TENSES

Penggunaan Kata Kerja Penuh Be (Am, Is, dan Are) dalam Tenses
I
He
They
I
He
They
I
He
They

am
is
are

here

was

here

were
will
may
must
can

here

tomorrow / today / next week / next Sunday / for three

days / soon (= segera) / later (= nanti) / in five minutes.

been

here

Present Perfect Tense

since yesterday / until now / up to now (= sampai
sekarang) / for three days / so far (= hingga kini)
/ in the last (past) few days (= dalam beberapa hari
terakhir) / all day (= sepanjang hari) / lately (akhir-akhir ini).
Past Perfect Tense

here

for two days before Ani came (verb II) (yesterday).

be

I
They

have

He

has

I
He
They

had been

There

is
are

There

was
were

There

There
There

will
may
must
can

Simple Present Tense

now / today / every day / once a month / twice a month
/ three times a month / on Sundays (= every Sunday)
/ this morning (= pagi ini).
Simple Past Tense
yesterday / last week / last Sunday / three days ago
(= tiga hari yang lalu) / for (= selama) three days
/ this morning (= pagi tadi) / in 1999.
Future Tense

Simple Present Tense

a lot of development
in our country now.
a lot of advances
Simple Past Tense
a lot of development
in our country last year.
a lot of advances
Future Tense

a lot of development
be
a lot of advances

in a few years to come

in our country (= dalam beberapa tahun
mendatang).

Present Perfect Tense

has been a lot of development
in our country in the last few years.
have been a lot of advances
Past Perfect Tense
a lot of development
before the Repelita
had been
in our country
a lot of advances
started (verb II).

Kalimat Tanya Ya / Tidak

1. A: Were (= Apakah) you in the head office (keterangan tempat) yesterday?
B: Yes, I was / No, I wasnt (was not).
2. A: Was (= Apakah) Jono absent (kata sifat) from work last Monday?

B: No, he wasnt / Yes, he was.

3. A: Will you (= Apakah Anda akan) be back (kata sifat) (= kembali) again soon?

B: No, I wont (will not) / Yes, I will.

4. A: Have you (= Apakah Anda sudah / telah) been here (keterangan tempat) since yesterday

/ since the seminar began (verb II)?

B: Yes, I have / No, I havent (have not). (Saya masih berada di sini)
5. A: Has he been here (keterangan tempat) since yesterday / since the seminar began

(verb II)?
B: Yes, he has / No, he hasnt (has not). (Ia masih berada di sini)
6. A: Have you been a computer programmer (kata benda) for a long time?

B: Yes, I have / No I havent. (= Saya masih menjadi seorang pemrogram komputer)

7. A: Had he been a manager for a long time before he retired (verb II) (= pension)?

B: Yes, he had / No he hadnt (had not). (Ia sudah tidak menjadi seorang manager)
Kalimat Tanya dengan Kata Tanya
1. A: Where were you yesterday?
B: I wasnt there yesterday, but I was in the branch office.
2. A: Why was he absent from work last Monday?

B: He was absent from work last Monday, because he was ill (kata sifat). Now he is in Sarjito
hospital.
3. A: When will you be back again?

B: III (I will) be back again soon / in ten minutes.

4. A: How long (=Berapa lama) have you been here?

B: I have been here for two days.

5. A: How long (=Berapa lama) have you been a computer programmer?

B: I have been a computer programmer for about (= kira-kira) half a year (a half year).
6. A: How long (=Berapa lama) has he been a computer programmer?

B: He has been a computer programmer for about (= kira-kira) half a year.

7. A: How long (=Berapa lama) had he been a manager before he retired (verb II)?

B: He had been a manager for years before he retired.

Penggunaan Kata Kerja Penuh Selain Be dalam Tenses

Simple Present Tense
Untuk sesuatu yang bersifat umum, contoh:
Computers do your tasks very quickly.
In Jogja, some shops open at nine a.m. and close at nine p.m., and other
shops open at the same hour but close at four p.m.
In Jakarta, most employees work for five days a week and they dont
work on Saturdays and on Sundays
In Indonesia, most work begins at seven a.m. and finishes at four p.m.
What time do shops open in your country and what time does work begin
at your office?
Untuk sesuatu yang bersifat tetap, contoh:
The girl comes from Australia. She lives with a relative of hers (her
relative) at 19 Jl Ki Ageng Pemanahan, Yogyakarta. She studies
Information Technology (IT) at Amikom College. Besides she studies at the
College at the day time, she also works part-time at a hotel in the city at
night / in the night. She is very young, but she doesnt live on her family.
Untuk kebiasaan pada waktu sekarang dengan Adverbials of Frequency:
usually (= biasanya), always (= selalu), often / frequently (= sering),
sometimes (= kadang-kadang), seldom / rarely (= jarang), hardly ever (=
hampir tidak pernah), never (= tidak pernah), contoh:
We always delete unimportant files.
She cleans the disk drive every day / once a week.
Untuk waktu yang akan datang dengan kata kerja tertentu: begin / start,
leave, arrive, contoh:
His exams begin next month.
The plane leaves at 7:30 a.m.
Untuk tulisan dalam cerita fiktif: novel dan sebagainya.
Present Continuous Tense
Untuk sesuatu yang sedang terjadi pada waktu sekarang atau pada waktu
berbicara, contoh:

Please turn of the radio. I am trying to concentrate on my work. (= Saya

sedang mencoba / berusaha berkonsentrasi pada pekerjaan saya)
Please dont make so much noise. I am studying.
Untuk sesuatu yang bersifat sementara, contoh:
I am staying here until I can find an apartment.
Untuk suatu perubahan, contoh:
The price of a computer is going up.
His English is getting better.
Untuk sesuatu yang telah diputuskan / telah direncanakan akan dilakukan,
contoh:
This is my schedule for next week:
I am making reports on Monday. (Future Tense)
I am attending the meeting on Tuesday. (Future Tense)
I am making reports. (Future Tense)
(= I am going to make reports)
(= I will be making reports)
(= I intend to make reports)
Present Continuous Tense untuk sesuatu yang sedang terjadi pada
waktu sekarang; Past Continuous Tense (untuk sesuatu yang sedang
terjadi pada waktu lampau), dan Future Continuous Tense untuk sesuatu
yang sedang terjadi pada waktu yang akan datang. Contoh:
John works every morning from 9 oclock till noon. It is 10 oclock now. He
is working (Present Continuous Tense). At 10 oclock yesterday he was
working (Past Continuous Tense). At 10 oclock tomorrow he will be
working (Future Continuous Tense).
John is an industrious man. He works in a shop. The shop opens at 9
oclock and closes at 5.30. At 10 oclock yesterday he was working. Its 10
oclock now. He is working. At 10 oclock tomorrow he will be working.
He is never absent from work.

Future Tense
Untuk sesuatu yang diputuskan akan dilakukan pada saat berbicara,
contoh:
I think
I suppose
I am sure
I bet
I guess
Probably / possibly /
maybe / perhaps

he will come

I dont think he will come. (= Saya pikir ia tidak akan datang)

Do you think he will come? (= Apakah Anda pikir / Apakah menurut
pendapat Anda ia akan datang?)
I will not come to the meeting. (= Saya tidak akan datang ke rapat itu)
(Penolakan)
I will not be coming to the meeting. (= Saya tidak akan datang ke rapat
itu) (Tidak ada kesempatan)
Will you come to the meeting? (=Maukah Anda datang ke rapat itu?)
Will you be coming to the meeting? (= Apakah Anda akan datang ke
rapat itu?)
Shall we go there now? (= Bagaimana kalau kita pergi ke sana sekarang?)
(= What about going there now?)
(= How about going there now?)
(= Lets (Let us) go there now?) (= Mari kita pergi ke sana sekarang)
(Jawabannya: Yes, lets / No, lets not)
Simple Past Tense
Untuk memberikan pernyataan atau pertanyaan pada waktu sekarang
mengenai sesuatu yang terjadi atau dilakukan pada waktu lampau atau
sebelumnya, dan tidak berhubungan dengan waktu sekarang, contoh:
+ He calculated (verb II) the expense yesterday / last Monday / two
hours ago / this morning (= pagi tadi) / in 1996 / for two hours.
(calculate calculated calculated)
- He didnt calculate the expense.
? Did he calculate the expense? Yes, he did / No, he didnt.

This is a list of things I did yesterday:

7:30
8:30 typed letters
8:30
9:30 processed data
9:30
10:30 .
Untuk kebiasaan pada waktu lampau dengan Adverbials of Frequency:
usually, always, often, sometimes, seldom, hardly ever, never, contoh:
s

used to

Ani and I
work at the same office. She often got to work late.
Her manager didnt know she often(sering) came late because he often
came late, too.
When Ani was younger (Simple Past dari penggunaan kata kerja
penghubung be sebagai kata kerja penuh), She seldom / rarely went to
bed before 9. She often stayed up the whole night
(= begadang) and never got up early.
Past Future Tense
Untuk sesuatu yang akan dilakukan pada waktu lampau, contoh:
Yesterday I called(mengunjungi di ikuti tempat) at Jonos office. When I got
there, he would go out with his pretty, new secretary.
Present Perfect Continuous Tense dan Present Perfect Tense
Present Perfect Continuous Tense untuk sesuatu yang dilakukan atau
yang terjadi dalam rentang waktu dari waktu lampau sampai sekarang, dan
sekarang masih terus berlangsung. Dengan kata lain, dalam bahasa
Indonesia Present Perfect Continuous Tense bisa sama dengan
mengatakan sudah / telah / pada waktu sekarang dengan rentang waktu.
Present Perfect Tense untuk sesuatu yang sudah / telah terjadi atau yang
sudah / telah / baru saja selesai dilakukan pada waktu sekarang. Dengan
kata lain, dalam bahasa Indonesia Present Perfect Tense bisa sama
dengan mengatakan sudah / telah / baru saja pada waktu sekarang tanpa
rentang waktu. Contoh:
Johno is reading a book. He began reading (the book) two hours ago. He is
on page 52. He has been reading for two hours (Present Perfect
Continuous Tense). He has read (verb III) 52 pages (Present Perfect
Tense). (read read read)

Johno is studying English. He began studying (English) six years ago. He

has been studying English for six years. He has read a lot of English
books.
Jono began studying IT at Amikom College in 1999. Now he is still studying
at the College. So far, he has been studying there for about nine years,
but he has not completed / finished his study yet.
Untuk sesuatu yang baru saja dilakukan dan masih ada tanda tanda akibat
perbuatan yang telah dilakukan, contoh:
I am very tired. I have been working hard all day / lately / in the last few
days / for hours / since last Monday / so far / up to now
/ until now.
Bandingkan!
I lived in Yogyakarta for two years. - I have been living in Yogyakarta for
two years. (= I have lived in
Yogyakarta for two years)
I mailed the letter yesterday.
- I have mailed the letter.
Did you see Johno this morning? - Have you seen Johno this morning?
Yesterday I went to a party. John went to the party, too.
When I arrived at the party, he was singing.
When I arrived at the party, he had been singing for a few minutes.(Past
Perfect Continuous Tense yang merupakan
bentuk lampau Present Perfect Continuous
Tense)
When I arrived at the party, he had been there for a few minutes. (Past
Perfect Tense dari Pola Kalimat Tunggal I
yang merupakan bentuk lampau Present
Perfect Tense)
When I arrived at the party, he sang a song. (= I arrived at the party and
then he sang a song)
When I arrived at the party, he would go home. (Past Future Tense
yang merupakan bentuk lampau Future
Tense)
When I arrived at the party, he wasnt there. He had gone home. (Past
Perfect Tense yang merupakan bentuk
lampau Present Perfect Tense)

This is the first time I have driven a car.

It is time we went home.
Future Perfect Tense (Bentuk yang akan datang Present Perfect Tense)
Contoh:
Perawan always goes to bed at 11:00. Joko is going to visit her at 11:30
this evening. When Joko arrives, Perawan will have gone to bed.
By (= menjelang) the end of this year he will have graduated from Amikom
College.
Future Perfect Continuous Tense (Bentuk yang akan datang Present
Perfect Continuous Tense)
Contoh:
By the end of this year he will have been studying at Amikom College for
two years.
Past Perfect Tense / Simple Past Tense
Contoh:
By 1999 he had graduated (Past Perfect Tense) / graduated (Simple
Past Tense) from Amikom College.

BANDINGKAN
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
+
been

were
am
is

from Japan.

are

I
You
The students
He
The student

come
from Japan.
comes

Is
he
from Japan?
Are you
Yes, I am / No, I am not.
Where are
you from?
Apakah

Does he
come from
Japan?
Do
you
Yes, I do / No, I dont (do not).
Where do
you
come from?
Apakah

SIMPLE PAST TENSE

+
am
is
are
I
He
The student
You
The students

was

SIMPLE PAST TENSE

+
call
called
called
go
went
gone
read
read
read

been

were
was

in
yesterday.
Japan

were

I
He
The student
You
The students

went to Japan

?
Was
Apakah

Were

he
you

in
yesterday?
Japan

Yes, I was / No, I wasnt (was not).

Where were
you
yesterday?

Yesterday.

I
He
The student
You
The students

?
Apakah

Did

he
you

go

to
Japan

Yesterday?

was

Yes, I did / No, I didnt (did not).

I
Where

didnt

go

did

you

to
Japan
go

Yesterday?

am
is
are

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

+
work
worked
worked
come
came
come
write
wrote
written