DCArcFlash:2013RegulatoryUpdatesand

RecommendedBatteryRiskAssessmentGuidelines

WilliamCantor,P.E.
TPI
Exton,PA19341

StephenMcCluer
SchneiderElectricITCorp.
SeniorManager/ExternalCodes
&Standards/NAMDallasTX

Abstract
Therecontinuestobeconfusioninthestationarybatterycommunityabouthowtoprotectbatterymaintenance
personalfromchemical,electricalandarcflashhazards.Ifoneweretostrictlyinterpretthecurrentstandards
publishedbyNFPAandIEEE,thePersonnelProtectiveEquipment(PPE)requiredwouldmakeitimpossibleor
atbestunsafetoworkaroundbatteries.TheIEEEStationaryBatteryCommitteeCodesTaskForcehasspent
considerabletimeworkingonproposalstoNFPA70EwiththeintentionofprovidingpracticalguidanceforPPE
requiredforbatterymaintenance.ThistaskforcehasalsoworkedwiththeNFPA70Edctaskgroup.

NFPA70Erecentlyhastakenaspecialinterestinseparatingthehazardfromtherisk,somethingithasnotdone
previously.

Thispaperproposesathoughtprocessthatcanbeusedto,first,evaluateifandwhereahazardmayexistin
workplaceswheredcvoltagesourcesarepresent,thentodeterminethedegreeofrisk,andultimatelyto
determinethePPEthatwouldbeappropriateforanygivenbatteryactivity.Aflowchartispresentedwith
guidanceforhowtouseit.

Thispaperwillalsoupdatethecommunityonthestatusofcodesandstandardsrelatingtodcarcflash.

Introduction
Whenitcomestosafetyaroundstationarybatteries,thereisnoonedefinitivesourcethatdictates,or
recommends,theproperPPEneeded.Thiscausesconfusionintheindustryandasaresultmanybattery
techniciansareeitherseverelyunderprotectedoroverburdenedwithsafetyequipment.

TheOccupationalSafety&HealthAdministration(OSHA)hasjurisdictionovermostUSorganizationstoidentify
andenforcesafeworkpractices.WhileOSHAdoesnothavecomprehensiveguidelinesforworkonoraround
stationarybatteryinstallations,OSHAdoesrequireeachemployertofurnishtoeachofhisemployees
employmentandaplaceofemploymentwhicharefreefromrecognizedhazardsthatarecausingorarelikelyto
causedeathorseriousphysicalharmtohisemployees.Theinterpretationofthismandateisthatemployers
needtofollowindustrybestpractices.Twoofthemostwellknownsourcesofstationarybatterybestpractice
guidelinesarefromIEEEandNFPA.

IEEEhasdevelopedaseriesofrecommendedpracticesforbatterymaintenance.Themostwellknownofthese
documentsisIEEE450[1],whichistherecommendedpracticeformaintainingventedleadacidbatteries.While
theserecommendedpracticesoutlinerequiredPPE,thedocumentsdonotprovideanyguidanceonwhentouse
whatPPE.ItcouldbeassumedthatalllistedPPEshouldbeusedforanyworkonoraroundabattery.Thereality
isthattheuserhastheburdentodeterminetheproperPPEforeachtask.Inaddition,theIEEErecommended
practicesheretoforehavenotincludedthearcflashhazardintherecommendedsafetyPPE.Furthermore,the
IEEErecommendedpracticesarenotcodessotheyaretypicallynonenforceable.MostofthePPE
recommendationsintheIEEEdocumentsfocusonelectrolytesafety.

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IEEE1584[2]isaguideforperformingarcflashhazardcalculations.Unfortunately,neithertheexistingversionof
IEEE1584northeproposedrevisionincludesguidancefordcarcflashanalysis.

TheNationalFireProtectionAssociation(NFPA)createsseveralcodesandstandardstohelpmitigatefireand
otherhazards.ThemostwellknownNFPAdocumentisNFPA70[3],theNationalElectricCode(NEC).TheNEC
isadoptedbymostofthejurisdictionsacrosstheUnitedStates.NFPAalsopublishesNFPA70E[4],whichisthe
StandardforElectricalSafetyintheWorkplace.NFPA70Eisnotacodeandistypicallynotadoptedby
jurisdictions,butitisusedextensivelytoidentifyelectricalhazardsandrequiredPPEandisreferencedbyOSHA.

NFPA70Ehasprovidedguidanceforarcflashhazardsinacsystemsforanumberofyears.Inthe2012version,
guidanceonarcflashhazardsindcsystemswasadded.Thisadditionhascausedconcerninthestationary
batteryindustrysincearcflashPPEinthestationarybatteryworldhasbeenmostlyignoreduptothispoint.

ArcflashisdefinedinthelatestdraftofIEEE1584[5]asahazardouseventusuallycausedbyametallictool,test
probe,underratedtestinstrumentorlooseequipmentpartcontactingenergizedbarepartsandcreatinga
shortcircuitorgroundfault.Itisanexplosionwithaloudnoise,brightlight,smokeemitted,andpartsthrown.A
personstandingnearbymaybeinjuredorkilled.Themostcommoninjuryissevereburnscausedbytheintense
heatwhichcanigniteclothing.

StationaryBatteryHazards
Thepredominantstationarybatterychemistryisleadacid.Thesecondmostpredominantchemistryisnickel
cadmium.Therearemanynewtechnologiessuchaslithiumionbutatthetimeofthiswritingsuchtechnologies
haverelativelylowpenetrationsintothestationarybatterymarket.Thispaperwillfocusonleadacidbatteries,
althoughmostofthepracticeswouldapplytonickelcadmiumaswell.Allofthesepracticesdiscussedherein
cancertainlybeadaptedtoanyoftheothertechnologies.

Thefourmajorstationarybatteryhazardsarechemical,shock,arcflash,andthermal.

Chemicalhazards.Thehazardthatmostpeoplethinkofwhenconsideringbatterysafetyisthechemical
hazard.Forleadacidbatteries,thechemicalistheelectrolytethatconsistsofadilute(~<30%)mixtureof
sulfuricacidandwater.ForNiCdbatteries,theelectrolyteisahydroxidesolution.Whileeitherelectrolytecan
behazardous,formostbatteryrelatedactivitiestheriskisminimal.Damagetothehumaneyesisthemost
seriousconcernwithelectrolyte.

Shockhazards.Theshockhazardisawellunderstoodrisk.TheNationalElectricCode(NFPA70)andNFPA70E
bothidentifyashockhazardforanysystem(acordc)over50voltsnominal.Thisistypicallyunderstoodto
excludeany48dcvoltsystemeveniftheactualfloatvoltageisabove50volts(typical48voltsystemsoperate
between52and54volts).

Thedatashowthatthedcshockthresholdisatleasttwicethevoltageoftheacshockthreshold.Tables1,2and
3arefromIEC604795[6]anddemonstratethispoint(reproducedherebypermissionsfromtheIEC).Similar
dataispublishedinNFPA70EHandbookforElectricalSafetyintheWorkplace2012[7][table340.1]

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Table1CurrentThresholdValues[6]
TypeofThreshold

CurrentPath

Currentofstartlereaction

Handtohand
Bothhandstofeet
Onehandtofeet
Handtohand
Bothhandstofeet
Onehandtofeet
Handtohand
Bothhandstofeet
Onehandtofeet

Strongmuscularreaction

Ventricularfibrillation

a.c.current
(mA)
0.5
0.5
0.5
5
10
5
100
40
57

d.c.current
(mA)
2
2
2
25
25
25
350
140
200

Table2Ventricularfibrillationforalternatingcurrent50/60Hz[6]

[6]

Table3Ventricularfibrillationfordirectcurrent

DCArcFlashHazard.Thearcflashhazardaroundbatteriesispotentiallythemostsevere,yetitistheleast
understood.A2012Battconpaper[8]summarizedthepotentialarcflashhazardwithrespecttobatteriesanddc
systems.Theproblemwithdcarcflash,aswasoutlinedinthe2012paper,isthatthereisverylittledcarcflash
testdataavailabletobeabletocreateaccuratemodels.Themodelsthatareavailableareveryconservativeand
donottakeintoaccountthedynamicenergyofanelectrochemicaldevice.

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NFPAandIEEEhavebeencollaboratingtofundandsupportresearchandtestingtoincreasetheunderstanding
ofthearcflashphenomena[9].Althoughdctestingisafuturegoalofthiscollaboration,thedctestingportion
hasnotyetbeenaccomplished.

Thermalhazard.Thefinalhazarddiscussedhereinistheriskofaburnfromathermaleventotherthananarc
flashevent.Becausebatterieshaveagreatdealofenergythatcanbereleasedquickly,ashortacrossacellora
portionofthebatterycanmeltmetalandcausesevereburns.Ifthevoltageishighenough,anarcflashcan
occur.However,therearemanysituationsinwhichtheshortcircuitpotentialhasinadequateenergyforanarc
flashtooccur.

BatteryHazardRiskAssessment
Asdiscussedintheprevioussection,astationarybatteryhasmanyhazardsthatcancausesevereinjuriesor
death.Withoutconsideringtherelativerisk,itwouldbenearlyimpossible,orimpossible,tobeabletoperform
batterymaintenancebecausethePPErequiredwouldbesorestrictiveastopreventthetechnicianfromdoing
anythinguseful.Inaddition,itmaybeimpossibleforsomeonetopurchaseshockandarcflashratedgearthat
wouldalsoberatedforthechemicalhazard.

SpecialconsiderationsforselectingPPEforbatterysystemsbasedonthetypeof
activity
Becausestationarybatteriescomeinavarietyofforms,sizesandtypes,andbecausestationarybatteriescannot
bedeenergized,thePPErequiredhastobecarefullyevaluatedforeachsituation.Thehazardanalysiswill
dependnotonlyupontheproximityoftheworkertothebatterysystem,butalsoupontheworkbeing
performed.

TheflowchartinFigure1canbeusedtohelpwiththePPEanalysis.Allfourhazardsneedtobeconsidered.

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Figure1RiskAnalysisFlowChartStationaryBatteries

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Inallcases,safetyglassesshouldbeworn.Additionally,insulatedtoolsmustbeusedwheninthevicinityofa
stationarybattery.Testequipmentshouldcomplywithapplicablecodesandstandards.Conductivearticlesof
jewelryandclothing(suchaswatchbands,bracelets,rings,keychains,necklaces,metalizedaprons,clothwith
conductivethread,metalheadgear,ormetalframeglasses)mustnotbeworn.

Itshouldbenotedthatbatteriesaretypicallypartofdcsystemwhichcanincludemanyotherelectricalhazards.
Whileallofthehazardsneedtoevaluated,theuseofeverydayworkclothing[4][tableH.2]isrecommendedasa
minimumclothingstandardwhileworkingaroundstationarybatteries.

ChemicalHazard
ReferringtotheyellowsectionoftheflowchartinFigure1,chemicalPPEisonlyrequiredifelectrolyteisbeing
handled.Activitiesthatwouldbeconsideredhandlingofelectrolytewouldincludeacidadjustmentandremoval
ofexcesselectrolyte.Mostnormalbatterymaintenanceactivitiesdonotinvolvehandlingofelectrolyteand
thereforedonotrequiretheuseofchemicalglovesoraprons.

Utilizingabulbhydrometercouldbeconsideredashandlingelectrolyte.However,mostelectronicdensity
metersonlyrequireafewdropsofelectrolyteandwouldnotbeconsideredashandlingelectrolyteandtheuse
ofchemicalPPEwouldbeoptional.

Ifelectrolyteishandled,thefollowingchemicalratedPPEisrecommended:
Protectivegloves,apronsandsafetyshoes
Gogglesandfaceshields

ThermalHazard
ReferringtothebluesectionintheflowchartinFigure1,ifthereareactivitiesthatcouldproduceaspark,
thermalglovesmayberequired.Theseactivitiesmayincludeconnectingordisconnectingcablesand/orintercell
connectionswhencurrentisflowing.Therequireduseofglovesforchemical,arcflashand/orshockmay
precludetheneedforthermalgloves.Mostnormalbatterymaintenanceactivities,suchasroutineinspection
andmeasurements,donotinvolveariskofasparkandthereforedonotrequiretheuseofthermalgloves.

Arcflashandelectricshockhazards
ReferringtotheredsectionoftheflowchartinFigure1,thereareseveralconditionsthatwouldprecludethe
needforanyarcorshockPPE.Ifthesystemvoltageislessthanorequalto100volts,thereisaninsignificantrisk
ofshockorarcflashandPPEforthesehazardsisnotneeded.

The2012versionofNFPA70Ehasaminimumshockthresholdof50voltsforbothdcandac.AsshowninTables
1,2and3,theminimumlethalvoltageofdcisatleasttwicethatofacvoltages.Inaddition,GordonandCartelli
[10]
statedthatresearchoverthepastcenturysupportsa100vdcthresholdforshock.

Theminimumdcvoltageforarcflashisnotwelldocumented.Inthe2012versionofNFPA70E,nominimum
voltageforarcflashismentioned.Whilethedcarcflashtablesin70Estartat100voltsdc,thisisnotconsidered
theminimumarcflashvoltagebyNFPA.Usingthe70E2012guidance,the2012Battconpaper[8]foundthat
theoreticallya10voltbatteryhasthepotentialofanarcflash.

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Realistically,thereisaminimumdcvoltagewhereitwouldbeimprobabletohaveanarcflash.Forexample,dc
arcwelderscanhaveanopencircuitvoltageofupto80voltsdcwhichisknownnottobeanarcflashrisk.In
addition,telephonecompanieshavebeenusing48voltdcsystemsfornearly100yearswithoutaconcernfor
arcflashprotection.Itiswellknownthatashortofalarge48batterycanvaporizemetalandcausesignificant
contactburns,butthisismainlyathermalhazardandnotanarcflashhazard.Onlytestingcandeterminethe
minimumvoltagewherearcflashisarealisticrisk.However,apreponderanceoftheevidencesuggestsstrongly
thatsystemsbelow100voltsdchaveaminimalriskofarcflash.

Ifthestationarybatteryisgreaterthan100voltsbutitcanbeisolatedfromthesystemandsegmentedinto
sectionslessthan100volts,arcflashandshockPPEisoptional.However,inordertosegmentthestationary
battery,arcflashandshockPPEmayberequired.

Onetypicaltechniquetosegmentastationarybatteryistohaveamultipolecircuitbreakerthatsegmentsthat
batteryinthemiddle.Anothertechniqueistoinstallquickdisconnectconnectorsbetweenbatterycellsorunits.
Thismethodisoftenseenbetweenshelvesofbatterycabinets.Ifthesegmentsareabove100volts,shock/arc
flashPPEwillstillberequired,butanysegmentingofthebatterywillreducethepotentialenergyforanarc
flash.

Ifthesystemvoltageisover100voltsandthebatterycannotbesegmented,otherconsiderationsmustbe
assessed.Forexample,ifthebatteryisungroundedandtheworktobeperformedwillnotsubjectpersonnelto
thepossibilityofreachingacrossmorethan100volts,shockprotectionisoptional.Topreventpersonnelfrom
reachingacrossmorethan100volts,protectivematerialcanbeplacedonthemainbatteryterminalsand/oron
thebatteryconnections.

Themajorityofhighvoltagebatteries(>100volts)areungroundedandemploygrounddetectorcircuitsand
limitthecurrentbetweenthebatteryandgroundtoanonlethalvalue.Ifthebatteryisungroundedandthe
grounddetectorisdesignedproperly,isoperatingproperly,andisnotdetectinggroundfaults,thenpersonnel
touchinganypointonthebatterywhilegroundedshouldbesafefromelectrocution.Noneoftheconditions
shouldbeassumedanditistheresponsibilityoftheworksupervisortoensurethattheaforementioned
conditionsexistastopreventashockhazardbetweenthebatteryandground.Ifthebatteryissolidlygrounded
orisreferencedtogroundwithenoughpotentialcurrenttocauseharm,shockprotectionmustbeemployedfor
allpersonnelwhomaytouchthebatteryatanypoint.

ReferringtothegreensectionoftheflowchartinFigure1,thearcflashhazardmustbeassessedusingeither
Table130.7(C)(15)(b)inNFPA70E2012orcalculatedusingtheformulasinAnnexDofNFPA70E2012.Ifthe
batterysystemparametersarenotinlinewiththeoneslistedinthetable,thecalculationmustbeused.Work
ormaintenanceonabatteryshouldnottakeplaceuntilthearcflashhazardisassessed.

Inordertouseeitheroftheaforementionedassessmentmethods,themaximumbatteryshortcircuitcurrent
mustbeknown.Itisrecommendedthatthemaximumshortcircuitforeachcellorunitbeobtaineddirectly
fromthebatterymanufacturerandcalculatedfortheentiresystem.Thereisnouniversallyacceptedmethodto
determinethesystemshortcircuitvalueusingthemanufacturersratesheets.

Inordertodeterminetheworstcasearcflashpotential,severalfactorsmustbetakenintoconsideration.First
andforemostistocalculatetheavailableshortcircuitcurrentfromthebatteryasdiscussedabove.Theshort
circuitvalueobtainedfromthemanufacturermayormaynothavetakenintoconsiderationtheresistanceof
intercell/interunitresistances.Todeterminethemaximumarcflashpotentialoftheentirebatterysystem,all
cableandconnectionresistancesmustbeconsidered.

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Also,thetimeofthearcisasignificantfactorinthearcflashcalculation.Sincemostbatteriesdonothavean
internalovercurrentprotectivedevice(OCPD),thetimeofthearcisindeterminate.Forlackofbetterguidance,
asustainedarcoftwosecondsistypicallyused.Theworkingdistanceisalsoanimportantfactor.Typically18is
usedtoaccountforthereachofaperson.

Locationofactivity.
Oncethemaximumarcflashhazardisknown,theactualriskforworkingonallpartsofthebatterysystem
needstobeevaluated.Themaximumarcflashhazardisbasedonaconservativeestimateofashortofthe
entirebatterysenergy.
(a) Proximitytomainterminals.Ifthemainbatteryterminalsarefullyprotectedfromashortand/orno
workisbeingdoneonthemainbatteryterminals,creatingthemaximumarcflashisnotpossible.The
actualhazardcouldbemuchlessorevennonexistentfurtherdownthebatterystringfromthe
terminals.Forexample,anungroundedopenrackbatteryhasverylittleornochanceofcreatinganarc
flashwhenworkingonpartsofthestringawayfromthemainterminals.Abatterywithadisconnect
devicethatbreaksthestringinthemiddlecanreduceoreveneliminatethearcflashhazardformost
locationsonthebattery.

(b) Batteriesincabinets.Incontrast,abatterywithinacabinetinwhichthemainpositiveandnegative
busesareincloseproximitywitheachothermayactuallybeatanevengreaterarcflashhazardthan
NFPA70Etables/formulaswouldindicate.Thisisduetotheconcentratedblastthatwouldbedirected
towardtheopeninginthecabinet.Becausebatterycabinetsdiffergreatlyfromonetothenext,the
hazardwillalsovary,soanalysismustbedoneonacasebycasebasis.

(c) Otherhigharcflashpotentiallocations.
Abatterydisconnectcabinetisanotherlocationwherethemaximumarcflashhazardmaybepresent.
Agroundedbatterymaybeanotherlocationwhereanarcflashriskmaybepresentthroughoutthe
batterystring.

Shockhazardanalysis
Theshockhazardalsoneedstobeassessed.Theshockhazardisfullydependentonthemaximumreachable
voltage.Althoughthebatteryvoltagemaybeashighas500volts,ifthemainterminalsareprotected(ormore
than6feetapart),theremaybenoriskofshockifpersonnelcannotreachacrossmorethan100volts.Ifashock
hazardexists,electricalinsulatinggloves,ratedforthemaximumworkingvoltage,arerequired.

Recommendations
Therearemanyhazardsassociatedwithstationarybatteries.Themosteffectivemethodologyforensuring
workersafetyistoprovidepropertrainingandemploysafeworkpractices.Onlypersonneltrainedinbattery
anddcsystemsshouldbeallowedtoperformbatteryinstallationsormaintenance,andonlyonthetype(s)of
batteryonwhichtheyhavebeentrained.Itisrecommendedthatbatterypersonneltrainingprogramsfollow
theguidelinesofIEEE1657[11].Handtoolsutilizedonbatteryinstallationsmustbeinsulated,beratedforthe
propervoltage,andmeettheindustrystandardssuchasASTMF1505.Inaddition,itiscriticalthatpersonnel
removeallconductivejewelryandconductiveclothingpriortoworkingonoraroundstationarybatteries.

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Manyhazardscanbemitigatedoreliminatedthroughgooddesignpractices.Astationarybatteryshouldbe
designedsothattherearelargegapsbetweenpointsonthebatterywherethedifferentialvoltageisabove100
volts.Thenegativeandpositiveterminalsofthebatteryshouldneverbedesignedsothattheyareinclose
proximity,especiallyinhighvoltagedcsystems.Ideallythemainbatteryterminalsshouldbespacedfarapartto
eliminateanypossibilityofashort.Forstationarybatteriesabove100volts,themainbatteryterminalsshould
beprotectedwithnonconductivematerialtopreventpersonnelfromcontactingtheterminals.Whilethese
protectivecoversshouldberemovableformaintenance,theyshouldremaininplaceatanytimeswhenaccess
toenergizedcomponentsisnotabsolutelyrequired.

Systemdesignersshouldincludeamethodforsegmentingthebatterytoreducetheshockandarcflashhazard
duringbatterymaintenanceactivities,especiallyincabinetizedbatterysystems.

Thesystemdesignersmustberesponsibleforcalculatingthearcflashhazardandprovideclearlabelingtoallow
maintenancepersonneltobeabletoproperlyassesthearcflashpotentialrisk.Arcflashcalculationsshouldonly
beperformedbyqualifiedengineeringpersonnel.Whiletheguidanceforcalculatingdcarcflashislimitedand
conservative,NFPA70EandtheBattcon2012[8]paperprovidesufficientinformationtoallowthearcflash
potentialtobedetermined.Thejobofcalculatingarcflashpotentialsandboundariesshouldnotbeleftupto
maintenancetechnicians.

Personnelwhoareresponsibleforprovidingbatteryinstallationandmaintenanceservicesmustassessthe
hazardsandtheriskoftheworktheywillbeperformingforeveryjob.Itisrecommendedthatthemethodology
showninFigure1(anddescribedherein)beutilizedtoassessthesehazards.Basedonthehazardsfora
particularjob,properPPEmustbeutilizedandexcessivePPEcanbeavoided.

Personnelsafetycanonlybeensuredifthesystemdesigners,siteowners,serviceorganizationsand
installation/maintenancepersonneleachtakeownershipoftheirresponsibilityinhazardprevention,
preparation,avoidanceandprotection.

RegulatoryUpdates
Atthetimeofthiswriting,NFPA70Eisinthemiddleofanupdatecycle.Proposalsweresubmittedtoincrease
theminimumshockvoltagefordcsystemsto100voltsandtoprovidepracticalguidancefordcarcflashPPE.
TheseproposalswererejectedattheinitialNFPA70Etechnicalcommitteemeeting.Basedonthisoutcome,it
appearsthattheguidancefordcarcflashwillhavefewchangesfromthecurrentversion.

TheCanadianStandardsAssociation(CSA)hasasimilardocumenttoNFPA70E,CSAZ462.Therehasbeenan
interestfromsomemembersofthetechnicalcommitteeofCSAZ462toincorporatetheguidancefromFigure1.

NFPAandIEEEarecollaboratingonanarcflashresearchproject.Thisprojectisfundedthroughdonations.Arc
flashtestingofacsystemshasbeenconductedandcontinuestobeconductedthroughthisproject.Itis
expectedthatthisprojectwillconductdctestingbytheendofthiscalendaryearorearly2014.Thistestingwill
helptobettercharacterizethearcflashhazardfordcsystemsandshouldresultinimprovedPPE
recommendationsandguidance.

IEEE1584[2]currentlyprovidesforguidanceforperformingarcflashcalculationsonlyinacsystems.This
documentiscurrentlybeingrevised.Althoughtheoriginalplanwastoincorporatecalculationsfordcsystems
intothenextrevisionofIEEE1584,thatisnolongerthecase.Itisexpectedthatthenextrevisionwillbe
ballotedaftertheNFPA/IEEEacarcflashtestingiscompletedlaterthisyear.Oncethedcarcflashtestingis
completed,dcguidancemaybeincorporatedintoIEEE1584oritmaybeplacedinanotherIEEEdocument.

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Appreciation
TheauthorswouldliketoacknowledgetheworkoftheIEEEStationaryBatteryCommittee'sCodesWorking
GroupwhoseworkledtothecreationoftheflowchartinFigure1.

TheauthorsthanktheInternationalElectrotechnicalCommission(IEC)forpermissiontoreproduceinformation
fromitsInternationalStandardIEC604795ed.1.0(2007).AllsuchextractsarecopyrightofIEC,Geneva,
Switzerland.Allrightsreserved.FurtherinformationontheIECisavailablefromwww.iec.ch.IEChasno
responsibilityfortheplacementandcontextinwhichtheextractsandcontentsarereproducedbytheauthor,
norisIECinanywayresponsiblefortheothercontentoraccuracytherein.

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