Professional Documents
Culture Documents
M 149 Content
M 149 Content
2012
www.PDHcenter.com
www.PDHonline.org
Course Content
PART 1
AIR-CONDITIONING CONSIDERATIONS
Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems play a vital role in the successful
operation of a facility. They are responsible for maintaining comfort conditions day in and day out.
HVAC systems are of great importance to architectural design efforts for four main reasons.
1. First, these systems often require substantial floor space and/or building volume for
equipment and distribution elements that must be accommodated during the design
process.
2. Second, HVAC systems constitute a major budget item for numerous common building
types.
3. Third, the success or failure of thermal comfort efforts is usually directly related to the
success or failure of a buildings HVAC systems.
4. Last, but not least, maintaining appropriate thermal conditions through HVAC system
operation is a major driver of building energy consumption.
Page 1 of 40
www.PDHcenter.com
www.PDHonline.org
owners can opt for an intelligent building by incorporating a building management system (BMS).
This will enable the owner to derive benefits of optimal utilization of the air conditioning plant.
A multiple owner facility requires a system, which provides individual ownership and energy billing
for which a floor-by-floor air conditioning system using packaged units or split units is most suited
subject to economics of space and aesthetics.
Another important requirement is the normal working hours of the user/users. Some users may
have different working hours or different timings. Some areas such as computer rooms may need
24-hour air conditioning. Other areas may have special design requirements. Due to such
multiple requirements many engineers prefer a hybrid system which is a combination of a
central plant and packaged units/split units. For example, a hotel may use packaged unitary air
conditioners (or fan coil units served with air-water central system) for the individual guest rooms,
roof top units for meeting rooms/restaurants, and a central plant system for the lobby, corridors
and other common spaces. Such systems offer high flexibility in meeting the requirement of
different working hours and special design conditions.
While HVAC engineer manages the system design the architect retains control of the complete
building product. The type of system selected is determined by HVAC designer's knowledge of
systems. Architect must also understand the basics, system objectives, the role of key system
components, the type of systems that are available and what such systems can and cannot
accomplish.
Most customers may not understand HVAC design aspects; their benefits and limitations and it is
the architects/HVAC engineer's responsibility to guide and advise the best option. For HVAC
engineer the customer may be an architect whose customer may be the building owner.
Page 2 of 40
www.PDHcenter.com
www.PDHonline.org
environment issues need careful evaluation. The HVAC design and selection must be customized
to meet all these requirements.
Each solution begins with an assessment of the owners business needs for HVAC, architects
vision, requirements of the facilities manager, combined with a review of the HVAC system itself,
be it existing or planned.
Examples of few common restrictions are highlighted below that can change the course of
design:
Constraints
Consequences
Space is at premium
Water is scarce
Page 3 of 40
www.PDHcenter.com
Constraints
www.PDHonline.org
Consequences
cleanliness, indoor air quality etc.
Environmental constraints
The above is just a random sample; there are many other factors that need to be coordinated.
Bringing all of these constraints to a common solution requires skillful evaluation of HVAC
options, scrutinizing them and ultimately selecting the best alternatives for optimum results and
maximizing the buildings value.
Page 4 of 40
www.PDHcenter.com
PART 2
www.PDHonline.org
The choice of an HVAC system, whether central or compact floor-by-floor is a critical decision
required to be undertaken during preliminary or conceptual phase
HVAC systems are available in a wide variety such as:
!"Chilled water central system (central systems)
!"Direct expansion systems (which are also called compact units or local units or unitary
units of floor by floor units such as heat pump, package, split or roof top units)
Selecting the best system or combination of systems for a particular building must be carefully
considered and researched by the consulting engineer in close coordination with the architect,
electrical and plumbing consultants and owners, before finalizing the basic HVAC system design
and building layout.
Detailed engineering, duct and pipe layouts, shaft locations and sizes, plant room dimensions etc,
can follow in a systematic manner before construction work begins.
HVAC system components may be grouped into three functional categories: source components,
distribution components, and delivery components.
1. Source components provide or remove heat or moisture. This includes refrigeration
chiller for cooling and boiler or hot water generator for heating.
2. Distribution components convey a heating or cooling medium from a source location to
portions of a building that require conditioning. This includes air-handling units (AHU), fan
coil units, radiators etc.
3. Delivery components serve as an interface between the distribution system and occupied
spaces. This includes diffusers, grilles, registers etc.
Active HVAC systems may be designed to condition a single space (or portion of a space) from a
location within or directly adjacent to the space. Such a system is known as a local system. Local
systems (also known as compact systems or unitary systems) often incorporate all the above
three functions in a single piece of equipment.
Systems that are intended to condition multiple spaces from one base location are called central
systems. Such systems usually have distinctly different equipment elements for each function.
CENTRAL SYSTEMS
Central systems are defined as those in which the cooling is generated in a chiller and distributed
to air-handling units or fan-coil units with a chilled water system. This category includes systems
with air-cooled chillers as well as systems with cooling towers for heat rejection.
Page 5 of 40
www.PDHcenter.com
www.PDHonline.org
Heating in these systems is often generated in a boiler and is distributed in hot water or steam
piping.
Central heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems regulate temperature,
ventilation, and humidity levels to ensure the physical comfort of occupants in most commercial
and industrial buildings. Central HVAC systems come in a variety of different types such as all-air
systems, constant volume, variable volume, dual duct, air-water and all-water systems. All-air
systems are the most commonly used central HVAC systems because of its simplicity and
effective control. Escalating concerns for acceptable indoor air quality may suggest the increasing
use of all-air systems.
Unfortunately, air is not an efficient heat transfer medium, thus, all-air systems may require
extensive building volume for ductwork distribution. In situations where ductwork cannot be
reasonably accommodated in the building design, air-water or all-water approaches may be
considered.
Brief Overview
A central or built-up HVAC system is custom-designed for a building. The components of a
central system fall into two broad categories: "primary components" and "secondary
components."
Primary Components
Primary components, often called "central plant" equipment, convert energy from fuel or electricity
into heating and cooling energy in the form of hot water, steam, chilled water or refrigerant:
Page 6 of 40
www.PDHcenter.com
www.PDHonline.org
Centrifugal chillers
150-2000 TR
100-750 TR
100-750 TR
10-200 TR
150-2000 TR
300-2500 TR
The centrifugal compressors offer the best peak load efficiency while screw chillers give
better part load and the off-design performance.
They also offer turn down ratios up to about 20% by employing capacity control methods
like VSD for centrifugal chillers and modulating/stepped slide valve control for screw
chillers. Semi hermetic and open type reciprocating chillers have stepped capacity
controls, however, the part load efficiency of a reciprocating machine is lower than its full
load efficiency.
Boilers produce hot water or steam to distribute to heating coils. Though hot water is the
most common fluid, steam is sometimes used because of its high heat per unit volume.
Both types of boiler are typically 80-85 percent efficient. Gas is the most common fuel.
Pumps circulate chilled water, hot water, and cooling tower water. Centrifugal pumps,
driven by electric motors, are most common. When water flow varies with changing
loads, pumps can be efficiently controlled with variable speed (frequency) drives (VFDs).
Secondary Components
Secondary components, sometimes called "system" equipment, deliver heating and cooling to
occupied spaces:
Air handling equipment may be centrally located or several air handlers may be
distributed throughout a facility. Most facilities use modular air handlers, but built-up air
handlers may be found in larger facilities. All air handlers adjust air temperature and
Page 7 of 40
www.PDHcenter.com
www.PDHonline.org
humidity and remove dust and other particles from air before distributing it to occupied
spaces. This is accomplished through a series of coils, filters, humidifiers, fans, and
dampers.
Ducts, plenums and shafts distribute air. Plenums above suspended ceilings are
frequently used for return air. Large multi-story facilities often use shafts built into the
structure for supply air return air and outside air.
Terminal units are devices at the end of a duct or pipe that transfer desired heating or
cooling to the conditioned space. Some types commonly used with central HVAC
systems include fan-coil units, induction units, and convectors.
Controls are used to make components work together efficiently. They turn equipment
on/off, adjust energy outputs (chillers, boilers), adjust flow rates (fans, pumps, coils),
adjust temperatures (air, water, thermostats in conditioned spaces), and adjust pressures
(ducts, pipes, conditioned space).
Refrigerants in chiller systems are generally chlorofluorocarbons (HFCs and HCFCs). CFCs can
no longer be used due to environmental concerns of ozone depletion under Montreal & Kyoto
protocol. HCFC 22 shall be phased out by the year 2020 and majority of new central installations
are with refrigerant HFC-134a. The table below provides a brief compilation of current and future
refrigerants for various types of air-conditioner packages.
System Types
Most facilities use variations and combinations of a few basic approaches, and their HVAC
systems are frequently described according to how they use air, water or both to distribute
heating and cooling energy to the space; i.e., all-air, all-water or air-water systems. Common
system types are discussed below. (Note: constant volume and dual-duct systems are inefficient.
Constant Volume (CV) and CV Terminal Reheat systems accomplish cooling and heating
by varying the supply air temperature and keeping the air volume constant. Air gets
Page 8 of 40
www.PDHcenter.com
www.PDHonline.org
heated or cooled and humidified to the desired level, and the constant-volume supply fan
*
moves this conditioned air to the zone . The system works well and maintains
comfortable conditions in spaces with uniform heating and cooling requirements.
If heating and cooling requirements are not uniform dividing the space into several zones
and using several single-zone systems, or a dual-duct/ multi-zone system can achieve
better temperature control. Systems serving multiple zones must meet differing
requirements. One way to do so is with a constant-volume terminal reheat system. To
meet differing heating or cooling loads in each zone, an electric reheat or a hot water
heating coil reheats the constant volume cool supply air just before it enters the room.
The reheat system is energy inefficient and is not recommended.
Variable Air Volume (VAV) and VAV with Terminal Reheat system changes the quantity
of air supplied to a zone rather than the temperature of cool air in response to changes in
loads. As a zone's cooling load decreases, a damper in its VAV control box starts to
close, reducing the supply of cool air. A VAV system saves fan energy as a result of this
reduced airflow. Maximum savings are achieved using variable frequency drive (VFD) to
control the fan speed/output.
A cooling-only VAV system works well in areas where cooling load is quite fluctuating say
for conference room (load fluctuate due to occupancy) or exterior zone of the building
(load fluctuate due to solar orientation). If a VAV system is used to serve zones at the
perimeter, which require winter heating, hot water coils or electric heater in the VAV box
reheat the air. The reheat is only applied in situations where the box has already reduced
the cool supply air to the minimum position required for ventilation.
*
A zone is defined as a region of a building that requires separate control. For example, it may not be
possible to successfully condition an interior space of the building and perimeter spaces covered with
glazing or below ground office area and glass enclosed atrium from a single control point. The dynamics of
the thermal loads in the two spaces are not compatible. To provide comfort, each space must be provided
with its own control -- the climate control system must be designed to accommodate separate thermal
zones. Thermal zones must be established very early in the HVAC system design process.
Page 9 of 40
www.PDHcenter.com
www.PDHonline.org
Typical Applications
Commercial buildings commonly choose several types of systems based on the space
conditioning needs of different systems. A constant-volume system might cool the interior, which
has relatively uniform cooling requirements while a VAV system conditions perimeter areas,
which have variable requirements. Where precision control is required (e.g., laboratories,
precision electronic industry or hospital operating rooms), custom single-zone air handlers may
be used. In large facilities, which have widely varying requirements, flexibility is extremely
important. Table below shows some typical applications for various types of systems.
Building Type
Office Buildings
(low rise)
Office Buildings
(high-rise)
Department
Stores
Universities
Schools
Hospitals
Hotels
Assembly,
Theatres
Libraries,
Museums
Type of System
VAV; or CV in the core, and hydronic at perimeter
Page 10 of 40
www.PDHcenter.com
www.PDHonline.org
Brief Overview
Local air-conditioning systems are self contained factory made assemblies consisting of a heat
and/or cool source (depending on climate and occupancy demands), a fan, a filter, and control
devices. The most common local air-conditioning system is a small window air-conditioning unit
or large rooftop system. Usually these systems are air-cooled type. The most common types of
unitary HVAC equipment are described below:
Window Units
A window unit is an encased assembly designed primarily for mounting in a framed or unframed
opening in a vertical building enclosure element and takes their name from the face that they are
often installed in window openings. These units are designed for comfort cooling and to provide
delivery of conditioned air to a room without ducts.
As the unit contains both an exterior heat exchange element (condenser) and an interior heat
exchange element (evaporator) it must be located partly inside and partly outside of the building.
This location can lead to several architectural concerns including aesthetics, noise, space
utilization, and leakage (infiltration and water). Heating may be provided by electric resistance
coils or by a reversible refrigeration cycle.
Page 11 of 40
www.PDHcenter.com
www.PDHonline.org
Split Units
In a split system, the two sides of the unit shown in the figure (typical window unit above) are
separated, with refrigerant piped between them (hence the name split).. A condensing unit,
consisting of the refrigerant compressor, the condensing coil, and the condensing fan, is located
externally. The indoor unit, consisting of the evaporator and indoor blower, is located near or in
the conditioned space.
The close coupling of evaporator and condenser components in small-scale single-zone systems
using window, unitary or packaged equipment is often too restrictive for many architectural
applications.
#"Window units for example, must penetrate vertical elements of the building envelope -with substantial impact on aesthetics and envelope integrity. Having all system
components in a single location also limits installation flexibility.
#"A through-wall air-conditioner, for example, can only be installed where there is a wall
available; interior spaces cannot be reasonably conditioned with such equipment.
The split system provides a solution to these potential problems. For example, the evaporator unit
might be located in a basement; interior closet or attic while the compressor/ condenser unit
might be located on the side, rear or roof of a building.
Such an arrangement provides enhanced architectural and thermal opportunities -- HVAC
equipment may be easily concealed and interior spaces easily conditioned. Split indoor units
blend well into interior spaces and you don't have to sacrifice a window as window type air
conditioning units.
Separation distance between exterior and interior elements is usually limited to around 100 feet.
Split-systems are popular in small, single-story buildings.
Page 12 of 40
www.PDHcenter.com
www.PDHonline.org
Page 13 of 40
www.PDHcenter.com
www.PDHonline.org
A rooftop unit typically consists of vapor compression refrigeration cycle and a heat source
(electric resistance, heat pump, or on-site combustion), an air handler (fan, filter, dampers), and
control devices. A packaged rooftop air-conditioner may function as a local air-conditioning
system if it is not connected to substantial distribution ductwork. Packaged rooftop units are also
commonly used with distribution ductwork in central systems.
The typical capacity for a rooftop-packaged unit is 5 to 100 tons. Rooftop units work well for
single-story buildings, but dont fit into multi-storey schemes. Unitary Systems have all
components on the roof. Split Systems have the compressor and condenser on the roof and the
evaporator coil and air handling components in separate packages located inside the building.
These systems are commonly applied to low-rise buildings and have the bulk of the equipment on
the roof, either as a factory package or in a built-up penthouse. They usually use reciprocating or
screw compressors with air-cooled condensers.
These units are popular for general air-conditioning of stores, residences, schools, offices, etc.
particularly suitable for single flat building with extensive floor areas
Heat Pumps
Heat pumps are similar to cooling only systems with one exception. A special valve in the
refrigeration piping allows the refrigeration cycle to be operated in reverse; it can heat or cool the
space. For cooling, it operates as a conventional air conditioner. For heating, it reverses the refrigeration
process, removing heat from the outside air and blowing it indoors for space heating.
Heating capacity drops off as the outdoor temperature gets colder; a supplementary electric resistance
heater may also be used to assist the heat pump for colder days.
Heat pumps are configured as single-package units, split-systems, and as packaged terminal heat pumps
(PTHP), similar to the equipment types mentioned above.
The air-to-air heat pump is the most common type of heat pump. Water source heat pumps (WSHP)
are also available that use water as the heat source in the heating mode and reject heat to water in the
Page 14 of 40
www.PDHcenter.com
www.PDHonline.org
cooling mode. In commercial buildings they are typically connected to a central water loop. A cooling tower
and boiler maintain the temperature of the loop within the proper range.
Compact units including gas heaters are sometimes called "gas-packs." Units mounted on an
exterior wall are commonly called "wall-packs."
Building Type
Type of System
Residences, Dormitories
Department Stores
Restaurants
Package Units
Motels
Library
Page 15 of 40
www.PDHcenter.com
PART 3
www.PDHonline.org
Below, the reader will find the most comprehensive information on central and local systems:
Sno
CENTRAL SYSTEMS
Central air-conditioning systems
LOCAL SYSTEMS
A local system will consist of
(air-handling units,
ton to 5 tons.
system.
One manufacturer is
responsible for the final
unit. Manufacturer-matched
components have certified
ratings and performance data.
Factory assembly allows
improved quality control and
reliability. The local units
are easy to install, which
means less mess, or disruption
or downtime.
Page 16 of 40
www.PDHcenter.com
Sno
CENTRAL SYSTEMS
www.PDHonline.org
LOCAL SYSTEMS
central location.
multiple zones.
active systems.
type of system.
Page 17 of 40
www.PDHcenter.com
Sno
CENTRAL SYSTEMS
www.PDHonline.org
LOCAL SYSTEMS
setup.
as non-distributed systems.
is affected if a unit
malfunctions.
facilities, a standby-cooling
always available.
Page 18 of 40
www.PDHcenter.com
Sno
CENTRAL SYSTEMS
www.PDHonline.org
LOCAL SYSTEMS
operate for rest of the
building.
time.
Air handling units are normally
not provided as standby, as the
Page 19 of 40
difi d
www.PDHcenter.com
Sno
CENTRAL SYSTEMS
www.PDHonline.org
LOCAL SYSTEMS
10
11
micron.
Central systems provide better
indoor air quality. Multi stage
filtration can be employed to
improve the quality of supply air
and the fan static pressure can
12
In floor-by-floor systems, it
is not possible to provide a
high level of filtration or
increase the fresh air
quantity.
drop.
Central systems provide good
control over ventilation air.
It is possible to control indoor
air quality in a central plant by
designing the main air handling
Page 20 of 40
www.PDHcenter.com
Sno
CENTRAL SYSTEMS
www.PDHonline.org
LOCAL SYSTEMS
13
14
coefficient of performance
refrigeration equipment is
(COP) of a refrigeration
climates.
Page 21 of 40
www.PDHcenter.com
Sno
CENTRAL SYSTEMS
www.PDHonline.org
LOCAL SYSTEMS
to packaged units above 10tons
of refrigeration.
Lack of interconnection
15
be shared on a building-wide
another.
building.
16
nameplate rating.
17
Page 22 of 40
www.PDHcenter.com
Sno
CENTRAL SYSTEMS
www.PDHonline.org
LOCAL SYSTEMS
18
expectancies of 20 to 25 years.
19
21
particular project.
20
equipment components to be
spaces.
22
Page 23 of 40
www.PDHcenter.com
Sno
CENTRAL SYSTEMS
www.PDHonline.org
LOCAL SYSTEMS
may become more difficult and may and are not complicated by
be available from specialist
providers.
23
such as a dormitory or a
As a self-contained system, a
24
localized thermostats.
Page 24 of 40
www.PDHcenter.com
Sno
CENTRAL SYSTEMS
www.PDHonline.org
LOCAL SYSTEMS
the building.
25
systems.
demands on a building.
26
building.
Page 25 of 40
sizes.
www.PDHcenter.com
Sno
27
CENTRAL SYSTEMS
www.PDHonline.org
LOCAL SYSTEMS
is required as the
refrigeration package is
located indoors.
at terrace.
28
Page 26 of 40
www.PDHcenter.com
Sno
CENTRAL SYSTEMS
www.PDHonline.org
LOCAL SYSTEMS
29
temperature differential) of
chilled water energy is first
measured to convert to equivalent
power units in kWH.
30
unit coolers.
systems.
31
Page 27 of 40
www.PDHcenter.com
Sno
CENTRAL SYSTEMS
www.PDHonline.org
LOCAL SYSTEMS
be considered.
Adequate load bearing beams and
columns must be available for
lifting and shifting of such
equipment.
A shaft is needed to house
32
33
are provided.
34
outdoors.
th
ll
Page 28 of 40
www.PDHcenter.com
Sno
CENTRAL SYSTEMS
www.PDHonline.org
LOCAL SYSTEMS
35
36
system.
37
Page 29 of 40
www.PDHcenter.com
Sno
38
www.PDHonline.org
CENTRAL SYSTEMS
LOCAL SYSTEMS
It is possible to maintain
applications, pharmaceutical
pressurization.
ensure pressurization.
It is easy to provide
39
where cross-contamination is a
concern.
40
!"Economizer: An economizer
single-packaged units.
Page 30 of 40
ambient temperatures.
www.PDHcenter.com
Sno
CENTRAL SYSTEMS
incorporated.
www.PDHonline.org
LOCAL SYSTEMS
The package and rooftop units
can be provided with CO2
sensors and heat recovery
devices.
41
the aesthetics.
Initial Cost
The initial cost of a central air much lower first cost than a
conditioning system is much
42
chiller.
comparisons.
Page 31 of 40
www.PDHcenter.com
Sno
www.PDHonline.org
CENTRAL SYSTEMS
LOCAL SYSTEMS
43
following reasons:
corresponding equipment
floor-by-floor systems.
design.
Unitary or packaged
built standard
the project.
of work to be carried
Page 32 of 40
www.PDHcenter.com
Sno
www.PDHonline.org
CENTRAL SYSTEMS
LOCAL SYSTEMS
envisages equipment
as compared to central
much less.
install a floor-by-floor
structural, interior
less as compared to a
utilities.
central plant.
Floor-by-floor system
layouts are much simpler
and repeated multiple
times.
Installation Cost
available.
44
Page 33 of 40
www.PDHcenter.com
Sno
CENTRAL SYSTEMS
www.PDHonline.org
LOCAL SYSTEMS
Larger quantities of
ducting, piping and
insulation are required and
their installation cost is
higher.
The power consumption of local
Operating Costs
45
load.
By incorporating VAV terminal
Page 34 of 40
www.PDHcenter.com
Sno
CENTRAL SYSTEMS
www.PDHonline.org
LOCAL SYSTEMS
conditions. Therefore it is
Maintenance Cost
simple.
46
Page 35 of 40
www.PDHcenter.com
Sno
CENTRAL SYSTEMS
Central systems can be applied
www.PDHonline.org
LOCAL SYSTEMS
With local systems, switching
with large thermal energy storage off few of the multiple units
47
In nutshell central systems provides better quality of indoor parameters and energy efficiency.
From energy efficiency point of view it is highly recommended to evaluate your selection
thoroughly if any of the conditions below are true.
1. If the building square feet floor area exceeds 10000 sqft
2. Ratio of occupancy hours to operative hours of less that 0.6 indicates that rescheduling
equipment operation can save energy.
3. Annual energy consumption in excess of 50,000 BTU/sqft. (Of the building)
4. Total capacity of heating and cooling equipment combined capacity exceeding 100
BTUH/sqft
Page 36 of 40
www.PDHcenter.com
PART 4
www.PDHonline.org
HVAC systems consume an important part of the building construction budget, account for a
major portion of a typical buildings annual energy consumption, often require substantial space
allocations and contribute to interior environment that is critically evaluated by the building
occupants and visitors.
Everyone cares about cost! But the wise customer lays down a list of minimum requirements and
then negotiates. The "penny-wise pound-foolish" customer goes for price only and skimps on
equipment and design specifications.
The design of HVAC systems is intimately related to various parameters, including but not limited
to the factors listed below.
Details of architecture:
!"Structure, orientation, geographical location, altitude, shape, modules- size & height
!"Purpose of the building, area classification, occupancy and usage patterns
!"Ratio of internal to external zones, glazing, plant room sitting, space for service
distribution
!"Climate and shading, thermal insulation, passive climate control, relationship with
adjacent buildings
!"New or existing building, renovation or extension project, retrofitting or new equipment,
!"Plant and system design to match the characteristic of the building and the need to meet
the needs (known and unknown) of the ultimate occupants.
Page 37 of 40
www.PDHcenter.com
www.PDHonline.org
Building regulations
!"Government and local regulation on occupancy & safety classification
!"Regulations of Public utilities on electrical wiring, power usage, water supply and
drainage
!"Health and Safety regulations on indoor air quality, ventilation air quantities, noise
control, electrical, fuel, insulation and other hazardous materials
!"Local fire authority regulations and smoke removal systems
!"Insurance company regulations
Miscellaneous Requirements
!"Accessibility for installation of equipment, space for maintenance;
!"Location of fresh air intakes and exhausts (to avoid short-circuiting and contamination);
!"Location of fire zones and fire walls (position of fire dampers);
!"Acceptable noise level: space available to house equipment and its location relative to
the conditioned space
!"Indoor & outdoor equipment preferences
!"Acceptability of components obtruding into the conditioned space
!"Plumbing arrangements, drains location, capacity, restriction on discharge;
Page 38 of 40
www.PDHcenter.com
www.PDHonline.org
Building Aesthetics
!"Architectural characteristics of space,
!"Reflected ceiling plans: Integration of air distribution devices in ceiling to harmonize with
lighting layout, fire sprinklers, detectors, communication systems and ceiling design
!"Size and appearance of terminal devices
System considerations:
!"Thermal influence Solar gain, ambient conditions (dry bulb/wet bulb temperatures),
indoor condition (dry bulb/relative humidity) requirements, heat gain from people, artificial
lighting, equipment and machinery, ventilation air load
!"System behavior Thermal comfort, indoor air quality, cooling /heating peak loads,
partial loads, average load conditions and pattern of variation, capacity of the system
!"Load behavior Sensible/latent heat balance, Load diversity, and system response
related to thermal capacity storage effects
!"Psychrometric processes engineer prefer to carry out their calculations on a
psychrometric chart of the aspects include actual vapor pressure; relative humidity;
moisture content; specific enthalpy; specific volume (or humid volume) and dewpoint.
!"Operation Philosophy- Hours of system operation;
!"Control Systems- Zone or individual control, system response and lags, permissible
tolerances and time system, direct digital controls, sequence of operations and control
logic
!"Energy Efficiency- Energy availability, level & pattern of energy use, type of system, peak
load and part load energy performance, Variable speed drive, energy efficient equipment,
building management systems, economizer controls, zoning requirements
!"Control and operational requirements supervision, records, type of adjustment and
regulation, hours of operation, summer/winter changeover, day/night and weekend
operation, high/low limit protection, frost protection, fire protection, special control areas
(e.g. computer rooms, executive offices);
!"Redundancy- Spare & standby requirements, equipment configuration
!"Technology features Humidification/dehumidification requirements, Air purity, Special
acoustic treatment, fire protection & smoke management; Water service capacity,
pressure, maximum temperature, chemical analysis (choice of materials), water
treatment;
Page 39 of 40
www.PDHcenter.com
www.PDHonline.org
!"Commissioning and testing of the completed plant and the adjustment to ensure that it
operate as designed in all respect. It is a matter of increasing importance, as components
become more sophisticated, more packaged and thus less susceptible to any level of
repair.
Financial Constraints
!"Capital cost
!"Operating cost (fuel, power & water)
!"Maintenance & consumables cost
!"Replacement costs
!"Upgrading costs
!"Equipment failure costs
!"Labor costs
!"Insurance costs
!"Interest on capital and depreciation
!"Return of investment (ROI)/Life cycle analysis
Costs can often be influenced by the owners/companys insurers and risk managers.
Successful HVAC systems are the key to successful buildings. Proper selection of airconditioning services and choice of the most effective system is the foremost application
consideration. This includes primary influence from the architect.
It is important to understand the characteristics of the building envelope, functional requirements
and desired environmental conditions. Each solution begins with an assessment of the owners
business needs, architects vision and the requirements of the end user, combined with a review
of the HVAC system itself, be it existing or planned.
Page 40 of 40