Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

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The development of the compressive strength of pervious concrete using

sugarcane bagasse ash and flyash
Andhole Supriya ⇑, K. Murali
Department of Civil Engineering, Marri Laxman Reddy Institute of Technology and Management, Hyderabad, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: This study’s objective is to determine the effect on the characteristics of pervious concrete of partially
Available online xxxx replacing the cement in pervious concrete with either 10% fly ash and sugar cane bagasse ash as well
as partially replacing the cement in pervious concrete with fine aggregates in varying proportions (rang-
Keywords: ing from 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, and 10%). The construction of the various mixes required the use of fly ash
Pervious concrete from Class C, coarse aggregates ranging in size from 19 mm to 9.5 mm and 9.5 mm to 4.75 mm mixed
Compressive strength in the ratio of 60:40, respectively, and a water to binder ratio that was maintained at 0.36 throughout
Porosity and voids
the process. Moreover, the IS 10262-2009 method of mix proportioning was used in this experiment.
Cement
Coarse aggregates
With the use of the falling head method, we were able to determine the compressive strength, the total
Water fly ash voids, the permeable voids, the density, and the permeability of the materials. This can be demonstrated
Sugar cane bagasse ash by demonstrating that the range of compressive strength that was attained has potential applicability. In
addition, the compressive strength was only marginally affected when cement was partially replaced by
FA and SCBA (10%). On the other hand, the incorporation of fine aggregates at a percentage ranging from
five to 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, and 10% has resulted in an increase in strength that was previously described as
‘‘minor” to ‘‘high”. The incorporation of FA and SCBA into pervious concrete results in a reduction in the
total amount of voids that are found inside the concrete.
Ó 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Fourth International
Conference on Recent Advances in Materials and Manufacturing 2022.

1. Introduction burned. Several studies have examined the pozzolanic activity

Concrete that allows water to pass through it is known as per-
vious concrete. It also includes water, coarse aggregates, cement,
admixtures, and other cementitious components, as needed.
Because there are no minute particles in the concrete matrix, it
has a higher void content than regular concrete, which facilitates
water flow through the building. As a result, the term ‘‘pervious
concrete” is often frequently referred to as ‘‘porous concrete” or
‘‘permeable concrete.” Pervious concrete has been the subject of
a lot of recent study. Portland cement is a global construction
material. Scientists are developing ways to use industrial or agri-
cultural waste as basic materials. Garbage can reduce pollution,
earn foreign currency, and save money. Fly ash, SCBA substitute
for cement. The electric-producing sector is currently using
bagasse ash, in-line sugar industry waste, and bagasse-biomass
fuel. This waste produces pozzolanic amorphous silica ash when
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: supriyaandhole@gmail.com (A. Supriya).
and suitability of direct-from-industry ashes as binders, partially
replacing cement. It does not influence the durability of concrete
when applied. Hence, sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) may replace
cement to improve construction quality, save money, and improve
concrete. ‘‘Prashant O Modania, M R Vyawahare [17]” Because of its
porosity and voids, pervious concrete has a lower compressive
strength than ordinary concrete. The porous nature of the concrete
is to blame for this. ‘‘Huang, B [3]” Even though permeable con-
crete offers a number of benefits, its use is restricted. If the com-
pressive strength of pervious concrete is enhanced, a wider
variety of applications for the material may be possible. Now, only
roads with little to no traffic are used almost exclusively for pervi-
ous concrete construction. It might be used to create inflexible
pavements that can support both medium and heavy traffic loads
if the properties are enhanced. Additionally, employing pervious
concrete maximizes the use of available land, reduces the flow of
surface storm water, and aids in groundwater recharge. According
to experts in the area of storm water management, pervious
concrete (Fig. 1), sometimes referred to as no-fines, porous, gap-
graded, and permeable concrete, as well as improved porosity

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.04.338
2214-7853/Ó 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Fourth International Conference on Recent Advances in Materials and Manufacturing 2022.

Please cite this article as: A. Supriya and K. Murali, The development of the compressive strength of pervious concrete using sugarcane bagasse ash and
flyash, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.04.338
A. Supriya and K. Murali
Fig. 1. Pervious concrete.
concrete, has been demonstrated to be an efficient method of con-
trolling storm water. This kind of concrete also goes by the follow-
ing names: Most of the pervious concrete is composed of gravel or
granite stone, cement, water, and little to no of the typical sand
component (fine aggregate). When pervious concrete ‘‘Ajamu S.
O., Jimoh A.A [1], is used to build a pavement, rainwater may be
able to travel through it and into the soil below because the mate-
rial has open cell structures. This has extended the concrete’s life-
time. Or to put it another way, the use of pervious concrete
protects not just the pavement’s surface but also the area around
it. As was just said, the basic components of both regular concrete
and its more sophisticated cousin, pervious concrete, are the same.
But since the concrete has a network of interconnected gaps that
make up about 15–30% of its volume, water may flow freely
through it. ‘‘B. Dharmabhiksham [2] for every square foot
(0.0929 m2) of surface area, pervious concrete” Rajasekar, A, et al.
[9]” has the capacity to enable 11.35–18.97 L of water to flow
through its open cells each minute. This is a lot more water than
typically falls as precipitation on the ground. Developers of real
estate and other private companies utilize it to provide a paved
park while freeing up precious land for development. Therefore,
they are also reducing or completely doing away with the need
for pricey retention ponds. It can also be used to cut down on or
get rid of the need to build expensive retention ponds.
It prevents subsurface storm water sewage drains, resists salt
water, regulates contaminants in water seepage that recharges
ground water, absorbs less heat than concrete and asphalt, and
reduces air conditioning demand. ‘‘Singh NB, Singh VD, Sarita Rai
[20]” Permeable concrete systems offer advantages over imperme-
able ones. Pervious concrete increases site optimization, as it
should in most circumstances. Pervious concrete lowers the air
temperature, requiring less electricity to maintain an ideal interior
temperature. This program will eliminate expensive storm water
infrastructure, including pipelines, inlets, and ponds. ‘‘(NRMCA)
[11]”, J.T. Kerven, V.R. Schaefer [8]”. The first placement of the
stone recharge bed will help speed up construction. Hence, erosion
management will improve, and rain delays caused by site condi-
tions will be eliminated. Conventional concrete has a stronger
compressive strength than prior concrete, which has a lower unit
weight (approximately 70% of conventional concrete) and better
permeability. The amount of rainfall recorded reached a new all-
time high of 187.200 mm and the cumulative rainfall (mm) devia-
tion 54.0%. Permeable concrete is another option. When planning
its application, its restrictions must be considered. Construction
requires studying how changing aggregate size influences material
strength and permeability while maintaining the aggregate-
cement ratio. These matters. The most important component is
permeability, but you need both. ‘‘Brittany Radke [16]”.
2. Properties of materials
2.1. Cement
Our project used grade 53 ‘‘OPC. IS:12269-1987 [5]” Stronger
cement meets the consumer need for more durable concrete.
2
Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
53-grade OPC with a little cement makes better concrete. 53-
grade OPC in the concrete mix design may reduce cement use by
8–10% for concrete grades M-20 and higher. IS12269-1987 OPC
53 should have a better rating. Mixing high-quality clinker with
gypsum creates it (with a high C3S concentration). Its outstanding
particle size distribution, stunning crystalline structure, and bal-
anced phase composition, which are known for their high early
strength and strong ultimate strength, make it suited for speedy
construction, durable concrete, and cost-effective concrete mix
designs. Table 1 shows experimental results.
2.2. Coarse aggregate
Aggregates replace cement in concrete. ‘‘IS: 2386 (Part III) –
1963 ”[6] It is now established that the mix’s aggregate may
impact the concrete’s fluid and solidified qualities. They contribute
over 80% of the concrete mix, so their properties matter Table 2.
Main classes include heavyweight, normal, lightweight, and
ultra-lightweight aggregates. Most concrete production uses nor-
mal or lightweight particles. As per IS: 2386 (Part IV) – 1963[7].
2.3. Water
Pervious concrete with gaps needs the proper amount of water,
even if potable water is used for mixing. Water to cement may
range from 0.27 to 0.40. Carefully handle water. The binder may
be weak if less water is added. This makes the combination dry,
brittle, and prone to spalling and dissolving. If too much water is
added to the mix, a concrete surface might be practically
impenetrable.
2.4. Fine aggregate
Pervious concrete, even ‘‘no-fines” concrete, may benefit from a
trace number of fine particles to increase its compressive strength.
Particle count affects mortar or paste cohesion. Compressive
strength and mixture sand-to-gravel ratio are closely related. ‘‘IS:
383-2016 [13]. The mortar gets stronger and more viscous when
the sand-to-gravel ratio reaches 8%. The mixture’s 7-day compres-
sive strength drops from over 8% sand to gravel. Several Indian mix
patterns now use finer particles in addition to sand. Ghafoori, N.,
and Dutta, S. [4] Any study shows that increasing the fine sand
to coarse aggregate ratio by 10% to 20% will boost the compression
strength to 14–19 MPa. Very small particles increase with perme-
ability reduction. IS 2386 (Part III)—1963 Table 3.
2.5. Fly ash
Fly ash may significantly improve the capacity of concrete to
work. Recently, techniques for using high-volume fly ash in place
of 50% of the cement have been developed. Utilizing processed
fly ash, replacement values of 70% for roller-compacted concrete
(RCC) were achieved in Hyderabad, India. ‘‘IS: 3812 part 1-2013
[15]” The spherical shape of fly ash particles may make cement
more workable while using less water. The use of fly ash in place
Table 1
Experimental results on cement.
Property Value
Specific gravity 3.13
Bulk density 1130 kg/m3
Fineness 235 m2/kg
Initial setting time 45 min
Final setting time 112 min
Consistency 30%
A. Supriya and K. Murali Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Table 2 Table 5
Experimental results on coarse aggregate. Experimental results on SCBA.

Property Value Property Value

3
Bulk density 1563 kg/m Colour Black
Impact strength 24.9% Fineness 2.42%
Crushing strength 26.13% Particle shape Powder form
Void content 39.10% Specific gravity 1.84
Specific gravity 2.73

might also take into consideration a broad range of different ratios

Table 3
Experimental results on fine aggregate.
Property Value
Specific gravity test 2.54
Fineness modulus 2.9
Dry rodded unit weight 1730 kg/m3
Water absorption test 0.74%
of Portland cement, according to fly ash proponents, reduces Port-
land cements of greenhouse gases since no CO2 is created during
the production of fly ash. When coal is burned, fresh fly ash is pro-
duced, and each ton of fly ash produces 20 to 30 tons of CO2. The
properties of flyash are shown in the Table 4.
2.6. Sugarcane bagasse ash
Ash from sugarcane bagasse is formed whenever bagasse is
used again after having been employed before as a biomass fuel
in boilers. ‘‘Sultana, M.S, Rahman [10]” This usage results in the
production of ash. Bagasse ash is the common name for this kind
of ash. Ash is produced as a by-product of the operation by the
burning of bagasse at a temperature that is controlled and main-
tained throughout the process. This ash was gathered from the boi-
ler of a sugar mill specifically for the purpose of carrying out this
experiment. ‘‘Hernandez JM, Middendorf B, Gehrke M, Budelmann
H [19]” The procedure for cleaning the boiler consisted of collect-
ing the ash that was produced during the cleaning process as one
of the steps in the procedure. The properties of sugarcane bagasse
ash are shown in the Table 5.
2.7. Mix proportions
When developing an M20 mix, the procedure involves giving
careful attention to many important components. The void ratio
and the unit weight are two of these factors that are among the
most essential. It has been determined that 350 kg of cement are
required in order to produce one cubic meter of pervious concrete
in accordance with the international standard (IS). This amount of
cement is required in order to make the concrete. This estimate is
subject to change based on the quantity of concrete that is being
made. The ratio of aggregate to cement (also written as A/C) and
the ratio of water to cement (sometimes written as W/C) are two
additional factors that should be given a great deal of attention.
Both features are quite significant. In addition to taking into con-
sideration various combinations of water to cement ratios, we
Table 4
Experimental results on Fly ash.
Property Value
Colour Light grey
Fineness 269 m2/kg
Bulk density 1160 kg/m3
Specific gravity 1.93
of aggregates to cement depending on what it is that we desire.
When the mix was put together, the cement-to-aggregate ratio
value for the size of aggregates that could pass through a 20 mm
sieve but were kept on a 10 mm IS sieve came out to be 1:4.25
or approximately 1:4. Since the aggregates were retained on the
10 mm sieve, this value was established. This ratio was chosen
because it was so close to reaching 1:4, therefore the choice of this
number. The recommended W/C ratio for pervious concrete
should, in order to get the best outcomes, preferably lie between
0.25 and 0.36. ‘‘IS 10262: 2009 [12]” Following multiple tests with
water to cement ratios of 0.25, 0.30, and 0.35, we concluded that
the optimum workability would be achieved with a W/C ratio of
0.3. Therefore, we have chosen to keep utilizing this value. The pro-
portions are shown in the Table 6. Pervious concrete has a 20%
design void ratio, and depending on the mix, its unit weight may
range from 1600 to 2100 kg/m3.
3. Results and discussions
3.1. Compressive strength of pervious concrete
It has been shown that pervious concrete mixes can produce
compressive strengths in the laboratory that range anywhere from
3.5 MPa to 28 MPa, which allows them to be employed in a wide
variety of different settings and applications. ‘‘IS: 516-1959 [14]”
On average, the value is about 17 MPa. After it has been placed,
the true strength of the concrete is determined by factors such as
the kind of materials used, the combinations of those components,
the methods of placement, and the conditions of the surrounding
environment. In the same way, this is also true for any other kind
of concrete. ‘‘Lavanya M.R, Sugumaran. B, Pradeep.T [18]” This is
always the case, regardless of the kind of concrete being used. It
does not make a difference. However, as of right now, there is a
standardized test that may be used to determine the compressive
strength of permeable concrete.
The experimental results with cement replacement are shown
in the Table 8 Table 7andFig. 2 Fig. 3.
3.2. Permeability of pervious concrete
The term ‘‘permeability” refers to a substance’s capacity to
enable liquids, most prominently water, to go through it without
being stopped or impeded. Many types of construction materials
need to have certain characteristics, one of which is permeability.
If you want to accurately prediction the permeability of a material,
Table 6
Mix proportions.
Materials Proportions (Kg/m3)
Cement (OPC-53 grade) 350
Aggregate (20 mm) 1452.5
Water 126
Fly ash 10%
SCBA 10%
Fine aggregates 0–10%

3
A. Supriya and K. Murali Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Table 7
Compressive strength of pervious concrete with different percentages of fine aggregate.

Age Control pervious Pervious concrete Pervious concrete Pervious concrete Pervious concrete Pervious concrete Pervious concrete
concrete 0% fines, with adding 5% with adding 6% with adding 7% with adding 8% with adding 9% with adding 10%
MPa fines, MPa fines, MPa fines, MPa fines, MPa fines, MPa fines, MPa
7 16.63 17.29 17.74 18.35 18.99 18.69 18.45
14 19.31 19.59 19.69 19.89 21.50 21.45 20.32

28 21.10 21.81 22.50 23.69 24.11 23.20 22.89

Table 8
Compressive strength of pervious concrete with cement replacement of fly ash and sugar cane bagasse ash.

Days Standard pervious concrete Pervious concrete with 10% FA as cement Pervious concrete with 10% SCBA as Pervious concrete with 10% FA
with 0% fines, MPa replacement, MPa cement replacement, MPa and SCBA as, MPa
7 16.63 17.26 19.92 17.79
14 19.31 19.92 21.13 20.33
28 21.10 22.87 23.93 23.12

Fig. 4. Co-efficient of permeability of pervious concrete with addition of different

quantities of fine aggregates and cementitious of Fly Ash and Sugar Cane Bagasse
Ash.

Fig. 2. Compressive strength of pervious concrete with different percentages of fine

aggregates.
concrete with 10% fly ash as a cement replacement; and pervious
concrete with 10% SCBA as a cement replacement. The evaluation
of each of these pervious concrete types is based on the same cri-
teria Table 9. When evaluating each of these distinct types of per-
vious concrete, the same conditions are used throughout the
process.

3.3. Unit weight

The density of pervious concrete is not only determined by the

Fig. 3. Age of concrete Vs compressive strength value comparisons with the
cementitious of Fly Ash and Sugar Cane Bagasse Ash.
you should do an experiment with either a fixed head or a variable
head. This holds true for most circumstances. During our work on
this project, Concluded that it would be to our benefit to conduct a
variable-head permeability test because this method performs
very well whenever it is used for pervious concrete. We con-
structed a beam with dimensions of 400 mm in width, 400 mm
in depth, and 60 mm in height in order to evaluate the degree to
which pervious concrete allows water to run through it. The exper-
iment was carried out with the aid of this beam. The permeability
test is carried out on standard pervious concrete Fig. 4, which does
not include any fine aggregates; pervious concrete with 8% fine
aggregates; pervious concrete with 10% fine aggregates; pervious
4
characteristics and ratios of the constituent materials but also by
the processes of compaction and installation that are used. This
means that the characteristics and ratios of the constituent mate-
rials are not the only factors that contribute to the density. This
indicates that the properties and proportions of the component
materials are not the sole criteria that determine density. The in-
place densities of these concretes may range anywhere from
1600 kg/m3 to 2100 kg/m3, which places them in the top range
of lightweight concretes. It is not rare for the densities of different
locations to vary like this. A piece of pavement that is 125 mm
thick and has a void content of 20% may collect and retain
25 mm of rainwater that falls on it over the course of an extended
period during periods of severe rainfall. This quantity is sufficient
to explain a significant portion of the precipitation that India
receives in the form of rain and snow. The unit weight of pervious
concrete containing varying amounts of fine aggregate is given in
Table 10 and Fig. 5, and the unit weight of pervious concrete
including varying amounts of cementitious material is shown in
Table 11 and Fig. 6.
A. Supriya and K. Murali Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Table 9
Co-efficient of permeability of pervious concrete with addition of different percentages of fine aggregates and cementitious of Fly Ash and Sugar Cane Bagasse Ash.

Standard pervious Pervious concrete with Pervious concrete with Adding Pervious concrete with 10% fly ash Pervious concrete with 10% SCBA
concrete with 0% fines Adding 8% fine aggregates 10% fine aggregates (cm/sec) as cement replacement (cm/sec) as cement replacement (cm/sec)
(cm/sec) (cm/sec)
1.02 0.76 0.49 0.59 0.53

Table 10
Unit Weight of pervious concrete with different percentages of fine aggregates.

Standard pervious Pervious concrete Pervious concrete Pervious concrete Pervious concrete Pervious concrete Pervious concrete
concrete (0% fines), kg/ with 5% fines, kg/m3 with 6% fines kg/m3, with 7% fines, kg/m3 with 8% fines, kg/m3 with 9% fines, kg/m3 with 10% fines, kg/m3
m3
2121.21 2044.90 2054.10 2037.89 1989.13 1978.56 1958.75

As indicated in Table 8 and Fig. 3, sugar cane bagasse ash can

replace up to ten percent of cement. There was a significant
increase in SCBA. Combinations of FA and SCBA, which replace
10% of the strength, have their strength reduced. After being made
for a total of 28 days, each kind of permeable concrete is next put
through the tests that are included in the standard for permeable
concrete. The results of these tests are given in Table 9 and
Fig. 4. Unit There is a significant difference in the weight of conven-
tional pervious concrete made with varying proportions of fine
aggregates and cementitious materials made from fly ash and
sugar cane bagasse ash. 8% maximum strength is developed by
adding fine aggregate
Fig. 5. Unit weight of pervious concrete of fine aggregates different percentages.
4. Conclusions

Table 11 The ratio of water to cement, the ratio of aggregate to cement,

Unit Weight of pervious concrete with replacement of cementitious of Fly Ash and
and the size of the coarse particles all influence the strength of
Sugar Cane Bagasse Ash.
the concrete when it is designed to be permeable. The mix design
Standard Pervious concrete Pervious concrete Pervious of permeable concrete must consider both the unit weight of the
pervious with 10% FA as with 10% SCBA as concrete with
concrete and the void ratio. A negative correlation exists between
concrete with 0% cement cement 10% FA and
fine aggregates, replacement, Kg/ replacement, Kg/ SCBA as, Kg/ the addition of up to 8% of particles and the compressive strength
kg/m3 m3 m3 m3 and permeability coefficient of pervious concrete.
2122.78 1938.72 1970.77 1941.11 The addition of fines to pervious concrete has been shown to be
the most efficient way to increase compressive strength when
compared to replacing cementitious components. The ability of
pervious concrete to let water through will go down if cementi-
tious parts are replaced and fine particles are added.

 Adding 5% fine granules to pervious concrete increases its ten-

Fig. 6. Unit Weight of pervious concrete with replacement of cementitious of Fly
Ash and Sugar Cane Bagasse Ash.
3.4. Discussions
Table 7 and Fig. 2 provide the maximum compressive strengths
after 7, 14, and 28 days for fine aggregates that have been
increased by 8%. The highest compressive strength after seven,
fourteen, and twenty-eight days of fly-ash replacement of cement
in 10% amounts is indicated in Table 8 and Fig. 3. The maximal
compressive strength after seven, fourteen, and twenty-eight days
sile strength by 4.36%. Adding 6% fine granules to pervious con-
crete increases its tensile strength by 6.69%. Adding 7% fine
granules to pervious concrete increases its tensile strength by
12.96%. Adding 8% granules to normal porous concrete
increases its flexural strength by over 14.57%. Adding 9% fine
granules to pervious concrete increases its tensile strength by
11.44%. 10 tiny granules add 8.59% flexural strength to pervious
concrete.
 The compressive strength of concrete sees an increase of 8.59
percentage points when 10% fly ash is employed in place of
cement in its composition.
 The concrete’s compressive strength increased by 13.62 per-
centage points when 10% SCBA was added in place of cement
in its composition.
 When typically, permeable concrete has 8% of fine particles
added to it, the coefficient of permeability decreases by
22.54%. The coefficient of permeability decreases by 51.96 per-
cent when particles accounting for 10 percent of the total vol-
ume are added to standard permeable concrete.

5
A. Supriya and K. Murali
 When 10% of the cement in regular pervious concrete is
replaced with fly ash, the coefficient of permeability goes down
by 42.15 percent.
 By replacing 10% of the cement in normal pervious concrete
with SCBA, the coefficient of permeability goes down by 48.03
percent.
 So, to meet the needs of the material’s compressive strength
and permeability, it is suggested that 8% fine aggregate be
added to pervious concrete.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Andhole Supriya: Conceptualization, Resources, Methodology,
Writing – original draft. K. Murali: Project administration, Supervi-
sion, Validation.
Data availability
The authors are unable or have chosen not to specify which data
has been used.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
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