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KSSED RAKSHI,
SHEVEGAON

SY.CE
2018-2019
CONCRETE TECNOLOGY.

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A
SEMINAR REPORT ON

“Ready Mix Concrete”

SUBMITTED BY
MR. SAYYAD SADDAM

MR. SHIVANKAR DNYANESHWAR

MR. SHIRSATH SHIRESH

MR.DARADE PRATIK

UNDER THE GUIDENCE OF

ASSI PROF.NARWADE P.B.

FACULTY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

KEDARESHWAR GRAMIN VIKAS PRATISHTHAN’S KAI. SAU. SUNITATAI

EKNATHARAO DHAKANE POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE, RAKSHI ,TAL SHEVGAON , DIST
AHMEDNAGAR ACADEMIC YEAR 2018-2019.

KEDARESHWAR GRAMIN VIKAS PRATISHTHAN’S

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KAI. SAU. SUNITATAI EKNATHARAO DHAKANE POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE RAKSHI, TAL

SHEVGAON DIST AHMEDNAGAR

CERTIFICATE

THIS IS CERTIFY THAT

MR. SAYYAD SADDAM

MR. SHIVANKER DNYANESHEAR

MR. SHIRSATH SHIRESH

MR. DARADE PRATIK

HAS SATISFACTORILY COMPLETED THE SEMINR REPORT WORK ENTITLED

“Ready Mix Concrete”

IS SUBMITTED AS COMPLETED FULFILLMENT OF DIPLOMA COURSE IN CIVIL
ENGINEERING UNDER THE

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

MUMBAI DURING THE ACADEMIC YEAR 2018-2019

PROF.NARWADE P.B Prof. GADEKARS.M. PROF.VYAVHAREM.D.

PROJECT GUIDE HEAD OF DEPARTMENT PRINCIPAL KSSEDPOLY,RAKSHI

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

“Success is nourished under the kind of combination of perfect guidance, care and blessing.”

It gives me immense pleasure in submitting my seminar report towards the partial fulfillment
of diploma (civil) course. i take this august opportunity to sincerely show panegyrics and
thanks to my guide mis. assi prof.NARWADE P.B., whose timely suggestion and valuable
input helped me a lot throughout the duration of my effort on this project . I feel a deep sense of
gratitude towards him for being so patient and attentive whenever any problem came up,
especially during the selection of my topic
.

I am also indebted to Prof . S M GADEKAR , head of department who was a constant source
of inspiration for me during the completion of my project.

I am also grateful to all support staff of our department for providing library and internet
facilities.

We are profoundly grateful to Prof. M. D. Vyavhare for giving insight into the subject under
study in various particulars involved along with providing us the required material for carrying
out the research.

And finally, I wish to express my gratitude to all my friends and blessing of our parents who
helped me directly and indirectly for their support , help, suggestion and encouragement.

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READY MIX CONCRETE

INDEX

1. INTRODUCTION.

2. HISTORI OF RADY MIX CONCRETE.

3. CONCEPT.

4. ADVANTAGES OF RADY MIX CONCRETE.

5. METHOD OFORDURING.

6. MATERIALES OF CONCRETE MIX DESIGN.

7. CANCLUSION.

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INTRODUCTION:-

Ready mix concrete is type of concrete that is manufactured in a factory or batching plant,
according to set recipe, and then delivered to a work site, by truck mounted transit mixer. This result in
precise mixture, allowing specialty concrete mixture to be developed and implemented on construction
sites.The first ready mix concrete factory was built in the 1930s, and it has continued to grow since then.

Ready mix concrete is sometimes preferred over on site conc. Mixing because of the precision of
the mixture work site confusion. However using a pre-determined concrete mixture reduced flexibility,
both in supply chain and in actual component of the concrete.

Ready mix concrete is also referred as customize concrete products for commercial purpose. The
RMC company offer different concrete according to user mix or industrial standard.

The RMC company is required to equip themselves with up to date equipment, such as transit
mixture, concrete pump, and conc. Batching plant. Ready mix concrete is manufactured under
computer-controlled operation and transported and placed at site using equipment.

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HISTORY OF READY MIX CONCRETE:-

Concrete is a manmade building material that looks like stone. Combining cement with
aggregate and sufficient water makes concrete. Water allowed setting and binding the material together.
Different mixture is added to meet specific requirement. Concrete is normally reinforced with use of
rods or steel mesh before it is poured into mold. The history of concrete finds evidence in “Rome” some
2000 year back. Concrete was essentially used in aqueducts and roadway construction in Rome.

It is said that the Roman used a primal mix for their concrete. It consisted of small gravel and
coarse sand mixed with hot lime and water, and sometimes even animal blood. To trim down shrinkage,
they are known to have used horse hair. Lime mortar and gypsum were also used in building the world-
acclaimed pyramids.

It is interesting to learn they built some 5300 miles of roads using concrete. Concrete is a very
strong building material. Historical evidence also points that Roman used Pozzoalana, milk, and blood
as admixtures for building concrete.

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CONCEPT:-

Concrete is a mixture of cementations material, water, aggregate, usually sand and gravel or
crushed stone. There is a common misunderstanding that cement and concrete are one the same. Cement
is powdered ingredient that provides the glue that binds the aggregate together in a mass called concrete.
Ready mixed concrete is that which is delivered to the customer in a freshly mixed and unhardened
state. Due to customize its properties for different applications and its strength and durability to
withstand a wide variety of environmental condition.

Concrete mixture is proportioned to obtain the required properties for the application. Its should
have the correct consistency or slump, to facilitate handling and placing and adequate strength and
durability to withstand applied load in anticipated environment and service condition. The design
quantities of concrete ingredient are accurately weighed and mixed, either in a a mixer at the concrete
plant or in a concrete truck mixer. It is delivered in a truck mixer or agitation unit, which keeps the
concrete uniformly mixed until it is discharged at placement location.

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NEED OF READY MIX CONCRETE :-

If instead of being bathed or mixed on the site, concrete is delivered ready for placing from a
central plant, it is referred to as ready mixed or premix concrete. This type of concrete is used
extensively in many countries as it is offers numerous advantages in comparison with the conventional
method of manufactory.

Ready mixed concrete is particularly useful on congested sites in roads construction where little
for mixing plant and for extensively aggregate stock piles are available, but perhaps the greatest distinct
advantage of RMC is that it may be made under better conditions of control than are normally possible
on any but large construction sites.

Proper care during transportation of concrete is also ensured by use of agitator truck, but placing
and compaction remain, of coarse, the responsibility of the personnel on site. Ready mixed concrete can
be more in the factory made product, almost comparable with steel, so that a great deal of uncertainty
and variability associated with the production of concrete on many a site is removed.

The use of ready mixed concrete is also advantages when only small quantities of concrete are
required or when concrete is placed only at interval.

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ADVANTAGES OF READY MIX CONCRETE: -

1. Procurement of cement in bulk quantities works economical reduces wastage and pilferage.
2. Best quality control at negligible cost.
3. There is no long duration of storage for cement as used in RMC may not be more than 3 days old.
4. Savings in cement up to 5 to 10% can be achieved on account of lesser handling losses.
5. Similarly in aggregate storage, handling losses of 15 to 25% can be saved by storage in bins close to
batching plant.
6. Proper quality control on aggregates is not possible at individual site concrete mixing plants which
otherwise can be done at negligible cost at a central RMC plant.
7. Variation in silt percentages, in case of sand, is very high at individual site plants and there is almost no
control and cost of inventory storage losses may go up to an order of 20 to 35% .This is not the case in a
batch plant where complete control is possible and use of stone crushed sand with use of sand mills is
possible which is also economical.
8. Quantity and quality of water required is well-controlled in RMC plant including cooling of aggregates
in summer season.
9. Awell-equipped laboratory maintained at central plant ensures the quality mixes produced which meets
client’s requirements.

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FLOW OF COMPLETE MIXING TYPE BATCHING PLANT

FLO W CHART

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METHODS OF ORDERING
Ready-mixed concrete can be ordered by one of the following ways:

Recipe batch:
The purchaser assumes responsibility for proportioning concrete mixture, including specifying
the cement content ,the maximum allowable water content, percentage air ,and the admixture required.
The purchaser may also specify the amounts and type of coarse and fine aggregate. Under this approach,
the purchaser assumes full responsibility for the resulting strength and durability of the mixture,
provided that the stipulated amounts of furnished as specified. In these method purchaser advices the
mix designs for the result of concrete.

Performance batch :
The purchaser specifies the requirements for the strength of the concrete, i.e. great of concrete
and the manufacturer assumes full responsibility for the proportions of the various ingredients that go
into the batch.

In this method manufacturer uses his own concrete mix design to fulfill the need of strength of
concrete expected by the purchaser. Full responsibility for the resulting strength and durability of the
mixture is assumed by manufacturer of RMC. Under this approach manufacturer has a freedom of
economies the concrete mix by using concrete mix designed by RMC plant.

Part performance and part recipe batch:

The purchaser generally specifies minimum cement content, the required admixtures, and the
strength requirements, allowing the procedure to proportion the concrete mixture within the constraints
imposed.

In this method purchaser specifies the cement content he want for mix design and the
workability he want at site. The ingredient proportion is decided by the manufacturer.

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BATCHING CONCRETE MATERIALS

Most concrete batches, although designed on the basis of absolute volumes of the ingredients, are
ultimately controlled in the batching process on the basis of weight. Therefore, it is necessary to know the
weight-volume relationship of all the ingredients. Then each ingredient must be accurately weighted if the
resulting mixture is to have the desired properties. It is the function of the batching equipment to perform
this weighing measurement.

1. CEMENT

For most large projects, the cement is supplied in bulk quantities from cement transport trucks,
each holding 25 tons or more, or from railroad cars. Bulk cement usually is unloaded by air pressure
from rail cars or special trunk trailers and stored in overhead silos or bines. Cement may be supplied in
paper bags, each containing I cu ft (cf) loose measure and weighing 94 IB net. Bag cement must be
stored in a dry place on pallets and should be left in the original bags until used for concrete.

2. WATER:-
The water that is fixed with the cement to form a paste and to produce hydration must be free
from all foreign materials. Organic material and oil may inhabit the bond between the hydrated cement
and aggregate. May alkalis and acids react chemically with the cement and retard normal hydration.
The result is a weakened paste, and the contaminating substance is likely to contribute to deterioration
or structural failure of the finished concrete.

3. AGGREGATE:-
To produce concrete of high quality, aggregate should be clean, hard, strong, durable, and round
or cubical in shape. Aggregate should be resistant to abrasion from weathering and wear.

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CONCRETE MIX DESIGN OF RMC

The process of selecting suitable ingredients of concrete and determining their relative amounts
with the objective of producing a concrete of the required strength, durability and workability as
economically possible, is termed the concrete mix design. The proportioning of ingredient of concrete is
governed by the required performance of concrete in 2 states, namely the plastic and the hardness states.
If the plastic concrete is not workable, it cannot be properly placed and compacted. The property of
workability therefore becomes of vital importance.

The compressive strength of hardened concrete which is generally considered to be an index of

its other properties depends upon many factors e.g. quality and quantity of cement, water and
aggregates, batching and mixing, placing, compaction and curing. The cost if concrete is made up of the
cost of materials, plants and labor. The variations in the cost of materials arises from the fact that the
cement is several times costly that the aggregate, thus the aim is to produce as lean a mix as possible.
From technical point of view the rich mixes may lead to high shrinkage and cracking the structural
concrete and to evolution of high heat of hydration in mass concrete which may cause cracking.

The actual cost of concrete is related to the cost of materials required for producing a minimum
mean strength called characteristics strength that is specified by the designer of the structure. This
depends on the quality control measures but there is no doubt that the quality control adds to the cost of
concrete. The extent of quality control is often an economic compromise and depends on the size and
type of ob. The cost of labor depends on workability of mix, e.g. a concrete mix of inadequate
workability may result in high cost of labor to obtain a degree of compaction with available equipment.

The requirements which form the basis of selection and proportioning of mix ingredients are:

a) The minimum compressive strength required from structural consideration

b) The adequate workability necessary for full compaction with the compacting equipment available
c) Maximum water cement ratio and or maximum cement content temperature cycle in mass concrete

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Type of Mixes

1) Nominal mixes:

In the past specifications for concrete prescribed the proportions of cement, fine and
coarse aggregates. These mixes of fixed cement aggregate ration which ensures adequate strength are
termed nominal mixes. These offer simplicity and under normal circumstances have a margin of strength
above that specified. However due to the variability of mix ingredients the nominal concrete for a given
workability varies in strength.

2) Standard mixes:

The nominal mixes of fixed cement aggregate ratio by volume vary widely in strength
and may result in under or over rich mixes. For this reason the minimum compressive strength has been
included in many specifications. These mixes are termed standard mixes.

IS 456-2000 has designed the concrete mixes into a number of grades as M10, M15,
M20, M25, M30, M35 and M40. In this designation the letter M refers to the mix and the number to the
specified 28 day cube strength of ix in N/mm 2. The mixes of grades M10, M15, M20 and M25
correspond approximately to the mix proportions (1:3:6), (1:2:4), (1:1.5:3) and (1:1:2) respectively.

3) Designed mixes:

In these mixes the performance of the concrete is specified by the designer but the mix
proportions are determined by the producer of concrete, expect that the minimum cement content can be
laid down. This is most rational approach to the selection of mix properties with specific materials in
mind possessing more or less unique characteristics. The approach results in the production of concrete
with the appropriate properties most economically. However the designed mix does not serve as a guide
since this does not guarantee the correct mix proportions for the prescribed performance.
For the concrete with undemanding performance nominal or standard mixes (prescribed in the
codes by quantities of dry ingredients per cubic meter and by slump) may be used for only small jobs,
when the 28-day strength of concrete does not exceed 30 N/mm 2. No control testing is necessary
reliance being placed on the masses of the ingredients.

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Factors Affecting the Choice of Mix Proportions

The various factors affecting the mix design are:

1) Compressive strength

It is one of the most important properties of concrete and influences many other described
properties of the hardened concrete. The mean compressive strength required at a specific age, usually
28 days determines the nominal water cement ratio of the mix. The other factor affecting the strength of
concrete at a given age and cured at a prescribed temperature is the degree of compaction. According to
Abraham’s law the strength of fully compacted concrete is inversely proportional to the water cement
ratio.

2) Workability

The degree of workability required depends on three factors. These are the size of the section to
be concreted the amount of reinforcement and the method of compaction to be used. For the narrow and
complicated section with numerous corners or inaccessible parts, the concrete must have a high
workability so that full compaction can be achieved with a reasonable amount depends on the
compacting equipment available at the site.

3) Durability

The durability of concrete is its resistance to the aggressive environmental conditions. High
strength concrete is generally more durable the low strength concrete. In the situations when the high
strength is not necessary but the conditions of exposure are such that high durability is vital the
durability requirement will determine the water cement ratio to be used.

4) Maximum nominal size of aggregate

In general larger the maximum size of aggregate, smaller is the cement requirement for a
particular water cement ratio, because the workability of concrete increases with increase in maximum

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size of the aggregate. However the compressive strength tends to increase with the decrease in size of
aggregate.

5) Grading and type of aggregate

The grading of aggregate influences that mix for a specified workability and water cement ratio.
Coarser the grading leaner will be mix can be used. Very lean mix is not desirable since it does not
contain enough finer material to make the concrete cohesive.
The type of aggregate influences strongly the aggregate cement ratio for the desired workability
and stipulated water cement ratio. An important feature of a satisfactory aggregate is the uniformity of
the grading which can be achieved by mixing different size fractions.

6) Quality control

The degree of control can be estimated by the variations in test results. The variation in strength
results from the variations in the properties of the mix ingredients and lack of control of accuracy in
batching, mixing, placing, curing and testing. The lower the difference between the mean and minimum
strength of the mix lower will be the cement content ratio required. The factor controlling this difference
is termed as quality control.

Mix proportion designation

The common method of expressing the proportions of ingredients of a concrete mix is in the terms of
parts or ratios of cement, fine and coarse aggregates. For e.g. a concrete mix of proportions 1:2:4 means
that cement, fine and coarse aggregates are in the ratio 1:2:4 or the mix contains one part of cement, two
parts of fine aggregates and four parts of coarse aggregate. The proportions are either by volume or by
mass. The water cement ratio is usually expressed in the mass.

Factors to be considered for mix design:

i) The grade designation giving the characteristics strength requirement of concrete.

ii) The type of cement influences the rate of development of compressive strength of concrete
iii) Maximum nominal size of aggregates to be used in concrete may be as large as possible within
the limits prescribed by IS 456:2000.
iv) The cement content is to be limited from shrinkage, cracking and creep.
v) The workability of concrete for satisfactory placing and compaction is related to the size and
shape of section, quantity and spacing of reinforcement and technique used for transportation,
placing and compaction.

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Procedure:

1. Determine the mean target strength ft from the specified characteristics compressive strength at 28
day fckand the level of quality control.
ft=fck+ 1.65S
Where S is the standard derivation obtained from the Table of approximate contents given after
the design mix.
2. Obtain the water cement ratio for the desired mean target using empirical relationship between
compressive strength and water cement ratio so chosen is checked against the limiting water cement
ratio for the requirements of durability in the table and adopts the lower of thee values.
3. Estimate the amount of entrapped air for maximum nominal size of the aggregate from the table.
4. Select he water content, for the required workability and maximum size of aggregates (for aggregates
in saturated surface dry condition) from table.
5. Determine the percentage if fine aggregate by absolute volume from table for the concrete using
crushed aggregate.
6. Adjust the values of water content and percentage of sand as provided in the table for any difference
in workability, water cement ratio, grading of fine aggregate and for rounded aggregate the values are
give in table.
7. Calculate the cement content from the water cement ratio and the final water content as arrived
adjustment. Check the cement against minimum cement content from the requirements of the
durability and greater of the two values is adopted.
8. From the quantities of water and cement per unit volume of concrete and the percentage of sand
already determined in steps 6 and 7 above, calculate the following relations.

C 1 fa 1
[
V = w+ + × ]
SC p sta 1000
C 1 Ca 1
[
V = w+ + ×
SC 1−p Sca 1000]
Where,
V = absolute volume of concrete
= Gross volume (1m3) minus the volume of entrapped air
SC= specific gravity of cement
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W = mass of water per cubic meter of concrete, kg

C = mass of cement per cubic meter of concrete, kg
P = ratio of fine aggregate to total aggregate by absolute volume
FaCa= total masses of fine and coarse aggregate, per cubic meter of concrete, respectively kg and S fa, Sca=
specific gravities of saturated surface dry fine and coarse aggregates, respectively

9. Determine the concrete mix proportions for the first trial mix.
10. Prepare the concrete using the calculated proportions and cast cubes of 150 mm size and test them
wet after 28 days moist curing and check for the strength.
11. Prepare trial mixes with suitable adjustments till the final mix proportions are arrived at.

PRINCIPLE OF MIX DESIGN

The important principle of concrete mix design are broadly outline in:-

1) Grade of concrete e.g. M15, M20 which concrete characteristic strength test of 15N/mm 2 respectively
and standard deviation.
2) Type of cement e.g. ordinary Portland, Portland Pozzoalana, Portland slag to relevant is specification.
3) Type and size of aggregate e.g. natural sand, crushed stone, gravel etc.
4) Normal sieve size e.g. 40mm, 20mm, 10mm as per IS 15-383.
5) Maximum and minimum cement content Kg/m3.
6) Type of mixing and curing water e.g. fresh portable, sea water.
7) Degree of workability of concrete.
8) Air content if any inclusive of “entrant air”.
9) Whether admixtures may be used, type of admixture.
10) Maximum/minimum density of concrete.

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CANCLUTION
As urbanization goes on increasing, it becomes more and more difficult to have space on site to
store raw materials, to have mixers other equipment’s , to store them and ground them.
The streets are crowded, the traffic cannot be stopped and construction must be done in
congested areas without disturbing the neighborhood.
in such situation. and Ready Mix Concrete, or RM, as it is known in short from, provided
available solution with some added advantages.
The first and foremost advantage is that, the concrete is produced exactly as per the mix design.

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