CABARROGUIS CAMPUS

` Cabarroguis, 3400 Quirino

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CONCRETE WORKS
CEMENT, SAND AND GRAVEL

Prepared and Compiled By:

ENGR. RHOANE ANGEL B.SAURA
Instructor

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2.1 THE MATERIALS IN CONCRETE

Concrete is a mixture of cement paste, fine and coarse aggregates. The cement paste
consists cement and water which bind the fine and coarse aggregates. When the mixture
has sufficiently set, it takes on the characteristics of hard stone.
The fine aggregate in concrete should consist of natural sand or of inert materials
with similar characteristics, having clean, hard and durable, grains, free from organic
matters or loam
The coarse aggregate should consist of crushed rocks of durable and strong
qualities, or clean and hard gravel. The size of the coarse aggregate varies from 20mm to
38mm (3/4 in. to 1-1/2 in.) diameter
Water to be used for mixing concrete should be clean and free from injurious
amount of oil, acids, alkalis, salt and other organic matters.

2.2 PORTLAND AND POZZOLAN CEMENTS

Two widely used cement blends employed in the preparation of concrete in general
construction are portland cement and pozzolan cement.
Portland cement has been defined as a hydraulic cement produced by pulverizing clinker,
consisting essentially of hydraulic calcium silicates, and usually containing calcium
sulphate as an interground addition. There are five types of portland cement:
Type I- This is the most widely used portland cement for buildings and is also
the least costly. It reaches its full strength after 28 days.
Type II- A moderate heat portland cement used for large concrete pours where
less heat is desired during the concrete set.
Type III- This is a high early strength portland cement which gives more
strength before 28 days than Type I.
Type IV - Low heat portland cement like Type that releases less heat during the
concrete set.
Type V- A sulphate resisting portland cement. This is the most expensive
cement.
Pozzolan cement has been defined as a hydraulic cement consisting of a mixture or
portland cement and definite amounts of natural and artificial pozzolanic materials like
volcanic tuff, shales, clay fly ash, blast furnace, slag, burnt clay.
Type P- Pozzolan cement used in general construction where high initial
strength of the concrete before 28 days is not required However, aner 28 days. it
meets the compressive strength to which it is designed.
Type IP- This type of pozzolan cement is an early strength cement and is
required for more critical concrete works.

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The magnificent structures among the wonders of the world today which were
constructed out pozzolan cement thousands of years ago by the Romans are cited as
proofs of the toughness and durability of pozzolan cement. It is also said that new
technologies are introduced to improve the cementing qualities or pozzolan cement.
However, one who specifies pozzolan cement should be knowledgeable about its
technical properties so as to choose the correct type that is suitable for each concreting
job.

2.3 ADMIXTURES IN CONCRETE

Admixtures may be added during the preparation of the concrete. These are
substances mixed in concrete to impart certain desired qualities. Among such qualities
are: to improve the workability of the concrete; to increase its waterproof characteristics;
to harden its surface; to accelerate its set; etc.

2.4 PROPORTIONS OF CONCRETE

Varying the amount of cement, fine and coarse aggregates and water in a given
volume of concrete results in different strengths of the mixture. The quality of concrete to
be used in a given project is specified in different ways such as: by its water-cement ratio:
weight of a given volume; compressive strength after 28 days: and, by the fixed proportion
of cement, fine and coarse aggregates, by volume, contained in the concrete mixture.
Under the last method, the concrete mixtures are identified by “classes" in which each
"class" contains a given proportion of cement, fine and coarse aggregates by volume, as
shown below:

For example, if the concrete mix to be used for a certain building part is indicated
on the drawing or in the specifications as "Class A", it means that for every bag of cement
used in the mixture, a corresponding two parts fine aggregate and four parts coarse
aggregate should also be added.

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2.5 CONTROLLING THE PROPORTION OF CONCRETE MATERIALS DURING

MIXING

When concrete is mixed during construction at the project site. the proper amount of fine
and coarse aggregates that go with each bag of cement is usually controlled by means of
a wooden measuring box. Since one bag of cement is equal to one cubic foot, the
measuring box is usually constructed such that it contains one cubic foot. This is done
by making the inside measurements of the sides and the bottom of the box one-foot
(0.3048 meter) square. The details of a typical wooden containing one cubic foot for
measuring the fine and coarse aggregates for concrete are shown below.

Thus, if the concrete to be prepared is Class A (1 : 2 : 4) mix, for each bag of cement
the mixing trough or machine, 2 boxes of fine aggregate and 4 boxes of coarse aggregate
are added.
Or supposing that 6 bags of cement are immediately opened for mixing, then the
amount of fine and coarse aggregates to be added would be:
6 x 2 = 12 boxes of fine aggregate
6 x 4 = 24 boxes of coarse aggregate

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Concrete is prepared by initially mixing dry cement and sand. After a while, the
proper gravel is added and clean water is also slowly poured while the mixture is
thoroughly stirred until it is in a pliable workable paste. The mixing should result in a
concrete that has a workability economical and uniform pouring in place without too
much water.
The mixing of concrete, whether done manually or by the use of a mixing machine,
thorough - to produce concrete of uniform quality. To enhance the strength of the concrete
greater degree of workability, the mixing process should last for longer periods.

2.6 ALLOWANCE FOR WASTAGE IN ESTIMATING THE MATERIALS IN

CONCRETE
In estimating the quantities of materials required for concrete members, the
computations are on their measurements shown in the plans and detail drawings. When
concrete for these are prepared and poured during the construction, a certain amount is
lost due to wastage or other. It becomes necessary then to also add to the computed
quantities of materials a certain percentage as allowance for wastage.
Concrete members which are poured inside forms will generally conform with those in
drawings as the forms are correctly constructed as per the sizes of the concrete members
shown in the and the specified strength or class of concrete mixture is followed. The
allowance for wastage for concrete may be assumed as 5% of the computed quantity from
drawings.
In the case of concrete members poured without forms, their final shape and sizes may
not be to conform exactly with those in the drawings. In this case, the allowance for
wastage would to be assumed as 10% of the computed quantity of each concrete material
required.
Examples of formed concrete members where 5% of the computed quantity of the
materials be added as allowance for wastage:
a. Columns and piers c. Reinforced concrete slabs and walls
b. Concrete beams and girders d. Other concrete members poured
inside forms

Examples of concrete members poured without forms and where 10% of the computed
quantities of the required materials may be added to give allowance for wastage:

a. Concrete slabs on fill or on the ground

b. Footings for columns and piers
c. Continuous footings for masonry walls
d. Other concrete members poured at ground level, below ground level or
under water with forms.
The drawings below show why concrete members poured without forms need a bigger
allowance for wastage that those poured inside forms.
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 CABARROGUIS CAMPUS
` Cabarroguis, 3400 Quirino
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT www.qsu.edu.ph
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2.7 PROCEDURES IN ESTIMATING CEMENT, SAND, AND GRAVEL IN

CONCRETE

Procedures using formulas based on the volume and class of concrete

mixture to used:
1. Compute the volume of the concrete member in cubic meters, based from the
plans and detailed drawings of the project. (If necessary, refer to the formulas
for computing the volume of various solids which may be assumed by
concrete members in the construction.)
2. Add to the above computed volume of concrete the allowance for wastage as
discussed earlier - to get the estimated total concrete volume
3. Ascertain the “class" or concrete mixture used for each concrete part being
estimated. This information can be found in the project's Specifications or
indicated in the working drawings/plans.
4. Substituting the estimated total concrete volume for C/V under the
appropriate class of concrete shown below, multiply it by the factors indicated
- to get the estimated quantities of cement, fine and coarse aggregates
required

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SAMPLE PROBLEM B-1

Estimate the quantity of cement, sand and gravel for the concrete slab on fill of the
FOUNDATION PLAN shown below, using 150mm thick Class C concrete mixture. The
exterior walls and are 150mm thick. and they should be excluded in the area of the concrete
slab. The 9spaces occupied by the interior columns may be neglected.

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Solution using the formulas based on the volume of concrete:

Actual dimensions of concrete slab, excluding walls and columns:

Length of concrete Slab: 9.00m - (2 x 0.15 m) = 8.70 m

Width of concrete slab: 8.00m - (2 x 0.15 m) = 7.70 m

Volume of concrete: 8.70 m x 7.70 m x 0.15 m = 10.05 cu.m.

Plus 10% allowance for wastage = 1.01 cu.m.

Total estimated concrete volume (C/V) =11.06 cu.m.

Substituting 11.06 for C/V in the formulas for Class C concrete mix

11.06 x 5.49 = 60.72 say 61 Bags cement

11.06 x 0.44 = 4.86 say 5 Cubic meters sand

11.06 x 0.89 = 9.84 say 10 Cubic meters gravel

SAMPLE PROBLEM B-2

Estimate the quantity of cement, sand and gravel needed for 15 pieces of the typical
column and footing drawn below. Class B concrete will be used for the columns, while the
footing will be of Class A concrete mix.

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Solution using the formulas based on the volume of concrete:

I. FOOTING:

A. Volume of 1 footing: 0.75m x 0.75m x 0.35m = 0.197cu.m.

B. Volume of 15 footing: 15 x 0.197cu.m. = 2.95cu.m.

Plus 10% allowance for wastage = 0.29cu.m.

Total estimated concrete volume (C/V) =3.24 cu.m.

C. Substituting 3.24 for C/V in the formulas for Class A concrete mix

3.24 x 7.85 = 25.43 say 26 Bags cement

3.24 x 0.42 = 1.36 say 1.5 Cubic meters sand

3.24 x 0.84 = 2.72 say 3 Cubic meters gravel

II. COLUMN:

A. Length of one column: 3.00m + 0.30m + 0.30m = 3.60m

Total length of 15 columns: 15 x 3.60m = 54.00m

B. Concrete volume of 15 columns: 54 x 0.30m x 0.30m = 4.86cu.m.

Plus 5% allowance for wastage = 0.24cu.m.

Total estimated concrete volume (C/V) =5.10 cu.m.

C. Substituting 5.10 for C/V in the formulas for Class B concrete mix
5.10 x 6.49 = 33 say 33 Bags cement

5.10 x 0.44 = 2.24 say 2.5 Cubic meters sand

5.10 x 0.87 = 4.44 say 4.5 Cubic meters gravel

SUMMARY: Item Estimated Cement Sand Gravel

Concrete Footings 26 1.5 3.0

Concrete Columns 33 2.5 4.5

TOTALS: 59 bags 4.00cu.m 7.50cu.m.

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SAMPLE PROBLEM B-3
From the FOUNDATION PLAN and details of the footings and columns shown below,
estimate the quantity of cement and aggregates required for the continuous concrete footing
of the CHB walls enclosing the building. Class A concrete is specified to be used

A. From the drawings, the actual lengths of the CHB walls and their footings excluding
the spaces of columns along the walls are as follows:
Length of footings along row (1): 8.00m - (3 x 0.30m) = 7.10 meters

Length of footings along row (3): 8.00m - (3 x 0.30m) = 7.10 meters

Length of footings along row (A): 7.00m - (3 x 0.30m) = 6.10 meters

Length of footings along row (C): 7.00m - (3 x 0.30m) = 6.10 meters

Total length of all footings = 26.40 meters

B. Solution using the formulas for estimating Class A concrete mix:

Volume of concrete of all footings: 0.20m x 0.45m x 26.40m = 2.376 Cu. m.

Plus 10% allowance for wastage = 0.237 cu. m

Total estimated concrete volume (C/V) =2.613 Cu. m.

Substituting 3.24 for C/V in the formulas for Class A concrete mix
2.613 x 7.85 = 20.51 say 21 Bags cement

2.613 x 0.42 = 1.10 say 1.5 Cubic meters sand

2.613 x 0.84 = 2.19 say 2.5 Cubic meters gravel

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SAMPLE PROBLEM B-4
Shown below are the drawings of a stair to be constructed out of Class A concrete mixture.
Estimate the quantity of cement and aggregates required. (The steel reinforcing bars are not
shown.)

For purposes of estimating the concrete materials, the stair may be transformed into a flat slab
and its thickness is the distance between the underside of the stair and a parallel line that passes
thru the centerlines of the treads and risers. For this stair, let us say that the thickness t, as
measured with a scale from the DETAILED SECTION drawing, is 200mm (0.20m). The transformed
stair may then be considered as a flat concrete slab which is 1.20m wide, 4.60m long and 0.20m
thick.

Solution using the formulas based on the volume of concrete:

Volume of concrete: 1.20m x 4.60m x 0.20m = 1.104 cu.m.

Plus 0.5% allowance for wastage = 0.055 cu.m.

Total estimated concrete volume (C/V) = 1.159 cu.m.

Substituting 1.159 for C/V in the formulas for estimating Class A concrete mixture:
1.159 x 7.85 = 9.09 say 9 Bags cement

1.159 x 0.42 = 0.48 say 0.50 cu.m. sand

1.159 x 0.84 = 0.97 say 1.00 cu.m. gravel

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SAMPLE PROBLEM B-5
Estimate the quantity of cement, sand and gravel needed for the stairs and landings shown below,
using Class A concrete mix.

In this stair, the risers and treads have the same thickness. The lateral dimensions are indicated
in the plan and elevation drawings. When the risers and treads are transformed into a flat slab for
easier computation of concrete volume, the slab thickness is the distance between two parallel
lines passing thru the centerlines of the lower and upper faces of the treads and risers as shown
in the typical section of the stairs.

Assuming that the measured thickness of the flat slab-transformed stair is 200mm (0.20m), the
problem is solved as follows:
Solution using the formulas for estimating Class A concrete mix:

Vol. of concrete for landings: 2(1.50 x 3.20 x 0.15m) = 1.44 cu.m.

Vol. of concrete for stairs: 4(1.50 x 3.20 x 0.20m) = 3.84 cu,m.

Total volume of concrete = 5.28 cu.m.

Plus 5% allowance for wastage = 0.26 cu.m.

Total estimated concrete volume (C/V) = 5.54 cu.m.

Substituting 5.54 for C/V in the formulas for estimating Class A concrete mix:

5.54 x 7.85 = 43.48 say 44 Bags cement

5.54 x 0.42 = 2.33 say 2.50 Cubic meters sand

5.54 x 0.84 = 4.65 say 5.00 Cubic meters gravel

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` Cabarroguis, 3400 Quirino
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SAMPLE PROBLEM B-5
Referring to the layout and detailed sections of the reinforced concrete beams in the FLOOR
FRAMING PLAN shown below, calculate the amount of cement, sand and gravel required if Class
AA concrete mixture would be used.

Solution based on concrete volume of the beams:

Length of beams along each row at (A), (B) and (C), excluding the columns:

9.00m - (4 x 0.30m) = 7.80 meters

Total length of all 3 beams: 3 x 7.80m = 23.40 meters

Length of beams along each row at (1), (2), (3) and (4) excluding the columns:

8.00m – (3 x 0.30m) = 7.1 0 meters

Total length of all 4 beams: 4 x 7.10m = 28.40 meters

Volume of concrete for beams:

along (A), (B) and (C): 0.15m x 0.30m x 23.40m = 1.053 cu. m.

along (1), (2), (3) and (4): 0.2m x 0.40m x 28.40m = 2.272 cu. m.

Concrete volume of all beams = 3.325 cu. m.

Plus : 5% allowance for wastage = 0.166 cu. m.

Total estimated concrete volume (C/V) = 3.491 cu. m.

Substituting 3.491 for C/V in the formulas for estimating Class AA concrete mix:
3.491 x 10.46 = 36.51 say 37 Bags cement

3.491 x 0.42 = 1.46 say 1.50 Cubic meters sand

3.491 0.84 = 2.93 say 3.00 Cubic meters gravel

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WORKSHEET NO. 2: CONCRETE WORKS
This set of Specifications shall be used for the proposed building shown in your Plans and detail
drawings.
The following proportions of concrete mixtures shall be used for the various parts of the building:

Columns and footings - Class A (1 :2 :4)

Conc. Holl. Blk. Footings - Class B (1 : 2 - 1/2: 5)

Reinf. Conc. Beams and Slabs - Class A (1 :2 :4)

Concrete slab floor on fill - Class C (1 : 3 : 6 )

Septic Vault cover - Class A (1 :2 :4)

FORMAT/ SEQUENCE OF COMPUTATION:

I. COLUMN FOOTINGS
II. CHB FOOTING
III. COLUMNS
IV. FLOOR SLAB
V. BEAMS

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