Design Manual - Led

Vigyan Ashram
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DESIGN MANUAL
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(For private circulation only)
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CONTENTS
Chapter Name
Pg No.
Chapter 1 Introduction to LED

1.1
Introduction
1.2
What is LED
1.3
Light comparison table
1.4 Advantage and Disadvantage
Chapter 2 Basic Electric Concept

2.1
Current
2.2
Voltage
2.3
Resistor
2.4
Ohm's law
2.5
Power
2.6
Capacitor
2.7
Diode
2.8
Electric circuit
Chapter 3 LED Light units

3.1
Emergency lamp
3.2
Low power LED AC lamp
3.3
12v DC lamp
3.4
6v DC lamp
3.5
9v DC lamp
3.6
Torch
3.7
Torch using 6v
3.8
Small torch using 9v battery.
3.9
LED strip
3.10 Mobile charger
3.11 Microcontroller use to drive LEDs.
15
Chapter 4 Charging System

4.1
Grid power
4.2
Solar Power
4.3
Pedal Power
4.4
Battery charger
4.5
Solar charger
4.6
Pedal power charger
30
Chapter 5 Batteries
5.1
Introduction
5.2
Selection of batteries
5.3
Maintenance of batteries
5.4
Testing of batteries
35
Appendix

Electric bill calculation

Understanding resistor label

How to calculate resistor value

Internet resources for the LED

Batteries manufacturer

Battery wholesaler

Solar panel manufacturer

All type of electronic components wholesaler

Plastic cabinet wholesaler.
39
CHAPTER - 1
Introduction to LED
1.1 Introduction
Traditionally following types of lamps are used to convert electrical energy
into light energy.
1) Incandescent Lamp : Incandescent lamp uses tungsten filament. When
current is passed through filament a light is produced. The filament is
enclosed in an evacuated glass bulb filled with a gas such as argon, krypton,
or nitrogen that helps increase the brilliance of the lamp and also helps the
prevent the filament from burning out.
Intensity of light is measured by unit Lumens and Incandescent light gives
approximately 200 luminous flux (lm) light by 25W lamp. They are
commonly used as light source.
2) Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL) : This is also known as an energy saving
light bulb, is a type of fluorescent lamp that fits into a standard light bulb
socket or plugs. CFLs have a longer rated life and use less electricity.
CFLs typically save enough money in electricity costs to make up for
their higher initial price within about 500 hours of use. A 15 W CFL produce
the same amount of light as a 60 incandescent bulb (approximately 900
lumens or 60 lumens per Watt).
3) Neon Lamp : A neon lamp is a gas discharge lamp containing primarily
neon gas at low pressure. The term is also used for similar devices filled
with other noble gases, usually to produce different colors. A small electric
current which may be AC or DC, is passed through the tube, causing it to
glow orange - red.
4) Light Emitting diode (LED) : LEDs are special diodes that emit light.
LED devices are becoming popular because they consume very less power
than other light device. LEDs have been used in electronics circuit for
long time. They are available in red, yellow, green and multicolor and
mainly used as indicators in electronic devices.
But the new technological makes it possible to have white LEDs. Super
bright LEDs made it possible to get more light with very low power
consumption. Therefore now LEDs find its use as a light source.
LEDs are so far used in digital display , indicator on electronic instruments
like TV, Computer. But now they started finding application in making
bulb, torch, and emergency lamps, traffic signal, street lights and so on.
5
1.2
LED
LEDs are diode, which emits photons. They gives lights when current
is passed through them. Since it does not required heating of filament or gas, it
does not have the problem of burning out.
LED are shown by following symbol -
Circuit Symbol
Figure: super flux LED

Figure : Light Emitting Diode (LED)
Polarity of LED is indicated by size of its leads, lead with longer lead is
positive and lead with short length is negative. Super flux LED's one corner is
flat that is called negative.
6
1.3 Light comparison table

Following is the comparison of various lighting option. It clearly shows
white LED(WLED) are the most energy efficient and durable option.
Sr. Lamp type
No.
1 Efficiency
(Lumens/watt)
2 Rated Life
(Hours)
3 Durability
4
Power
consumption
Home made
kerosene
0.03
Incandescent Compact
Fluorescent
5-18
30-79
WLED
Supply of
kerosene
Fragile&
Dangerous
0.04-0.06
Liters/hour
1000
6500-15000
50000
Very Fragile
Very Fragile
Durable
5W
4W
1W
25-50
( S o u r c e : w w w. u s e r s . t p g . c o m . a u / u s e r s / r o b k e m p / P o w e r /
ConsumptionTables.htm www.thrive.in )
Advantages of using LED:
1) A Range of colors :- LED are available in variety of colours like a violet,
blue, yellow, green, orange, red and white.
2) Efficiency :- LED consumes very less energy they are very efficient than
incandescent bulb.
3) Low maintenance :- LED does not necessarily need maintenance. Their
rated life is 10000 hrs.
4) Durability :- LEDs are extremely resistance to shock, vibration.
5) The low operation voltage of LEDs eliminats sparks.
Disadvantage
1) The viewing angle is less.
2) Direct viewing into LED may damage your eyes.
CHAPTER - 2
Basic Electric Concepts

This chapter will introduce you to basic electric concepts such as current,
voltage, ohm's, power; AC and DC power supply etc.
2.1 Current
The amount of electrical charge (current) flowing through the conductor
is called Current. The unit of current is called the ampere (abbreviated amp or
A). Symbolized with an I.
Types of Current : There are two types of current.
1) Direct current and
2) Alternating Current.
1) Direct current (DC): DC current always flow in one direction and its
direction and rating always remain the same .
The current we get from the cells or batteries is DC Current. It has
fixed polarities i.e +ve and -ve terminals.
2) Alternating Current (AC): The electric current whose direction and rating
is always changing is called A.C. The number of such changes in one
second is called frequency. In India we get 50 HZ frequency.
Measuring current
Remember following steps, while measuring currents.
1) Please checks if you have selected appropriate scale of current on
multi-meter. following are conversion units.
0.1A= 100MA
1000 micro Amp. (UA) = 1 Mili Ampere (MA)
1000 Mili Ampere (MA) = 1 Ampere.
1000 Ampere (A) = 1Kilo Ampere (KA)
2) The current is always measured in series.
Figure 2.1 Current measure

8
3)
Ensure multi-meter switch is on DC current position, then connect red

probe of multi-meter to positive terminal and black probe to other terminal
as shown in the figure.
2.2 Voltage
Voltage is defined as the amount of energy required to move a unit of
electrical charge (current) from one place to another. Voltage is represented by
symbol V. We get 230V AC supply in our homes. Standard pencil cell batteries
used in the torch/radio are 1.5V DC.
Measuring voltage
Remember following steps, while measuring voltage.
1) Please check if you have selected appropriate scale of voltage on multimeter. Following are the conversions
1000 Micro Volt (V) = 1 Mili Volt (MV)
1000 Mili Volt (MV) = 1 Volt (V)
1000 Volt (V) = 1 Kilo Volt (KV)
Above values are indicated on multi-meter. The high voltage values are
used in Power station.
2) The voltage is always measured in parallel or across the load.
Figure 2.2 Voltage measure

3) Ensure multi-meter switch is on DC voltage position, then connect red
probe of multi-meter to positive terminal and black probe to other terminal
as shown in the figure.
2.3 Resistor
Resistor is electrical device that act to limit current flow in the circuit and
at the same time lowers voltage levels within circuits.
The resistor represent by (R)
The symbol of a resistor used in circuit is shown below
Figure: - circuit symbol
9
Figure :- Resistor
The unit of resistor is = ohm
Resistors are very small in size. Their value is indicated by color codes
printed on it.
Resistors are used in electronic circuits to limit current as well as voltage.
2.4 Ohm's Law
Ohm found out that the current flowing through the conductor is directly
proportional to the voltage applied to it. The relation between voltage and current
flowing through it is shown by the formula.
V=IR
I= V/R
R=V/I
Figure 2.4 Ohm's Law Concept

Ohms law is useful to find out the unknown parameter in the circuit if the
value of any two of the three (V, I, R) is known.
2.5 Power
Electrical power is defined as the rate at which electrical energy is supplied
to a circuit or consumed by a load.
Power (P) = Voltage (V)* Current (I)
P = V*I
The electric potential difference (V) and the current (I)
Power is measured in Wattage. It is represented by P.
1000W = 1 Kilo Watt (KW)
1000KW= 1 Mega Watt (MW)
10
If 100W is printed on the bulb that means that is consumes 100W power
per hour.
P = V*I
100 = 230*I
I
= 100/230
= 0.44 A
2.6 Capacitor
Function of capacitor is to store electrical energy and give it again to the
circuit, whenever required. When voltage is applied to a capacitor. It stores
charge on its plate. One side stores positive charge and other plate stores negative
charge
Symbol for a capacitor is shown below.
Figure 2.5 Capacitor symbol

The capacity of capacitor to store electric charge is known as capacitance.
It is denoted by C. Capacitance is measured in Farad, but Farad is very large
unit. The smaller units are Micro Farad (uF), Neno Farad (nF), and Pico Farad
(PF). The value of capacitor is printed on it.
Polarity of capacitors can be identified by negative sign printed on the
capacitor. It can be identified from the length of its lead. Longer lead indicated
positive terminal and shorter lead negative terminal. In ceramic capacitors
polarities are not pre defined, you can connect any terminal to any lead.
Electrolytic
Ceramic
Figure 2.6 : symbol and symbol of capacitor
Applications
Capacitors are used for following purposes in LED circuits
1) They are used to store temporary charge.
11
2) It blocks the flow of DC voltage and permits the flow of AC voltage.

3) It bypasses (grounds) the unwanted frequencies in emergency lights.
2.7 Diode
Diode is a device which allows flow of current only in one direction.
When positive voltage is given to the anode and negative voltage given to the
cathode, the diode is in forward bias and this means diode will allow current to
flows. When we give negative voltage to anode then diode is in reverse bias
condition this means diode restricts flow of current.
The symbol of diode is given below.
Figure 2.7: circuit symbol

Negative terminal of diode is indicated by white ring.
Testing diode on multi-meter
Diode gives voltage drop of 0.6V. Follow following steps to test diode on
multimeter
i) Select 'diode' position on multi-meter.
ii) Connect red probe of multi-meter to positive terminal (anode) of diode
and black probe of multi-meter to negative terminal of the diode. If we get
0.6volt on multimeter, then diode in working condition.
Application:
Diode are used in circuits to convert ac voltage to dc voltage e.g.: ac/dc
power supply, voltage regulator circuit.
Battery connection:
1) Series connection
Figure 2.8: - battery connect in series

12
Two or more batteries are connected in series to get more voltage. In this
connection voltage increases but current flowing through the circuit remains
constant.
V = v1+v2+v3+.
The one cell voltage is 1.5v; if we connect three cells in series then we get
total voltage as given below.
V = v1+v2+v3
= 1.5+1.5+1.5
= 4.5 volts
This is total out put voltage from the series circuit.
2) Parallel connection
Figure 2.9 :- battery connect in parallel

When two or more batteries are connected in parallel form as shown in
the figure. Then voltage remains the same. Current flowing through the circuit
increases.
I= I1+I2+I3
2.8 Electric Circuits
An electric circuit can be categorized as Basic circuits, parallel circuits
and series and parallel combination circuits.
1) Basic Circuits:-
Figure 2.10: - LED connect on battery

When the 3v battery is connected to the single load/LED then the current
will flow from positive terminal through load to the negative terminal of the
battery. Suppose you don't connect load (LED) to the battery then current will
not flow from the battery.
13
2) Series Circuit:-
Figure 2.11 :- Increase voltage level

A load are connected one after the other to forms a series circuit. The
current flowing through all loads in a series will be the same. Series connection
needs more voltage.
3) Parallel Circuits:-
Figure 2.12: - Increase current capacity

When LED bulb/load are connected in parallel they will glow brightly
with same voltage but more current will be drawn from the battery and battery
will get discharged fast. The current from the battery will get divided equally
into each of the three branches in this arrangement. This means three times the
amount of current will flow from the battery. i.e I = I1 + I2 + I3
4) Combination of series and parallel:-
Figure 2.13: LED connected in series and parallel combination

It combines both features of series and parallel circuits. The circuits
explained above will be used depending on our need. The type of application
connected to the battery will decide how fast the battery will gets discharged.
14
CHAPTER - 3
LED Lighting units

After studying basic electrical terms and electronics component needed to
make LED lighting units. We will learn to assemble LED lights. These chapters
will introduce you with standard LED circuits tested at vigyan ashram. You can
purchase components as per the part list and starts manufacturing LED lights.
You will need following tools before starting assembling LEDs.
1) Soldering gun 25 W 2) Flux
3) Soldering wire
4) Cutter
5) Wire striper
6) Multimeter
7) Nose plier
Remember circuits given in the chapter are made with a objective that local
electrician from village can assemble LED lights himself. He can also make
decorative items based on application of LEDs.
Procedure for making circuits :
i) We are given label in part list to all component such as Resistor R, Capacitor
C, Diode D, and LED L.
ii) Take components as per given part list.
iii) Identify polarity of all components and then mount on Printed Circuit
Board (PCB) as per given circuit diagram.
iv) Soldering procedure :
a) Clean the lead
b) Apply flux
c) Take metal
d) Point to solder (be careful)
e) Soldering wire, remover insulating cover with the help of pliers.
v) Fit the casing and switch properly in the unit. Look at the circuit and
shape of casing carefully. Standard casing can be purchased from market
or from Vigyan Ashram. Standard PCBs for the LEDs are available Vigyan
Ashram.
3.1 : Emergency Lamp
Introduction
This circuit consumes very less power than CFL lamp and incandescent
lamp. The lamp takes 8 hours for battery to get charged and gives 28 hrs
backup.
15
Figure 3.1: - Emergency Lamp

Part list
Component name
Diode D1 -D3
LED L1- L10
Resistor R1
Switch
Battery
Transformer
PCB
LED L
Wire
Value
1N 4007
Super flux LED
470 ohm
SPST
6v (4.5AH) Sealed
lead acid battery
9-0-9 v and 1 Ampere output
Circle and square shape
Green
Multi strand
Quantity
3
10
1
1
1
1
1
1
2 meter
Working of emergency lamp

In the emergency lamp 9v charger is used for charging. 6v battery can't
be charged with 6v so we have provided a 9v charger. In the lamp single pole
single throw (SPST) switch is used for switching lamp ON. This lamp is designed
to give 28 hrs backup.
It is advisable not to charge battery more than 8 hours because that affects
battery life or there are more chances for damage of battery.
16
Features
1) It is operates on 6V (4.5AH) battery.
2) Low power consumption. Consumes up to 0.5watt.
3) It gives backup for 28 hours.
4) It can be used by hawkers who do business in late evening.
Power calculation For Emergency Lamp

Total LEDs used in emergency lamp are 10.
Given Input voltage V = 6V
Current drawn {measured on multimeter reading} I = 0.08A
P = V*I
P = 6V * 0.08 A
P = 0.48 W approximately 0.5 W
Power consumed by emergency lamp is 0.5 W.
3.2: LED AC Lamp
Introduction
This lamp uses two circuits, one converts AC voltage into DC voltage and
second is LEDs circuit. One
disadvantage of this circuit is 6 LEDs
are in series and if one gets burnt then
whole circuit stops functioning. It can
be used as a night lamp or as a light
source in place kerosene lantern is
used. This lamp can be used directly
into 230V AC sockets.
Figure 3.2: Low power LED

lamp operates on 230v.
17
Part List
Sr.No. Component name
1
LED L1- L6
2
Diode D1 to D4
3
Capacitor C1
C2
4
Resistor R1
R2
5
6
PCB
Wire
Value
Super flux LED
1N4007
474k (250v)
22Uf (63v)
470k0hm
330 ohm
Multi strand
Quantity
6
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
Working:
230 volt AC input is given to the circuit. Current and voltage is reduced
and is given to diode bridge circuit. The diode bridge circuit's main function is
to its convert AC voltage into DC voltage and that DC volt is given to LEDs.
The LEDs are connected in combination of series and parallel.
Features
1) It operates on 230v AC. 2) Low power consumption up to 1 watt.
Application:
1) Use as night lamp.
2) It can also be used where less light is needed. E.g. -: Toilets
3) More use full at the time of loadsheding in rural areas.
3.3: 12v DC Lamp
This lamp runs on 12V battery and can be used in solar application. At
Vigyan ashram we have installed these lamp systems using 12 v, 7.5AH battery.
We get backup of 21hrs for two lamps. It consumes 2 Watts of power.
18
Figure 3.3: DC lamp (12 Volts)

Part List
Sr.No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Component name
LED L1-L9
Diode D1
Lead acid Battery
PCB
Wire
Resistor R
Value
Super flux LED
1N4007
12v (7.5AH)
Circle diameter 1.65"
Multi strand
10 ohm 2W
Quantity
9
1
1
1
1
1
3.4 : 6v DC lamp
The input 6v is given to the parallel and series combination of LEDs. This
circuit does not need diode because one LED requires 3 Volts therefore two
LED in series connection require 6v. When one lamp is connected to the battery
we can get a backup of 54 hours. This system gets fully charged in 8 hours. The
circuits consumes to 0.5Watt power.
Figure 3.4 :- DC lamp operate on 6v battery

19
Part List
Sr.No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Component name
LED L1-L6
Lead acid battery
PCB
Wire
Diode D1
Resistor R
Value
Super flux LED
6v & 4.5AH
Multi strand
IN4007
10 ohm (2w)
Quantity
6
1
1
"
1
1
3.5 : 9v DC Lamp
Input 9v is given to the series and parallel combination of LED circuit.
These circuits do not need diode. The three LEDs are connected in series;
therefore input voltage required is 9v. The number of LEDs connected in series
depends upon battery voltage. This lamp light can run continuously about 45
hours and consumes up to 1.5w power.
Figure 3.5: 9v DC lamp

Part List
Sr.No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Component name
LED L1-L6
PP3 battery
PCB
Wire
Switch
Resister R
Diode D
Value
Super flux LED
9v
Multi strand
SPST
10 ohm (2w)
IN4007
20
Quantity
6
1
1
"
1
1
1
3.6 Torch
Introduction
This torch use for general purpose. This torch use two cells, if we want
more brightness then connect three cells and one diode connect in series. With
two cells we get 3V supply and with three cells, we can get 4.5V supply. Torch
works continuously for 50 hrs.
Figure : parallel connection for torch
Figure 3.6: parallel connection for torch

21
For two cells (3V) Part List

Sr.No.
1
2
3
4
Component name
LED
Cell
PCB
Wire
Value
White BBR 5mm
1.5v
1.5" diameter
Multistrand
Quantity
12
2
1
meter
For three cells (4.5V) Part List

Sr.No.
1
2
3
4
5
Component name
LED
Cell
PCB
Wire
Diode D
Value
White BBR 5mm
1.5v
1.5" diameter
Multistrand
1N4007
Features
1) It operates on 3V and 4.5v.
2) Low power consumption. It Consumes up to 0.8 watt.
3) It gives backup for 50 hours.
3.7 : Torch using Series and Parallel connection
3.7 : Torch using Series and Parallel connection

22
Quantity
12
3
1
meter
1
Part List
Sr.No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Component name
Diode D1-D3
LED L1-L20
Resistor R1
Switch
Lead acid Battery
Transformer
Value
1N 4007
White BBR 5MM
470 ohm
SPDT
6v (4.5AH)
9-0-9 v and 1 Ampere output
PCB
LED L
Wire

Green
Multistrand
Features
1) It operates on 6v lead acid battery.
2) Backup of 25 hrs.
3) It is consumes 0.7watt power.
3.8 : Small Torch
Figure 3.8 :- torch using 9v battery

23
Quantity
3
20
1
1
1
1
1
1
2 meter
Part List
Value
Quantity
1
LED (White) or super flux
White in 10 mm
2
2
Dry battery
9v
1
3
Resistor
10 ohm
1
4
Switch
SPST
1
5
Plastic box
--1
Feature:1) It continuously runs for 50 hrs. 2) It takes very less power up to 0.8w.
3.9 : LED strip
LED strip can be used as tube light or it can also be used as lights for two
wheelers. While assembling you can make a LED strip with all LEDs connected
in series. Care should taken while doing the connections. Positive of one LED
should not be connected to positive of other LED in series connection. Secondly,
you can make AC to DC converter circuit. Also carefully observe the diode and
capacitor polarity while mounting them on PCB board as per given circuit
diagram.
22uf and 160v capacitor is used in the circuit to increase voltage level and
give this to 35 LEDs. Only 50 LEDs connect in series this is very important
thing in this circuit. One drawback of the circuit is that if one LED gets burned
in the circuit then the whole strip will not work. That time you have to check
every single LED to detect faulty one.
Figure 3.9:- LED strip operate on 230 volt.

24
Part List
Sr.No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Component name
LED L1-L35
Diode D1 to D4
Capacitor C1
C2
Resistor R1
R2
PCB
Wire
Value
Super Flux LED
1N4007
474k (250v)
22Uf (160v)
470k0hm
330 ohm
multistrand
Quantity
35
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
3.10 Mobile chargers using pedal power

A mobile phone can be charged using following circuit with the cycle
dynamo. A standard dynamo of 12v and 500mA output is use 12v output is
step down up to 5.9v and 400mA is given to the cell phone.
Figure: 3.10 - Mobile charger using pedal power

25
Pin configuration of IC 7806
Part List
Value
1
LED
White BBR 5MM
2
Diode D1 to D4
1N4007
3
Capacitor C1
1000uf (25v)
C2
0.1uf
4
Resistor
R1
1 k0hm
5
PCB
Square 1.5*2''
6
Wire
multistrand
7
IC (Voltage regulator)
7806
8
Dynamo or (12v ac motor) 12v& 500mA
Quantity
1
4
1
1
1
1
meter
1
1
Features:1) You can charge battery without grid power.

2) Battery charge within 1 hr.
3) Output from circuit is 5.9v with 400mA.
3.11 Microcontroller use for to drive LEDs
We load program in microcontroller IC and then to drive LEDs also you
can different type of to drive LEDs such as running lighting, flashing, and
continuous ON etc. use microcontroller
Advantage is program can be change in number of time. We use AVR
microcontroller and in this microcontroller program loaded by using AVR studio
(cross compiler) software also required hardware (evolution board). First you
can write program in any editor such as notepad, WordPad and programmer
notepad, and then program to run in AVR studio and then burn in the IC. You
can download AVR Studio software www.atmel.com on this web site.
26
figure 3.11 : Super flux LED running lighting using AVR Microcontroller.
Part List
Value
1
LED L1-L4
White BBR 10MM or super flux
2
Capacitor C1
0.1uf
C2
0.1uf
3
Resistor R1
510 0hm
R2
560 ohm
R3
68 ohm
4
PCB
Square
6
Wire
multistand
7
IC (AVRMicrocontroller)
ATmega 8L
8
Battery (pp3)
9v
9
IC base
40 or 28 pin
Pin configuration of IC ATmega 8L
27
Quantity
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
meter
1
1
1
Program for IC ATmega8L

We write Program in assembly language, also you can write another
program in assembly or c language.
// program in assembly language for to running LED lighting //
.include "m8def.inc"
.cseg
.org 0
ldi r18, low(RAMEND)
out SPL, r18
ldi r18, high(RAMEND)
out SPH, r18
ldi r16, 0b11110000
out DDRD, r16
loop:
ldi r16, 0b01110000
out PORTD, r16
rcall delay
ldi r16, 0b10111000
out PORTD, r16
rcall delay
28
ldi r16, 0b11010000

out PORTD, r16
rcall delay
ldi r16, 0b11100000
out PORTD, r16
rcall delay
ldi r16, 0b11010000
out PORTD, r16
rcall delay
ldi r16, 0b10110000
out PORTD, r16
rcall delay
rjmp loop
delay:
ldi r20, 200
again:
delay1:
ldi r21,200
not_yet:
delay2:
ldi r22, 10
again1:
dec r22
brne again1
dec r21
brne not_yet
dec r20
brne again
ret
Features:1) It takes very less power to drive LEDs.
2) The output from microcontroller is very less about 20 mA.
3) The constant voltage provide to LEDs.
4) You can change in program number of times.
Applications:1) to drive the LEDs.
2) The keyboard interfacing on the LCD screen.
3) To drive the motors.
29
CHAPTER - 4
Charging System
Different sources of power can be used to power LED lights. Following
are common sources of power to charge batteries :1) Grid Power
2) Solar Power 3) Pedal Power
.
4.1 Grid Power
Electric supply from Electricity Company is 230V AC. But all electronics
component needs DC supply. To charge batteries from 230AC , a charging
circuit is required to convert 230v AC into DC.
Figure 4.1 Battery charge using grid power

4.2 Solar Power
Batteries can be charged using solar panel. This system is very use full for
remote areas tribal areas.
Figure 4.2 :- Block Diagram of Charge battery from solar Panel

Selection of solar panel
You need low LED bulb for 3 hrs a day. This means your power requirement
is 30watt per day.
Normally assume you will get 6 hrs of good quality sunlight in a day.
i.e. you need solar panel which will give 5W of power.
Power (p)
= Battery voltage * current
30
= 6v * current
30
5A
= Current
This means we will need battery of 6v and 5AH.
Table : Different battery charging current rate
Sr.no Battery type
Battery
voltage
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Seal lead acid

Seal Lead acid
Lead acid
Lead acid
AA (alarm cell)
Polymer (mobile
battery)
PP3 (use in
multi-meter )
Battery
current
6v
12v
12v
12v
1.5V
3.6v
Cutoff
voltage
rating
4.5 AH 5.2V
7.5 AH 10.2V
32AH
10.2V
65 AH
10.2V
180mAH 720mAH 2.1V
Over
charge
voltage
6.4V
12.4V
12.4V
12.4V
1.6V
3.8V
Battery
charging
current rate
750mA
1 AMP
3 AMP
5 AMP
30mAMP
180mAMP
9v
800mAH 7.2V
9.4V
180mAH
4.3 Pedal power

A normal human being is capable of generating 60W of power. In the past
it was not feasible to use human power to light filament lamps. Since it requires
more power . But since LED consumes very little power, its possible to use
human power for lighting application.
Figure 4.3: - pedal power generator

A Permanent Magnet Generator of 1200-1500 RPM, 6Amp, 12V is suitable
for installing on monowheel cycle as shown in the figure. A flywheel is attached
to the front wheel to take of variations in pedaling. Such generators can be
ordered from Vigyan ashram.
31
AC alternators used in the automobiles requires high RPM and due to

induction it becomes heavier to pedal them. Therefore they are not directly
suitable for this application.
A cycle dynamo which can be fitted on normal bicycle gives 6W and
0.5Amp. It can be used for small power application.
Following circuit are to control voltage and current for different power
systems.
4.4 Battery Charger
As discussed above for charging batteries from solar/wind/grid or pedal
power, we need charger. Battery charger will be different depending on the
input and output voltage. The circuit's shows charger to charge batteries for
grid power.
Circuit 1 : Input 230V AC, to charge 6V battery
Figure 4.4 :- Battery charger for 6v battery.

32
Part List
1
Diode D1-D3
2
Resistors R1
R2
4
LED L1
5
Transformer
6
PCB
7
Wire
Value
1N4007
220 ohm
470 ohm
Green 5mm
9-0-9 (1A)
2*4 cm
Multistrand
Quantity
3
1
1
1
1
1
1 meter
In this charger transformer is used of 9-0-9v with 1A output. Feature of

this charger is indicates mains ON, low battery indication. This charger is only
compatible for 6v (4.5AH) batteries.
4.5 Solar panel
In the market different type of solar panel available any solar panel need
power diode their meaning is current rating of diode become up to 6 Ampere,
these are use for reveres current protection from battery. When current draw
from solar will stop that time current supply from solar panel therefore diode
need for solar panel.
Figure : 4.5 Connection for solar panel
33
4.6 Pedal power

If you use alternator then need power diode bridge because alternator output
get AC , we required DC voltage for battery charging. The diode convert AC
voltage into DC voltage. If you use DC generator then didn't need four diode
only use one diode for do not reveres current flow from battery.
Figure 4.6 : Connection for pedal power

Part List
Sr.No.
1
2
3
Component name
Diode D1-D4
Battery
DC generator
Value
1N5408
12v& 65AH
12 v & 5A
34
Quantity
4
1
1
CHAPTER - 5
Batteries
5.1 Introduction
It is important to known basic about batteries and their maintenance. An
electrochemical battery or more precisely a cell is a device which converts
chemical energy into electricity energy. Dry cell or battery used in the torch or
radio having one time use is example of "primary" cell. In secondary cell, the
chemical reaction can be reversed repeatedly. Charging and discharging of cell
is possible. Chargeable batteries are example of "secondary" cell.
Connections : Batteries can be connected in series and parallel depending
on requirement of voltage and current.
Figure 5.1 Battery Connect in Series and Parallel

5.2 Selection of Batteries
Selection of battery based on application (discuss, what about Ni Cd )
35
No.
Applications
Battery capacity
Radio
l.5v
AAA Cell
Lamp
6v
Seal Lead acid
Torch
9v
PP3 battery
Emergency torch
6v
Seal Lead acid
Mobile
3.6v
Name of Battery
Polymer
The Ni Cd (Nickel Cadmium) is material use in PP3 9v general purpose

battery. The PP3 means it use for portable device.
All type of information get about battery give this link: www.answers.com
How to select correct battery for your work.
First of all, you must get to know your device.
What is device's input voltage (V)
What is its power consumption (wattage).
What is maximum current drain (A).
What is your expected running time by a battery?
i) Decide battery voltage : Battery pack voltage must be equal or a little higher
than your device voltage need. For an exact voltage, which battery pack
cannot provide a DC-DC regulator circuit is used. The battery voltage need
for UPS is 12v and 7.5AH, for emergency lamp is need 6v and 4.5AH etc.
ii) Decide battery packs capacity (mAh or AH) : The primary cell capacities
indicated in mili Ampere hour (mAh) and secondary cell capacity indicate
in Ampere Hours (AH). This indicated amount of current battery can give
for one hour. For e.g. 80Amp-hr battery can give 80Amp current for 1 hr.
Battery capacity is depended on how much device's wattage and how long
you need to run your device (hours).
Which can be calculated as the follows?
(AH) = Device's wattage (W) * Time to run (Hours) A
Battery Voltage
For Example : For calculating battery capacity to use 9 watts LED device
for 10 hours with 12V battery. Battery capacity is calculated as follows :
Battery voltage is 12v,
Time = 10 hours and device's wattage = 9w.
You can calculate current capacity of battery by using given formula as
the follows:
(AH) = Device's wattage (W) * Time to run (Hours)
Battery Voltage
AH = 10 * 10 / 12
AH = 7.5
36
Battery of 7.5AH current capacity is required.

Before ordering batteries you must pay attention on maximum

discharging rating on the specification or description.
You must find out maximum discharging current of the device. If

its not available it can be measured by a multi-meter.
Maximum discharge rate printed on batteries must be higher than

needed by device.
Secondary cell
Primary cell
5.3 Maintenance of Batteries

Avoid over charge and over discharge of batteries. This will increase battery
life.
For sealed maintenance free lead acid batteries, no need to worry about
distill water level only ensure you have battery protection circuit and you
should keep minimum hours for battery charge.
For normal lead acid batteries, check distill water level. The distill water
level check by gravity meter.
Insert gravity meter into battery liquid. Distill water in the battery will be
absorbed by gravity meter. If distill water indicate on gravity meter 10.2mm
for 12v battery then battery is discharged. If levels on gravity meter indicate
12.2mm then battery is fully charged.

Battery life will increase if you check and maintain distill water level after
every 3 month.
Safety Precautions

According to electric appliance indication please connect battery positive
pole and Negative pole correctly.

Do not charge primary battery i.e. Dry cell.

Do not heat or disassemble the battery even put it into fire or water.

If finding exceptional conditions, such as leakage, crack, please stop using
the battery immediately.
37
Always use charger with automatic power cut-off function when battery
is full.
Never use NiMH battery charger for Li-ion battery pack, it will cause
battery exploded.

Always charge your battery with attention.
5.4 Testing of Batteries
Overcharge
Under charge (over discharge)
Over Charge
The full charged battery voltage is 12.6v for 12v batteries. When battery
voltage reach up to 12.6v then battery charging should be stopped immediately.
This is maximum cut off point for fully charged battery.
For 6v batteries, their cut off voltage is 6.4v.
Over Discharge
When voltage level goes down below cut off voltage, battery is called
over discharge. For 12v batteries cut off point is 10.2v. For 6v batteries cut off
point is 5.2v.
Batteries should not be used below cut off point voltage.
38
APPENDIX
Electric Bill Calculation
To calculate electrical bill by using KWH method. KWH = Kilo Watt
Hours
KW = kilo watt
H = Hour
1000 mw = 1 W
1000 W = 1 KW
Formula = 1000W * 1 H = 1 unit
Kilo Watt * Hour * Day = unit * Rate = Bill
If 1000 watt is consumed by any equipment in hour then 1 unit of electricity
gets consumed.
Example : If 4 Tube light are ON for 8 hours a day and per tube light electricity
consumption is 40W, 12 bulbs are ON for 2 hours per day and per bulb
consumption is 200W and 1 LED lamp is ON for 12 hours a day and consumes
2W power. Then you can calculate using above data electricity bill for one month.
Per day power consumption
1) Tube lights : 4 tube lights* 40 Watt per tube * 8 hrs per day = 1280 W
2) Bulbs :12 bulbs * 200 Watt per bulb * 2 hrs per day = 4800W
3) LED Lamp : 1 lamp * 2 Watt per lamp * 12 hrs a day = 24 W
Total power consumption per day = 1280 + 4800 + 24 = 6104 Watt
Power consumption in 30 days in a month = 6104 * 30 = 183120 watt
i.e 183120 / 1000 = 183.12 KW
Understanding Resistor Label
Metal Oxide and carbon film :
* 4-Band
39
How to calculate resistor value

Color
Red
Values from Table
2
Green
5
Orange
3
Gold
5%
Resistor (R) = 25*1000(1K) = 25000 = 25Kohm and 5% tolerance

Colour Map
Black Brown Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Violet Grey White
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
You can calculate resistors values from above table.
Internet resources for the LED
The following web sites provide useful information about LED.
1) www.kwalityindia.com
2) www.globalsources.com
3) www.superbrightleds.com
4) www.ledsupply.com
5) www.eled.com
6) www.globalspec.com
7) www.howstuffwork.com
8) www.electronics-lab.com
9) www.candlepowerforums.com
Batteries Manufacturer
1) M.S. Enterprises
Address : 14/4 Anand Industrial Estate, Anand Nagar, Bhosari, Pune-26.
Tel.No. : 20-27124324
2) Sanvin Enterprises
Address : 408/1, Gultewadi, Swargate, Pune-Satara Rd., Pune-37.
Tel.No. : 20-24267182 / 24272049
Battery Wholesaler
1) Alight Enterprises
Address : 508 Budhwar Peth, Opp. Trao Shop Lane, Pune.
Solar Panel Manufacturing
2) Ecosolar Systems (India) Ltd.
Address : 177a/2, Pune-Sinhgad Rd.,Parvati, Pune-30.
Tel. No. : 20-4336999/4330442
3) Machinocraft (pune) Pvt. Ltd.
Address : 15/4A, Vasudeo Estate, pune satara rd, Pune-43.
Tel. No. : 020-4371457
4) Bonduct Processors Pvt. Ltd.
Address : Prerana 21, 44/2 Amar Soc., Erandwara, Pune-4.
Tel. No. : 020-5437843.
All type of electronic components wholesaler
1) Pioneer Electronics
Address : 508 Budhwar Peth, Opp. Lane of Dena Bank, Pune-02.
40
Tel. No. 020-24458257, Fax- 24495336

Email : pioneer_tech@vsnl.net
Web : www.pioneerpune.info
2) Trinity Electronics
Address : Soba Market, Ground floor, 463/64,Budhawar Peth, Pune.
Tel. No. : 020- 66019647
Email : trinitieelectronic@hotmail.com
3) Gala Electronics (VEGAKIT available )
Address : 20, 1st Floor Kalpana Building,
357, Lamington Road, Mumbai-07.
Tel. No. : 022-23879562, 23854510, 23823550
Email : vega63@vsnl.com
Web : www.vegakitindia.com
Plastic cabinet wholesaler
1) Monoj Trading Corporation.
Address : Shop No. 14, Soba Market, 463 Budhwar peth, Pune-02.
Tel. No. : 020-24483964, Mobile: - 9822421042.
2) Hemil Plastics
Address : 1019, Budhwar peth, Opp. Shukarwar Peth Police Chowki Lane,
Opp. Shrinath Talkies, Pune-2.
Tel. No. : 020-24472146
4.8 Comparisons
In the given table the incandescent, CPL and LED lamp light out put is
same of 200 luminous flux (lm), but power consumption is different CFL
consume 1 4 watt power than incandescent bulb and LED lamp consume 13
watt power than CFL.
The 60w bulb light out put is 600 to 700 (lm) same luminous output from
CFL & LED Lamp but power consumption is different.
Sr.no
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Luminous flux
light output
200 lm
450 lm
600-700 lm
950 lm
1200 lm
1600 lm
1900 lm
Incandescent
CFL
LED Lamp
25W
40W
60W
75W
100W
125W
150W
5-6 W
8W
14W
18-20W
20-25W
26-30W
35-42W
1.8-2W
6W
12W
-
We have made CFL at Vigyan Ashram in Pabal. It is features such as,

when burn PL tube that time you can easily replace, the one of the component
burn in CFL lamp that component can be easily available in the market.
41
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1. EbBS>r {X`mMr H$me ngad`mMm H$moZ H$_r AgVmo.
2. EbBS>r {X`mH$S>o OmVdoi EH$Q>H$ nm{h`mg S>mi
o mZm Anm` hmoD$ eH$Vmo.
46
H$aU Xwgao
BbopQ>H$b_Yrb _yb^yV gH$nZm

`m H$aUm_ò AmnUmg BbopQ>H$b_Yrb {d{dY gH$nZm CXm. {dwVdmh (H$aQ>), hmoQ>O
o
(hmoQ>O
o ), Amoh_Mm {Z`_, {dwV eVr VgoM E.gr. (AC) d S>r.gr. (DC) {dwVdmh `m{df`r
AmnU _m{hVr H$$Z KoUma AmhmoV.
2.1 {dwVdmh (H$aQ>)
Oohm {dwVdmhH$ VmaoMo EH$ Q>mHo $ {dwVmoVm`m YZ {dwV ^mamg d Xwgao Q>mHo $ F$U ^mamg
OmoS>Vmo. Vohm {dwVdmhH$ VmaoVZy BboQ>mZo `m F$U Q>mHo $mH$Sy>Z YZ Q>mHo $mH$S>o hmoUm`m dhZmbm {dwVdmh
Ago hUVmV. {dwVdmhmMo EH$H$ AnrAa ho Amho. {dwVdmh I `m gmH$o {VH$ {MhmZo XmI{dVmV.
{dwVdmhmMo H$ma :
1) S>r.gr. {dwVdmh> (Direct Currect - DC) : dmhH$mVyZ {dwVdmhm`m EH$mM {XeoZo hmoUm`m
dhZmbm S>r.gr. {dwVdmh hUVmV. amgm`{ZH$ CO}Mo {dwVCO}V nmVa hmoVmZm S>r.gr. > {dwVdmh
{Z_mU hmoV.o VgoM O{ZmXdmao gwXm S>r.gr. {dwVdmh {Z_mU H$aVm òV.o S>r.gr. {dwVdmhmMm
hmoQ>O
o ~XbVm òV Zmhr. ao{S>Amo, Q>mM
B`mXrgmR>r S>r.gr. {dwVdmh dmnaVmV. S>r.gr. >{dwVdmh
AmnUmg ~Q>ar VgoM gobXdmao {_iVo.
{dwV n[anWmMo aoImQ>Z H$aVmZm `m {dwVdmhmMm moV Imbrb {MhmZo XmI{dVmV. `mnH$s C^r
_moR>r aofm hUOo YZ Ydw d C^r bhmZ aofm hUOo F$U Ydw XedVo.
2) E.gr.{dwVdmh (Alternating Current - AC) : R>am{dH$ H$mbmdYrZVa dmhH$mVyZ dmhUm`m

{dwVdmhmMr dhZmMr {Xem ~XbVo d {VMo dhZ CbQ>gb
w Q> {XeoZo hmoV.o Aem {dwVdmhmbm
E.gr.{dwVdmh Ago hUVmV. O{ZmXdmao {Z_mU hmoUmar {dwVdmh E.gr.{dwVdmh AgVmo.
E.gr.{dwVdmhmMm hmoQ>oO ghOnUo H$_r-A{YH$ H$aVm òVmo. Amn`m KamV AmnU Or
E.gr.{dwVdmh dmnaVmo. {VMm hmoQ>O
o 230 hmoQ> BVH$m AgVmo. d {VMr dmadmaVm Xa goH$ Xmbm
50 hQ>P
BVH$s AgVo.
230 AC Voltage
{dwV n[anWmMo aoImQ>Z H$aVmZm E.gr.{dwVdmhmMm moV Imbrb {MhmZo XmI{dVmV.
{dwVdmh H$er _moOmdr ?
{dwVdmh _moOVmZm Imbrb Jmo>r bjmV R>do m`mV.
1) W_ _Q>r_rQ>ada {dwVdmhmMo `mo` Ho$b {ZdS>mdo d ZVa {dwVdmh _moOmdm.
0.1 AnrAa (A) = 100 {_br AnrAa (mA)
1000 _m`H$moA nrAa (A) = 100 {_br AnrAa (mA)
1000 {_br AnrAa (mA) = 1 AnrAa (A)
1000 AnrAa (A) = 1 {H$bmo AnrAa (KA)
47
2) {dwVdmh (H$aQ>) _moOVmZm, _Q>r_rQ>a Zoh_r {dVn[anWm_ò EH$ga nXVrZo (goarO) OmoS>mdm.
bmb dmà
_Q>r_rQ>a
~Q>ar
H$mir dmà
AmH$Vr 2.1 : {dwVdmh (H$aQ>) _moOUo.

3) BboQ>m{ZH$ {dwV n[anWm_Yrb (g{H$Q>) dmhUmar {dwVdmh (H$aQ>) _moOVmZm _Q>r_rQ>aMo
~Q>Z Zoh_r DC H$aQ> da R>do mdo Am{U ZVa _Q>r_rQ>a`m bmb dmàMo Q>mHo $ YZ AJmg d H$mim
dmàMo Q>mHo $ F$U AJmg OmoS>mdo. (darb AmH$VrV XmI{d`m_mUo)
2.2 hmoQ>O
o (Voltage)
~Q>ar>`m YZ AJ d F$U AJ `m`m {dwV nmVir_Yrb \$aH$mbm `m KQ>mMo hmoQ>O
o Ago
hUVmV. hmoQ>O
o _wio BboQ>mZbm JVr {_iVo d n[anWmVyZ {dwVdmh dmh bmJVo. hmoQ>oOMo
EH$H$ hmoQ> (V) ho Amho. Amn`m Kam_ò 230 hmoQ> (V) {dwVnwadR>m Ho$bm OmVmo. {dOoar_ò
(Q>mM) 1.5 hmoQ> S>r.gr.Mo nopgb gob dmnabo OmVmV.
hmoQ>O
o _moOVmZm
Oohm Vwhr hmoQ>O
o _moOmb Vohm Imbrb nm``m bjmV R>do m.
1) hmoQ>O
o _moO`mgmR>r _Q>r_rQ>adarb `mo` Ho$b {ZdS>mdo.
1000 _m`H$mohmoQ>(V) = 1 {_brhmoQ> (mV)
1000 {_brhmoQ>(mV) = 1 hmoQ> (V)
1000 hmoQ> (V) = 1 {H$bmohmoQ> (KV)
darb g`m _Q>r_rQ>ada Xe{dbo`m AgVmV. CM hmoQ>O
o `m g`m {dwV {Z{_Vr H|$ qH$dm
{dwV nwadR>m H|$m`m {R>H$mUr dmnaVmV.
hmoQ>O
o Mo gdmV bhmZ EH$H$ {_brhmoQ> ho Amho. VgoM _moR>o EH$H$ {H$bmo hmoQ> ho Amho.
2) hmoQ>O
o _moOVmZm _Q>r_rQ>a Zoh_r {dwV n[anWmVrb KQ>H$mer (CXm. ao{OQ>a, S>m`moS> B`mXr)
g_mVa OmoS>mdm.
bmb
dmà
_Q>r_rQ>a
~Q>ar
H$mir dmà
AmH$Vr 2.2 : hmoQ>O
o _moOUo.
48
3) BboQ>m{ZH$ {dwV n[anWm_Yrb (g{H$Q>) dmhUmam hmoQ>oO (hmoQ>oO) _moOVmZm _Q>r_rQ>aMo

o da R>do mdo Am{U ZVa _Q>r_rQ>a`m bmb dmàMo Q>mHo $ YZ AJmg d
~Q>Z Zoh_r DC hmoQ>O
H$mim dmàMo Q>mHo $ F$U AJmg OmoS>mdo. (darb AmH$VrV XmI{d`m_mUo)
2.3 ao{OQ>a (Resistor - R)
dmhH$mVyZ {dwVdmh dmhV AgVmZm, `mVrb J{V_mZ BboQ>mZ `m`m _mJmV òUm`m dmhH$m`m
AUyd a AmXiVmV. `m AmXi`m_wio BboQ>mZ `m JVrbm {damoY hmoVmo hUOoM {dwVdmhmbm {damoY hmoVmo.
`m {damoYmbmM dmhH$mMm ao{OQ>a Ago hUVmV.
VgoM ao{OQ>a_wio {dwV n[anWmVrb hmoQ>O
o XoIrb `mo` amIbo OmVo. ao{OQ>a R `m AjamZo
`m gmH$o {VH$ {MhmZo gH$sQ>_ò XmI{dVmV.
XmI{dbm OmVmo. ao{OQ>a
AmH$Vr 2.3 : ao{OQ>aMo N>m`m{M

ao{OQ>a hm Amoh_ `m EH$H$mV _moOVmV. Vo `m {MhmZo XmI{dVmV.
BboQ>m{ ZH$ CnH$aUm_Yrb ao{OQ>a ho bhmZ AmH$mamMo AgVmV. `mMr qH$_V `m`mda Agbo`m
aJnQ>Q>md$Z H$mT>Vm òV.o {dwVdmhmMo (H$aQ>) d hmoQ>O
o {dwV n[anWmVrb _mU H$_r H$a`mgmR>r
ao{OQ>aMm Cn`moJ Ho$bm OmVmo. EImXo doir MwH$s`m nXVtZr {dwV CnH$aUmZm OmV H$aQ> qH$dm hmoQ>O
o
{Xbo Jo`mg CnH$aUo Iam~ hmoD$ ZòV hUyZ ao{OQ>a dmnaVmV.
2.4 Amoh_Mm {Z`_ :
dmhH$mMr ^m{VH$ AdWm H$m`_ amhV AgVmZm, dmhH$m_YyZ dmhUmar {dwVdmh (I) hr dmhH$m`m
XmoZ Q>mHo $m_Yrb hmoQ>O
o `m (V) g_mZwnmVr AgVo.
H$aQ> d hmoQ>O
o _Yrb g~Y gym`m d$nmV Imbrb_mUo XmI{dVmV.
VI
V = IR
V/I = R (pWamH$)
AmH$Vr 2.4 : Amoh_Mm {Z`_

49
hmoQ>O
o (V), H$aQ> (I) d ao{OQ>a (R) `mnH$s H$moU`mhr XmoZ qH$_Vr AmnUmg _m{hVr Ag`mg
{Vgar qH$_V darb gym`m gmhm`mZo H$mT>Vm òV.o
2.5 {dwVeVr (Electrical Power-P)
{dwV n[anWmbm Ho$bo`m {dwV D$O}`m nwadR>m`m Xambm {dwVeVr Ago hUVmV. H$aQ>,
hmoQ>O
o d {dwVeVr_Yrb g~Y Imbrb gymZo XmI{dVmV.
o (V) {dwVdmh (I)
{dwV eVr (P) = hmoQ>O
P=V I
{dwVeVr dQ> (W) `m EH$H$mV _moOVmV. {dwVeVr (P) `m AjamZo XmI{dVmV.
1000 dQ> (W) = 1 {H$bmo dQ> (KW)
1000 {H$bmodQ > (KW) = 1 _oJmdQ> (MW)
KamVrb ~~da Oo 100 dQ> Ago N>mnbobo AgVo `mMm AW Agm H$s `m ~~gmR>r Xa Vmgmbm
100 dQ> BVH$s {dwVeVr bmJVo. {Xbo`m dQ>d$Z Amn`mbm H$aQ> H$mT>Vm òVo Vo Imbrb_mUo Amho.
P=V I
100 = 230 I
I = 100/230 = 0.44 AnrAa
2.6 H$n{gQ>a (C)
H$n{gQ>aMo _w` H$m_ {dwV D$Om gmR>{dUo ho Amho. VgoM Vmo gmR>{dbobr {dwV D$Om {dwV
n[anWmg (gH$sQ>bm) Amd`H$Vm Agob Ver nwadR>m H$aVmo. Oohm AmnU H$n{gQ>abm hmoQ>O
o nwadVmo
Vohm H$n{gQ>a `m`m AmVrb n>rda {dwV^ma gmR>dZy R>do Vmo. AmVrb n>rda EH$m ~mOyda YZ {dwV^ma
d Xwg`m ~mOyda F$U {dwV^ma gmR>{dbm OmVmo. H$n{gQ>aMo gmH$o {VH$ {Mh Imbrb_mUo
AmH$Vr 2.6 : H$n{gQ>aMo gmH$o {VH$ {Mh

H$n{gQ>a`m {dwV^ma gmR>{d`m`m j_Vobm H$n{gQ>g hUVmV. Vmo BJO r C `m AjamZo XmI{dVmV.
H$n{gQ>g \$aS> `m EH$H$mV _moOVmV. \$aS> ho Iyn _moR>o EH$H$ Amho. `mMr bhmZmV bhmZ EH$Ho$
_m`H$mo\$aS >(F), ZZmo \$aS> (nF) Am{U {nH$mo \$aS> (pF) hr AmhoV. H$n{gQ>aMr qH$_V H$n{gQ>ada
{b{hbobr AgVo. H$n{gQ>aMo YZ AmoiIVm ò`mgmR>r `mda F$UMr () Aer IyU Ho$bobr AgVo Vo `mMo
F$U Q>mHo $ AgVo. VgoM `mMr AmoiI H$n{gQ>a`m Agbo`m XmoZ Vmam`m bm~rd$Z nU AmoiIVm òV.o
OmV bm~rMr Vma YZ AJ d H$_r bm~rMr Vma F$U AJ Xe{dVo. {ga{_H$ H$n{gQ>aMo Ydw XmI{dbobo
ZgVmV. `mMo H$moUVohr Q>mHo $ n[anWmV H$gohr OmoS>bo Var MmbVo.
F$U
AmoiI`mMr
IyU
{dwV AnKQ>Zr H$n{gQ>a
{ga{_H$ H$n{gQ>a
50
H$n{gQ>aMo Cn`moJ :
H$n{gQ>aMm Cn`moJ EbBS>r`m gH$sQ>_ò Imbrb hoVgy mR>r Ho$bm OmVmo.
1. H$n{gQ>a VmnwaVm {dwV^ma gmR>dZy R>do VmV. `m_wio gH$sQ>_Yrb BboQ>m{ ZH$ KQ>H$mZm hmoQ>O
o Mm
EH$gmaIm nwadR>m hmo`mgmR>r gH$sQ>_ò H$n{gQ>a OmoS>VmV.
2. H$n{gQ>a Egr hmoQ>O
o Wm~dyZ \$V S>rgr hmoQ>O
o nwT>o nmR>dVmo.
3. H$n{gQ>a ZH$mo Agbo`m dmadmaVm H$mTy>Z Q>mH$Vmo.
2.7 S>m`moS> (Diode)
EH$mM {XeoZo {dwVdmh (H$aQ>) dmhZ Zo`mgmR>r S>m`moS>Mm Cn`moJ H$aVmV. Oohm {dwV n[anWmV
~Q>arMm YZ ^ma S>m`moS>`m AZmoS>bm d F$U ^ma S>m`moS>`m H$WmoS>bm {Xbobm AgVmo, Vohm S>m`moS>
\$madS> ~m`g pWVr AgVmo. `mMm AW S>m`moS> `mVyZ {dwVdmh (H$aQ>) dmhZ Zo`mg nadmZJr XoVmo.
Oohm AmnU hrM OmoS>Ur CbQ>r H$aVmo Vohm S>m`moS> dV:_YyZ {dwVdmh (H$aQ>) OmD$ XoV Zmhr. `mbm
[ahg ~m`g pWVr hUVmV.
S>m`moS>Mm F$U AJ XmI{d`mgmR>r S>m`moS>da nmT>`m aJmMr n>r bmdbobr AgVo.
AmH$Vr 2.7 : S>m`moS>Mo gmH$o {VH$ {Mh

_Q>r_rQ>ada S>m`moS>Mr VnmgUr H$aVmZm
Imbrb nm``m dmn$Z _Q>r_rQ>ada S>m`moS>Mr VnmgUr H$amdr.
1. W_ _Q>r_rQ>adaMr S>m`moS> pWVr {ZdS>mdr.
2. _Q>r_rQ>a`m bmb dmàMo Q>mHo $ S>m`moS>`m AZmoS>bm d H$mim dmàMo Q>mHo $ H$WmoS>bm OmoS>mdo.
S>m`moS> 0.6 BVHo$ hmoQ>O
o S>mn H$aVmo. hUyZ _Q>r_rQ>aZo Oa 0.6 EdT>o hmoQ>O
o XmI{dbo Va
S>m`moS> Mmby pWVrV Amho Ago g_Omdo.
S>m`moS>Mo Cn`moJ
1. S>m`moS>Mm Cn`moJ BboQ>m{ ZH$ gH$sQ>_Yrb Egr hmoQ>O
o Mo S>rgr hmoQ>O
o _ò nmVa H$a`mgmR>r
Ho$bm OmVmo. CXm. Egr /S>rgr nmda gbm`, hmoQ>O
o ao`wbaoQ>a B`mXr.
~Q>arMr OmoS>Ur
1) EH$ga OmoS>Ur (goarO) (Series Connection)
AmH$Vr 2.8 : ~Q>arMr EH$ga OmoS>Ur

51
OmV hmoQ>oO Oa {_idm`Mo Agob Va XmoZ qH$dm XmoZnojm OmV ~Q>`m EH$ga ~Q>`m EH$ga
OmoS>UrZo OmoS>VmV. `m OmoS>Ur_wio hmoQ>oO dmT>Vo, naVy H$aQ> gmaImM amhVmo.
V = V1+V2+V3+....
g_Om EH$m ~Q>arMo hmoQ>O

o 1.5 hmoQ> BVHo$ Amho. Oa VrZ ~Q>`m EH$_oH$sZm EH$ga nXVrZo
OmoS>`m Va EHy$U hmoQ>O Imbrb_mUo 4.5 hmoQ> BVHo$ {_iVo.
V
2) g_mVa OmoS>Ur
= V1+V2+V3+....
= 1.5+1.5+1.5
= 4.5 volts
(Parallel Connection)
AmH$Vr 2.9 ~Q>arMr g_mVa OmoS>Ur

Oohm XmoZ qH$dm XmoZnojm OmV ~Q>ar AmnU g_mVa OmoS>UrZo OmoS>Vmo Vohm hmoQ>O
o gmaIoM amhVo
naVy H$aQ> dmT>Vmo.
I = I1+I2+I3+....
Cn`moJ
1. n[anWmVrb {dwVdmh (H$aQ>) dmT>{d`mgmR>r ~Q>arMr g_mVa OmoS>Ur H$aVmV.
2. òH$ ~Q>ar`m XmoZ Q>mHo $m_ò g_mZ hmoQ>O
o `wV H$a`mgmR>r g_mVa OmoS>Ur H$aVmV.
2.8 {dwV n[anW (Eelctric Circuits)
{dwV moVm`m YZ Ywd mnmgyZ {ZKmbobr Vma {X`mbm OmoS>yZ ZVa {dwV moVm`m F$U Ydw mbm
OmoS>`mV òV.o hUOoM {dwVdmhmMm _mJ {\$$Z naV _yi {R>H$mUr òV.o hUyZ `m OmoS>Urbm {dwV
n[anW (BbopQ>H$b gH$sQ>g) hUVmV.
BbopQ>H$ gH$sQ>gMo Imbrb_mUo {d{dY H$mam_ò dJuH$aU H$aVm òV.o
1) _yb^yV {dwV n[anW
AmH$Vr 2.10 _yb^yV {dwV n[anW

darb AmH$Vr_ò 3 hmoQ>Mr ~Q>ar EbBS>r`m {X`mbm OmoS>br Amho. ~Q>ar`m YZ AJmH$Sy>Z
{ZKyZ EbBS>r`m {X`mVyZ OmD$Z ~Q>ar`m F$U AJmH$S>o naV òV.o g_Om Oa AmnU ~Q>arbm EbBS>rMm
qH$dm H$moUVmhr {Xdm OmoS>bmM Zmhr Va ~Q>ar_YyZ H$aQ> dmhV Zmhr.
52
2) EbBS>r {X`mMr EH$ga OmoS>Ur (Series Circuit)
AmH$Vr 2.11 : EbBS>r {X`mMr EH$ga OmoS>Ur

darb AmH$VrV VrZ EbBS>r {Xdo EH$m_mJyZ EH$ Ago EH$ga nXVrZo ~Q>arbm OmoS>bo AmhoV. EH$ga
OmoS>UrVyZ dmhUmam H$aQ> gmaImM AgVmo. naVy EH$ga OmoS>UrgmR>r OmV hmoQ>O
o Mr JaO AgVo.
3. EbBS>r {X`mMr g_mVa OmoS>Ur (Parallel Circuits)
AmH$Vr 2.12 : EbBS>r {X`mMr g_mVa OmoS>Ur

Oohm AmnU EbBS>r {Xdo g_mVa OmoS>UrZo ~Q>arbm OmoS>Vmo Vohm ~Q>arMo hmoQ>oO {X`mgmR>r
g__mUmV {d^mJbo Jo`m_wio Vo g__mUmV H$m{eV hmoVmV. naVy ~Q>arH$Sy>Z OmV H$aQ> KoV`m Jo`m_wio
~Q>ar bdH$a ^maa{hV ({S>gMmO) hmoV.o
~Q>arH$Sy>Z {_i{dbobo {dwVdmh VrZ EbBS>r {X`mZm nwa{dbr OmVo. `mMm AW g_mVa OmoS>Ur
Ho$`mZo H$aQ> dmT>Vmo. I = I1+I2+I3
4. EH$ga d g_mVa OmoS>UrMo EH$rH$aU (Combination of Series and Parallel)
AmH$Vr 2.12 : EbBS>r {X`mMr EH$ga d g_mVa OmoS>UrMo EH$rH$aU

darb H$maMo gH$sQ> Amn`m JaOoZgw ma OmoS>Vm òV.o `m H$maMo gH$sQ> Oohm AmnU ~Q>arbm
OmoS>Vmo Vohm ~Q>ar bdH$a {dwV ^maa{hV ({S>gMmO) hmoV.o
53
H$aU {Vgao
EbBS>rMo {X`mMr H$memgmR>rMr aMZm

`mnydu`m H$aUm_YyZ AmnU H$mhr {dwV{df`H$ gH$nZm d BboQ>m{ Zg_Yrb {d{dY KQ>H$m~m~V
_m{hVr KoVbr Amho.
AmVm AmnU EbBS>rMo {Xdo dmn$Z {d{dY H$maMr H$meH$s` CnH$aUo V`ma H$aUma AmhmoV.
`mnwT>rb H$aUm_YyZ AmnU {dkmZ Aml_mV VnmgUr H$$Z {ZdS>bo `m {d{dY EbBS>r {X`mgmR>r`m
{d{dY gH$sQ>g~m~V _m{hVr H$$Z KoUma AmhmoV. AmnUmg EbBS>r {X`mMo H$mer` CnH$aU V`ma
H$a`mgmR>r W_ BboQ>m{ Zg_Yrb {d{dY KQ>H$ IaoXr H$amdo bmJVrb.
AmnUmg EbBS>r {X`m`m {d{dY aMZm H$a`mgmR>r Imbrb gmYZmMr Amd`H$Vm bmJUma
Amho.
1. gmoS>a JZ (25 dQ>)
2. bg
3. gmoS>a dmà 4. dmà H$Q>a
5. dmà pQ>na
6. _Q>r_rQ>a
7. ZmoO bmà
JmdmVrb BbopQ>{e`ZgwXm EbBS>r {X`m`m {d{dY aMZm H$$Z AmH$fH$ EbBS>r {Xdo V`ma H$$
eH$Vrb Aem nXVtZr `m H$aUm_ò _m{hVr {Xbr Amho.
EbBS>rMo {X`mgmR>rMr BbopQ>H$b gH$sQ>g V`ma H$a`mMr H$Vr :
1. AmnUmg EbBS>r {X`mMm dmna H$$Z {d{dY H$meH$s` CnH$aUo V`ma H$aVm òVrb. Amhr
AmH$Vr_ò ao{OQ>a(Resistors) R, H$n{gQ>g (Capacitors) C, S>m`moS>g (Diodes) D, EbBS>r
{Xdo L `m H$mao gmH$o {VH$ {Mho Xe{dbr AmhoV. {Xdo Am{U N>mnrb BbopQ>H$b gH$sQ>gMr n>r
(PCB) Xo`mV òBb
.
2. `mVyZ {Xbo`m `mXrZwgma CnH$aU{Zhm` bmJUmao KQ>H$ ^mJ hmVmV `m.
3. KQ>H$mMo YZ AJ d F$U AJ AmoiIm Am{U ZVa nrgr~rda AmH$VrV XmI{d`m_mUo EHo$H$
KQ>H$ `m `m OmJoda ~gdm.
4. gmoS>[aJ H$a`mMr H$Vr :
1)BboQ>m{ ZH$ KQ>H$mMr Q>mHo $o dN> H$am.
2)KQ>H$m`m Q>mHo $mZm bg bmdm.
3)OmoS>UrgmR>r bmJUm`m dmàMo Amd`H$ VodT>m bm~rMo VwH$S>o H$am.
4)dmà`m VmaoMm Omo ^mJ gmoS>a H$amd`mMm Amho VodT>m ^mJmdarb Bgwbqo Q>J
AmdaU KmgyZ H$mT>m.
5)`mbm bg bmdm.
6)gmoS>a JZ 230v nmda gbm`bm OmoS>yZ Ja_ H$am.
7)H$miOrnydH $ EH$ EH$ KQ>H$ ^mJ gmoS>a dmà d gmoS>a JZ`m ghm`mZo nrgr~rda AmH$VrV
XmI{d`m_mUo {MH$Q>dm.
8)gd KQ>H$ nrgr~rda ~gdyZ Pm`mZVa, nrgr~r`m AmH$mamZwgma `mgmR>rMm EH$ bmpQ>H$ ~mg
{ZdS>m. `mgmR>rMo bmpQ>H$ ~mg ~mOmam_ò VgoM "{dkmZ Aml_, nm~i' òWo CnbY AmhoV
_mU~X nrgr~rgwXm {dkmZ Aml_mV CnbY AmhoV.
54
3.1 B_Ogr {Xdm (Emergency Lamp)

VmdZm
~~ VgoM grE\$Eb`m {X`mnj
o m `m gH$sQ>bm H$_r {dwVD$Om bmJVo. `m {X`mMr ~Q>ar MmO
hmo`mgmR>r {H$_mZ 8 Vmg bmJVmV Am{U `m ~Q>arda hm {Xdm 28 Vmg MmbVmo.
AmH$Vr 3.1 : B_Ogr {X`mMo gH$sQ>

KQ>H$ ^mJmMr `mXr
KQ>H$mMr qH$_V
KQ>H$mMr g`m
IN4007
gwna bg EbBS>r
470 Amoh_
10
SPST
6V (4.5
H$.
1
2
3
4
5
KQ>H$mMo Zmd
S>m`moS> D1 Vo D3
EbBS>r {Xdo, L1 Vo L10
amoY, Resistor R1
~Q>Z - Switch
~Q>ar - Battery
amo{h - Q>mg\$m_a
(Transformer)
nrgr~r (PCB)
EbBS>r L
dmà
7
8
9
AnrAa Vmg)
grb~X brS> AgrS> ~Q>ar
9-0-9 hmoQ> Am{U 1 AnrAa
AmD$Q>nyQ>
Am`V/MmH$moZr AmH$mamMo
{hadm
_Q>rQ>S > H$maMr Multistrand
B_Ogr {X`mMo H$m`
55
1
1
1
2
_rQ>a
B_Ogr {X`mgmR>r 6 hmoQ>Mr ~Q>ar dmnabobr Amho. {V`m Mm{OJgmR>r 9 hmoQ>`m MmOaMr JaO
AgVo. 6 hmoQ>Mr ~Q>ar 6 hmoQ>`m MmOada MmO hmoV Zmhr. SPST H$maMo ~Q>Z hm {Xdm Mmby
H$a`mgmR>r dmnabo Amho. hm {Xdm nyU Mm{OJ Ag`mZVa 28 Vmg MmbVmo.
gyMZm
`m {X`mMr ~Q>ar 8 Vmgmnojm OmV doi Mm{OJ H$$ Zò. H$maU OmVdoi Mm{OJ_wio ~Q>arMo Am`w`
H$_r hmoV.o
B_Ogr {X`mMr d{eQ>o
1. hm {Xdm 6 hmoQ>`m ~Q>arda MmbVmo.
2. `m {X`mgmR>r H$_r {dwV D$Om bmJVo. `mgmR>r 0.5 dQ> EdT>r {dwV eVr bmJVo.
3. hm {Xdm 28 Vmg MmbVmo.
4. amr`m doir hmVJmS>rda {dH$s `dgm` H$aUmao bmoH$ hm {Xdm dmnaVmV.
B_Ogr {X`mgmR>r bmJUmar {dwVeVr
`m {X`mgmR>r 10 EbBS>r {Xdo dmnaVmV.
`mgmR>r 6 hmoQ>Mr ~Q>ar OmoS>bb
o r Amho.
{dwVdmh (H$aQ>) _Q>r_rQ>ada _moOmdr. I = 0.08 AnrAa
P=VI
P = 6 0.08 A
P = 0.48 dQ>
B_Ogr {X`mH$Sy>Z dmnabr OmUmar {dwVeVr 0.5 dQ> hmo`.
3.2 E.gr. {dwVdmhda (AC) MmbUmam {Xdm
VmdZm
hm {Xdm V`ma H$a`mgmR>r XmoZ gH$sQ>g
dmnaVmV. EH$ gH$sQ> Egr hmoQ>oOMo S>rgr
hmoQ>oO_ò $nmVa H$aVmo Am{U Xwgao gH$sQ>
EbBS>r {X`mMo AgVo. `m gH$sQ>Mm EH$ Xwn`moJ
Agm Amho H$s 5 EbBS>r {Xdo EH$ga OmoS>UrZo
OmoS>bb
o o AgVmV. 5 EbBS>r {X`mnH $s EH$ {Xdm
Oar ~X nS>bm Var nyU gH$sQ> H$m_ H$aV Zmhr.
hm Egr {Xdm 230 Egr hmoQ>oO`m ~~`m
gmH$o Q>bmgwXm OmoS>Vm òVmo. VgoM `mgmR>r H$_r
{dwVD$Om bmJVo.
AmH$Vr 3.2 : H$_r D$O}da MmbUmam Egr {Xdm

56
H$.
1
2
3
KQ>H$mMo Zmd
S>m`moS> D1 Vo D4
H$n{gQ>a
C1
amoY
nrgr~r (PCB)
dmà
KQ>H$ ^mJmMr `mXr

KQ>H$mMr qH$_V
ew^ bg EbBS>r
KQ>H$mMr g`m
6
IN 4007
C2
474k (250v)
22UF (63v)
1
1
R1
R2
470 {H$bmo Amoh_

330 Amoh_
1
1
JmobmH$ma / MmH$moZr AmH$mamMo

1
2 _rQ>a
Egr {X`mMo H$m`
Oohm AmnU hm {Xdm 230 Egr hmoQ>O

o bm hm {Xdm OmoS>Vmo Vohm `mMo hmoQ>O
o d H$aQ> H$_r Ho$bm
OmVmo Am{U Vo S>m`moS>`m ~rO gH$sQ>bm {Xbo OmVo. S>m`moS>Mo ~rO gH$sQ> Egr hmoQ>O
o Mo S>rgr hmoQ>O
o _ò
$nmVa H$aVmo, Am{U Vo S>rgr hmoQ>O
o EbBS>r {X`mZm {Xbo OmVo. EbBS>r {Xdo EH$ga EH$ OmoS>UrZo
OmoS>bb
o o AmhoV.
d{eQ>o
1. hm {Xdm 230 `m Egr hmoQ>O
o da MmbVmo.
2. EH$ dQ> BV`m H$_r {dwVeVrMm hm {Xdm Amho.
Cn`moJ
1. amrMm {Xdm (ZmBQ> bn) hUyZ dmna H$aVm òVmo.
2. hm {Xdm ~mW$__ò dmnaVm òVmo.
3. Jm_rU ^mJmV {dwV H$nmVr`m H$mimV H$_r hmoQ>O
o da gwXm MmbVmo.
3.3 : 12 hmoQ> ~Q>ar`m S>rgr {dwVdmhmda MmbUmam {Xdm
12 hmoQ>Mm S>rgr {Xdm 12 hmoQ>`m ~Q>arda MmbVmo VgoM gma D$O}Mm dmna H$$Z nU hm {Xdm
Mmb{dVm òVmo. {dkmZ Aml_m_ò 12 hmoQ>`m ~Q>arMm dmna H$$Z Ago AZoH$ {Xdo n[agamV amr`m
doir H$memgmR>r ~g{dbo AmhoV. XmoZ {Xdo 21 Vmg MmbVmV. `m {X`mZm 2 dQ> BVH$s {dwV D$Om
bmJVo.
57
AmH$Vr 3.3 : 12 hmoQ>`m ~Q>arda MmbUmam S>rgr {Xdm

KQ>H$ ^mJmMr `mXr
H$. KQ>H$mMo Zmd
KQ>H$mMr qH$_V
KQ>H$mMr g`m
1
EbBS>r {Xdo, L1 Vo L 9
gwna bg EbBS>r
9
2
S>m`moS> D1
1N 4007
1
3
~Q>ar
12V (7.5 AnrAa Vmg)
1
brS> A{gS> ~Q>ar(Sealed)
4
nrgr~r (PCB)
JmobmH$ma AmH$mamMm `mg 1.65''
1
5
dmà
_Q>rQ>S > H$mamMr Multistand
2 _rQ>a
6
amoY - R
10 Amoh_ (2W)
1
3.4 6 hmoQ> ~Q>ar`m S>rgr {dwVdmhmda MmbUmam EbBS>rMm {Xdm
EbBS>t`m g_mVa OmoS>UrVyZ hm {Xdm V`ma H$aVm òVmo. hm {Xdm 6 hmoQ>`m ~Q>arda MmbVmo. `m
{X`m`m gH$sQ>_ò S>m`moS>Mr d ao{OQ>aMr JaO ZgVo. H$maU EH$m EbBS>rgmR>r 3 hmoQ>Mr JaO AgVo d
AmnU 6 hmoQ>Mr ~Q>arMm dmna Ho$bm Amho d XmoZ S>m`moS>`m Am{U EH$ ao{OQ>a`m _XVrZo hmoQ>O
o H$_r
Ho$bo Amho Am{U hmoQ>O
o EbBS>rMo g_mVa OmoS>Urbm {Xbo Amho. `mgmR>r 6 hmoQ>`m ~Q>arMr JaO AgVo.
\$V EH$ {Xdm Oa ~Q>arbm OmoS>bm Va {Xdm 30 Vmg MmbVmo. VrZ {Xdo Oa ~Q>arbm OmoS>bo Va 8 Vmg
MmbVmV. VgoM hm {Xdm 1.5 dQ> BVH$s D$Om dmnaVmo.
AmH$Vr 3.4 : 6 hmoQ>`m ~Q>arda MmbUmam S>rgr {Xdm.

58
H$.
1
2
KQ>H$mMo Zmd
EbBS>r {Xdo, L1 Vo L 6
~Q>ar -Battery
KQ>H$ ^mJmMr `mXr

KQ>H$mMr qH$_V
gwna bg EbBS>r
6V (4.5 AnrAa Vmg)
brS> A{gS> ~Q>ar (Sealed)
KQ>H$mMr g`m
6
1
nrgr~r (PCB)
1
4
dmà
AYm_rQ>a
5
S>m`moS> D1 Vo D4
1N 4007
1
6
ao{OQ>a R
10 Amoh_ 2 dQ>
1
3.5 9 hmoQ> ~Q>ar`m {dwVdmhmda MmbUmam {Xdm
EbBS>t`m EH$ga d g_mVa OmoS>UrVyZ hm {Xdm V`ma H$aVm òVmo. hm {Xdm 9 hmoQ>`m ~Q>arda
MmbVmo. `m {X`m`m gH$sQ>_ò S>m`moS>Mr Am{U ao{OQ>aJaO AgVo. XmoZ EbBS>r {Xdo EH$ga OmoS>Ur
Ho$bo Amho d EH$ S>m`moS> Am{U ao{OQ>a`m _XVrZo hmoQ>O
o H$_r Ho$bo Amho Am{U Vo hmoQ>O
o EbBS>rMo
g_mVa OmoS>Urbm {Xbo Amho. `mgmR>r 9 hmoQ>`m ~Q>arMr JaO AgVo. {H$Vr EbBS>r {Xdo EH$ga OmoS>UrZo
OmoS>m`Mo ho ~Q>ar`m hmoQ>O
o da Adb~Zy AgVo. hm {Xdm gamgar 15 Vmg MmbVmo d `mgmR>r 1.5 dQ>
BVH$s {dwVD$Om bmJVo.
AmH$Vr 3.5 : 9 hmoQ>`m ~Q>arda MmbUmam S>rgr {Xdm
H$.
1
2
3
4
5
KQ>H$mMo Zmd
~Q>ar - PP3 Battery
nrgr~r (PCB)
dmà
pdM - ~Q>Z
KQ>H$ ^mJmMr `mXr

KQ>H$mMr qH$_V
gwna bg EbBS>r
KQ>H$mMr g`m
6
9V

SPST
59
AYm _rQ>a
1
3.6 {dOoar (Q>mM

)
VmdZm
amr`m doir AmnUmg AZoH$Xm {dOoarMr JaO ^mgVo. `m {dOoargmR>r XmoZ gob VgoM OmV
H$memgmR>r AmnU VrZ gob OmoS>y eH$Vmo. `m_ò EH$ S>m`moS> EH$ga OmoS>UrZo OmoS>bb
o m AgVmo. XmoZ gob
dmna`m_wio AmnUmg 3 hmoQ> Va VrZ gob dmna`mZo 4.5 BVHo$ hmoQ> {_iVo. hr {dOoar 50 Vmg
MmbVo.
AmH$Vr 3.6-1 : 3 hmoQ>`m {dOoargmR>rMr g_mVa OmoS>Ur

H$.
1
2
3
4
XmoZ gob (3 hmoQ>) H$[aVm KQ>H$ ^mJmMr `mXr

KQ>H$mMo Zmd
KQ>H$mMr qH$_V
KQ>H$mMr g`m
nmT>ae
o ^w EbBS>r 5 {__r
12
~Q>ar gob
1.5 V
2
nrgr~r (PCB)
1
dmà
AYm _rQ>a
AmH$Vr 3.6-2 : 4.5 hmoQ>`m {dOoargmR>rMr g_mVa OmoS>Ur

60
H$.
1
2
3
4
5
VrZ gob (4.5 hmoQ>) H$[aVm KQ>H$ ^mJmMr `mXr

KQ>H$mMo Zmd
KQ>H$mMr qH$_V
nmT>ae
o ^w EbBS>r 5 {__r
~Q>ar gob
1.5 V
nrgr~r (PCB)
dmà
S>m`moS> D
1N 4007
KQ>H$mMr g`m
12
3
1
AYm _rQ>a
1
d{eQ>o
1. hr {dOoar 3 hmoQ> da MmbVo.
2. hr {dOoar \$$ EH$ S>m`moS> Q>mHy$Z 4.5 hmoQ>da MmbVo.
3. 0.8 dQ> BVH$s H$_r {dwV D$Om bmJVo. 4. hr {dOoar 50 Vmg MmbVo.
3.7 EH$ga d g_mVa OmoS>Ur H$$Z V`ma Ho$bobr {dOoar
AmH$Vr 3.7 : EH$ga d g_mVa OmoS>Ur H$$Z V`ma Ho$bobr {dOoar

KQ>H$ ^mJmMr `mXr
H$. KQ>H$mMo Zmd
KQ>H$mMr qH$_V
KQ>H$mMr g`m
1
S>m`moS> D1 Vo D6
1N 4007
6
2
nmT>ae
o ^w EbBS>r 10 {__r
10
3
ao{OQ>a R1
470 Amoh_
1
4
pdM - ~Q>U
SPDT
1
~Q>ar - Battery
6V (4.5 AnrAa Vmg)
1
5
brS> A{gS> ~Q>ar (Sealed)
6
amo{h - Q>mg\$m_a Transformer 9-0-9 S>m`moS d 1 AnrAa AmD$Q>nQy >
1
7
nrgr~r PCB
JmobmH$ma/MmH$moZr AmH$mamMo
1
8
EbBS>r - L
{hadm
1
9
dmà
2 _rQ>a
61
d{eQ>o
1. hr {dOoar 6 hmoQ>`m ~Q>arda MmbVo.
2. hr {dOoar 25 Vmg MmbVo.
3. `m {dOoargmR>r 0.7 dQ> BVH$s {dwVeVr bmJVo.
3.8 ZD$ hmoQ>Mr ~Q>ar dmn$Z V`ma Ho$bobr bhmZ {dOoar
AmH$Vr 3.8 : ZD$ hmoQ>Mr ~Q>ar dmn$Z V`ma Ho$bobr bhmZ {dOoar
KQ>H$ ^mJmMr `mXr
H$. KQ>H$mMo Zmd
KQ>H$mMr qH$_V
KQ>H$mMr g`m
1
nmT>ae
o ^w EbBS>r 10 {__r qH$dm
2
gwna bg EbBS>r
2
H$moaS>m {dwV KQ> - gob
9V
1
3
ao{OQ>a - R
10 Amoh_
1
4
pdM
SPST
1
5
bmpQ>H$ ~mg
.......
1
d{eQ>o
1. hr {dOoar 50 Vmg MmbVo.
2. `m {dOoargmR>r 0.8 dQ> BVH$s {dwV D$Om bmJVo.
3.9 EbBS>r {X`mMr n>r
EbBS>r {X`mMr n>r Q>~y bmBQ>_mUo dmnaVm òV.o `mM_mUo XwMmH$s dmhZmgmR>r {hMm H$men>r
hUyZhr Cn`moJ hmoVmo. hr n>r V`ma H$aVmZm gd EbBS>r {Xdo EH$ga OmoS>UrZo OmoS>VmV. EbBS>rMr EH$ga
OmoS>Ur H$aVmZm \$V EH$ H$miOr `mdr bmJVo Vr hUOo EH$m EbBS>r {X`mMo YZ Q>mHo $ Xwg`m EbBS>r`m
62
YZ Q>mHo $mbm OmoS>y Zò. `mM~amo~a AmnUmg òWo EgrMo S>rgr_ò $nmVa H$aUm`m gH$sQ>MrnU JaO
AgVo. nrgr~rda S>m`moS> Am{U H$n{gQ>a OmoS>VmZm `mMo YZ d F$U Q>mHo $o Ad` nhmdrV d ZVa OmoS>mdoV.
22 _m`H$mo\$ aS> d 160 hmoQ> H$n{gQ>a `m gH$sQ>_ò hmoQ>Oo dmT>{d`mgmR>r dmnaVmV. Am{U Vo
hmoQ>Oo 35 EbBS>tZm nwa{dbo OmVo. `mVrb hr Iyn _hdmMr ~m~ Amho.`m gH$sQ>_ò 50 EbB nojm OmV
EbB dmn$ Zò.
`m gH$sQ>_Yrb EH$ wQ>r Aer Amho Vr hUOo gH$sQ>_Yrb EH$ EbrS>r {Xdm Oar ~X nS>bm Var
EbBS>r {X`mMr nyU n>r H$m_ H$aV Zmhr. `mdoir òH$ EbBS>r Mr Mmby ~X AdWm VnmgyZ nhmdr
bmJVo.
AmH$Vr 3.9 : 230 hmoQ>da MmbUmar EbBS>r {X`mMr n>r

KQ>H$ ^mJmMr `mXr
H$. KQ>H$mMo Zmd
KQ>H$mMr qH$_V
KQ>H$mMr g`m
1
gwna bg EbBS>r
35
2
S>m`moS> D1 Vo D4
IN 4007
4
3
H$n{gQ>a
C1
474k (250v)
1
4
ao{OQ>a
nrgr~r (PCB)
dmà
C2
22UF (160v)
R1
R2
470 {H$bmo Amoh_

330 Amoh_
1
1
1
1 _rQ>a
3.10 _mo~mBb MmOa

Jm_rU ^mJm_ò _moR>m _mUmda drOoMm VwQ>dS>m AgVmo hUyZ bmoH$mZm _mo~mBb Mm{OJ H$aUo
gmo`rMo ZgVo. AmnU `m {R>H$mUr noS>b nmdaMm dmna H$$Z _mo~mBb Mm{OJ H$aUma AmhmoV.
AmnU òWo 12 hmoQ>Mm d 500 {_brAnrAaMm S>m`Z_mo dmnabm AmhmoV. 12 hmoQ> Mo hmoQ>O
o
63
ao`wbQo >a`m ghm`mZo Q>no S>mD$Z H$$Z 5.9 hmoQ>d 400 {_br AnrAa hmoQ>O
o _mo~mBb`m ~Q>arbm
{Xbo OmVo.
AmH$Vr 3.10 : noS>b nmda dmna H$$Z _mo~mBb MmOaMr {Z{_Vr
IC 7806
`m {nZm~m~V _m{hVr
Am{WJ
AmD$Q>nyQ>
64
H$. KQ>H$mMo Zmd

1
EbBS>r {Xdo, L
2
S>m`moS> D1 Vo D4
3
H$n{gQ>a
4
5
6
ao{OQ>a
nrgr~r (PCB)
dmà
KQ>H$ ^mJmMr `mXr

KQ>H$mMr qH$_V
{hadm EbBS>r 5 {__r
KQ>H$mMr g`m
1
IN 4007
C1
1000 F(25v)
C2
0.1F
R1
1 {H$bmo Amoh_
JmobmH$ma/Am`V AmH$mamMo
1
1 _rQ>a
3.11 _m`H$moH$ Q>mb

o a dmn$Z BbBS>r aqZJ bmBqQ>J :
_m`H$moH$ Q>mb
o a dmn$Z Vwhr H$moU`mhr H$maMr bm`Q>tJ {Z_{V H$$ eH$Vm. CnH$aU {Z`{V
H$$ eH$Vm Am{U _m`H$moH$ Q>mb
o a nmda H$_r KoVmo. Amhr moJm _ Am` gr (IC) _ò Q>mHy$Z EbBS>r aqZJ
bmBQ>tJ ~Z{dbr Amho. AemH$mao Vwhmbm EbBS>r Mmby d ~X H$aVm òV.o
Amhr moJm _ {b{h`mgmR>r, AmD$Q>nQw > nmh`mgmR>r Eo ~r Ama Qw>S>rAmo gmQ>dA
o a dmnaVmo. moJm _
Am` gr _ò Q>mH$`mgmR>r Vwhr www.atmel.com `m do~gmBQ> d$Z AvR STUDIO gmQ>dA
o a Kody
eH$Vm.
AmH$Vr 3.11 : _m`H$moH$ Q>mb

o a dmn$Z BbBS>r aqZJ bmBqQ>J
65
H$. KQ>H$mMo Zmd

1
2
H$moaS>m {dwV KQ> - gob
3
H$n{gQ>a
C1
4
5
6
7
6
ao{OQ>a
KQ>H$ ^mJmMr `mXr

KQ>H$mMr qH$_V
gwna bg EbBS>r
KQ>H$mMr g`m
4
9V
C2
0.1F
0.1F
1
1
R1
R2
510 Amoh_
560 Amoh_
1
1
R3
68 Amoh_
nwe Qw AmZ>
....
nrgr~r (PCB)
dmà
drM
~Q>ar pbn
IC ATmega8L gmR>r
1 _rQ>a
1
1
moJm _
Amhr moJm _ Ago ~br ^mfo_ò {b{hbobm Amho. Vwhmbm hm moJm _ gr ^mfoV {b{hVm òBb
.
Vwhr H$moUVmhr moJm _ Q>mBn H$$Z Am`gr _ò Q>mHy$ eH$Vm.
//EbBS>r aqZJ bmBqQ>JgmR>r Ago ~br ^mfo_ò moJm _//
.include "m8def.inc"
.cseg
.org 0
66
ldi r18, low(RAMEND)

out SPL, r18
ldi r18, high(RAMEND)
out SPH, r18
ldi r16, 0b11110000
out DDRD, r16
loop:
ldi r16, 0b01110000
out PORTD, r16
rcall delay
ldi r16, 0b10111000
out PORTD, r16
rcall delay
ldi r16, 0b11010000
out PORTD, r16
rcall delay
ldi r16, 0b11100000
out PORTD, r16
rcall delay
ldi r16, 0b11010000
out PORTD, r16
rcall delay
ldi r16, 0b10110000
out PORTD, r16
rcall delay
rjmp loop
delay:
ldi r20, 200
again:
delay1:
ldi r21,200
not_yet:
delay2:
ldi r22, 10
again1:
67
dec r22
brne again1
dec r21
brne not_yet
dec r20
brne again
ret
d{eQ>o
1. EbBS>r Mmby AgVmZm Iyn H$_r nmda bmJVo.
2. _m`H$moH$ Q>mb
o a nmgyZ òUmar {dwV dmh 20 {_br AnrAa Amho.
3. EH$gmaIo _mUmV EbBS>rbm {dwV nwadR>m hmoVmo.
4. Vwhr AZoH$ doim moJm _ Am` gr _ò Q>mHy$ eH$VmV qH$dm H$mTy> nU eH$VmV.
Cn`moJ
1. EbBS>r ~X d Mmby H$a`mgmR>r.
2. Egr qH$dm S>rgr _moQ>a {Z`{V R>do `mgmR>r.
3. EbgrS>rda AH$ qH$dm eX nhm`mgmR>r.
68
H$aU MmWo
~Q>ar Mm{OJ H$a`m`m nXVr

~Q>ar Mm{OJ H$a`mgmR>r gdgmYmaUnUo Imbrb nXVr dmna`m OmVmV.
A) {dwV nwadR>m`m ghm`mZo, ~) gma D$O}`m ghm`mZo, H$) noS>b nmdaMm dmna H$$Z
4.1 {dwV nwadR>m`m ghm`mZo ~Q>ar Mm{OJ H$aUo. ({dwV D$Om)
Amn`m Kam_ò _hmam> {dwV _hm_S>im_m\$V Omo drOnwadR>m {Xbobm AgVmo Vmo 230 Egr
hmoQ>O
o BVH$m AgVmo. naVw ~Q>ar Mm{OJgmR>r S>rgr hmoQ>O
o Mr JaO AgVo. `mgmR>r 230 Egr hmoQ>O
o Mr
$nmVa H$a`m`m gH$sQ>Mr JaO AgVo.
AmH$Vr 4.1 : {dwV nwadR>m`m ghm`mZo ~Q>ar Mm{OJ H$aUo.

4.2 gma D$O}`m ghm`mZo ~Q>ar Mm{OJ H$aUo. (gma D$Om)
gma D$O}Mo $nmVa {dwV D$O}_ò H$a`mgmR>r gma {dwV KQ> (gmoba nZb) ho gmYZ dmnaVmV.
gma {dwV KQ>mVrb {g{bH$mZ`m Mrnda H$me nS>bm H$s `mVrb BboQ>mZ Mo WbmVa hmoD$Z `mVrb
XmoZ VmamXa`mZ hmoQ>O
o {Z_mU hmoV.o AemH$mao gma D$O}Mo {dwV D$O}V $nmVa hmoD$Z {dwVdmh
(H$aQ>) {_iVo. {Xdgm gy`H$mem`m ghm`mZo V`ma Ho$bobr {dwV D$Om gM`r KQ>m`m ~Q>ar_ò
gmR>dVmV. d `m D$O}Mm amr Amn`mbm H$memgmR>r Cn`moJ hmoVmo.
AmH$Vr 4.2: gma {dwV KQ>m`m (gmoba nZb

o `m) ghm`mZo
~Q>ar Mm{OJ H$aUo.
gma {dwV KQ>mM
r {ZdS>
gma {dwV KQ>mMr {ZdS> H$a`mnydu AmnUmg ~Q>arMo H$aQ> d hmoQ>O
o _m{hVr AgUo Amd`H$
AgVo.
CXm. g_Om, ~Q>arMo hmoQ>oO 6 hmoQ> Amho.
Am{U ~Q>arMr H$aQ> dmhZ Zo`mMr j_Vm I = 4.5 AnrAa Vmg Amho.
~Q>ar `mo` H$mao Mm{OJ hmo`mgmR>r Imbrb ~m~tMm {dMma H$amdm bmJVmo.
69
{d{dY ~Q>arMr H$aQ>Mr j_Vm

H$.
~Q>arMm H$ma
~Q>arMo ~Q>arMr
hmoQ>oO H$aQ> dmhZ
Zo`mMr
j_Vm
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
brS> A{gS>Mr
~Q>ar
brS> A{gS>Mr
~Q>ar
brS> A{gS>Mr
~Q>ar
brS> A{gS>Mr
~Q>ar
6v
AA
(alarm cell)
1.5V
_mo~mBbMr
~Q>ar
PP3 H$maMr
~Q>ar (_Q>r_rQ>a
3.6v
12v
12v
12v
9v
4.5 AnrAa
Vmgr
7.5 AnrAa
Vmgr
32 AnrAa
Vmgr
65 AnrAa
Vmgr
180 {_{b
AnrAa Vmgr
720 {_{b
AnrAa Vmgr
800 {_{b
AnrAa Vmgr
~Q>arMo
H$_rV
H$_r
{S>gMm{OJ
hmoQ>oO
10.2V
~Q>arMr ~Q>ar
OmVrV Mm{OJMm
OmV
H$aQ> aoQ>
hmoQ>oOMr
j_Vm
6.4 V
750 {_br
AnrAa
12.4V
1 AnrAa
10.2V
12.4V
AnrAa
10.2V
12.4V
AnrAa
1.6V
30 {_{b
5.2 V
2.1V
3.8V
AnrAa
180 {_{b
AnrAa
7.2V
9.4V
180
{_{b
AnrAa
_ò dmnaVmV)
gma {dwV KQ>mMr {ZdS> H$aVmZm W_ `mVyZ {Z_mU hmoUmar {dwV eVr (P) emoYmdr bmJVo.
CXm. Oa Vwhr 10 dQ>Mo EbBS>r ~~ {XdgmVyZ 3 Vmg Mmbdbo Va Vwhmbm 30 dQ> nmda EH$m
{XdgmgmR>r bmJob.
{XdgmVyZ 6 Vmg MmJbm gy` H$me {_iVmo, `m`mgmR>r 5 dQ> gmoba nZbMr JaO bmJob.
nmda (P) = ~Q>ar hmoQ>oO H$aQ> = 6V H$aQ>
H$aQ> (I) = 30
6
H$aQ> (I) = 5 AnrAa
`mMm AW Agm H$s Vwhmbm 6 hmoQ> Am{U 5 AnrAa Vmg nojm OmV H$aQ>Mr ~Q>arMr JaO
bmJob.
darb V`m_ò doJdoJ`m ~Q>ar Mm{OJMm H$aQ> aoQ> {Xbm Amho d doJdoJ`m hmoQ>oO`m
~Q>arO nU {X`m AmhoV. Va Vwhr ~Q>ar hmoQ>O
o Am{U H$aQ>Mm JwUmH$ma Ho$bm Va Vwhmbm dQ> {_iob d
`m`md$Z Vwhm gmobao nZb
o Mr {ZdS> H$aVm òBb
.
4.3 : noS>b nmda
EH$ gm_m` _mUyg 60 dQ> BVH$s {dwVeVr {Z_mU H$$ eH$Vmo. H$mhr dfmndy u ~~gmR>r nwadR>m
H$aVm òBb
EdT>r {dwVeVr _ZwèVrMm dmna H$$Z {Z_mU H$aUo e` ZhVo. H$maU `mgmR>r OmV
D$Om bmJV Ago. naVy EbBS>r`m {X`mgmR>r Iyn H$_r {dwV D$Om bmJV Ag`m_wio _ZwèVrMm dmna
H$aUo ghO e` Pmbo Amho.
70
AmH$Vr 4.3 : noS>b nmda OZaoQ>

1200 Vo 1500 AmanrE_, 6 AnrAa H$aQ> XoUmam AQ>aZoQ>a, 12 hmoQ>aMr ~Q>ar d EH$MmH$s
gm`H$b noS>b nmda OZaoQ>gmR>r Amd`H$ AgVo. gm`H$b`m nwT>rb ~mOyg EH$ bm`hrb OmoS>bb
o o
AgVo. Ago OZaoQ>g {dkmZ Aml_ - nm~i òWo CnbY AmhoV. MmaMmH$s JmS>mgmR>r Oo Egr AQ>aZoQ>g
dmnabo OmVmV `mMm AmanrE_ OmV AgVmo. AemM AQ>aZoQ>gMm òWo Cn`moJ Ho$bm Amho.
AQ>aZoQ>g_Yrb BS>eZ_wio noS>qbJ H$a`mgmR>r OS> OmVo. hUyZ AQ>aZoQ>g Ogo`m Vgo dmnaUo
e` ZgVo. gm`H$bda ~g{dbobm S>m`Z_mo 6 dQ> BVH$s {dwVeVr d 0.5 AnrAa EdT>m H$aQ> {Z_mU
H$aVmo. `mMm dmnagwm H$_r {dwVeVr`m H$mer` CnH$aUmgmR>r H$aVm òVmo.
doJdoJio {dwVe$sMo hmoQ>O
o Am{U H$aQ> {Z`{V H$a`mgmR>r g{H$Q> Imbrb_mUo {Xbm AmhoV.
4.4 ~Q>ar MmOa
`mnydu AmnU gma D$Om VgoM {dwV D$O}Mm
dmna H$$Z ~Q>ar Mm{OJ H$er H$amdr ho AmnU g_OyZ
KoVbo. VgoM {dwV D$O}da ~Q>ar Mm{OJ H$a`mgmR>r
MmOaMr Amd`H$Vm AgVo. ~Q>ar`m BZnyQ> d
AmD$Q>nyQ> hmoQ>oOZwgma {d{dY H$maMo ~Q>ar MmOa
{Z_mU H$aVm òVmV.
AmH$Vr 4.4 : ghm hmoQ>Mr ~Q>ar MmO

H$a`gmR>r bmJUmam MmOa
71
H$. KQ>H$mMo Zmd

1
S>m`moS> D1 Vo D3
2
ao{OQ>a
R
3
EbBS>r L
4
amo{h (Q>mg\$m_a)
5
nrgr~r PCB
6
dmà
KQ>H$ ^mJmMr `mXr

KQ>H$mMr qH$_V
KQ>H$mMr g`m
1N4007
470
Amoh_>
{hadm EbBS>r {Xdm 5 {__r
9-0-9 (1 AnrAa)
2 go_r 4 go_r AmH$ma
_Q>rQ>S> H$maMr Multistrand
1
1
1
1
go_r
MmOaMr d{eQ>o
1. ~Q>ar Mm{OJ Mmby AgVmZm MmOaMm B{S>H$o Q>a Mmby AgVmo.
2. hm MmOa 6 hmoQ>Mm ~Q>argmR>r `mo` Amho.
4.5 gma {dwV KQ> (gmoba nZb)
~mOmam_ò {d{dY H$maMo gmoba nZg CnbY AgVmV. gmoba nZb
o ~Q>arbm OmoS>VmZm `m
AJmoXa S>m`moS> OmoS>VmV. ~mOmamV doJdoJ`m H$aV j_VoMo S>m`moS> CnbY AmhoV. `m_wio S>m`moS>_YyZ
dmhUmam H$aQ>Mm Xa 6 AnrAa BVH$m hmoVmo. VgoM ~Q>arH$Sy>Z nZobH$S>o naV òUm`m H$aQ>bm S>m`moS>
{V~Y H$aVmo.
amr`m doir Oohm gmoba nZob_YyZ {dwVdmh (H$aQ>) {Z_mU hmoUo Wm~Vo Vohm ~Q>arH$Sy>Z
nZobH$S>o H$aQ> naV OmD$ Zò `mgmR>r nZob d ~Q>ar`m_ò S>m`moS> dmnaVmV.
AmH$Vr 4.5 : gmoba nZb d ~Q>arMr OmoS>Ur.

4.6 noS>b nmda
noS>b nmda`m ghm`mZo drO{Z{_VrgmR>r Oohm AmnU ~Q>arbm AQ>aZoQ>a OmoS>Vmo Vohm S>m`moS>`m
~rO gH$sQ>`m ghm`mZo AQ>aZoQ>a ~Q>arbm OmoS>VmV. H$maU AQ>aZoQ>a_YyZ AmnUmg Egr hmoQ>O
o
{_iV AgVo. naVy AmnUmg ~Q>ar Mm{OJgmR>r S>rgr hmoQ>O
o Mr JaO AgVo. hUyZ Ago Mma S>m`moS>Mo
~rO gH$sQ> OmoS>VmV H$s Oo Egr hmoQ>oOMo S>rgr hmoQ>oO_ò $nmVa H$aVo.
72
Oa AmnU AQ>aZoQ>a EodOr OZaoQ>a dmnabm Va VoWo S>m`moS>`m ~rO gH$sQ>Mr JaO nS>V Zmhr. VoWo
\$V EH$ S>m`moS> OmoS>VmV. `m_wio ~Q>arH$Sy>Z naV H$aQ> dmhUo ~X hmoVo.
AmH$Vr 4.6 : noS>b nmda d ~Q>arMr OmoS>Ur.

H$. KQ>H$mMo Zmd
1
S>m`moS> D1 Vo D4
2
~Q>ar
3
AQ>aZoQ>a
KQ>H$ ^mJmMr `mXr

KQ>H$mMr qH$_V
KQ>H$mMr g`m
1N4007
12 hmoQ>
12
d 65 AnrAa Vmg
hmoQ> d 6 AnrAa
73
H$aU nmMdo
~Q>ar
VmdZm
~Q>ar_ò gw$dmVrbm {dwV D$O}Mo $nmVa amgm`{ZH$ D$O}V H$$Z Vr gmR>dZy R>do VmV Am{U ~Q>ar
Mmby AgVmZm amgm`{ZH$ D$O}Mo $nmVa {dwV D$O}V hmoV.o ~Q>ar_ò {ego d boS> AmgmBS> `m`m boQ>
g`w[aH$ AmbmV ~wS>dZy R>do bo`m AgVmV.
~Qar> XrKH$mi dmnabm AgVm ~Q>arVrb agm`Zo {ZpH$` hmoVmV. Aemdoir ~mhoarb moVmmao
{dwVdmh nwadyZ Vr agm`Zo nwhm H$m`mpdV Ho$br OmVmV. Aem [aVrZo ~Q>ar nwhm-nwhm {dwV ^m[aV
H$aVm òVmo. hUyZ ~Q>ar XrKH$mi H$m`j_ amhVo. ~Q>ar_ò {eem`m OmS> nQ>Q>m dmnabo`m Ag`mZo
Vo OmS> AgVmV. AZoH$ gM`r KQ> EH${V H$$Z `mMr ~Q>ar V`ma H$aVmV. OmV {d^dmVa d OmV
{dwVdmh {_i{d`mMr `moOZm `m_ò H$aVm òV.o Aem ~Q>arnmgyZ 18 hmoQ>n`V {d^dmVa (hmoQ>O
o )
{_idVm òV.o _moQ>mar VgoM Q>H$ `m dmhZm_ò gM`r ~Q>atMm dmna H$aVmV.
H$moaS>r ~Q>ar AmnU ao{S>Amo, KS>mi `mgmR>r dmnaVmo `mZm mW{_H$ ~Q>ar Ago hUVmV. `m
{dwV KQ>m_ò amgm`{ZH$ A{^{H$`m nwhm-nwhm KSy>Z òVo d {S>gMmO Pmbobo ~Q>ar nwhm MmO H$aVm
òVmV `mZm pX>dVr` ~Q>ar> hUVmV.
5.1 ~Q>atMr OmoS>Ur
AmnUmg {H$Vr _mUmV H$aQ> qH$dm hmoQ>O
o hdo AgVo `mZwgma XmoZ qH$dm OmV ~Q>ar EH$_oH$sZm
EH$ga qH$dm g_mVa OmoS>UrZo OmoS>md`mMo Vo R>a{dVmV.
g_mVa OmoS>UrZo H$aQ> dmT>Vo.
EH$ga OmoS>UrZo hmoQ>oO dmT>Vo.
EH$ga d g_mVa OmoS>UrZo hmoQ>O

o Am{U H$aQ> dmT>V.o
AmH$Vr 5.1 : ~Q>arMr EH$ga d g_mVa OmoS>Ur
74
5.2 ~Q>atMr {ZdS>

~Q>ar H$moU`m CnH$aUmbm OmoS>md`mMr AgVo `mZwgma ~Q>ar {ZdS>Uo R>aVo.
H$.
1
2
3
4
5
CnH$aU
ao{S>Amo
{Xdm
{dOoar (Q>mM
)
B_Ogr {Xdm
_mo~mBb
~Q>ar hmoQ>O
o
l.5v
6v
9v
6v
3.6v
~Q>arMo Zmd
H$moaS>m ~Q>ar
brS> A{gS>Mm ~Q>ar
nr.nr.3 ~Q>ar
brS> A{gS>Mm ~Q>ar
nmbr_a ~Q>ar
{ZHo$b - H$S>{_`_ `mgma`m YmVyMm dmna 9 hmoQ>Mm nr.nr-3 ~Q>ar_ò Ho$bobm AgVmo.
nrnr3 ~Q>ar Aem CnH$aUm_ò dmnaVmV H$s `m CnH$aUmMr Hw$R>ho r Zo -AmU H$aVm òV.o CXm. ao{S>Amo,
_Q>r_rQ>a B.
Vwhmbm ~Q>ar VgoM gd ~Q>ar~b g{dVa _m{hVr hdr Ag`mg nwT>rb gH$o V Wimda {_iy
eHo$b. www. answers.com
Amn`m H$m_mgmR>r `mo` ~Q>arMr {ZdS> H$er H$amdr.
W_ AmnU Oo CnH$aU dmnaUma AmhmoV `m CnH$aUm~m~V Imbrb Jmo>r _m{hVr H$$Z `m`mV.
Amn`m CnH$aUmMo BZnyQ> hmoQ>O
o {H$Vr Amho.
Amn`m CnH$aUmgmR>r {H$Vr {dwVeVr bmJUma Amho qH$dm CnH$aU {H$Vr dQ>Mo Amho.
Amn`m CnH$aUmgmR>r OmVrV OmV {H$Vr H$aQ> mdm bmJUma Amho.
Amnbo CnH$aU AmnU {XdgmVyZ {H$Vr doi Mmby R>do Uma AmhmoV.
1) ~Q>arMo hmoQ>O R>a{dUo
Amn`m CnH$aUmgmR>r bmJUm`m hmoQ>O
o nojm ~Q>arMo hmoQ>O
o WmoS>\o $ma OmV Agmdo bmJVo. Or
~Q>ar {V`mda Z_yX Ho$bo`m hmoQ>oOEdT>o nwadV Zgob {V`mgmR>r S>rgr ao`wbaoQ>a gH$sQ> OmoS>mdo
bmJVo.
`wnrEggmR>r 12 hmoQ> d 7.5 AnrAa Vmgm`m ~Q>arMr JaO AgVo. Am{U B_Ogr {X`mgmR>r
6 hmoQ> d 4.5 AnrAa Vmgm`m ~Q>arMr JaO AgVo.
2) ~Q>arMr H$aQ>Mr j_Vm R>a{dUo
mW{_H$ ~Q>arda `mMr j_Vm {_br AnrAa Vmg Aer {bhrbobr AgVo Va {Vr` ~Q>arda
AnrAa Vmg Aer {bhrbobr AgVo. `mMm AW Agm H$s EH$m VmgmV Vr ~Q>ar {H$Vr H$aQ> XoD$
eH$Vo. CXm. 80 AnrAa VmgmMr Oa ~Q>ar Agob Va Vr ~Q>ar 1 Vmgâ 80 AnrAa H$aQ> XoD$
eH$Vo. {S>gMmO hmo`mMm H$mbmdYr `m ~Q>arbm {H$Vr dQ>Mo CnH$aU OmoS>bo Amho d Vo CnH$aU
AmnU {H$Vr doi Mmb{dUma AmhmoV `mda Adb~Zy AgVo. `mgX^mVrb AmH$S>do mar Imbrb
gymMm dmna H$$Z H$aVm òV.o
CnH$aUmMo dQ>O
o CnH$aU Mmb{d`mMm doi
~Q>arMo AnrAa Vmg =
~Q>arMo hmoQ>oO
75
CXm.: 12 hmoQ>`m ~Q>arbm Oa 9 dQ>Mm EbBS>rMm {Xdm OmoS>yZ 10 Vmg Mmby R>do md`mMm Agob
Va `mgmR>rMr ~Q>arMr {H$Vr AnrAa VmgmMr bmJob.
~Q>ar hmoQ>oO = 12 hmoQ>
doi = 10 Vmg
CnH$aUmMo dQ> = 9 dQ>
gy
CnH$aUmMo dQ>O
o CnH$aU Mmb{d`mMm doi
~Q>arMo AnrAa Vmg =
~Q>arMo hmoQ>oO
9 10
=
12
~Q>arMo AnrAa Vmg = 7.5 AnrAa Vmg

Amn`m CnH$aUmMm {S>gMm{OJ H$aQ> W_ dmMmdm. Oa Vmo CnH$aUmda {Xbobm Zgob Va
_Q>r_rQ>a`m ghm`mZo `mMo _moO_mn H$amdo.

~Q>arMr IaoXr H$a`mnydu, ~Q>arda {bhrbo`m {V`m {S>gMm{OJ`m Xam~bMr _m{hVr bjnydH $
dmMmdr. H$moU`mhr H$aQ>Mr ~Q>ar {dH$V AmUy Zò.

~Q>arMm {S>gMm{OJ H$aQ>Mm Xa Zoh_r CnH$aUmnojm OmV Agmdm.
{XdVr` ~Q>ar
mW{_H$ ~Q>ar d gob
5.3 ~Q>arMr XoI^mb H$er H$amdr.

~Q>ar _mUmnojm OmV MmO H$$ Zò d _mUmnojm H$_r {S>gMmO hmoD$ XoD$ Zò. Oa ho Ho$bo Va
~Q>arMo Am`w` dmT>Vo.

grb~X ~Q>arMr XoI^mb H$aVmZm - `mVrb {S>Q>rb dmQ>aMr nmVir Vnmg`mMr JaO ZgVo. hr
~Q>ar OmVdoi Mm{OJ H$$ Zò.

gm`m ~Q>ar_Yrb {S>Q>rb dmQ>aMr nmVir (J hrQ>r) J hrQ>r_rQ>a`m ghm`mZo Imbrb_mUo
_moOmdr.
A) J hrQ>r_rQ>aMo ImbMo Q>mHo $ ~Q>arVrb mdUmV (A{gS>_ò) gmoS>mdo. J hrQ>r_raMm _mJrb ~mOyMm
a~ar \w$Jm Xm~yZ `mVrb A{gS> JphQ>r_rQ>a_ò AmoT>mdo. AmVm \w$Jm Xm~yZ R>ody Zò.
Oa 12 hmoQ>`m ~Q>arVrb A{gS>Zo Jhr_rQ>ada 10.2 {__rMr nmVir XmI{dbr Va ~Q>ar
{dwV^maa{hV Pmbr Amho. ({S>gMmO) Ago g_Omdo.
Am{U Oa 12 hmoQ>`m ~Q>arVrb A{gS>Zo J hrQ>r_rQ>ada 12.2 {__r hr nmVir XmI{dbr Va
~Q>ar nyZ {dwV ^m[aV Amho (MmO) Ago g_Omdo.
76
~) Xa VrZ _{h`mZr ~Q>arVrb A{gS>Mr nmVir Vnmgmdr. A{gS>Mr nmVir `mo` amIbr Jo`mZo
~Q>arMo Am`w` dmT>Vo.
gwa{jVVogX^mVrb nydgyMZm
1. BbopQ>H$ CnH$aUm`m YZ Ydw mMr ~Q>ar`m YZ Ydw mbm d F$U Ydw mMr F$U Ydw mbm bjmnydH $
`mo` Vr OmoS>Ur H$amdr.
2. H$moaS>r ~Q>ar MmO H$$ Zò.
3. H$moUVrhr ~Q>ar Ja_ H$$ ZH$m. VgoM nmUr-AmJ d CUVm `mnmgyZ Xya R>do m.
4. Oa EImXm ~Q>ar> \w$Q>br Agob qH$dm `mMr JiVr hmoV Agob Va Vmo dmnaUo Vm~S>Vmo~ ~X H$am.
5. ~Q>ar nyU MmO Pm`mZVa bJoM ~X hmoUmam MmOa dmnamdm.
6. Amnbr ~Q>ar bjnydH $ MmO H$am.
5.4 ~Q>arMr VnmgUr
A) _mUmnojm OmV MmO H$aUo
nyU MmO Pmbo`m 12 hmoQ> ~Q>arMo hmoQ>M
o 12.6 BVHo$ AgVo.o Mm{OJ H$aVmZm ~Q>arM hmoQ>O
o
Oohm 12.6 BVHo$ hmoVo Vohm bJoMM ~Q>ar MmO H$aUo Wm~dmdo.
6 hmoQ>`m ~Q>argmR>r ho _mU 6.4 hmoQ> BVHo$ AgVo.
~) _mUmnojm H$_r {S>gMmO hmoUo
Oohm ~Q>arMo hmoQ>O
o R>adyZ {Xbo`m _mUmnojm H$_r hmoVo `mbm {S>gMm{OJ hmoQ>O
o Ago hUVmV.
12 hmoQ>o`m gM`r ~Q>arMo {S>gMm{OJ hmoQ>oO 10.2 hmoQ> BVHo$ Amho Va 6 hmoQ>`m
~Q>arMo {S>gMm{OJ hmoQ>O
o 5.2 BVHo$ Amho. Oa `m nojm H$_r hmoQ>O
o Pmbo Va Vr ~Q>ar _mUmnojm
OmV {S>gOmM hmoV.o
~Q>arMo `m hmoQ>oOnojm H$_r hmoQ>oO Pm`mg `m ~Q>arda MmbUmao CnH$aU ~X H$amdo d ~Q>ar
Mm{OJbm bmdmdr.
77
n[a{e> (gX^gyMr)
drO{~bmMr qH$_V H$mT>U.o
KWH nVrZo ~rO{~bmMr qH$_V H$mT>U.o
KWH - Kilo watt Hour.
KW - {H$bmo dQ>
H - Vmg.
1000 dQ> = 1 {H$bmo dQ>
gy : 1000 dQ> 1 Vmg = 1 `w{ZQ>

{H$bmo dQ> Vmg {Xdg = `w{ZQ> Xa drO~rb
EImXo CnH$aU Mmb{d`mgmR>r Oa EH$m Vmgmbm 1000 dQ> BVH$s {dwVeVr bmJVo `mMm AW
Agm hmoVmo H$s Vo CnH$aU Mmbd`mgmR>r EH$ EH$m Vmgmbm 1 `w{ZQ> drO dmnabr OmVo.
CXmhaUmW :
g_Om {dkmZ Aml_m_ò,
Xa {Xder 4 Q>~y bmBQ> 8 Vmg Mmby AgVmV. (EH$ Q>~y bmBQ> 40 dQ>Mr Amho.)
Xa {Xder 12 ~~ 2 Vmg Mmby AgVmV. (EH$ ~~ 200 dQ>Mm Amho.)
VgoM Xa {Xder 1 EbBS>r {Xdm 12 Vmg Mmby AgVmo. (EH$ EbBS>r {Xdm 2 dQ>Mm Amho.)
Va {dkmZ Aml_mgmR>r òUmao EH$m _{h`mMo drO~rb H$mT>m.
Xa {Xder hmoUmam drOoMm dmna :
4 Q>y bmBQ>gmR>r - 40 dQ> 4 Q>~y 8 Vmg = 1280 dQ>
12 ~~gmR>r - 200 ~X 12 ~~ 2 Vmg = 4800 dQ>
EH$m EbBMr {X`mgmR>r - 2 dQ> 1 {Xdm 12 Vmg = 24 dQ>
Xa {Xder hmoUmam EHy$U drOoMm dmna = 1280 + 4800 + 24 = 6104 dQ>
EH$m _{h`mgmR>r hUOo 30 {XdgmgmR>r hmoUmam drOoMm dmna = 6104 dQ> 30 {Xdg
= 183120 dQ>
183120 dQ>
=
1000
= 183.12 {H$bmodQ >
30 {XdgmgmR>r hmoUmam drOoMm dmna = 183.12 `w{ZQ>
{dkmZ Aml_mgmR>r òUmao
EH$m _{h`mMo Ano{jV drO~rb = 183.12 `w{ZQ> EH$m `w{ZQ>Mm Xa
= 183.12 ......... $nò.
= .............. $nò.
78
amoYmdarb aJnQ>Q>md$Z amoYmMr qH$_V H$mT>U.o

YmVy `m AmgmBS>`m d H$m~Z {\$_`m amoYmda Mma aJm`m aJnQ>Q>m bmdbo`m AgVmV.
aJnQ>Q>md$Z amoYmMr qH$_V H$mT>U.o

n{hbm AH$
Xwgam AH$
JwUH$XhmMm KmVmH$
ZmaJr
3
qH$_VrVrb
~XbmMo _mU
gmoZoar
5%
aJ
bmb
{hadm
VVm_ò {Xbobr aJmMr qH$_V 2
5
amoYmMr qH$_V (R) = 25 103
= 25 1000
= 25000
R = 25 {H$bmoAmoh_ Am{U + 5% qH$_VrVrb \$aH$mMo _mU
aJVVm
H$mim Vn{H$ar bmb ZmaJr {ndim {hadm {Zim Omîm H$aS>m
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
nmT>am
9
darb V`m`m ghm`mZo ao{OQ>aMr qH$_V H$mT>Vm òBb

.
EbBS>r {X`m`m _m{hVrgX^mVrb BQ>aZoQ>darb gH$o VWio
1)
4)
7)
9)
www.kwalityindia.com
2)www.globalsources.com
www.ledsupply.com
5)www.eled.com
www.howstuffwork.com
8)www.electronics-lab.com
www.candlepowerforums.com
3) www.superbrightleds.com
6) www.globalspec.com
~Q>arMo {Z_mVo
1) E_. Eg. EQ>am`Pog,
14/4 AmZX BS>pQ>`b BQ>Qo >, AmZXZJa, ^mogar, nwUo 26. Xya^mf H$. : 020-27124324
2) gZ{dZ EQ>am`Pog,
408/1, JwbQ>Ho $S>r, dmaJoQ>, nwUo - gmVmam aVm, nwUo 37.
Xya^mf H$. : 020-24267182, 24272049
79
gM`r ~Q>atMo R>mHo $ (hmobgob) {dH$o Vo

1) AbmBQ> EQ>am`Pog,
508, ~wYdma noR>, Q>mAmo emnr`m g_moa, nwUo
gmoba nZbMo {Z_mVo
1) BH$mogmoba {gQ>r_ (B{S>`m) {b_rQ>oS>,
177A/2 nwUo - qghJS> aVm, ndVr, nwUo 30
Xya^mf H$. : 020-4336999/4330442
2) _{eZmoH$mQ> (nwUo) nm`. {b{_Q>oS>,
15/4 A, dmgwXdo BQ>Qo >, nwU-o gmVmam aVm, nwUo 43
Xya^mf H$. : 020-4371457
3) ~moZS>Q> mogogg m.{b.
oaUm 21, 44/2 A_a gmogm`Q>r, EaS>dZm, nwUo 4
Xya^mf H$. : 020-5437843
gd H$ma`m BboQ>m{ ZH$ KQ>H$ ^mJmMo R>mHo $ (hmobgob) {dH$o Vo
1) nm`mo{Zà BboQ>m{Zg,
508, ~wYdma noR>, XoZm ~Ho$g_moa, nwUo 12
Xya^mf H$. : 020 - 24458257, \$g : 24495336
B-_ob : pioneer_tech@vsnl.net
do~gmBQ> : www.pioneerpune.info
2) {Q>{ZQ>r BboQ>m{Zg
gmodm _mH}$Q>, Vi_Obm, 463/64 ~wYdma noR>,
nmgmoS>m {dR>mo~m _{XamOdi, nwUo.
Xya^mf H$.: 020-66019647
B-_ob : triniticelectronic@hotmail.com
3) Jmbm BboQ>m{ Zg, (vegakit CnbY)
20 n{hbm _Obm, H$nZm {~S>tJ, 357, bq_Q>Z aVm, _w~ B 07.
Xya^mf H$.: 022-23879562, 23854510, 23823550
B-_ob : vega63@vsnl.com
do~gmBQ> : www.vegakitindia.com
bmpQ>H$ ~mgMo R>mHo $ {dH$o Vo
1) _ZmoO Q>oqS>J H$nZr,
XwH$mZ Z. 14, gmo~m _mH}$Q>, 463 ~wYdma noR>, nwUo 02.
Xya^mf H$.: 020-24483964
_mo~mBb : 9822421042
2) ho{_bm bmpQ>g
1019, ~wYdma noR>, ewH$ dma noR>, nmo{bg MmH$s`m g_moa,
lrZmW Q>mH $sO`m Jrg_moa, nwUo 2
Xya^mf H$.: 020-24472146
80
VwbZm_H$ VVm
Imbrb {Xbo`m V`m_ò,
~~, grE\$EbMm {Xdm d EbBSrMm {Xdm ho gd {Xdo Odinmg 200 `w_o g BVH$m H$me
XoVmV. grE\$Eb`m {X`mgmR>r ~~nojm EH$ MVwWme nQ> {dwVe$s bmJVo Va EbBS>r`m {X`mgmR>r
grE\$Eb`m {X`mnj
o m EH$ {Vr`me nQ> {dwVeVr bmJVo.
H$.
H$memMr VrdVm
~~
grE\$EbMm {Xdm EbBS>r {Xdm
1.
200 `w_o g
25 dQ>
5-6 dQ>
1.8-2 dQ>
2.
450 `w_o g
40 dQ>
8 dQ>
6 dQ>
3.
600-700 `w_o g
60 dQ>
14 dQ>
12 dQ>
4
950 `w_o g
75 dQ>
18-20 dQ>
5
1200 `w_o g
100 dQ>
20-25 dQ>
6
1600 `w_o g
125 dQ>
26-30 dQ>
7
1900 `w_o g
150 dQ>
35-42 dQ>
{dwVeVrMm dmna ~~, grE\$Eb d EbBS>r {X`mgmR>r doJdoJim AgVmo.
{dkmZ Aml_, nm~i òWo grE\$EbMo {Xdo nU V`ma Ho$bobo AmhoV. `m {X`mMo d{eQ> Ago
Amho H$s Oohm EImXr bmoago Q > Q>~y Iam~ hmoVo Vohm `mVrb H$mhr BboQ>m{ ZH$ KQ>H$ Oimbo`m qH$dm
Iam~ Pmbo`m grE\$Eb_ò dmnaVm òVmV. Ago KQ>H$ ~mOmamVgwXm CnbY AmhoV.
`m nwpVHo$V H$mhr _amR>r eXmEdo Or BJO

r eX gmo`rMo R>aVmV hUyZ
`mgmR>r XaamoO`m dmnamVrb BJO
r eX dmnabo AmhoV.
{d^dmVa eXmgmR>r hmoQ>O
o , {X> {dwVYmam eXmgmR>r {S>gr H$aQ,
`mdVu {dwVdmh eXmgmR>r Egr H$aQ>,
N>mnrb {dwV n[anWmEodOr nrgr~r,
ao{hb EodOr Q>mg\$m_a .
81

Design Manual - Led

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Design Manual - Led

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Vigyan Ashram

(For private circulation only)

(Ho$di AVJV {dVaUmgmR>r)

Chapter 1 Introduction to LED

Chapter 2 Basic Electric Concept

Chapter 3 LED Light units

Chapter 4 Charging System

Figure: super flux LED

1.3 Light comparison table

Basic Electric Concepts

Figure 2.1 Current measure

Ensure multi-meter switch is on DC current position, then connect red

Figure 2.2 Voltage measure

Figure 2.4 Ohm's Law Concept

Figure 2.5 Capacitor symbol

2) It blocks the flow of DC voltage and permits the flow of AC voltage.

Figure 2.7: circuit symbol

Figure 2.8: - battery connect in series

Figure 2.9 :- battery connect in parallel

Figure 2.10: - LED connect on battery

Figure 2.11 :- Increase voltage level

Figure 2.12: - Increase current capacity

Figure 2.13: LED connected in series and parallel combination

LED Lighting units

Figure 3.1: - Emergency Lamp

Working of emergency lamp

Power calculation For Emergency Lamp

Figure 3.2: Low power LED

Figure 3.3: DC lamp (12 Volts)

Figure 3.4 :- DC lamp operate on 6v battery

Figure 3.5: 9v DC lamp

Figure : parallel connection for torch

Figure 3.6: parallel connection for torch

For two cells (3V) Part List

For three cells (4.5V) Part List

3.7 : Torch using Series and Parallel connection

Circle and square shape

Figure 3.8 :- torch using 9v battery

Figure 3.9:- LED strip operate on 230 volt.

3.10 Mobile chargers using pedal power

Figure: 3.10 - Mobile charger using pedal power

Pin configuration of IC 7806

Features:1) You can charge battery without grid power.

Program for IC ATmega8L

ldi r16, 0b11010000

Figure 4.1 Battery charge using grid power

Figure 4.2 :- Block Diagram of Charge battery from solar Panel

Seal lead acid

4.3 Pedal power

Figure 4.3: - pedal power generator

AC alternators used in the automobiles requires high RPM and due to

Circuit 1 : Input 230V AC, to charge 6V battery

Figure 4.4 :- Battery charger for 6v battery.

In this charger transformer is used of 9-0-9v with 1A output. Feature of

Figure : 4.5 Connection for solar panel

4.6 Pedal power

Figure 4.6 : Connection for pedal power

Figure 5.1 Battery Connect in Series and Parallel

Seal Lead acid

Seal Lead acid

The Ni Cd (Nickel Cadmium) is material use in PP3 9v general purpose

Battery of 7.5AH current capacity is required.

Before ordering batteries you must pay attention on maximum