqril a fte <rre-< fi+ra:rcpt
TEET Tpr6{e <t wt&t{ sT <rER sr< fi".fi r cQ {roTt-<tqrtnm Tr@
8-s frIe <r ffi{r r{nR
ryEs qF fiGI qal{l q-En esB $trnq Tg<i <t {q qqx-l $KI crrg qrr< I crflR6f {q eqrc-d;r rre
mEr<ft<Nq (Gerieralization) <ci{ ,fRGs r q?fl-rq g{H o.tq qm oqnG frc:|-tcq-< qr{r.qq;t qsB
kE {qq <l {q q$ffi <I c?r miiq esQg'tr< ercq&l r Ee Eqrq cfi 6srq fi er{ erB
mqmt$rq {s{ q{ wE Tqr {rn 6{tr, Sffii Fqrtg T<lffiI qk<Tn ffiTq-fii {& c{Ft q&ft-s
{crlsFr cetFr6t iFGI sr<q eE lQE TqTl< JI(EI qlqwff'{{ <re 'm<

qrq

etsr

?Frn ffi?fi

s I vfr$Erft
(Prediction)

xti{E E{ qq:il qf<f<if+<q:rs'< qn s1-qrE sfrrmft p-gf GrcE t[Gt 6{,

<tqlcqrBr fiftq IR <iBrffi yq{T {< wM "fk{IR qfr-$q{.lR {B c{Fi{rdl|{ ,Nfi q'E r{
<Ts, efr qsD sR{JEIft Tr rfr<rr6fi sq scqi-< fr&'cs qfts r qfii 1Qs vtl ft{A.r- fi8il6
s|{F <t{I T;rF eflss I <qI <rd{I ({, rrriFriBt sEr|sq fr6< +m cqfu s$Kfrn eq<
E frdg cnrw&s {-r<{"fBI a1& ffivru-+ q<.\ qvm f{rfi ftrt{ r?il qfr{ e fqrrsq
qe'h Ts< E65
iFrd
qC< sq oql f+6n (Theory based on facts) I EQi
'm< r stt
'il{Kcf W
ffiq<c,rf,<qrcsqf wfisv-q<rre<ffisqIkg,n{ff I
H-{lE sft

sari Erfl

lIsF Eq Eigr qc(s- {Tr,{-f, Eq qIR {Irs <EII qn W{r{Tf

Tffi-$ft E-q <r rtt-{r Eqr Er<r c{ffis qqQ sr Er Ear, fr6< wq
w-.ql

E-S

(speculative theory).t

h<mt

ntu
7
!

iffit't
I

r",
lr qst
L

bccli<
irm-i<

irq <t
I

FEN

ffic.fcz+q+f
Research Methods

ftsNr{it ffi

ryiqffi

in Sociology
{-rcrlcff

fi& cvrrf qsm {8161 fisTEI o&t a-31 q6nq I q4-q-.{

coi-q 'r<rtre, i<rstc< q-R{qr rcr{ 6c iq{rn q-rqrstg ?F3r qis6q I A

'IE(fuR 6FGI
qqm erB tlr<?$fn frrr fr{D-{ T;rN qr q<qE'K tr{ EatI csfq FGr Er( fu< fref<q
'rtrlTFFGF
rEffi finrq'{ E3 t .\rcern frur< frrrsq csrc 6ffi{rF-d
"rr+ esB ctflnq {q q.ts{ qE-< qr{ qrs
B-g'r"(fuN qrlqRurrq Tc-<<cnTI +m'rffiqv Erl qrrrcq
I

cirr

cq"rqE[&e ,rr<rt6fl3{ Mvftr+ t<& r<{ <II,FF q<i q H;[I Research

Methodology freT eqfks cqr6 ffiirq-q 'r(m 19rm ER qxF r srt ffifu-+ ctn{&
{arr6 <iToF qRmu-* n-*r Em$ il{ r tq 1MeRm fie< erfG cqr6 erB {K"fi fis{Br

Bry
cu-& o-rt qmrq
rl-r<R6tt

lrq

r E-e

ffitr+

qR elrr{ q frc{ q(rFcfl

qffis

qt<ifrs qllqRg.F (qeN

"rq)

t'KG qv.t EKs ffirK qqfus q$qRq'rrfi qf,4,

.rr{IE-{t

T3il

orrb-q .qq".'

qE-

iEIT

et?qrfu

Historical method
.et rEGrc cqs )NrrsTn qyfl, aNI&-s sfr$, cTrr.re-s seSI{ feffia qTl{lk$ frersq
6r{ qTqqf{
$-<r ER elfr$ {Er {{ Err.ti q6q 36{n q5irffir qQfr, o1& e<r. yfu.sl
"*"6
Affi$ q.{fu ffiGq rrr<rFpm er$fis rETr<Bi qrqm, Frcs E{ I qls.rq frR mq {-r<{cll<
fren eFilFlg qnq, tq-e1fr'q, ,[-$r"fl frcflf,, :rf,stk qfr-q-q'Efmq, &ffis trRI <I ft'nr
ffiK {Rm cfi t <rys, &ffi$ fifuts qqm frrfl{"t q{rs crr6q trr-<rrors Secondairy
source-3 e'f< frvffiq qcs S
frft6 q{rqM IIr{c f,-{irBrE cflqsl&=s q-r<{.n-T q.r{?F csrEr ,nffi &frttfrs
1frsH <i<Bri sGrR{ |
.iffis fie< r[{q qffs r Bqrqd.tq{q <Grr {H cs, qr(Fs <RErwrH( mrq sl}rnt
frr:tsc"t yllFr qR{Bn "rmfft &ffis qrxeT{ c-flrn rIffi frN qtr{ I mr{t, 6flq <r".qrrqrBr
I

qlrq-TrbrtTt frqs qrtffi< urr6t c".TfrE ERRE r sfl, <tcE[q-rK qTlq {prrf ,-hffi$ KEqffi
q<RwTF, crtqsTB-$ drq
'tq-lfr$lK qRITi q<rtssfr< sRrq;I I v'Rlu,t, rym ffirdq w{fr'o
{rb e trq{.tts .hffi-s 1K& c{.t mtr$ |

q{tqG{

q-<B'

vqfrcr 1sffiK q{rsrq 6err$ ql[{fofi q<( rs6r{ Tf,sfiR 'rrirr{ q-saRr rr{i-rs EarI c(orq
q-{'l1.{t
qft?K cRI-{i ffTI T{qn r qXJr qrq xl1{ <t cenil &frrq< .crEI .{T6 qc.t {t crtBl
EBI
efrrc< yl mroir+ offiw< yrq {srrc )iBFr I qs ?FerR, {T{r qq crflEI efrrcK qefqFtqftE
9('l (representative fart of the whole) t esB qsFFK <l csFI fi-r.K JHd q-{q({]'t }lelr6
tIGR.n e-rrs itm cflqR*rf,rfl qlqlsr6rs Q esrsT <r cqrl;r q-{Jr$nrf, qrB s&fiiw q(rm
T{1I Rrqr< 6{r{ 64 q<( T$rEE q-{rr$rrn eoBl eT6 siTIsT (.questionnaire) efcTIFl sGt
rrr{{cfi DHH I qre rrr:tr, v{ s xa s,q TcE I ;r{il cqrr+ c"qfu \5e[ frc${"t o'm crttbt <t c:td
q-{rr{lT qqorrf frKlg Sq"t siT qn I ..cslm mT-a qEl+.r{tftn GFlv, {ca[rsF[, cR, fr{rmqt qq[ft
ffi fr'sa ul-r<{"ftn qr qqro<lft< e$ft c"..t carrs EaI' c".sq oct gt <e[ft& frar< frem{ r
E{ r ,ct frefscq Eqt rfm{6fl{ 6{.sET Els sd Et wd q-{q..{rK rvlrNr, {rqlsFt <t ftrmnil q.fft
<FI lrr{ ?F3tr E{ r Erg$ C{ q{il SftrC"r rT{r Etrr{ qI{{FlsI qitEfct-{ lml qrTil-EFI {rcs T$tR {r{I
ffiX a1fr, <lpt, crtt qiTr{i f<Frrom Gil-iF afl-ain c<". crflEI q-{flstni {q f<ffiI.e[iol.t rir-N
I

SU!

qt

'rfrffmr aDi
6rn q

aDn

froA.cet

It'd

{F66fud
+npr+u

me"Ed

{fus l{rF
qErRict{

;q

Eq-Trt!
Coupentt
sqr

c "rtfr
c{Erqil

Yfi{f,
ffrqt1rrs'
trEtq;414
qrqcg{B

qEtgr.{

@e$.lt

ECrr*

Cue etudll
C

{RfiE

tqwdl
rprFt I rt[fi{I
6q6

mmmqiftfi

mti

elSa.po1 q?r11g

wrrF{r:

rfr{rrtlEH F[Fl

Experimental method

:6R

(n

+qkqarl

The method of Sample Survey

'[Gt

pa1Gar

gt.sqfi

ffi

qsB {frnEs <I-<qTftH nt a sprfq-+ rilfl&-{

qKGrs tftrq ,r<& qrm w$l cq$ TIir I cl{lRqs

<t q'rrc< TC$ TI{-sK"t q{'r6 fi{n

r.t uE (variable)-K {{rs13t q{Drr6r

f(irqflfu.fif,

+s"fi qHr cr

ofi+m{x

qfieTftElrq-<

R'
r
i

FI
hr
hn
htr

ht
k,
I

F
i.

trr
Ffi
hfr

Fs
i

t
t

k
bfltT

h-

M
iFim
I

ITr-<

iwq
ldrft

i*
ffi
Ix,ui
F1
.

EtN
F

'{REe

)i

rtrq q-{ (hypothsis) {ffi <r {ftsr s'K 6qqrn q-dR tftTzfi crqmj 6{E$
qr r qR e,TE uTr+ <m slft{, n-mm <r
ttsc'r+rst r{ (indepeno"r,
iEfi En c{, \fi'Kffi D-{-.gl Bol;t {friF.?FTf
E{ fiGnftE.<I &Z1Tcs6 DI (dependent variable) I
<TE Q&zt{csn ffi,qn Eq sBlct, qr< frz$rcut ffielq qq rcT I qe[r<,
"fR-{r
qRffi{R sukr s'{$rs qec,rre-t ffic<s
Rrryr< +qq T-cR fiqr G(q {rrs m et 1rg@ s
sEld cslT erfr fifi-{
$T{rftn wilvm rqftffi ffisqrm: sB te<rEs.qt c{c<rFT
q(sq'l 6sH qr-ffi{ qFrN c'rc<rq foqt
Iftsfut

4-o1e

ry

i"aoi;* .*;

,iffiR

{t "fft$q q!{Bz-s w{rit ffi qft+.t'(controlled experiment) qcg qtrt Tr

.rRr.-*rt'ffi q<ffiR epprrt ,r*6 qxo ,mT r G qq n cfl&n s"6 qnq.1
* ,* *o
An{ot+ (ezrperimental group).qt Erqr rRrfri q-{rtrF {Gi control "m"rr
group
<t frtqq cE
n
IWBI 'Et tftfi 5rtl-cqT qs ;ti I qslr1, .q-+S qITGE?ius q?Furct 1q54 +R to *,
uq*ft e{glst*
<lRnr+'<fqEq-+qB{r,s Tfi qarc6 5eS 6qqsyg
4ssrft" <f-{ffii q& . rrq< TcTrq?r
ftn
sfi"{fi cq{T cn. 'Irrl crrEE BITtrirstm aprt lffiq qrrrqFF-{
r

orrr&;
!-r{r{frs
Comparativc notLod
q qa{frre REx qE]rqr rc{i
!n-4rqqq qftT-r DrEE-{r ql r cs6 wtrqsr <]Bi, ofrff, qc*H
sqr crfBt mnq (Frr rFilEi crrs wEr E{{tr <r sstl cq{ff 6q qarr6 rtGnrqt q*p qm
Eq{qrr
'{ffi-* qfss r{o-{Er errrllcn q{ r

EfiI{Ts fl(k *t ftoT {ffi qcq qt m, ,orfuE f{frA q**R Tc{i

?ffifl, {nras qENr rrn I qFrq qotqrtk otTRR ffi&-$ q'Tr.ti wu, ooq -r*n<

:Tr?Tr q<(

6
"r&
Bt c$H

lid s.t qrfi Fs-{ qcs {rcr r gn-*ry6

'r'{&zs e Ira-* RruA qrTcw EET.t{{s frcrsq
qs< re1ft q+t:nrcq< qfu .{<..<6TrHr r[c{re csft
rfrq"fr ryvt
8E6..............qqr

c1g c+t

ffie

wlnq< f<frR 6s'cmfr-+ qEit?Fiilrq"pFrnsrr

EqflWs rtm{qr EF flrcr I qsr<
C$ft, <s{, frul, c'i,fl, {d, <,f , wG Elrtr{ q-fi{fra {c{I
qrGI
Eq-{t Dqre

Ehr

\g['R9I 'FerRr

Case study method

q 'rn{frre ee <i qtrIfts S{T
'r{r{Fq qm eTfr crqrt6f {rq qffit rust Gil q{ I q qn{en
(TG tE<i{rs 6El-{ (I-sE ruqrtr, cln, itt<t <I 6FIq' c'rTrffi-s
oqru A<q<rqr q"frft qerr6 q{lF{rq
El?ii r riFi.{sii3i Fq ii'6i-m.l- rBlri?Frs ErF KTrnE qr< R, vm ,rras"fifu fiTqTn, sN <l
lrkl
sfrfirltEft (rqresentative) fr+r r qdrs
er{ esB-fisqrr <r sN *u
erTE

ffilti

ffi

H *

w{rH, ct{lact drrm r{ftrsr srs v.ql qm r e<Ffr frrt{ <leoarff q{ Tr 1a;s qq-5d
trr<{qFrq Y{I-SEI q-< )TrPlqTs, qN <I T<t rrGIsI q-{I qf,{r-qt'qtrI
411 5-Q, ol5q$Ftr{ er{ \tril <t
qtrsHrftq qqror Tarr6 rinr.ff EFTrro qr< qrcs
Bfr q+E n*uo {rE c*qpnrin r .qip ?rl
*"R q&fl q$sl $F rrl:ffifil.qtl <r {flF qfit q5sQ {64str qrsrd qr{ ,{-sfr f,rq]rg qwsoo$r rm'g c.l-1qj rBrT, qN <I.Rrfd 6FrE rGlrqi
I

)r

Ery

xtqrfrs

mqRen (sq{ qq)

<rys, qtr* qR"t qKfuE Micro tevel-.{ ttf<rl6tl p-g1-g 1mA vcB r {{s (Macro) {:Ifrq-"[
rrr<Tott ErqGF-< qrFI {BEE Erq-]I[{ :ps-< T{ r cRI 6{ TKcqt Tqq wlcffi csB d&fift?-ft{ c".t
qetr6 rfm{6tt q-cn[q{ q{ I sr{"l]'strfl -sfu'r< {l{16l lqqwlq Tqtri eril {K'tl ffT..o-<t mre.
fl-ri

*RfiTfr'

q1-qfrq qafig;

'ftrFTRET

& aqrrffi E[dr

iFE, A

I
I

riliro"opnical method

ffiq

(vico), qE6q {qq{ (Ibn1E(fuE. q:nq rtr<rtGtt ctFl.H IE{ sB{I T{ I q{Iq
Khaldun) qTBEil n{fr-$ qqerc +:treTr frur< f+emq n-fl< erirm c'Gnq{ r sr<
Verstehen s{{
(Max weber) TN q eFnut frc.morr< Er*qr$tr, r qrfn
$rq,
*{{rN "r{{rc3R
{ril" <I "qt{t<;l sStl l" rT<tl{ wlq {-r<{cr,"{ Verstehen qqeR B"K T{F qrril't ?Fm It

ff{m

fi

fiffi

ffieffi

{ t1{TF

frflr<t
e tK&F cml&-seq$qrqn qEffifu
ryw
q qqBF 6K ws{EK qiR5n frr{{ q<({I{< uR'q qt ffi sRrq,i E(fl,
'fr{$F
qfu< tqe<( c{ qqlI fiRYI)lz< $fts a{H Er{Ir{{ I 5fr<rrFrs EF {r{ tfr{{Gtlft{ tFnq <t
THfr'K q& qsks qqq q".1EqTftq 1 q< srqt 6t< ,trt qE.{ qr{ o6aqcfift{ c{rs (t <ift<
11-qfqft-qglf q<( {r.flsFr q{Dfr6 E.fq \r6q r qG ukE, qt{< :rpgS .q1.. qf{l&-$ Cetf& e<(
qe$Hc{fq< gfro e<<orffi< wsffifu sts,td wt{rfi io3t65 <{ ttm{Trs Er q{ wu(ffi c<t
qn1fr qpr{ q<(
fi{s{T< qe \flsR-+.-vlc< Gqi{rQ

qrv wfn+
Ag{q:Fdr q{ |

'Ir<?rfm

H
ri

I
iI
.t

t
I
I

q:ilq {-rE{a n{firq< Eft-+R olq o.GFt I 6s'lr <ry, frtl, qqlq rt <rBrs &fr
fo,Ferm wtq"n e-{K cn&t Irr<F[, q leset qrft'rs mq-q,X$e'qE Rrr{{ e,r< frw
E-{Iftrs rfm{fift{ Rrrm <nq<Fgt qq.. {ffi{ETd qG\e &fr qq6 r mt {pt &fr 6la q-f[T
c$rc{Ttftlq< qf{ qI p6 aefr6IF\r-eiR {frER fir{{
q

lqEF

-fdC<+.t q?qfu
Observation method
T{rqfrEtG< r+rq rfcrrr+ 5q{H Et{r frqErs 'r{rssq s'r$ rkfircfi ?FBl-cE 'ir$il c?rr
4f5qr6t frGn cq-rc fre-*gfr< {s< I rymr<bfos nf5aqq 6qrq{ )r< (Laboratory
observation) cs{fr q{M ft<'c{i $q tRlw[q ffiq ftErqe n{'5qs"t 'Pq& (rieta
observation) ef[Tlot {s-< qcs qtr{ l Efrf,$ $rr{R "f{r<aq qrq E(rttrqc\e-+ nf5qsq
c<uDIR q-{A{ T'<&
(Participant observation[.{ alffiqs

${e.lc6K
qfis
qr{
Trcil {mEFt, rsl:ls, 6sn firmn q?F:lE qsTI {l qsrl
FKEq'FreflII
rymc-<Bftrs
ft<t'{ TIq-r{
f+sm +.Ks <I q?Fh-q gBn rnuaq n{'5qs"t ffit ffcg ilrn r qr<r<
orre ltm Efurq, <lqfrd a1r;reffi {FFfiD-f,cffi qrl-s fiiq.mt qlqfrl 'Ift<sct S{cs. e[R , qr++
r

ffiT

ffi

{5{-II Tr-n
I
1

i
I
1

q<1erq.rTds ?rdz<Ft e5aqfu

Participant oiserrration

q "tn{&fr 1nv xme--+

crFtn strt ffirGI $c{Irt Trf, allrr I e 'f5&-cs tfiry$
Rrqu< eR ,i wrrqir q$q{
mrq e<58 frr,tq qqtffiR qcold gIr511'qsqt w{rfr$

lffi

IM

ffFF.G

Bfi qrelfrr r
Etrtilhsr q$r

Tr{ SFIT
Gr(E {rrdt stQ
qtrT c{E$ 610
en-slqftnq

q$

-tRa{t3rti

Stitisttcal t
qkc$m
"rRq$trr{R En

Tryv, TTN{&-{:
srglqftT 6fr+l
rtGr{6flr ftr,ts r

ffis

{q{v

cft ffi

rlu

qi

<t{frn I rru![:
foqlrgK Tr6i (
trftm ltrs >sort
>rEIo w$11_16
EIm Etf. rtr{$fi

ffirs rt

Tc,fift-s Errre 6

E{lvI (weikne
review) TF

Ell

Eft'r+ qfict-{Brq
Eqnr wrp cd

yfr.rs e;
sqct {s(g 'tr#
w{tTq-sfiqtr

ug{u m<
qqwn
qa
ffiq

c$qRulffidqRG&

)b

ffifd cEri ftqr< ftffi+ Trrrc srfi .q<(,h:rqrrq< slgiR-$ fr<-qrms q$sqq o-<r< empt "tr{
& wrmx sFrt EErs rK 6q{Ir{ ffn rrr<s6r{ s-$ sr{Mfr{ sqr<fr caR s[3[-{
<rW, >rr<1B-+ $e.rc{ e 'r(&E ?rdA r6-sn sfre sr EFIK T&qn <6 r e qxe-rs
tfr<rrrffi
'fris c{r{ qsB TB "{R{rn qfiffif-fi qPlr6 fiRvg.rc< E.|I qdq TeR {s q<". qqrqrs
frfr qtutfrs e<t qtfu{ qrr{t{ nf5qqq :FGFI I frE frq qflqM 1fuetTi e tR&F<
ETmfigl wlnrc r'[3t-{ q<q{Tlsi ttcl{"frl .sB 6$B e lqfrfrn sc{IrlTrn atrr<q
{6{ KI?tt emrcr{ 6{, 6FF[ {5trr6m rrr<rt6fl-{ frTs<ry frurcn e+ <r crri-{a {qfu <r<qr< o-fl
6cE flrd I slesr.qrB IF 't.qG wtmq +-rrs ftrn \flRs {t 7 .nofr vfrke qrlt{rflft q<en
cr${ 6{$ c{ro 'frK I 6{rl"i, E(rttrq6lFs effi'6qryq 'rF(G \il< w@ qTTrcrk ffirq !t-{I qknR
su-slBTftrs5t \ftsK Til-ca {-rd qt t. qsIr{ qxegm qflq rlcfi6tN qrs ct{rs cR{], qGI effr.s
r

-fftaq<yyya C=fus6
Statistical technique

ffi

rt-mrsm c{tq lqfrR Ttl{ Tr I q{rq rrm{cfts

rm ,r"qBR 6t-rq
1frq$BtrK ET{ Efl:rftqtrrs ios, qqd, gcq|].< Aft{FK<6t, s-E;fi {R{Ic"tR fficc[:Tl-Q$ <s'GI q]q.t
TTs, xlx&-$ qqasry{r< <I ,lq{E vetm rcmvrQ-+ nrur<-A:rscq {kc<ilF \n:mq-< orcq crB
sTTMftn d"rq q B'fl:r qrq r f<rrs Tri, q{rq {frqc{]Irfi (social statistics) EFt rT5trq
tr<rr6[{ f<r.rs {qrrs <rq
qfrqHit-q

wrq

ffis

ffi'$

q"qerc c$sg.|&-s rfr{{.fBr

CS-rq m

fumpt {r{ ilrn ermq{ sr fi-m Bm{

s-{t

qql

I
t
I

tr
i
I

F
V

T
i

{
:

dq{u ?ft<trFrro rlr<{cfi:r erB frffi6 fuT <1ER r[< frr qr< r ftwE qqtr6 rfcfiro-d
cd-g etrEt ermrqr r f+ffiro ffi TIq?F qTBr 6ns arfrrc e FrffiS Eqt {pr8 qilbrt
<t{ilr r ertFGI ttcl-{iu6r 1-16 aap qr< rcT{ mr{ FFrr* i+ qrurre EH r ffi r+rq qurqs rKq.lSt
frKrrsr {rwt ,qr:ls qtft &$o c'tr{6f T'ct {r$tcfr =u-{rq{ ? qcm efr ft r+rq ffio R{rr<
tqr.< {Arl cyi wtciqn <Q <urq I &fr ft 6qr4 q:FrI mFFIr<FTEr mFr frrfi x:il{F
{qre sq-{
q{KFrrIHr-?r
qrg
wr$
r$ csrs EqTS 6Fr cfl{r{ 6Rs
Errq{ r c qlft{ frT{ frr<u-+m er{
s.|(s EK" rl-6{{"fl3 {{ qTHJIE 6Ro qco <<
ffirrg rtr<Rrp m ra*r< srt q-r<rt6tT intrcn cqa tcfi qq-5q trcrrcqi trrr< rr<rl6tt r{
T{Dnfr\o- qr{[q cqq< tttrFlcff qFlr6 silft-qqrq qN qr< r q*t tfr<q$ Trft Tfr (importance) <(
E{qq (weakness) SRs e-sr {rnrwr r <Tp em {-rfi.tt Trft ltfur {6mu-{t (titerarure
review) <rq qT{fifrs ritt {l r qc< rl-r<{"tt +'{ ,ttrb q<q {d[6{ffi{f celrs rtm{-s qrsr$ cdp;{l
t'ftrr+ qII6t-{lIt6[ c6{ q{N q<(sBI tfr<rt.fi +Tfr s-{, {Frfer+ rtm{{r {{ (research qubstion)
BqHT qre qqd {rq{
yfus q flrlr-6{ rrr<r?F slit rr<rt.flr[ ra$7ryqfl wTrs ,sFE q{IE r{,{lg (hypothesis)
qrre
d-q.t
{tmt I c{ts, ffi rl-cp"fI Cqr$ mFI Frfts Cftqt6{ cc T{'fr6 Wq Wq eTB
TqTs frKfts E tfts qr<;t <t q-rfi"rt cICqrF aqlffu <l eMITrtnF qcs {rK
ry,fr.urr+s"flT e "r{rcn tl-r<T$ rfr<T"frt q:Rrsrr e <rmB fr6r"t sa-rsr r {-r<l-oms'ifuq<
6fr'. gqmrq q-{l-dB'rTlTrefs fr{tT finOts frrqc q<( tfr<{"ft sF ll (researih design) q-{lfft
r

h
h

l.o

E6 m$fi-s

q-r<ri6fl
afl-6s

pnq qrEfr-rfi1Gn-fi

irflqfufq

qr,,1-g1

Brgs 6q, rfmqql q?F.tRI rlm{ctK crflDf T{1ft qqfr"E qronr

<fafs

tsYu q q-(m trm{FF slSt 6l-GIrlqEI WTi BqI Cerr{n

$in{d I TFflvl6{t Eql qtfq qfi TR t frcflIr r-filryIaqsq,

prf,f,aql
ftc*sm

turq

(data collection) rFI6s et[rFq dE6t

wk$ TRrq q1lrf rErI 6{gu {Eir

(+) n{'5qq"h
(?t)

qql$qcfF$'f(rirFcl,

trt) sXqm< qr{tmi ErRq,

qflrEr fi6rn sfi1,

1s) dftFrrdr< ${Ic{ E{, qssq
(s) ut?FGmrr

vrq'q,

fr6

R,

+-rr< tlcnr+ q+

'tlr

;j
t

t<fu e 6ilq Frez< sK rrm{6flr frts e w Bzrr-r-rm E r< r .{Kt Eo|<

$ qqft$ {KC \r$rq $Tr[q fr'-*t r s[qR" ,[riR6tlt frsn q<R. -EqE$K.

q'[-{{i6[n

qr-o E-i; {.iR;tr qB rttrfi?F qFF ffirfit qrplrlll rTfrn

{cg ,tGtit {I g.lrF {tn Fqn v.r{
crrqlt
dB-s
ffirpt5qil ?F<-F qr I c<rl-{-?r<'{r6tt eFrdt {ITEI
Tr("rtr<s.fift{ qqFFm qrmr ?Frd
qmrw{ r ?mq,n ,tr+{,err
e+E ryryr--+
ry'{ 1cv *ry
",rfrn "qrui
c{E c{sRmt@ffiT'-fls qr{
q6rs mr rlr{{lF-d B'fFq&rs rrr<ffifr{ c.trffi3r cryrTq,{ E{BrrqtT :1EiH qr{
{n q<r. s{i
qtrrqq
qqr<i qts trss q&-m cs[s
qffi
T,trgr
fr{
'{rGn r
qfrftG
q-flr$
qr-sks
qcor6
qffiiR
{r$m flq <BrF qGr
"rRK{

*iq;,

r*t *,

f;

,*( ''*[;

*
'.t

;'fi.-

rrerq?KF ct[fl E"rmrg Grrr{5iqn mFF6mi6fts Eg qTq6ft r6i31.nr 61prcl

CqrFI qI'tA mfsff<fl iEfCs'qn {t t rlg-4y q5aq rf6qmt.$$k$ G<fi (secondary
source) <1qq1;f
era eroFp ffi, ,rct-otfr'sT lpl,tfti qffifi {[<{"tt iFGFI I Ttrflfr .frt csr{<Fl6.{firm'er=rrers
ETt'rft"-{

rlsrrt
.qn

I ff'r'{fft

\o-cir

flrFl'li3i .{ T{irs

fl

Ec<rr-?r

,fr{{<F

,W-{

**

w{a
*t

cr{t m-r<A
m{r ccr I fiq cscs ftrq rnrs e
fi{r
flFsn q:F{tl {FFr,o"ffcn I A&rEnrq rlr$t,p '.c $en
* F{l E .f
{<( q q"i:r*qjT ffi TdT fr-srr< GfliFrr<Eil ?Etr[s rrF{ qKrq{-qqril frvlr< Gl"L*t G[ CrtE
Ej-srR.ffirt qnflT'fls rr;Ir<;t I
t[cRql sfrr{[6q
furynRn KFfrfi r Ern rrm{rfl +'{ cqc+ ?Ft-irt, 6Fr{ qfrSH ?Fsbl
fuR< E"r1u
*ol,_ ac< qesrnR <G-o e ffift{ qan6 efr ry-* ftt fuifl< erreR B
'Eil,F 'fiqsd I q:r{ ft
rq frqrs tfr{{.fi Tr{rq{ m frrrn qrrttfrcs'stfir u{r,<R.ft orrEq v,rEK
1&A

q:[TrT

"ma r sqli

ffi

rFucrfiTfffiq|

.&rffieqU

E[qfri A:qITr(-g*f e<(cmt<nfiK[qn nqfi {sF

q-{fitg
*m
fom &r:mq
FrE{l6{ q[rTrs Err+ .rr{{cfr
I

frre

'd

qq;rq1g1,

fIF<TFFFF t-r

(research report) clu r{fF E{ I ef6E{6ft qer<rr[q

fF TqFFq,,:efitrcfig firtt-{q\n
ftaqrrq ertflqflR {'nfrfiFfi cfi em
tif<rlcfi S,fu<ffiB qnr:o:I q${q rftrRflit F11.Sq qrfl-5q
|
{61.{rp giK rff?Rfl EIrS fr qFf(E
'1l;rtrq4, efr rvrt qvl
rFB[CeF[, rfc1.g"fi cqii{ ft,,?,tluTt crfc1 6q
Tqlr# g1:I <FII

;,

e{nr+

Tlrfqftsl;1
Odgtr aad Dcf,

ffiq1 rcfl

Frr{ fiur Et<Rii

fu-frrt
ftm+&,mffii
TTTEER

trpttuqli*K

r ll

'fFEIEJ

qg]EI

t,n{fte catt I
"&q{lqgrfr+lt

Ar

Trr+ {iF{ eRbR

*nss

'1

:-1

q:irqfrutrnn,rRGe
a.t

Efts
I

ffimffi

lr
i

Fl

Tsm{ qH

mts

cpct

,EI

rrmrr.flEl

sir.

',

fw

,rr+<.n* ,rq {rR q.-<tr rrr<{ssr

fflssfiT ,thrrF,ftrqr qr {t{r6[ E-eq,g*tqq

orrrqfi'nfrvl

e.m

'rzRq r <T^r-

crRtl

tr-

"rurfluqJ

frrus

emq

r
I

l$
i

5lr<rl6tl

qsfiftcq-<

y s
efrq

qfts"t qrl

t--

{ff{.

li-

ts
i-

v-rr<

hem
r.
fit tlq
L

h=*

h frrr
i

lc+rq

hrea
I{"Fto

!tFr<qr
hfrNr

lc*c. rqr&fr. o*Fq cRTr fi(E'n.o r qfu

** G
qr{E_,q_
,tfust ffii qq*
ry- etq frrs"G:#*_Ere.**,
Frft{-{ fi* H; ft;r_
Erat q6s {r r , ,, . ,,
GHr 6{'Fr

r*rfrs Eq

<rEqn Gil Er--G:rq

,-.u{cfi-qq*'
-uo-,

@BsqrElsovR<rnr
Odgta and

Development of Sociotory

I
!a

,UFrrs
i

t=s<r

r'

ffim;1.iHtr#ffiXffi
ffiT#m3m::try, il #ir #'ffi,n#
,Ht

wE

B{

fucr< ErEerfi'+rai s-r< ftq

;",

o-+r

hr

as

tkr{
r

ffi,B***ry***;+.-*H;ffiffi

wqtF{IitsR I

'nHE-r c-vrqR
cflidr

rir{frr

tt*tt

& @-'ii'

lsr< o
Iurrr<

ffi

ftErrc cffi<

c:nq
T"6,ua:lnl- R, trsr_vrao EF TTrr {R I qrs_@
.c<.rgp"i * to**
*;;ubri_c fl@r r11-5r{:mni, :rprr<
q1o"*

avn

*t-' Y*'- $Y

TC{,

ffi*

Trir

*.#-.i*

e rhs,n poriti""
FF,c<!,*s- 9r.* ffi ae*.r silR
i#1,, erq

rDrT

tr,

66 {t$'frs qttqfrq.H (qq:i "ro

ffiq mffi

$Tfu

6ri rrre prince

f<mv{ qriE 'frl rr<-<ff-orrt

tcqat

ftfnafu qrFNF

Trc-{Efrs

I6rc

q:trq e {r;r< DRs

rprr6 rvnl,e r"r.t.mq i

<I
frfit ffiq'iTf{ cal< Utopia qtc{ erB Faf Bu-{I +rr-1 I ef,RIB flsrft$ ft-<rla cI$&-s
q:Hl'BI
(sGI q?F frnq w{qH rrr.l r.Errffrs eTI g,ti The New Science Tl[s Sr*t
}Ftri
Bre"{ T'rr{ c{,
esD FffiS fu{ ffiE qt r &fr qlrrfu n(5aqq <( q-r<rt6r]3r 'rd rlilq
qlrfl't ?F6FI
{Ft=l ERs

fie

:RnGrFom

ffi

4qarg,ft<ga
Vfn:rrn

ffi

llttt

qrrfi qq{ qxq frq sq ffimn {N B{ lEFr {KI q$-qk@ftrK Esrq< m'rq q[e|-6 qsR
@K T6rq{ | q<t Erq-{ Rrfis mefteRq, qr(fro cqlq\or&-T TE {r6q (Karl Marx),
ffi El<Et{ (Charles Darwin) Trqls f<zTtr-$ frElg s[Tlv'(sigmund Freud)
ffi
sr{ {r6q ?rr$r 6{ <]furrs r{1fu {tfi-l{r c<t sr-cq]E e ell{'c"K {rq r ftfi uR rtmqQ-{
wlrs< sri <ifu $Fq-sr{Ei &r*r{IT +rv+ qm q<( dft e rEfliQq mq {e#K w Rfrx ioq

(frederic Le pl
r rfr

Errflt
altl

glEI{

-{rqfrsq.
ryrsM

ftffirr<fuG

'n

t- REfrr!

vi<Ce{ fr< qriren i3<ET <-t<I <mn ?Etr6E ITITTI <fq;t R ri;qqE"{ mpfvnm{ fi5ii qg5q
e \rsxfi qTB<
ft<n-sq 6q[K ltR Rr:Ao
fure qrn {R r ftra< ft-srr,.r qrr+
qmrE e<({r{{Q xaq qrF:t Q-< trqm
{RrRr wtqerrtt smrq

nr qfrH
qwr

qqFI iFrs{

6,'FPTET

rltlc*r ilErsi

E.rr{rwrn r
fiqo {fl csrf

T-{rfr
ctffi rslq (Auguste comte) ro q$qk6rr{{ qfubJgt <Err E{ r
q{saF )b^eb cl-rq sociologr'rqB urq o(it"t r &fr qFr< wl[ffi erEe fifurr, qfiml G-q< .c<(
f{sm<
il.rnr q<( fifl&-s xTrrc{6q< <nqm sr< fi-Er+< qr+<p q(r qm o'mq r
qqr6 fr-s M,t+t rnq r &R qflq frcr{c.Fr q-ll co6
msfi@m{ qfrft e ,rmffi
1+o
RE-lIni ar-qTqft[oT qtq< sGFi e<( frft cl fr@ton iN firi social physics t,r<-<ffre
.qilr+ sociology TIm qtr\rRs rcsFl I SI{ fr"lTlg 0[5p[ positive philosophy uB {-c$ efofis qg
&R 6lR sr{et fiET s {5lrrwlffi n56u (Three Stages) saff {FFI TIK TI{'m {W{ EF seff
slrcw R-fl.t qcB r {t{<r @rrffi qt ffi:s-r<-< q&E Erffi qlcat qHwqr1{ eT qmff< qN&-$
q{i{rr<4qT Gfi cqq

ffifu

'ftdz<Ei

frfii

ffin

rEpts

qrr.ilFll SGI I t

(Bioli

ffi

ftn

trmffi

RII$

ftCTFF{

srs-s

ffirl<

q-rirq B

ffi

wrsr< <rtqrt frtrrqi r &fr <ifug

rtb+ e ft-+m

cvrd I'ns-qft

ws&n TF

TITCTT

ffi{

qc$'

fratfi{ ffi qqt fGcqTt c fu (ia), tc'tt (ego) fi".

{ffi tr'tl

(super ego).ffcT
r fu qm {FK {r+n ,h rqr <T er{fu {-k Efiq.{t q<t errilrrr$ <rl-l {r
tet EIt $$ c<re r'm r tu <fl cfrKE-s FW {s r ebr ER, e}t urt, efi urQ r e$r st'trTt.T
DI$ I q< C{qZ{
<pu<s1-m{, TIIT-E;rrl{ <t trr&-+sns1q $=+-ft c<E+ cc u-rro=r
qr{Q ep qrEmt{ preK <freo-ont I rrFrscr, trEt qrqt qr+{ {'ffi{ frt
{qIr{I{ cvqa 6q | fu
q-ql {t-< ilre-<Elr{t{ qfrq, sr< ffirr-+slzilq gt r trrn Qsrs <lu5<v1 qqr6 EH qtq .iE6
qerr6 ftsq ex6q1

dffi,
qr

mwl

trqlR <ra-rq -f*rrcesrcqw, {{rGIT{ EetI qII{-q{[RI T{'t-trf qf<.rf 1 {Tf{ {C{l
{ETrs ffi-{ <rq <ffTlq scr | fl;Rtrq frqrrn .rt frrqm sIs-q&{IF <rB\ rtry e* <ct
gr*u qTa TGFr I TEr rc$ fu e tcrtr c{Ft
q<({,Br tr4T Ta
sr< ilq-{r{
TH <qEI Rl{cE {Ird{
I qt?rrr {Br {c{i I'rrr tcrtt GFt ft-tft &R sr< <r<-{r<-qlusrc6t qm'KRq
atkfi, ffi+ {F <s,R Klrko qs{ q{ I 6F.HI, srn {'c{r frqflq
{,tlF tr,fl fu q<"rtcrflR
qql-tqrs

lfirl

ffi-q

ffi

{ffi

fuF

?EiRr

aE

1F

arrq "rrr i

ssaqqful
{. drn
lcq
A1#
Otuttltrgto#

*l' 6ft{rEr{
fu$mil@
o. F{

Ed

Aeuml

*q 'EA ttrfi
krr, rrqfi

qqlqfrEtrffi {REB
L

5BIE
l
i

Ites

ftfrQ-{ wslwlrs fia-qq scr q<( ffi$q Fttr cq-{ r qv-m qfu< vcs
iu., i?ufr, 1,n< trun<
{rqlflE "n{rqa e'r*{ <ifun qru<q c6+il frv=r pm r Bm$ qqtsTRelr il${i ,f6?1ft-$
ryrr6
qrqlD-fl sK I qrn fl<PiRr c'q"f6 <IB< slu-nct-e-att
<IBrgK s6 q5qEfi{ F,frft- r * omrqt
scrcvK tr$ qqlqR@.l[q rl{q catmR
I

talri{

Cr,in-rfiR

iii--<r,lr<

q-r'r'minq3

l Rrt-{ ft-<mr{i R-grfi-ft<T B"tfu( {6st

ilreffi cR <f{t ftmrq{ r ff<rqq mFr <rn {f,q c{rs uBn 1q 6+;i-(ffi5F{ Bcr<
'tvr
p-q-{T{Isg,tr3 r*e-fu &l cqfro
{<ft< <ro-t lBcn e<< q <g qrs qtFFrq E'r{ sfr{ eTE frr<

Itfr

ryEE;r

Ff{t

qfrqg qnr rerfr q-{iq E q{q-TsE q<"e[ eras qfiq q<rqm

qn I q{q-Tsq qN fr{ffd
qrtfl a{K fr{ffid str{-q pq.Tr r<rqe e fu{{B
TilN cq c,fcg {s 41
l{rt {firffi s{k-$Ft frcn qTrflE-{T Trsrqq r frR rqRrscqr
qtfrsRER:r{s rry s
<dE C.[ EB${ TGI WIsBt {Ctt ctrq"rq r um ynv+rft **u *o
Ancient society <r wftq

e<(

i-ra

Ir*
i&fr
bqr
t sa[
r

hc*
I
:.

iaom
Jarx),

[tr

ffi

Hw

ffilv

fiItEt

crfqffi
1Mr

qq|qffi

:ryqrqfurciv< +B-rr EEI (school) qt Ts=rtF? c"rr&< q"r'fl=r

c'flqeu.fn-< W< e<(
fufi-err< EmqREr

o{kflr.K

cwcrf

RSX $o<rq- cuffftn (schoots)

yfrfl

<t c-{TF

). fsirrsysqrn crntr
(Biological school)

iR*

F*
;

[ftr
Ft.t

ql(.|tr Pmr< (Herbert Spencer) T-flfr

eEl9r tRrR-q
6{-c?
rFrederic Le play), cmk-$
rq{ft
rfu
H.
e
Morgan)
6tf,<
6a
(Tylor)_R TN
6.
6rg{r{ttl] r l{rrr< Ancient societg (1877) e<( 6t{rsr primitiue CultureqrE
f{srr"fd
<rFfi {qH srr qI q$qfu'Iq Eur<R etetm ryq a.6

lrr+

fu
4

{I

Ffr
trtrr{i

Ent

ffi--$

rr

nv?lm

culTff

cqlq-r$ 6Rrq-GK qr{ ET{t s"cr stR E-FI e<(<uqlifi.t

emq "nx t ?qF++ rs<lq ctf&{

\.

{effi

Ifr'F cflqRert ry ffirwrrm e'r< ffi srrt

qIrqtD=II

{isr

.IR

6*cttk$:rs-qtq crtf&
(Geographical school)

et {g-flq cofr** wqisr eFrgr qrq{ {:Fat (Buckle), {[f,q (Montesquieu) Rqlfu$4
(Huntington);ffi 4Trq kcf{cq 6ffi's tfrr<n< soK q{ts
1trg cftil"f :p.66q-{ r $,rrq-n
tts, cffiq-+ ffi[Tn< gt-{s-rqJR +re c{6 wrsK vc<l RBXvr #
-or {|{ I 6Rr Cqcrfifr.s

frErqfiR

e.

16*

q{-q

B c-vlsl3t

Trgrq+ rsqrn

$r$r qtITns "w"nG

cq'tff

(Psychological school)
qt$o<m cTfia 1mr{i{ Krsr8 F[nE (Freud), qu{rfl (Adter) a1t
tr+rffi r cQ crfrff
<rfr effi ?.ppq e<1 ?smr6<-{ qfrEv-K s,r< frrfi TdF cr6sr'f ?rrclr fiqft-$,or(m q$q
rre1R--s so?fq crnft< Eq \e Eqj {rfl *-"rfrq<( <lfu{ *fug nl-

,ffirH,

"*

{8

Bry

:n$ft+ qrrfikwn

(oam

'rg)

q1rfiG-f'fi[fr (s-@ qRffi, Rq,Ims, q{q, qfr&, kfrn 6'ilq-{m{

ffiK

y-trsK ,tR T{S qfrdl't

?FGFI]

e.

T{rq.sffq-s rrc--<m

ctfi

\
(Sociologistic school)
eQ $r{rn cerfi qqrq f<rw"r< cFrq qNr&-s flkr{{ q<".qmr&-s ft{{f oC fut< 1flg
qrflq srd I Q cfifu
Ifrz" <lB< qru-<q wr crrrk-{ qot-cr3r +q r crnfiE oreri AC"{r( EfrFN;
N?ilq otrfr< qr$q'ft{sT T3rtR q'ftsK T.cr qI
I

c. p<firwm con&

(Positivistic school)

'.

*i ,ofte WT @n

ya,,

(Duikheim) s<( fl66f P'areto) wfe

wm qftrm qq<ltv&s
fur+cq qEfu frwlztl "tqfr ql5<q ?Fsrd ,R T{q rc-{ r
frewrr<e 1trfr"t ?F[3r.r r 6nc-< {cu sr1es frm e ltTl&o ryq-6 q<qftBrmR {c{I csr{ 6oFT
,,'

ryrs tr4'ql

V.

r*Q

$q (Comte),

ffi

1:

Eaxtwsrqil'aeffi
(Analytical

.{t $miln cqrft< F'cr- ITfi&.$ xffin fr{p 'ffimE{t q<( <n$tt rm qqreEl&-s
ftcfsc.rd {Ts{t r C<?IBI fWeber) , 6tft lTonnies), Fiffir (Simmel) e<".1ft tCooteg ett{ :FIIen
ffi.{ffii w-{cerd{E et rE<Ia cufl&< E-s< {6 r et c{T&a vre, flT&-s qq( q$k qeo;$ s
fteTHIi xqI dft=s fl{r+i frq]Tn I q rEc.tt c1&E T< cEfu Tffi qE-{Iq c{t&( fr'tfu{ff,
rs c'tm6r +m r frcmcflWs rE<m crn8r< 1Ecs <ifr qm mTrva .llre I <iB< err< qT{'f&-s
pffa1-s6r
<lirrefi; de*T{ e<iaraB< q-sn IT{eFaTSr ctrfffr q{reo qhrcfri q({i ffi+
Srcn-<

w{,

eo13r

cEK

fu{f{

frr+wrcqErEqc$rr

ct.

Cq-{r

| firK

q$qffi

RHT.1W-q

dh'qt
.s-{E qm{

Trr{qtB qE
itE?t rFlri !

Srraoaa
<TE,

qrrk{ qk

(Saint Sim
acrr{ qra-

[Utopian S

B(ll'8

IrIIrN

qclEifirgn

ryrqtun i
arqft pftr

school)

q{rr6 fiftna

b. x!

1ftsft,ru"- ,t tEIE{f{ ,frF"ftB

(Ginsberg, Tlf,{ (R. K. Merton)., ,flfq (parsons), TrIstFK Maclver)

il{cq

w3{d

qrrnr qclsi
rg'eg'ltt 'r

rfiftr {'fT,
wtcfu

6r.c

Dd

). crfr

nftqwtqfl

1grgffif Tgzffq CrfCIf

(Functional school)

.c(Enl

et rs<tq c{tei wjs{ fr+'rm qcuq'{ BTB{ (R. Brown), {Tlfrrqqfr,{Mriltnowski), {lfT
(R. K. Merton) e<( tldq (Talcott Parsons) {rfl cfiqsr&,'T frr:Wc"f ffif&-s q'rs{{rqr
EQ$ e<(TJ{r<fu Eqa frrtq mg cTrf,i'r ?FGFI I et crfrftn qre, c+qrw qeser srftfi qrqs
<IB, (tfr& e<( qr&-S.rl Errqq q-e VFot onfi tt'rn EFr I Eeq<, r[:ttq rr{rrqffis]qrB, ctt[ft,
sfrfi{ {sltfr rmres qtreq{rqn Efuor c<(Tfffin e"r< f<rrs {fr crrfl{ ?Fir smrfi{
I

v. obrcql"rrn

T{ETTtFltr

r.@

ttFmq.f{fr

q annil

I
Ftrkwi
{rw

rrilqr B TgrEl
ry1q e1ffi6

(Structuralism)

qHT arqq $Gr.t I

ftfi cNI&-s qfioq1E frrr< om 61-E-fr.4-q, o-q-{ NilftK <Ir{rmr
el crrfimR I]s cNrk-s amsqqq esEK qFI qI]F 'flR?'rk$ or{-+mq Iq EKn qr.TryE, .{TE
qils frersq +-*r< cd qm wtrrk-s srhcil fremq
1{ru't mrbrmm {q 6r{ r c6q
r

"8

tsicq
\9: ffi

Eg< <rGR

qr{qRg.rrT< {REB

tc

'

b. :rcuq-wtBrF DtQt w{B'-{ mrvua+ fqofi.t Model R(

rdeal type-g.
_s
pfu+t +r+$g,t{ T{ | milqriF qrB <rre< ry$
fr6n< ,ko .**Eo
srirm
e+B E'm{ n1+I TI rdeal tvpe-(R *rrq lr+q'rcB Fst qst
qprr6
{rfi,EE 3tlslg ,n-rn ,{Fr esfr 1rql&-s. T-rb-Rsr $ cTI_q
,fffi\g- +-<r= qrqm +r<
<lY tN,Lq qm eBs TFq'l6r a:rrcq< Er1q1 11 EF
q11gi T{'n6 l]qq{rB3 6flT
"IrK 1 senft
e<sB r40det rt ldeat type-F {rq Kl-^5< qqE'm
Es-{ sGI sr< frcg{q T3II ffiF 'Ilrd r
<rW, wrqRE,ETi qql En 'trrrrcFl Fm-frg< sr-rE r q ma tBroftt ry:rrffi q+
r<efas
{TI&-$ "tffii ttrs E$ r Frq Fr6 flrrsl cfirq-( Ufr-o
efu E31rE6,[ fi.* ** 6qtt cTfud
(Saint Simon), s{Itr ef,$r (Robert owen), <rtirq (cu.jo.cit) ?f{cf
**Grrfr, ,**T{oR-6 lrrH-{l<fl frpr<K +:rrc err$T i rirrqa cqE q<-<f-org
.mfr* .-r*"rfr- ,{r*
(Utopian socialist Philosophy)
q-fiaflT
sBR
r
e
&
x< "rfts ql:|-q aay16c1-g +$ Fg.r
{q"n\o
qlll"r&-s
qrir+fro
dE Tr5Trnn.".n
q
frft "rkoc,zffi 6a64 erreK Trc{ frr rFtq, q }Frrg
cilsfiEn amqftq Efr-"' "rm{ $.uaq <re 1fu
fi$ q-{ I qr{ft
*qF*T IFs ,q rn+ftq x-toR ,ttr{ Tc -*oe, c-<.r cT{fr.s {e"fi
"rr.iB
rr"rfu Yfr'fi 1m ?Filrq ryq
qTr frH{cq ,11ft
a-rffrmfr p6p1
9ETR

**-*; *il*
,l* aT",;
**n*^*

ffi ,*;

tffi6

3fl{rq

stl;rcg
qF,,B

q*

:wts\ilft{ Wlq sefin qrsr. qr ?<:ffr's rfi{I

gR

sq.H s.Gr I

<Ts,

d; ,ffi;

"F,

Tr6.ftn

*M

ffiift^, iiEei63ffi,

i++r4+rn e qrqnqTqrmrmwrrrFT
WFrerm< EET+IIE asr {.f{,, i&qrrrrs q{-{, ffigttr{n ffi{.{q e<"r qm&-$
qRq-e Dffi ${-{ks fsmil vrs"t{I{ yfirrr ilH <m furo{ (Ginsberg
{trr r.riFr
5. clift, ,aR'Stq, Srl, fFF, {r.fi Cqffi, 6{rrlq eq{ nkg.rftn Furfrf sqt $fr
I

elqR slss
c:rcrrs qFrcs s

FfT

k*

tr*
Fr&,
[*
h

nft 1re sllcwr TFIqTfl

1(rrs qRRl' sGr

<rT{r13r eor<Q

fr6rftq r vR

.{q-<

rqrfrffi

Ktfr q,ft

t. &r+'-t, t+rq {qEI

ffi{rqK cqrflx QGqrrq-< ,p{i IE qs rr wlqfrE,rffd Esr<n
slitnn e+ ftrfi Ekfi "flfi FGtr r m;HI, 6r$
fl'rs? ls wr,;rK Eg-< e frs|{ qrrc6 q,{fr-{
uq qqn TCIH qr :nre qrtr.r< q-sB Er&T ft-s FnftEr
q{ct

{rqr {srfifi q.lqs s-m qr< qrfr El-r:r FGr;i r s.afFd <{TR &fr cr{ wwTE+
Ifruek Tfi cll nnssr.rz-+t sn-+ q$qfuftq< qtet-M <cq.q$Tfrs FCrR{ r Ee erroq frh
tFnq B csIEIr Er<, en& q<".fr"6n rrq-r6
ryrerq-<H<.'El q..<(
{qmq Tg<I srrn <rGFI r
qrrq qk$oz6{r sc6 6ftaffiE erom q'orr6e qrmrsfls r-cFI
r
{NIk-s c".E&n iomrRrrr
"lTsE{
'R t{q qlGttfl TGt ?rEFi R, 6FFI WIrqS[ tl9q ,-c<(EI;t qq{G ffi
qm qtTf&T CRG-* e,rn

ffi

u: ffiqrr+< R<6{<Tqe qilqRgmi Eqqfu-n

B@{ TGR Gtr, r,oFfiir wrqzs.fr<rq-rE< {d*rtyE-{r org

ol

y-fro ,trq.{ scr fr r qrirn n&vqIt

frffi trgqq sffi ru,fi =ucnw r q ,6rcs

w'

ED

{I$fr$

qflETRu.H (qari
"rq)

uriBt{,

EffTt6, flc'gq q{r?k

,frslcfi scl;t TI qmGrs fr-{6T

{Ns frH?rstr< Ecaqmqj r .{KI c-{tg ftmorre< ffi{ qfl rr?116

cerfrs 1h-qb{ q<( rf6Tft{ qT {qffiq,ft qs6 rfrrt
8. cNI&+'qfrq cqtqk6r.K EEr<F ihqoe vcer$ qfuq
tTl cm r Frq-ftA-{ st?FrrE q<(
frrrm Flq frtr'r q{rffi-r tfm{.ft{ clil&--s qR"r eo fu{ y-frst'nua *,< r 6s;Fll, E{i Sfr-s.cqn
ftqlqtqm TF q<( sp66s qsq-Efu e<( frfiTEr :r+116 qmreT u61 pqcri qm r .c ,6rm pfi
qR"t, q-tr+Ifr crrcqfrTm, qq-{,NR ffi ctflfr-s qfu
ft,n6 sflqfrgtor EEzR< qtqrn qio
t{fl{ pfuo "nm om
I

FreT fiFBr v&'m mMffid \rfir+ "

ds-.l* 6{:mfsrmrn a crft{ e lrryft* fftq'q.f4

{m,\rtT

'

q1?t)

| q{lqk-@'mn

"rRTs qcqq Sq,

frrti

wrqffirh< {r{i qrr fr6{-q rarrq qfi-ot< ?Frd crrqq r EurBn (wundt)
qrrq l-{p]&-$ Fs,t, qqc'N B {Ittq rqr6 6rG-<
tn. Tonnies) {s<Tq, Frr{IEK (simmel)
ur{rq

rFq-s frq&vra

eFUrs

:r<-q

rarr6

c<-{IriR (Max weber) {fr-<rn

tr.r. r"r.J *". r'y*r.. G-sqfr e s*E{r EE,

qefnT$<l *r.m *u. arffi fr". Sr."o."f *

<rBBr, errtrq-d

s q11frE

q{ffi-q q{{ c$sRul(l< Eq{&F ful{ c-<nq 6ic<-rq

cqfft+ fErfi{ ni{trnftR mrqfrEn:rnrd 6{rrm cT{ qrsQ1
I

tferSR'{Novicow) ?{rTfd cflqEq, c$fsl-[ffsfu

M. M. Kovalevslcy) T{m fiUt, ffia
(G. Tarde)r.{flqrqE-q s Ktfrst, firm tr,"eon) (Rr. flnrsrfiR (pereto}
wr,*-*r*-q,
YC.tt(:K (Durkheim) c{lqq&-s <urn wmkerq R-str.t Fi<I{ pft-$t
+a
"tm+

tgrq

ccnm t.e{ff
mMftFlfl'kqn
CPlt{l-cls1.q'{fqBsl, {tqfBIcT (Hobhouse)

{c{r
ftr't{ Tfuq{ ffi il,.lq
ffi
nfiug, RsqfiR- (Briffa,lt} q:lyq{r{
I:Ife-< vq', sn:tT{{l66n [Westermarck) tfui, k<fq q<q fte.flrE q$qfrFH
66.1 6n
q{qH Km{

qmt

qtrF

nna Tl IB

qQ+t-qF

*1, qEl q
qa1lfii

Fre

dnqd
ffiqiali
-!

8
-{R {[$ qps ftE-6siq],r- ffi{R,
,rftm<
sem
Rsn ffiq, rqry+{ crlq {.ft, {<lrrl
qry vT{FT lcq Bs-dq ,rrft crrq q,{q r{s1n e vnffi
'r{u; rr; * *l* ;;il Modern

time-e< RsIRcIc-{ Tafi (ffi-{-q{q, T$,

(7er.r[E[, ]+fH.:TITfln, ETI6, o6fgt$Iq qqq

.rlFq

6ctqrafl

l*nfuh
rfir r-r,ri
"I:

*rrffit
Eqt-!
.- t :Ft{
frrG%
fiaSsg
afrhri

trHrfl
*#
*tuq

*k

funf
-*
hr-,8

srfiR'src ffi".c (Giddings) 6r< Tr+{ru-n6t qrtq rlr<r"IR qftac{tg ,t<& ercrrra< viq<
eI] sfifr qrs $GFI r }{q (A. w. Small) qrr{fr-{I4 TTmRerrq E rI{Fr q<riH Krc{B I q (E. A.

frm "fie tr{ ?FGF[ I Tfr tC. H. Cooley) qrilfuIcq-{

ttf.qs <re frr<Fs r eqBq @llwood) ffi,rft--+ msorc--+ Ht"R*rrfi uf*q", wilfft{
Rose) Tqlq s q-dFElk-$ N-{fCc( q-qi

(Sorokin) c{rqRglrl< EqqTqr qowr qqnl qftn r:rrmrD-s r &fr sg

li
ri

,KIfcH

" ffi;sfi1$-aRfl Eq'q{rmrrrd

cqtl"rd

ffi

6-sT{q-s wdigT ffn{

q{"nrEi cdlFq dqamK 6qrrs &r+{ RFIFE p

m,tu (e\)-rbe Bs
srtfi-uq c$rqi q{a{&T <J<[rQfl, nrst{fr-s <FIv{t,
e<rwt{
=Nrq

ri

lfrro fo{q wfin

qrq Er+g'sl 6dfteri-<

t{) c+ {a r cd.n.rq

<FtiqK <{qt

rffi

,rH

].

l;:t
--r
-ll

lF;tu
kum*
'nffi
Urftrmr
tt rrrE.l;

kr
h

_r,,rr rwru_Iil
rflsRqr-{Rtfr6e
rlrurv

- i

q<'qHslElfi

qR

q1

efiT-{rs{ ()acs-)voa R8) ilqYqzq Elq-fl

mcH "lR TBI Tl{ qr{T s'sEr r ffi crs-{rf,n cF< .c<( U1.6q-SK
nRg

wb

q{l

qgq-{ <lB-rTK

sl(
F*

"fr.r+ <rGFr I 6K KErqth-e-qr+-+fus snrftsq qrrqn f+rrs s,n q$b qrsrrs{

{rrqrn *q-"*,m-, srqr{Bs,
qffr, wQr q1q \rq-fF,Fr elffr RRLTR ,8{
vaii
qrtt_t_wqEft

Ffr

-qI

f.S{

{{q

tlrc-

frq A,

{Er-{t{

qB[r$ .6flrfq.cefrqfrTR,1m qRn

fift{R

fie$ El

Krsq

eEQ

qfu TI.m SqeIE fu{rq,

'fft<rn e<( ffi{ fffii ,ri qs {El<t{ RDqt
qefi( ?r( q..N q<( q<Erq-rtlsro \rr{nr-sqf{
w .qft cffin *ori*1* *-0,

{rqsl <iqcErq

f "ry

'liT-813fi5-<Is.il s'mq16a61mrqRu'lrqa <rT'r$ qcR

s6 frst r|glftn xvjslcrFt 'rd calrs r q

TrC{ ,qrq-rrR fttRqlFz-s cmqfrg.r*fqsrq qB6s Eru {rrst qR ,Br
c-eirs c$Ekg.rr+n E6r e
fr{
fr-{
,'rm qpirq | <6{n <r(qrrqr.t wmn*trm ffra E
Tv*
fq-q t mT+t, q{rfq&s E-{T[IK qrds wttqfrE6 u6t e arr+s.fi
"m, Trq,
ECn fiqr

fi

clffi

x"* **
ffi.,

xqfqRs'fq \s v{qltTJ qnrfft-+ fu

Relationships between sociology

a-C{, 1a,aDf6:
and other social
"ci.o"e"
:rfiq qrB Tqq {r*r qe{r I eQ
1qs {FK i{a{m mTq ffio,l{f ft+mqls qg.j-re I rTrrq
n RB{ 6FE frm ,rr<s"tk q-*, Erfl* \flo'rd crTre--s fr',rq* fui q6rq ,-"R-"
'rt*-Trt{ e r[r+{qF 6s-rq wrFu.ft-erq c{rs trl=t qt\oEil Rstit c<BIrq relR ca ouruo* ,lfrfto'
s+.1ffi Bnn Ersr fr'Ex o'{cs ftEETi ry*, qaB r{016*
**u, ,n
T6{ qs cmr&.-$ frc.ftffi qv* Eeq c<( frq
ErrF s-{r <m rrntttft
*t o uom *,
rasREH wr., ,'rr&-s R*,Hrs Ersr rr*rr"fr EF{ Ecrr
BF*R; o* .;* **t-*u
4Trks fr@rzTi tfrstcftqq{ ERli c{trF qqlqRgri E rfE Etr{ qrriF r srQ cI{Iq# Ircsrl
w{T{].
rmTfr-s R*lzi{i rcrR frrqr wr6, Efram a*r5 qi".
'fr<,iRr }RrsTftETi wrl6
frcx <Efr@F, QBqrq,
qdfrfr
q<( Tflqrsrc.6fn qrwr wmperc-+<
Iketl,

-.

**

c;fr*Ei.
*;

qEilE{t

?tsfl qE

norr6

frrr

T- HrlQ:r<E'r6{il qiEat q:rrqftg6tc+g re;5

Relatioaship of sociolog5r with political science

rr qrn er{ erB nrsffis ce?rr G{rrq qRfit cqrr frp oo q-fi{ffi
fiffi.s r--{zs
,r,ffi{ FrrsK cfffi x<slri< qfto cc'fsg qr r 116< qtyfts efm
mtq r qK cqt qrm{
qm ryrefrerm{ p aG'nm frm
. ) i gEfr@rffi :[q EmEi frq{ qre rr r eh qrfrm ff{q ErrS{ tg-{,
f{Ft$r, BffiIl] e
qrrEI'-fl
q-{Jfrre'cEI
frrg
TK,
?fr-.t
KnE <-c-{Frsrft TrafrrsR sftsr< e +sdr frme qrffiE-+t
73 | {rFrsl<, r{lHfr6;549 F qrmrr fr<a qm qilq I qh r+-+q crtcq< orbrr$"
e<( TFm >rqrr6
Fg qEqIE+t rFGI T-- qil c{rq-iq ltT[r< ceflfi crffi fi<q
'r{m'-{r e f<rm{ s.r<
erfrEll ETFIIu;n crn <nr$< qr{R-s'CE-n cffota e e6si frm r qm qtlqRer{ qrcdtu-{r
s-rn
qlfe .'-1q,.frSq-,R e6rrfr+ rycrff iTCr
r

\r

gq qslfi-E

cTltsTft-@,ri (qaN 't-q)

<ifu q?Fr{lK <rct< ilqks, qtflfu's fr< sqn q:rci qccl r ER ilfrEtq ffifr6{
TIFS< ilqffiT fr<l q<" nrr< qrsA sr< qq'r6 qtrqT64r <rrd, qqrqk6;{ ffi{t6 <Tfun q|{tk-s
..
ftEq q<(:iqrcqr RCn ste6tq, qq, cffft< q6w.gqq-g qp5qlu-{t srn;
rr r <fts {fucrts si<-cq Tatr flT{ <q qg c< mtrqkqn rrfrg'Eq< cra qRr+v< Tfprs
,
sqttPt eils ffo a iltfrsap cr{ sfufi frm frrn qrccilD-41 ?Frn 1.1 c$qfi61q ep1ry-s1.6< qFTID-{I
Trn il I 6{'jH-'ftFFsE[,:rn-$',rffir frfrn fr-urrt s qe{ q(refi, TIrfRrfi qrr$K d.{i ffi I qR
c{ qt;R m qflqke.rrd-{ qtmrD-{rrr-cr
y** qG{

\.r

L$F S-{

"tfr*r*i
s r c{rqfrElfl{ erB gr;I]Er frI.{ <e rrsffi\9s qfiBiRE.H (political Sociology) I q?firf,
q{rqREH meffi$ !ffii
nmquq--+ f+c${q T"cr atrr$ I wq< (q{t rtrRtr, wrqfru.rft q$q
trr$rflR
"tl'lT{rft ilstqFs frTrr,s ,fcfid :tl.rr{ I EEq<, {'lrsfiulq cffiG oq nrEfrerr+< cuzx
<rI']iF

il-r{6H qrs

q13l-rs

rH.lvrr{ rTRFr' T-fffflGl I C{5t1r-(+r

qTq-{qs
mB mtrsFFcrr{ 6cq wrq {arr6 yr6 rr<"[ EIVT crpq
_nrq <rsftfrR wilio:I
Rlq-ffe ufi are< T{ I sFIBt <ifua rrsffis Nm{ * qruaq )ragd EFr qg1 a a;m qfrte-o
ftaq ,q<(>ffirrsrn v"tmi q-q, cttt& e q&frffin {rq wn qer6 qfts-sE< qr{qrfi sBI q'rrs<l
(rt) wtq qbrm qaft6 x:rlqMr erq ilEffiT srq'Br ebran
frrw"t sqltri [g
qc{ffis
t
e<tteIr<
3Fr5tm
s'rsta
<EfuAK.E.f{
T5rrq sIbRTf e<qil$&-s:o<frqirq ,fld
'm<
{5tIsiTit-E.FI

cfiqffi-$

cr{Rr +;rN flrrr

fror qr+:nmRu.n

: r tfuqlry:

{r{{

rF6E

e nksorrqr ,rr{ei s +q'r6 mqrr{

rcrqfuF
{q q&,nqi frq{ )Nlq
f+emc.r< 1unsEl {rTI&T r':q'rf <I
frqfurr
r

\frss<Jfu, qt-srqq

qffiiq,

rrtfuF
). {q qG,[q, fr{r ilt
\. t+rg<.cfi
ilqf{fr-s ,r.o16 ,e
rmffi-+cl6ict

lFEsr

'.
l r t&qrq r
6 rrrrE3r <6qtr r

ert&qmr

itffifrtrl:

q6g

r6.qfrEr

B Tjlrrq< >nq <lfuR

rr<o116< <f*-e ftegs"t
I

"rfrfi rFl vn'ro

crffi

.q<q frre.s
qK {RfqEB

r conbr

Eq, EIt

1ffi

ffii :rrstt <rBr qfk-fi< rp6r<l:l

:1'q-{ fr6gq
,rffi sr+nqo p{i{fs q<( st {rrrci
I

8.

GnrEf,

ilqf{ea fiisBrs{ sfi{o

frrn enrs

lffTt?[EI[s rtrrF

f,r

CIqKBI4

{r\, qqzffi wt
rntft ft'm q-ry'

eftsrmqfu

feognqn fgrr

ttstory) TTrsfu
frra qco{

en{F{i

ilfuH

t .nff+sfrq< ttrficfH sqfsq

.q$qfuEErrgv* o*,

qfurq w+t
ltRft<r't:pc
,scneEEe'i

or fra stR{,

ffiturl

Ig fl{H'

l <6aR :wt6

rr

qKI

{ilrs I
g r rflqffl

rqfu 'rd oc{

a. . qrrq rrlRmR wK frrrs 1ffi fi<x r

c. rFrslSr sramri B,rd .cK i{r.R IE fr+q
s. flRfi <ners <qrs crrqkg.n nGfi ft-s
rmt\6-+ frqr q,qz{ ,gqg f,rae wd
rffqqga,
q;rsrrtr<
qwt,
rrjFI
qFrTe-s q<( Er{frs ft-+ Bc,tnr irrn il I
rtkolr
frfrX
$6<r
frffi q$,sRun
$m5Tf T,Gr Ti I sr< sR {l{reT qrY-ft

Ert+t iFGr rI
q r mlqfrErffid {r<rr6ftK s"rrm
B19o qrl qrs

rfiEw

ilE, rrsm-s

crfr&; qfsac$+sq

fli-?-{r<

mwqeK TgTfr

Eq-

<(E

rxDqt, im rIR cll

Er

8.

(Relatioa

).

rt- ttRrqfc

9IE

r t&-{rc{d

furrr qt{ti
altwq

fiKE

tc

a r {&rcr:<
gISI {IEI-T'F

ryrqfu.N

rrRrFGI cil6

qflqR@rc{K

Fra

k
tb

Fr
b{I

i*
t.

Fr{

Flq
I

Fr{
r

rF
i

t:

F*

{RE&

tb

(Relationship of sociology with histo:y)

) rt&'qmqreqfrN-<sf{Tf{cl<q {Recordor study.of the past) rqta ctqq\o6+l
TTs {ry{ q<(.ElF qrilqf<-<6n< qtrfl I efslsr<, q{-qfrwrr+i {q cIFIET fr+l a:ilq s a<q& r
qgq<, Tql qR 6 cllqk@tr;K 13 sr6lEi frq{ fi{Iq v a<q&;
ry"6 EqE qffin 'Iffi
fCeH r
'
I r t&qm ffi{$rt crttm-<lsq-sm frcn wmr{ or< w'rqF{6l{ m{rr{ {Ifir c{Irsiir lfvqr
qlrrs?it
e
<6Tn qqr{t frG{ct< Bor< EN srmr"r FK
,? r t&qn Rqm qGINR $-+r wrqD-fiT Kl.cqr< $q'q-e1u{, fr{,'\ilR{, >Ft,Isrft; rF{,
& fsfifr frqr* wnfi-s 'Ifr frm qrr+ q$qk6n cc{lz-{ L$lGt tffi qft+t< {I irr< wtq-r{
Tr{r{lilrKpifts {c,r6 fufirGt c:rrq Rr{.( ffiK qrfi Fr{
e r fi- wt.qfr@n <6ffi rrrqrs Rmq s-flR emprm oeffi wrcqR prs qrrqffi
qrIqffi &fufuTr rftR
ffi rgrrs qrdq;[r, 6F;F[I, qrcsr Ede <6ffi m]ryr tE
r

'

rftr

"rt

ffi

Nlre-n ft61q6[t"'srum tfd cq1p tfrqs ql

qdrq qqrsn rym qmft+rq q6s wrm tRqs qr r stQ qqlqffi< ..<6TF qrrq frcNq'
qtttft fr"r+< s-fl ,hffir+< Trr{ qr+{ftn ft'{T qcn tvr* g<q cqfr-s ccrrs frur< orm qrqi
qrs E fGK :16Eqcfl:F'( nmr E"rp
TIrq <tft r cdtq

{rs

il.
F

tsrs

c t cmf q:Fql qqi R

rytqffi< "Tfr{

ffi$ :nmffi
qrriF

llffim e&ffi+

t qmqf<err+< e$6 (tr{igT l-{{T qlTnqT tieq-{ (social History) I ffi". TIr{
eGqtfuffit ftrq {ETq q$t Erst ersrRs ER EIrn< t&Etc REqtT JTt{rn{ {r{s ,s<rpl-rc'n wFi e
aqfu e'r< orqQ c<Ft rtN EIr$'r +-*rq r efr-s cers f<r<DnT wrq qNI&-s tFqc (social
v

History)

c{rqffi e &ffir+< frq-a 6q6q qRqs Erq

frru-n

qrs wrcTREH s lRfucc< tt{r$i Tqf cqqtnl q{:--

r+ufun
FrK
r
I

Fq
FIil

E"KQ Efk$ Aag 6q-{

cfiETs wfll tsc{+t s-r< TI
qRft
r
<lTt+ e f+lo.= r mq-{t qqs e <6{n

.-c{CI\3slEB

sr

I'

t.
Fil
E

tqtd
I

lr

f'r

rfls

srffiffi<rqr@q+kr
a

frc

W fun dE-{q afl?Ems q tBqrm

19 efifi{I 'tEIqt
tfuqrrq-n Uq fi-<{< o-r<
f{Rq cmrk-s SBqrq: e<(
I

JI5irqE\ FRir{

oatfi;t gt qOEr+ frrs

qr<Gs
g t fr-q, EIRq, qR, qFq, q{I-efillsR, trcrHe.

r "tRfk sfr <m-$

r

g'tRrt, ToJ, qFq, u*8, qr-rt<tqr

c{rs{

ffi qqm
,hm{

D-trT

'tv1ffi<ry*Hq- $iFrocrI
sr

ffi

qrq {i.6f, w<i v

qcn {EI

stt ffiq' <v-ti qt-{ eKR FI wrrq

frElrl< frsr-<Tt side sGI nft;qsq
TGl"ll

i
i

tfuem

I r dqrq q:rrrq{

c r !frq6ryg trr<rt.flq-q Eell(elrss ryrqR@H c'r fitgfrg.rfifr tfm{6t1ffi vqie ffimn

s'rr {H-TTIEI C(qE SGI alrs r qv'rr4
Tfffi efmHq qn:l el6{ xrrwfrsn c<(
q$qfrET{ g ttrqm quT Eern calm salJ
qi\rqF["rarr<r+v-*trql
alrrs
xdE?flF
I

$q atqifi.T c{]qR@r{

et- af{'fcrrfr qcs't

(qaN

'rq)

ffi

fiaw

TerS

(Relationship of soeiology with anthropology)

t $E.-n qcq "{l1rTf, Rwlq Efr-s offb" lggigntific study of man),
$ena< qF
6"tm ftrm qtm 'qq{, r T<e-n {ryrrn sqqfu, o,q^R-ot'r q<q qmfu-s s qtqfus
*qf+s

!l ar afr'rn
<, arrs1et

fr.fq r eltF[6ril, cTrsTRe.n

{rt[IR

GI

et1-$pfks q'{of-6, cq1gT T-r2rlr{r e<(qrTr&-s

trb e fre.n r qltqke,rfln {q sfr'nqr ft'<a -quq

q{rqlu-*t s fre$sq Tcn

t')ilmrcf{

qrrq-rat

efic{Cti <TFd*
{qc{K c,ttDr rym ftcq

fti

"I*.dlc*qo
,{m3'I6s&t

emt

EkcstaltBr
qFf(g

v r .rlTrrrar+ .ru.r-r,rg

Edtq tGR.fK

r<ftr

1R6H e wfqfren e<E frg]lq 'tbT 'll'r{ e

qt{ts c$q 'd

qIE-I

ertr.rclsefl
Er{ {fm

sl-r<ri6[

ECq T-<E.I-{RT

-{.qm
wrcq< Eqqft e frTr"t qqr6 qHrs

rrro'1ffi e :mrqm

qnr q'fmi

qrcxR-sK qsqq ftXfrqfiqrn

q:IfqI{Efffi

q$qffi-s

a-<r B,rlu q*

qEfret

rr rmifreriil

q[E En I qlilBt

qtqiq ECs En
1frr1.6T{

aft+q aq

-fur< q<t,

*ll

q,\erc rymRu.r;m crm sdtsqd orc{r"rrnft *uo *u,q,u *,

8 r IFl-gF
rya Eia tm{i.ftd <irtrrs q(.1e1qcf s n{6qqq ercTlrfl 9.K I qTfrqrs, qTHR6.H giK rfr<rl6p{i
<Ifu{E q$ts{Gt s {d6qp.t 'PqBi fil?g riT{fiT,-&ffi{r, qfu ffi
"txGn 'Er c{fi rtr{q
qr6dl'l sct I Er{ <i'fuuno E".,ts{ct s n{i6q5q
:rxG wm frcuv.t Efi-fis< {qn-s frqlT ffi(
rr{rril<E.iq?iF E[T[{:c- q{ fiflE;t emlrcq qtqE cqqrcq-{

rt 1ffiti
rylqffi

Erir rkim6ff

a i qrilfre.I''

qrilrffit (Macro Society) cqsloB frcmq +.r< r

{{4rs'3
lken Tqqwle<
qrcqluTt
(Micro
frn{ fr-$ v{rs TE Erlta
Society) fi6g
+.m r Ecrqn.tq't vtl $n c{, <tqqtfirBl
'r{iq FralEi;iai-i,$- mea-r'rr q-g5q qrlqMr sq s:rrtrd rc{I c{ TpftrF rc fr-tg+ esE $R.tl

ftp

tmr<t fuq c 4arr6

EiCSi qT;
S'GI

{BIcIi c(s{T

l-cm

.<.i}i< T4A IqG qTFDTi TTK.I 'ITFI-ST(

wr

qFts

6sDr

{qq r{

I 6s;Hr,

T- iq{f}t

b* Bclatior
r r cdflfi
,ffirr+<TI

"*tcrFr e fr(il
- l rryrefi
im,

1Ren 1qs

}I5IIBTKE.IT T5ITrwI ql.{i.ers Tq-s H.rn, qTFIDEI

qE

s r ryrifr

ffisru, qmi
v,

1ffi

qF

ti-r<<fi nq-q qrrTq< rc<l

m'rqffi

f,rrr<x

Ktc?FI

4I r lnen rrm <I wrcffn

frrsTn

qt{t-$ qltq rri'rr6 qrrilr< ffiT T{ I <sri ffi".o16q

qqr6 Bqqrq fi{rcq r 1ffi ,{Eco qr Frcq dvno DFr qr
I

c-{q v{rs w1frE q:rnu6r ("Rn fi{) q:nq T.rrrFil, nrae-o fi-C+fli4r s"fift

d,ftTlor6fitlqffi'TGFI

'q

8tfinEi{

wrq

c{Ft cdv"rFt fi?tt-{ I Er<

"*.6
Ifuq w{is qFq q-+rq
E$

lMrF

cqe

qrrce

rnRF ,q?rr<

i r T<EiTnF qT4 miqftE'ic{F qEtF ETs r;n<-s r E-w M {F[< qgrui{ e<", Tr+A1.g
qlD3l"t {llfd
c{Rq T-K r Ew f<err+t rf6s$rn frm <r cq-r4r w$ frq 3-Ctr6q
qtrFF 6FGI

qrflfu q
tEqraq

frr

q{flk t{

ll*f,r

"

crc+fld"l

fum

re<nr*r

c$Eifrsar(-{F,fRGe

fro< qro qrreke'H e

FKF

"[{f<ry e

)t {q q&,nql frll qrtq rilTl&-s q+r6

tr s{I{E $c,Crffq frCl tff+S"Ir <Er<

t]t*rffi"l<'x-as
pe
i.

fr+r

el clTr&T qfr"rqq EHrFri q,ffiR qfurT

Tffi

r.
\e

r qffio TEqfrK

mfir

F oruF,
koqsr

:.
hr

Iwrcs<
g:.

Frtrt<
B rm$r
Fnq

I{q

qflqmcs

Iqrm e
lGlonn
brq qt

F a.rft
t
i'

qFt

{s,fi vR

{z<rctT

o{

c{t:F s
r

qftFEcq qfu$rq furTts E.F q6q

E{l

ry{tsMrq-{
trm{irl c<r+
RIrsI

T-sCg

rtrql.fi <r( cq[q--.flftq T{rq

1ffirr

ser c(erq

ip;trrs

rr- q{sflft6qzat@{Fr6
(Relationship of sociology with economics)
> r c{ftfun {E crcnru frs{ Erq Eq,fl-q-{, <t{, 6stor, csl q<(
nfl r voraorrr,
anqfuirq< 1t El-rtIE, fr{T {[M sl1-wp.F;hril r :mmfterq sffq-iq Tq1qR catrh ryrq.qT{
<Trsru-{ e fremq o.m

:mqRtrrr+< yr{tT qdfie<

xq5ta catrBr c{rqq-{+fi6

Tqwi 6sq{t,
c{ft& cfis$q ITET{ *#nu* fr-s frR"r,"fr-qIF[E-{t Trn |
o r qffqfre.li e cdftbd wsl r{'rd Ee Efr$ r cE-l-*r qfiqifi-fi Emr cftG-{ q&$r
fiT{
c+-q

u.ztrFrr iFG[, qB[

!ffiq

miqffiqq EqI rerq +;tN efl'cfi

r
F

smtvq oHEK

tr 1frutftrn<

TTFTIF{I

ffi

ffi,s qq
c'r fcwrftr+ vtrts-q B {EsrE f{rfi
fr5q

T5fl-cq<

qftsq sdc{d ermrqr rqtr sc-<

"tqG
fretq e<.1frmglrn RfiT afuq ftF
q{l

pffir

cqrr-<fi

{ffq Bm r<ft pm
srd Er{6q r q<q q< Iffi fu fri ffis

61

fHm

qffil

$url.fls ffi

i:tr${"fiT

q${q.q{-s nd5qs6t fi{& e

EEF{fXr+
fiGqq 6q'q sG eK Eorn T{F frm afrs
qrs ftq qclq rerr6 e<( fiE q{rq wrrr6
qR wrl cfipln <rrrq I sr< nq frr'r*
qftsrq.t

Fcflqm

FTKt

C$q frc$ rfrsr6fi scr

{q-

)r qtqG'rmiRmmlreaqGr

8l Ftq crtcq< B'r<Q qtr{s e<

16 G-<x 8 I
etr.ir q<( T5ffi wrq {Pn6 e< adg-

rnftn

I amrq

qlGn,I <rrn

qc'f6 64rltrfl

q,{ffi*lr sftTre qilqq-fi{rs ersrfrs +r<

8 r rrrrq ,tRfrtrR crrq q{ffi
'rffirm w,r6 <I-Trq r qioe< ,*'c" cqsnt
v.., q{ftC{ frert 'rh,nh e {rcs.fi {s< q,l q{?G *"n r*** Iq,e,
qr,

giirisl

R*"-* rG

@r

c I ('tfi qnR3t srnsql ,-{<( GKqrrqrn qE {qffis q{fiefrqmn urq qqrqffirs u1fi-{
re-*k-*m e<( )ilTr&s r<-d{Er q"ffft <i-r"B-R
c*ol,

rEe

"R*

#i

,*, * -,#

il\

Bry

fl<frn\om serr

$$'ft-s q$qRu.F

(gaN

'rq)

Ffn or< mqt&-+ gft e ctrft< w+l{H s'afi Etrq-d ffm e ftEq q{ffi

qflsffi<Ts qs rGn Frrt, c"r"fi T{mrcm

6q

or< q<,\srcc;r ft<-qT[ElK:ilqi

o-icbr <Rr

qtw-sr qarffiqrh< c{t $tcq 4-crt

3ryv evrc<I c$qRffi s qdftG qr$ c'rrs{ rl-rfiqt $.lzq qEFr
frrDT qls q{rsfrE.rq qdfr&R "n{s e:ffi{ 6q{6a1qq-

<r 6{:l:t r qflqfl{gfi[rqR cT<

{q qeqfqI fr{n ffi, qrflq rfb[frT,

tffi
ffi

<nq+ e<(

frTe I 6f{t

qR qrrEID-{-{

ffi-g

caflfi

q<( )

qtrq

r {n

rirF

"ttr{

c<Ft

e 1 q{trq&-s qrxrq qK q{Rlc-drr qtBvtEB

xcrq-Tarflts {ril&-$
Efrk4irrr{ 6FrE fu yfim ,fr6rq r'[ir

\6TnqrtqffiTqft{B-$ffifet4
slfuEqq arsrc qn I

I IrFil&-{ q$, EIEtsr-q.{SH, ffi-X6,

{ds snrfl{ T'(<

&ltftr6,r*
s r {{tqk@Tft{q q{ftffiqrqn
qltrF;r |

sffis
sl-<sr

e15a1$ 6errs U

'

: ; .r[$

of

Rlq <rs, frTl, <[erfr,

Bfi frcts tw ftq qrro

tsrrftK

r c{ft&Rhrtctrs Errmr qRffi*I qt${ s st

<lE:illrrffi'Eii' cl$&-s <fs{sT TaEd
E'FIN qr I qK,ElI mrsffiq< rlBNcft

sociology with social welfare)

q&fiE .c<(;$6s ef{l{ I

gBrilg, qpwuR qt{l;t qqr.<rfu, qq q<(cx6d B"drfi.Flr<frs )r< $r$t

$qfi{ iTrlfq

c:pu'R frc$q"t,

,"

se$Tq

{sf$'ffi1yfesf*:ryCryaf ffi=r*ef$
(Relationship

8 r c{rqg qrl s

ffilvtGl E rp qm

illqr:;-i+

q:rrq fr-{rii Ef.{&T frqn ]rarr6 q3

rs*

t 'rfrft ss-flffis-s.rr< T.{ frTE I 6F,HI

el {l:Inqs qID3m qR rrr<rlTrf, qqs

8l 6{Cey- rTqF q(t& toq1 ft<-qqrql q.ffft
cffi$ g$ERGIT$ frmq +m sR c(ftfu
,i5nq E aqB Bztq ?ErF {rrir {t

TT.rr,{l{

iln

sfu"fltrj fr{-{ ciprq BqoffR-{, <fr{,6ltl,

cfi-W

?FETIIq

qE

C?pT

m {6'frE.d q-{I q?FFK

cl.CcrrflR fEG g<r+t{On<@ {com qst Eq )rirrq-scrT6t

"q{fq?FEl.Ict q{M +,.rf< t&-{ll,.rfi, .{6${ ry:prr< EIEK q<\ rr< q-Crfi qm{&'-$
q:il{rfin Jr{{t-fiC qqr6 q$nq Tmr qbt <iG, lE,s q{ffi< qrrul:rq-r6,Jr{?flt{
I

Gg*'oqmfi" fr,o cTtd q.rr.T

-*"rl.*
*. q,frSCT"*
"*
"{*cqKql Iffi qr< r <T\5 qjrlslsErlq qq er6 <T<qtBr frq{ TK qS, {f{stiBTrlct
'fEFrgri, qrrqRE'I{ wrq<K qErr{ 'ilR:4.k-$ 4ar:6, I{EqK rlg-q e s#lrrt
.r{rrqrfk$6{ qprr6 qrrqtr-*t s6 t sIQ, qflqfrqq qrfq-sEllr.fn {c{i esB fi'fu
.:
qfiq-+.{

frBTn

{kIt

ift

klr

qTTqRElrIK,IRGG

sfir .utt, qrrq srbrc$, {F,-u ry+r6 e<( ,,rq "rffir

{rr{-{Ed Hrqmmqi qft6 qsi

qo,qR@rrq.

wefrErrfi

rs

lqt

r
I

-'..
r

c+rql

ffiq3

".* *r*. #l;{;

ru$

c6rq frffiw<
m<:Tar6 E-{ Wr{h TibfrqTi {EHt qT arls.m sq"rRIrR wl{r{
{re

orBlt'q,

T-.

q{iq f{srHfr fifis, ,n( {rilrq sfifir <r lg-{ q?F

srrr R-iFT | 6qq{, qrs-F6 {r{R ftrrq
Tltnmr .n-q Fm-wrn wm erlnnrr ox{q q5aE r c,flq sT.t qBq qrR qrs_Frq
r
w* **
fr q,rrrFusrr< qR-+ qg-rm r o{q clTl&-s w{n qv qBe e.q{l r cc {cukr *r**uno{3*
TftU csI"T q..Efu <t o'm ry6*6. Rq Tl r ,v{{t utn q{rcqr crryiF o-18
mT{ fr{ cq-{
ry:il ErmF 'ffrsf{r rFqr 'rF(& qft$E3 'fffis r mrrrq3 w[raft Gm wni+E1l"ryffi T'ft6
qs r ult cmi qR{6{
q$qtu1ffi e1r wq<F-ffiq RH{ qqrsF
1l'116
ry
iA* **
rETI

TsFrgcs[,

lEe
fil$fri-s
hnq +,r<-

1l

qprtrtr

*T[q

qh9 TEt

erGnq-{ c{ q:[q<FdrT{

c{rs

wrqffici

wr++

frg

qFl?il:t q<r.

Til{EI

i*e **rc+

h, <rqrfl,
h qrro
FrS{ s st
t

[6t {qr6
km'nrqm

i.

vas
fir{Fiv <8rN EF
q.Hr
qtn r rolt, Til Er6l
"rq{r-{q& +qld
q<(>NrF#rH
rrqmqksert
qmEerrr{:rqrr$r c6s erBc-$trn
"tR5-+r E,tt, qnqfrs.rr+<
r5iq:IlW'frcl3 {,Pr{ cT"t ffiV e UVfd.u I
6rrr <Fu< a{gsa frr+,qsEtfr fr'r* vrre r wmfr*r+< erns
rrFFpil[f[wt qq{Ir<fr, q:t ?Fl3tct, crnfi E qfi{rr{n

rrfi

FUrCct

E'rqfrsa'r{< cDG qi*rse-< <rre-qft e<( Tr{qrks fras I

'IsrBz< qTlqR*H
&assrr< Elft-fqr etgln sq fr\r'n r q?ni ffi".srm, q{rqRqrq, Rrts +.rn Appried
Saiologr <I +fu qflsREIq ryirtq-sayl(cgr {rq frnR c<r Us,f{14 qpr6 4ry
EErq I mfiI,
F rrrrq cen6 "l{ut err* sqi qt :rl,6 qffi
finFFEffiq

r16F

T:

{w a61 +nnq1ft es6 frrg r e ffi[Tf, 6.F qsq"I mmuA--+ro ufu

+ir[?FTcr

I:ilEiFrEIir B rfiIriFfi[cfit oflS+i e qo1-g ffi16-a

qq-

'l

.,

Fcl:
i
Fr{a
i.
I
FET

) I Tr q&fiql firqs:Nrs, ryflq rt mr

rmr&-s qo1-{

.c<(

GRE-snq
' Jr {q \il R{{ ffi-s
{5[t{r{ e {{tqTurk6B[ qrqlI fiql
'q<(

q&{rqi

finftr

rr IrtEEItrs efirerq.rtgRun
r &BqrMerrs {qTcil{

ffi

fi-*r"rr frwrr

frr{r wC

sr{

tn.
'rfirr{
efqefl

-'rn-i .Trq-i<EFii-fl E{{6{{

prfu

fiflE

{t
"mnr lt
"*
gt{ ryqrr@
{Errn{ frrcm {rsr qp{
T.116

-rl

c+f

I qkr

q:rqn

rr

W<i-{qrksfrgrqr

er

1ry!I{

fr-qr

c$-fit qrrcq-d

qe{L< cst{ E?r${ c{Q

rcrrrfi

EnE1

gilrs q-<fi

fr-s fuftTt ftr,r qr< qR( {crrqH cflItIRK

a
qmq-strR y-frsm
=olq:ErN qr<
r

Bo:n{r'frs:mmfut{

\98

(qqRt

rc)
,rllrqTqrt t

T{rqftE.lq

8l

T{t{16 ftG frftAq s

>Fr-ffK

*rrrlt

efRFFil;rrff

E-{qH<F[ eK q{HES]',t
a I etRf\ <it$F E

fuw, r+-+{ wlq ary

firB rqq ,{< qrflFrrd qE6

fu;,H

.fig'*
qfiq.-ffirqt
,qK
i6ffi
ftr'I{
66g
T[:nq
tftr{"tl
qt,frr'F
6q6g EI6a3l
6s-q crrq

c r sfrs c{re 6-Erqr RBA ftrs {1116

tfr<n"sql

r'Tt,aI
rr ntill

I t{gq-ip1il[et< EfsT 'f{afi ePffi fi1f"mi s,[ mcrg fr{re drt a$e's qmn<fr( {-ft.<
' Tli[, pr<+Bq$Er ?F.5g4 fiqfuIG qllrcEitt
6s-G q$srtrrq-fis Y<.|re {:Ifffiit
-:FIn{ qtfi ?F3il <RI 6{ rr{'116 arrqq{ 5mn
<rjwEt {{'116 qFrF Es I qEI qrrrEl
ftnwmtf[.|;['tfr<trrctT
c{:r*i cflffiil
\offl ;N|qkgtffid rfr$r.fi cefm Brffe
qF {rcFI
6qGF6'r99qC\, qTGH
. qkr'.m qrgr.T+ rtrEl 6{tr, qNIeT finrrrffi qffi 1{rA lql4qtrq qfr6r tn t qffi c'rdB<
ffi,fr1r q.TE c"fdBrs q rr crGK Eqr rfrGrqfd rEilrm ft'E{ qtqlT TGI qET I vm qfrtFt R{r{
gmril R1arry,1frv&t, tfrfi't "n1ft s pq'f <rrrql
'e<<1frv&t
,4T sF ffidElit <I fr{rffi
qqt]H
I
fi;6qfu
sryr({
<r<frstft {|ifr{d
I1TTGT fr6ft-fi c.{+E CFqt
Efu <Ikt ,qip q?F IfrmH calrs ttm{r.fi pr< frr'tre Rrcr< I t gffi e$ry{ ir.rs{ {IEI} ${r{+
c{ TBII'IQ
qF qr+E Rr,tq
1qxA a-qt
'rr{{"ti crrE frGa Fsrfla Eee {erc< ar,{ffiI.{ry t EIa
qfr$
I (t\5
cTgsffi\rfr-$ (interdisciplinary) Efr\r-BEs qG?F tfm{cft s{ {lpfifrg qrg
,v

il

ffi{T

,srsGl urr+sffi

"{ffi

q{

{{

RT{ frfg+ tK{i-s rEi

EI-{i

lE*

rr

r6ft
51fr1r
yr

Lm*1

)otllHq

r -rrr*1il
;-'

ry

f<f
)c I Ettl

-tQt

rs r efiil

r", oEdd
*i
rt I ,mtft
.:l

rq r adil{:l

tv -r +BI{

4a

t,

tr r qr&d
: r :mfefr6Tffid:icEt,qlp.LqT|qfrIHa erg& e {Rf\ EtrqlF[ <K
f r wrrqfrefqrs fuTr{ qs.m" t {l{ z q$qFEnFn t$i s trcrfeANf

tor

l'

.6r[{i aq-{ qEqlF{t

s r')Filqfrerff{ cq6l qIB r,.wtstrl@ffid rrEt
qer6 qnmrn*
e r wtsRl@rffi( c(6l nB r wHFtEw{ Tpl TrFlETr{<

Ik

qnaETr

v r qflsRg.lffid qsT qI r wtsRg,ffid

q r c{MREltrK rREt qlB r :mrqfrerr+<

y I qltqfteF{
5

ft e+Q@

qftErtFrt'<

mFtt

fun

frfu-$'trfi"tlit frEA

*':

re

ftr+{rl

,{

"tft

)o I TflqREE{ <I-{N mregt 'IftrqlE-{I GI I

>: r wtRet-c;r< Et< e s{k$t{ frm qrr-quqt m
)e r .{TE c\oq ftEH F{Gr< >rqrqf.<g.[rq< tsq< e kqtn< qlTr{rks <{IT

rlffifi

. er cRr{i
':- rpr.friEt
.

crq lffircn:Tar{
cP! E|qtrfi :r'pr6 qrrorru* < t
q+r6 fr{u
a qrf&-+ fite6 ,r<cqlffierffi xcqr

ffifuq,tnG qrc Efr ft

t)

&mJ

qIHIFII

.-41"{
t

;
|

:.frErr{uq-rq
lF tn

rlm

q-rs

Trrr

Ta +(

>mefrrffi

kqc{,

r{fiqeorh

qRGC

oC

:rqft1v y rS I
) | wtgkrr[d

e<5fr

c\EI c't q<qEI <iHn s-{

:rcrsfrgrffinqrmru-{r crEltlrflEmq<FK

s I qTl-qr{6',r-{

"ma-<

ftilqirrsr f,r

er

r{qtr{r+ftfren murE

c'r

,hffi+

flr-(&

qNff

mr<na r

s I T{il qRl {urrc

yft ft 6rF[ r EqErq m

q r <Jfu4s C$SqGt

s '65qqct "p<&

ft r

qre f,r r<r<rm l

srqfrqpqmr&fi a
)o I pcl{lqcr<F qnft qfrq1511 TR

v 1 qT,{i{s'rnqfu

:: r 6qt qfrq <Trs ft c<nm e

fi&R<nltnqxe
5q ffiq
:\e r x:tqqQ+ W <crcs ft r+<na
.

:e l'.imsqq1qfr61Tft r
)a I 'ffoitrffit

JI5IrqEq <qre

6r c<RrR

>vLitflk+q-{Rgt'{ft a
rq r orftq wqs\ <fis ft 6{Rm
>s r

\o

qr(rq{ryqreft

r FITEI

mmrl r

TryT sENEfr ft c<Rt I

t: rrrqm-$mrss-qft

t\

rFt 6{l?ltl-{

q,o r

El-qrfi wlqsq <EIN

flRr<Hn

wrqfrgn <rcv gfr

\8 I Ftq?FTI ffiqsq

r. frm rqntrfF'rg

qqcs

fi

c{<ttn

c<nr r

s$[r{R $s* qt s
:f an <r{ lFGr .q<( 6{ q<Er qr ec ft "tftfi firr{r{ I srn {Iitt ffit rrqrr qr${ s<(&fi qsB
;+r urqlqfrErrffi EErt t=o r {fr qK .r.'" .rt- c<gtrg qryq r {FIln lgx 6Rtr q5qE qt
rm &n mrciRrerrr <t-e r<Ft <tqt e ttxft vtqF rBo *--fu. Wbr <e fr-r $ qvzs
I
q{r.

su

$5 aqift-s wrsRMn

(qeFI erg)

Es rmrqq I {fre q qm I EQ ffi 'r< qF eFt {rrc- {ft< cq <Qt$"llr\r- >NIrs-<

frGn fr{n :{H ('fcrcq I st< cfiEq{ u.t[rt I lwlir orcq qcrqfull T*{16 ca e+E {Etcll c'frc El{ I
{t{I sttrF qtiTlcm a qqlqfrg.n M"s Ifr .ot rqc+ qGr<fqfu q$q 4<qffiq-,{"i{r{rsa
CIE|S[-SIE-{61sql "flTPfl-f,s ry<TiF 1-46n qlF-6il0'il '?fZ<?lTl Tf,s66 $r+ qBrc <crcfl{ R Tjn? 6q qffiq reTfi qql-qk6ng ffE ttGftq frerq r o< erlG
s "tRft qqs <IPrs I Efr {fr cTMREH "ffb +a vm qfr:{$q:{rEE-{ qr<, )T:IIG8[ qcom 9 {NFt
<frrffi dBs EFr c6{ T-<[G[, qtql&T 'iRw{r q6fiFr <trs?fl]rr{ w{ql{ {t{(\, ',lrdr< r lfr q[{Tn
Te[
{r{ q{ ,s<(qtrfiftN qflqRE.F 'mb qm Qql epp15631
atrr$ I

{tfl

cctT

${

EI-{{'I-T q-X t

{fiKTh[r6$EFr{rrffiqqfi'r<F
Eq< c 1$<rmwmRerzq-sE{rt*F
wtqFr{{{s eq s

\t

q:lrqfts'rrtirqrrrErFrqsa

?
q54

M-s 1ft a*r"t'cqrr+ qffrffiq

i{:ilq

cflqTfi {tlGK

Erq qvrc {R-{<; E{, Ftst,

-t

#m
*q
f,rr
ftrt

wmfurrq<qs\5lw
eEnt?rry ss s
,e I :Fr ftffi (qq 6frs qd 6qtrr qq&trrtq

{*{

rc<(

rrcl

{Er.FEI '[-C"'iR-$

ilqft&, {firmt,

fN

e'{tBt:Fflq

ffi

.fr

&r*
3rt

{tl16 i wrefrF
q r{ frrg fre.n &fr-s qqerc EIHltrt ?FGI q<( trz<.iq'r wq r mtsfrE{d o1e v
otft!\ {Se <noFF I q13 vTt .c< qI6qIE f<me q< <fi'm I mq wtsfreT{ wftqr 9l(rEt
o[b, efr erB frH{q{ff fr@'H, eS crlffin rlbxnt e olY{ qTe fr[s EmtDq| Trn I

u$r

t,|

frq
Rsn a fllqRurrq< 1n
Tilq-{'irt q|${K \fiElK-qtu-r4 sql
qrr-flEi

"mt:If|r

)r

tl fir
-{Gil

+r-"

otlill

sr#

frn!

Rrr

ttt

cqnro

'nEttrtl

Btq

TIco qptfrs

ffi

arslfts ft<q cilqRurcqR 6H frfr{ errq {HMrE srm ycs {rm r frr*
crq 6Rs +;il qcql 8
fet gGE qflqr$Q rq-Ffit E-{T-dqa$ qft-sr4 a6l'{1;1 e a1ryq1.5{ a;Es q{ I fi1.gt
qfr-cqilfrm iprq q(rt d-qcl Trrq I RGn FKIT qt:<]frilt 1fr<Fq-{f qcrlrffd qpl

Es<

aqTrrrr

wt q{tqffi srrc {<rc-<{ qffi

eft$
Fry
EBrq{IUriq{IffiRmt ''.

s,roc< Etq-F r rft,_-ryfie,

({) q:ilqtfur+<

mtlre-"r

cn

aftn {l{r{n qq] TstI

TvEI A-srr< rR-ra-{ calrc E'rp

Ect-

trfu-s-tG frrs lflqfu[Cq< EiF{ ?Fnq flq-rs 'm-< t 6{:Fi

q<(Et ftfitR." BH" a1fu s ffi-aaaftq ftq <I<{rn asrq $qefiqq fR rc<
{lql< {uT q<( qm&-s {eqqqr {ffi{ w[cs 'lrm r BTs qlB <IT$R ar{ Yq

qt*

xm-o g.k

Fl;tcf

qmr&r q<rffi{ "tRK6{ qa*

"m<-+

s{

Glr;

rr nnft
utrt{
o! *-

rils

3t ffiil
rErl[|,r

{:l fl

m.Arlt3

ed

Sociaq

-ff rr)ril
O

(fl)

F1ffirq.
isnB urs

*H

qrTqRq.frfi

{REe

eq

r*r 6'rfi am qmqn $${n

Tqr^1fta.
--**r mmfficr-<
trtn 1fu tnm
w.H RB{

ffi

m1rcw TERR

wtu-<cr

rc{r vr.<.r

qlq66

wn*-

}TRIrD.sGr

cR ER
qrfi.W* ,n<,"rfis q*r6 EERzl u
ym1r_
emrcafrrfi E-y
pfi-o,fle{re;rrc
"o*
'1{
'trcr

P{ Tr{G<

TTjlry

EE-BETqFTeIT s
8 t qtft q<( qMrfu-+ rrro ftfr-1
6rrm
rrfffi* ErFst +efn Ff6q ilrfrs t[ar? ftq, f{drqrrq

q?c
f_ 4r
I

tre {r{ttt
:

t$

EI5n3t

ft;

f,
I

r{rm qfuvt

'ncl r

qrrEr

i5

qqs

rrq

fr-fira

wMfrErCl qftrq

{f,qf qn-qo.ltu frTI$ftT

qrffiig1-a E Erer Tnqq

oFro

rfurq-d frm Adrca., ooro

\{trcst

:F-dt;

En

t6,u.r,O .i6t,

#
=*"
r"R'; ;
,

"16rl Rfrn qs{r+ {tr<rrc{r qqr {q,flv s6 r frr6, fiH_qryflffiqm

Ufr$
otfur,r cr$ 6{""r-vr'I ft-T qr*un fr u-.q r un+=orft-$ Tcry.6
siBq fir, FITT.*

i
I

r'
r,

ffirq

.ulon-*

Tt qiqlg f{r{r{

1Rrfi bfr qs I s?F <t Uft-q*r.Tt.mffi m c{e 6fi, qam

mrq fta,e_ <Hl *, I
"trl wq g q<r{rrr qtrs-{ s$ry Fre_q$ffiRT g"or"nr, ,".,.iorrrol EQ
crrFr. rir*r Erfl u-g fiuvm pfu* amrr- ,r.o{ r
G**;;:"*il"**, "L*
Es e E[Ft rqa fr-m Btrq-sr$ qftq frrt {$-rssrn {I{mr
k<|E 6{brrq|T:nutl qq r
Elffib'{ crm Rfu firrr r({i a q< E&rret uttq" R{rq,
E{-{<{rra mfi fi-s
"
fr'[qR fufiamE nmffiqr pft-o <t-rcnr wk+t
e qqr{rrEr Rqi{ti rre?ry&-+
qP{srfrffrq erGq"<Tn.nfr-pa w{rt{T
frRrg yEE <itsrqi:ret *rmffioe
:Flq66s qrcfi
:{nr E nFffi wlr{n qr$ cr E-{-Cqrs EqrR
cflrHu :Nrqfurf,rfl Eg fr.fir{ e .ftfr_
{G*R Tls *rcg {rfi I c{ffifrt wfrqi Re{
c$ft-cl.;r s cun&cql613-ql6n6t
u c$ft {M rrar6 elilf{ :p'GFr, sRt crkqn ql6kr-qql,
{qjrrt{ e cqTe ryort-f
{R"n wr rGFr- cK qQ n-g ffi
Trrq qil ffi{ tN1{ yft-$Iu q,<trq q6u
{tmt

q<(
rlrlilq
t

tnmtun
I

ir sfb o
I

rqlEl
!E{t Tcr
lsnft nrsr
,4

,9

l'ftx
F'
I

rc

I
II

'

fur
(

OqE

cqfiR

ltsRt
mrlRrmfr<

lmK Tpl

ffisq-rr
hqql Tstt
t

ftu q5q"
;llfrr I R{{
F

tst ftcr-

6omqa
r

ffi;

E;

Tflqfrelrq<r+{Effive-+1qeR qq{ 1ffi{ilqfi

r
)
c$E Er{ qfiqRuwra frwrr <rq qfrfu s t D-Fr
?
t
r'r{ mrrGs 'rrsrflir Efr fi-\r-rR q{fl qa{ tn{G vEqrr.crtrr vr Bqrqfrq

**rytft L{<( q$'q-{ af-M< Trqi q:FI csfr csqp (Conversati.r) <E;
'
TA6l{ e <tkerr+< q6q fr6q6 qor6 qtqFF{ Tnt {E ,
,

L{wiq
iBI TtcE

Sciology .rq'E cs FIFI

.ett

Wrt
O )y)b:rizq

?trGFI?

6l crofu

Sociology .fqB DT{ GIt En ?

)u-tb nt,H

6 vtrS ds

@ Ezst

5b1eb

qf6{

)b8b ril-Ft

i
gry :[t{rfus iffiqfrEr{ (qq{
\rr
e r "qqffi6;q q6q1 w$n=a&Snn-* fre'rq--EBBemr

,@

ct
I

.:

tI

.,q{gF:effiriref

:IlTf&-S

1ffiftfrq) aR--

ffi

C{-,-Trl vISFE5q{ (Verstehen)

"t

@ iils'sryi

ofrfifufuvet @ sq:r q$t

rftR

ipefi

,:::@,r[t9[g{
:Nfq'ftlurcffi

''@l

,,j

roq

'r1q1si '

{Ca16qell

4I

frfimR

>

Btgq

o {t{s

o cqe

Ag 6Tr{l rrel crffcwr

O C,'E{i

'{FR:16{ Rcj'fln

Esm

iu, trff q<({TBt tc{ra

. @ tr6q-.{< @vFEtcK
)rq

@l cryfftti

OGfiEqi

''

wrtffi

TEra g;g.3.

{n q&,nqi frqn:

e) w&t{
)o

't

1t cd{E-q< rufr\iltst

.a

@ mrorm6*c< @ EtrRIi{.c<
6 frrm-.m
'q$qfuEn ,rflfiri cTTI&-s fte,nssl e qr{I&-+ difts"ri frwrl,-qEB $t<r
@ c'ffi 6+1s-cr @l fuot-er @ qr6q-q<
@ t{u{ {f{114-qg
$rs.q Btr<rGBt-

@ esB caB c$ 6l <V q"lr

U

qEI)

Fcrr{r

1
4

O B<rlrr
qe.r< e

.<EI

@ff+

qlg-qGrrrc <I@

a16s

srt,-rsfr

TIRT

utol

StiF

ctrl

@xfu-s<
gtiF

cr{

@ vrrsu-en

el{'

trl?F

br{

t
I
*,.
a

)olE

7
---I-

,f
I

I
-

t
t
.

{.l
I

ia
J