Summary (elementary)

Present tense
Present simple

I = I

HE/SHE/IT = HE / SHE / IT

WE/YOU/THEY = WE /YOU / THEY

NEGATIVE

I = I

HE/SHE/IT = HE / SHE / IT

WE/YOU/THEY = WE / YOU / THEY

INTERROGATIVE

I?

HE/SHE/IT?

WE/YOU/THEY?

SHORT ANSWERS

YES, I // YES, HE/SHE/ IT // YES, WE/YOU/ THEY

NO, I // NO, HE/SHE/IT/ // NO, WE/YOU/THEY

HAVE GOT// HAS GOT

We use have got or have in the present simple (not the present continuous)
• for things which we possess:
We've got a new entertainment centre. = We have a 1ie1v entertainment centre.
Has everyone got a map?= Does everyone have a map?
We haven't got any money. = We don't have any money.
• for describing things and people:
It's got a cinema and a concert hall.
It doesn't have enough seats.
Has he got long dark hair?
• for illnesses:
I've got a sore throat.
We don't normally use have got in the past and the future
We use have (not have got) in many common expressions (have a bath, have a holiday etc.) to
talk about actions. When it means do, eat, take, enjoy, etc. we can use simple or continuous
tenses:
I hope you're having a good time.
Why don't you have a walk round there?
You can have lunch in one of the cafes.
We use the present simple:
• for habits and things which happen regularly:
I go there most weekends.
especially with always, never, usually, often,
and sometimes (we write these word before main verbs or after verb to be)
The tour usually lasts about one hour.
The teacher is always on time.
• for permanent situations:
I live in Argentina.
We don't see animals in the city centre.
• for general truths:
Many tourists enjoy tours.

Structure affirmative/negative and questions

Short answers:
Yes, I/we/you /they + do Yes, he/she/it + does
No, I/we/you /they + don’t No, he/she/it + doesn’t
Time expressions
Frequency adverbs

Present continuous
We use the present continuous
• For the present moment:
The bus is now turning into Queens Road.
What are you doing? I’m listening to you.
• For temporary situations:
This week our tours are taking a little longer.
An international company is using that building for a conference. (=They don't use it all the
time.)

State verbs
Present perfect simple
We form the present perfect with has/have+ past participle.
The past participle
• for regular verbs (want~ wanted) and a few irregular verbs (make~ made) is the same as
the past simple.
• for most irregular verbs is different from the past simple (break ~ broke, broken; go ~ went,
gone).

Other uses of the present perfect

We use the present perfect
• with just for an event a short time before now:
I've just met her. (=a few minutes ago)
• with adverbs already, before, ever and never, meaning 'before now' (see also Unit 2):
We've already met.
Has he ever ~t her?
We've met before.
- with superlatives You make the best pizza I've ever eaten.
-after the expressions the first/last etc. time: That's the second time you've asked me.
Have gone and have been
A. To go has two forms in the present perfect: have gone and have been. The meanings are
different
He's been to the shops.
(=He went there and then returned home.)
She's gone to the city centre.
(=She went there and she's there now.)
Present perfect continuous

Subject + have/has been + verb-ing

Past tenses
We use the past simple
• for completed actions, events and situations in the past:
Simple past Verb to be
Regular verbs Spelling rules (affirmative)

Irregular verbs (these verbs have their own rules)-verbs’

list 2nd column
I went to the cinema yesterday
I didn’t go to the cinema yesterday
Did you go to the cinema yesterday?
Short answers
Yes, + I/you/he/ she/ it/we/ you /they + did
No, + I/you/he/ she/ it/we/ you /they + didn’t
Time expressions
Past continuous - forms
We form the past continuous of all verbs with was/were + -ing:

We use the past continuous

• for an unfinished activity around a time in the past:

At nine o'clock I was sitting in the cinema.

• for a past activity beginning before a past event and· continuing until or after it. For the
event we use when + the past simple

I was talking to my mother when you rang me.

-for two activities at the same time in the past (often with while / as):

I was sitting near the ticket desk while the manager was talking

Past perfect simple

We form the past perfect with had + past participle.

We use the past perfect

• to talk about something that happened before a past event:
Last week I visited my home city. It had changed a lot.
• in sentences that have when + past simple, to show that one event happened before the other:

The two actions are separate.

Compare:

Past perfect not past simple We always use the past perfect not the past simple with
already, ever, never and just when we mean before a time in the past.

Past perfect continuous

Affirmative
Subject + had been + verb-ing + complement
Negative
Subject + had not been + verb-ing +complement
Interrogative/ questions
Had +subject +been +verb-ing +complement

Used to

Used to is used to talk about the past when we want to emphasise that things are different now.

It used to be the factory area. (=It isn't the factory area now.)
THE FUTURE
To talk about the future, we use will, be going to, the present simple and
the present continuous.

Will
Affirmative
I/you/he/she/it/we/they will ('ll) + verb.
I'll pay.

Negative
I/you/he/she/we/it/they will not (won't) +verb
She won't pay

Interrogative
Will I/you/he/she/it/we/they + verb?
Will you pay?

We use will
• to say what we know or believe about the future (often with maybe, I
think, I expect and I hope)
I'll be 17 next week. (=she/he knows this)
Everybody will do shopping by computer in a few years' time. ( = she/he
believes this)
• when the speaker decides something at the moment he/she speaks.
I'll have a coffee with you. (=she/he decides now)
Time clauses

SHALL
We use SHALL +I/ we for offers and suggestions.

Shall I help you? offer

Shall we go to the cinema tomorrow? suggestion

Be going to
Affirmative
Subject +am/is/are going to+ verb
We're going to see the film.

Negative
Subject +am/is/are +not + going to + verb
I'm not going to see the film.

Interrogative
am/is/are + subject + going to+ verb?
Are you going to see the film?

We use going to
• when we can see that something is certain to happen:
The plane is going to land.

We can often use going to or will to talk about the future:

I'm going to be 17 next week. =I'll be 17 next week.
We use will more often when we write, but going to when we speak.

Present continuous
We use the present continuous
• for plans already made when we know or guess the time:
What are you doing tonight? (= what plans have you got?)
I'm meeting a designer at 2.30. (=she/he has an appointment)

Present simple
We use the present simple for timetables (trains, planes etc.) and for
programmes
(films, classes etc.)
My flight leaves Rome at 11 pm on Saturday and it arrives in London at 1
am.
The film starts at nine o'clock.
Adjectives
Adjective position
Adjectives usually go before nouns: I bought a white T-shirt.
Adjectives don't change. (NOT some whites T shirts) X
Adjectives go after some verbs (e.g. be, get, become, look, seem, appear, sound, taste, smell,
feel): They're comfortable and they'll look good with the skirt.
A few adjectives (e.g. afraid, alone, asleep, awake) cannot go before a noun:
The cat was asleep on the bed. (NOT The asleep cat was on the bed.) X

Adjective order
When there are two or more adjectives, they go in this order:

We put and
-between two colour adjectives: a black and white belt
- between two adjectives after a verb: Clothes shops are always boring and crowded.

NOTE: We don't say my favourite and long and black boots

Adjectives ending in -ing and -ed
Some adjectives have two forms: -ing and -ed. The adjectives have different meanings:

Adverbs
Adjectives tell us about a noun: He's a careful cyclist
Adverbs tell us about a verb: He cycles carefully
Adverbs say how often, where, how much, how and when:

Adverbs can be one word or a phrase:

I'm getting on my bike now.
I'm outside my office.

Forming adverbs
Adjective+ -ly = adverb: perfect+ -ly: perfectly

Some words look like adverbs because they end -ly but they are adjectives (e.g. friendly,
likely, lonely, lovely, silly, ugly):
He was a friendly man. He told me a silly story.
We don't make adverbs from these adjectives.

Irregular adverbs
Well is the adverb for good but well is also an adjective (=not ill)
Some adjectives and adverbs look the same (e.g.fast, early, hard, late, daily/weekly/monthly):

Adverb position
Most adverbs usually go after the verb. If there are several adverbs, they go in this order:
How? Where? When?
Josh cycled quickly to the station at one o'clock.
When? adverbs can go at the beginning or at the end of the sentence.
At one o'clock Josh cycled quickly to the station.
Josh cycled quickly to the station at one o'clock

How often? adverbs usually go:

+ before a one-word verb: I never see you.
+ before the second part of a two-part verb: I've never forgotten you.
+ BUT after am/is/are/was/were: I'm often late.

The adverbs already, also, just, still, even and only usually go in the same place as how often?
adverbs:
I'm. still at the station. I've just arrived.
Adverbs do not go between the verb and its object:
I posted your present on Wednesday
I wrapped the present carefully.
We say He speaks Spanish very well.
Too and as well = also but they usually go at the end of the sentence:

I sent you a card as well / too

Modifying adverbs and adjectives

Some adverbs change the meaning of adjectives or other adverbs:
extremely/ really/ very/ rather/ fairly /quite

I cycle very quickly

Comparative and superlative adjectives

Comparing two people or things: Hits is smaller than Buzz.

Comparing more than two people or things: Buzz is the most expensive magazine.
Hits is the least expensive magazine.

Some adjectives are irregular:

good / better / the best
bad/ worse/the worst
far/further/the furthest

We also use (not) as ... as and less ... than to compare things:
Buzz isn't as popular as Hits or Buzz is less popular than Hits
When two things are the same, we say: Buzz is as popular as Hits!

Comparative and superlative adverbs

Adverbs ending in -ly form comparatives and superlatives like long adjectives
Other adverbs form comparatives and superlatives like short adjectives:
hard ~ harder ~ hardest
My sister works harder than I do but Alex works the hardest.Articles: A/ AN/ THE/ NO ARTICLE
Adjectives ending –ed/ -ing

-ed" translate "-ing" translate

alarmed alarmado alarming alarmante

aggravated agravado agravante

aggravating

annoyed molesto molesto

annoying

astonished asombrado asombroso

astonishing

astounded asombrado asombroso

astouding

bored aburrido aburridor

boring

captivated cautivado cautivador

captivating

challenged desafiado desafiante

challenging

charmed encantado encantador

charming

comforted consolado consolador

comforting

confused confuso confuso

confusing

convinced convencido convincente

convincing

depressed deprimido deprimente

depressing

disappointed decepcionado decepcionante

disappointing

discouraged desalentado desalentador

discouraging

disgusted indignado repugnante

disgusting

distressed preocupado preocupante

distressing

disturbed perturbado pertubador

disturbing
embarrassed avergonzado embarrassing vergonzoso

encouraged animado encouraging alentador

entertained entretenido entertaining entretenido

excited emocionado exciting emocionante

exhausted agotado exhausting agotador

fascinated fascinado fascinating fascinante

frightened asustado frightening espantoso

frustrated frustrado frustrating frustrante

fulfilled satisfecho fulfilling satisfactorio

gratified satisfecho gratifiying gratificante

inspired inspirado inspiring inspirador

insulted insultado insulting insultante

interested interesado interesting interesante

moved emocionado moving emocionante

overwhelmed abrumado overwhelming abrumador

perplexed desconcertado perplexing desconcertante

pleased satisfecho pleasing satisfactorio

relaxed relajado relaxing relajante

relieved consolado relieving consolador

satisfied satisfecho satisfying satisfactorio

shocked chocado shocking chocante

sickened asqueado sickening asqueroso

soothed relajado soothing relajante

surprised sorprendido surprising sorprendente

tempted tentado tempting tentador

terrified aterrado terrifying aterrador

threatened amenazado threatening amenazante

thrilled emocionado thrilling emocionante

tired cansado tiring agotador

touched conmovido touching conmovedor

unsettled perturbado unsettling perturbador

worried preocupado worrying preocupante

Adjectives ending in –ed/-ing.

Adjectives ending in "ed" describe emotions. Tired (cansado)

The adjectives ending in "-ing describe a feature of something or someone. Tiring (agotador)
Modal verbs
 Subject pronouns: actúan como sujeto
Object pronouns: se escriben a la derecha del verbo o después de preposiciones
Possessive adjectives: nunca se escriben solos, siempre van acompañados de
un sustantivo

Possessive pronouns: no necesitan ir acompañados de sujeto ya que

representan al sujeto en sí mismo. Cuando los usamos sabemos de que estamos hablando.

Reflexive pronouns

when the subject and the lobject are the same person/thing:
Tim hurt (himself) when he fell off his bike. (=Tim (subject and object) was hurt) but Sam cried
when Tim hurt (him) (=Sam (object) was hurt)
with enjoy (your)self, behave (your)self, help (your)self:
Help yourself to some food.
Sally really enjoyed herself.
By (your)self means alone. We can also say on (your) own:
Sally wanted to be by herself. or on her own.
Conditionals

Conditional sentences
Conditional sentences have two parts, a condition and a result:

(When the if part comes second, there is no comma.)

Type 0
We use this for things which are generally true:

if condition + result
if+ present simple + present simple

If condition + result
if + present + imperative
Type 1
We use this to talk about possible situations and their results

if condition + result
if + present + will/won’t + base form
if + present + can/must/may + base form

Words that comes instead of if

when/ while/ as soon as/unless (with the verb in
positive form)/ until/ before/ after.
Type 2
-Imaginary situations in the present or future
- Advice If I were you, ………….
if condition + result
if + past simple + would/could /might+ base form

If I had her mobile phone number, I would call her

If I were you, I would study harder.

All sentences can be affirmative/interrogative/negative.

Note: we cannot use will/would in if clause.

Prepositions
At, on and in (place)

At, on and in (time)

Relative clauses
We can give information about someone, something or somewhere by adding a relative clause.
We use a relative pronoun: who, which, whose, where or that:

relative pronouns

This is the sitting room which belongs to the Baxter family.

relative clause

The following relative pronouns replace

Who = people

Which = things

Whose = possessive adjectives (my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their)

Where = places

That = people or things

Which, who and that . We can use that instead of who or which
We use which to join two ideas about a thing or things:
Here's a photo. It shows them on their wedding day.
Here is a photo which shows them on-their wedding day.

We use who to join two ideas about a person or people:

We have different presenters. They're experts.
We have different presenters who are experts.

No relative pronoun
Sometimes the verb in the relative clause has a new subject:
You can see the café which Mark owns. (the café is not the subject of owns)
We don't need to use who or that in the sentence above:
You can see the café Mark owns.

Where and whose

We use where to join two ideas about a place. It means at/in which. It can’t be left out or
replaced by that
Here's the desk. The newsreader sits at that desk:
Here's the desk where the newsreader sits. (not where the newsreader sits at)
We use whose with a noun instead of his, her, its, their. It can’t be left out or replaced by
that:

Jack's the man. His old boots were sold.

Jack's the man whose old boots were sold.
Quantifiers
Some and any
We use some and any before both countable and uncountable nouns.

We often use some in questions which are requests or offers:

Can you buy some crisps? Shall I buy some food?

Everybody, everyone, everything and everywhere have a plural meaning but they are followed
by a singular verb:
Where is everybody?
Everything is organised.

Much / many/ a lot/ a few/ a little

We use a lot of I lots of with both countable and uncountable nouns.
We use a few (=more than two but less than a lot) and many with countable nouns but we use
a little and much with uncountable nouns.
Gerunds and infinivees
The ·ing form as subject
We often use the -ing form as the subject of a verb:
Running is good exercise.
We can use a noun with the -ing form:
Running a marathon is good exercise.
You often see -ing and No+ -ing in signs and notices:
Parking is not allowed.
No talking except on business.

Before, after + ·ing

Before or after + -ing shows what happens first and what happens second:
We’1l look at the website before booking our trip (1 We'll look at the website. 2 We'll book our
trip)
We booked our trip after looking at the website (1 We looked at the website. 2 We booked our
trip)

By, without and for + ·ing

We use by/without/for + -ing to show how we do something, or how something happens.
We can book by filling in this form online.

go + ·ing
We use go + -ing to talk about some sports and other activities:
Can we go walking there?

Verbs + to infinitive
Enough and too
Enough means the right quantity. Too means more than enough.
Enough goes before a noun: We've got enough sandwiches.

after an adjetive/adverb: This room is warm enough.

Too goes: before many/much + noun: We've got too many sandwiches
We've got too much food.

before an adjective/adverb: This room is too warm.

enough and too + to infinitive

If we want to add information we use:
• enough/too + to infinitive.
It's too far to walk
It's not near enough to walk.
Have you got enough work to do?
He wasn't running quickly enough to catch us.
Some verbs are followed by the to infinitive:

I can’t afford to buy a lot of materials.

For the negative we put not before to:

They agreed not to leave.
Some verbs are followed by the to infinitive and they can have an object

We would like to stay longer. or We would like them to stay longer.

Remember the difference between would like and like

Would you like to play tennis? Offer to play
Do you like playing tennis? An opinion
Make and let are followed by the infinitive without to. They always have an object

make and let

Verbs + -ing
Some verbs are followed by -ing:

I suggest practising with simple things.

For the negative we put not before the -ing form:
Can you imagine not having a car nowadays?

Verbs followed by the to infinitive or ·ing

He continued talking loudly. or He continued to talk loudly.

We often use one verb followed by another. The first verb decides the form of the second verb
Some verbs are followed by the to infinitive or -ing with a different meaning:
Question tags
Linking words
Addition: agregan información

And= y + sentence

Futhermore= además + sentence

Moreover= además + sentence (seguido de coma)

What’s more=lo que es mas + sentence (seguido de coma)

Besides this/that= además de eso + sentence

In addition =además de + sentence

As well as this/that= además de eso + sentence

Sentence= sujeto + verbo

Besides = además + ing

As well as=además de + ing

In addition to= ademas de + ing

-ing: gerundio

Contrast ( contraste)

but= pero + sentence

although= aunque + sentence

even though= aún aunque + sentence

tough: aunque + sentence ( también puede ir al final de la oración/ entre comas)

however= sin embargo + sentence (seguido de coma)

nevertheless= sin embargo + sentence (seguido de coma)

while: mientras + sentence

whereas: mientras que + sentence

on the other hand: en cambio + sentence

despite: a pesar de + ing // noun phrase/ /the fact that + sentence

in spite of: a pesar de + ing // noun phrase/ /the fact that + sentence

e.g. In spite of/Despite having a good time, I had to go early. (gerund)

In spite of/Despite the good time, I had to go early. (noun phrase)

In spite of/Despite the fact that I was having a good time, I had to go early (the fact that + sentence)

noun phrase= frase sin verbo (sustantivo//adjetivo +sustantivo)

Purpose ( propósito, para que se hace algo)

(not) to: para / /para no + infinitive

In order (not) to + infinitive

So as (not) to: para + infinitive

For + noun

So that: de tal manera que

Present sentence So that + subject + can + base form/ /won´t + base form

Past sentence So that + subject + could + base form//would + base form

Reason (la razón por la que hago algo, porque)

As: porque + sentence (cuando está al comienzo de la oración)

Since: porque + sentence (cuando está al comienzo de la oración)

Because: porque + sentence

Because of: a causa de + noun phrase

Subject +be+… due to + noun phrase

Sentence + owing to + noun phrase

Result ( consecuencia)

So: así que + sentence

As a result: así que + sentence

Thus: así que + sentence

Consequently: así que + sentence

Therefore: así que + sentence

Narration (secuencia, en una narración)

When: cuando +sentence

While : mientras (past continuous) +sentence

Until : hasta +sentence// noun phrase

Before: antes +sentence// noun phrase// ing

After: después: +sentence// noun phrase// ing

before that: antes de eso +sentence

after that: después de eso +sentence

first: primero +sentence

at the beginning: para empezar +sentence

then: luego +sentence

later: más tarde +sentence

eventually: al final +sentence

 finally: finalmente +sentence

during: durante +noun phrase

The passive of an active tense is formed by putting the verb to be into the same tense
as the active verb and adding the past participle of the active verb. The subject of the active
verb becomes the ‘agent’ of the passive verb. The agent is very often not mentioned. When it is mentioned it is
preceded by BY and placed at the end of the clause.

Active: My grandfather planted this tree.

Passive: This tree was planted by my grandfather

ACTIVE TO PASSIVE
To change a sentence from the active voice to the passive voice:
Agatha Christie wrote this book
 identifica el verbo y el tiempo en el que está
 identifica el objeto (directo e indirecto)
 Pasar el objeto como sujeto de la oración en voz pasiva (si tiene objeto directo pasar el objeto directo)
 identifica el sujeto de la oración activa
 conjuga el verbo «to be» en el tiempo del verbo en voz activa seguido por el pasado participio de ese
mismo verbo (en voz pasiva el verbo principal SIEMPRE VA EN PASADO PARTICIPIO DESPUÉS DEL
VERBO TO BE)
 si la oración tuviera objeto indirecto también pongo TO delante de ese objeto indirecto

1)the object of the active voice sentence becomes the subject of the passive voice sentence.
. This book……………….
2)we change the main verb of the active voice sentence into the passive voice. We always use to be in the same
time of the Active sentence. The tense doesn’t change.
This book was written ………
3)the subject of the active voice sentence becomes the agent of the passive sentence. It is placed after the past
participle and it is preceded by the preposition by.
This book was written by Agatha Christie
Note: cuando el sujeto de la oración en voz activa es un pronombre personal, pasa como complemento agente de
la voz pasiva como : by ME, YOU, HIM, HER, IT, US,YOU, THEM.

We don’t mention the agent if the subject of the active voice sentence is something like somebody,
people, etc.

Someone broke the window. → The window was broken. Note: Cuando es predecible quien realiza la
acción el complemento agente lo ponemos entre paréntesis, o no lo ponemos….

When we have verbs that take two objects for example, give somebody something, we can convert
the active sentence into a passive in two ways:

By making the direct object the subject of the passive voice.

Rick gave me (indirect object) this book (direct object).

4) in the passive voice sentence, it needs the preposition to+ indirect object)

This book was given to me by Rick

The indirect object of the active voice (me) has to be changed into a subject pronoun (I) in the passive voice.

I was given this book by Rick.

Subject: I you he she it we you they

Object: me you him her it us you them

Vocabulary
Family members

Abuela Grandmother
Abuelita Grandma
Abuelito Grandad
Abuelo Grandfather
Abuelos Grandparents
Adoptado Adopted
Antepasados Ancestors , Forebears , Forefathers
Bisabuela Great-grandmother
Bisabuelo Great-grandfather
Compromiso ; Noviazgo Engagement
Cuñada Sister-in-law
Cuñado Brother-in-law
Gemelos Twins
Hermana Sister
Hermano Brother
Hija Daughter
Hijastra Stepdaughter
Hijastro Stepson
Hijo Son
Hijo ilegítimo Illegitimate child
Hijo legítimo Legitimate child
Hijo mayor Eldest child
Hijo/a único/a Only child
Huérfano/a Orphan
Madrastra Stepmother
Madre Mother
Madrina Godmother
Mamá Mum
Marido ; Esposo Husband
Mujer ; Esposa Wife
Nieta Granddaughter
Nieto Grandson
Nieto/a Grandchild
Novia Girlfriend
Novio Boyfriend
Nuera Daughter-in-law
Padrastro Stepfather
Padre Father
Padre/madre soltero/a Single parent
Padres Parents
Padrino Godfather
Padrino de boda Best man
Papá Dad
Pariente ; Familiar Relation , Relative
Parientes consanguíneos Kinsmen by blood
Primo/Prima Cousin
Primogénito First-born
Prometido Engaged
Sobrina Niece
Sobrino Nephew
Suegra Mother-in-law
Suegro Father-in-law
Tía Aunt
Tío Uncle
Vida familiar Family life
Yerno Son-in-law

Personality
ambitious ambicioso
attentive cortés
audacious audaz
calm calmo
charming encantador
cheerful = amusing alegre, feliz, divertido
considerate considerado
courageous = brave valiente
creative creativo
curious curioso, interesado
determined = b-willed decidido
energetic energético
extroverted extrovertido
frank franco
friendly amigable
generous generoso
gentle = kind, polite amable
honest = truthful honesto
humble humilde
ingenious ingenioso
likable / likeable agradable, simpático
loyal = faithful leal

mature maduro
obedient obediente
optimistic optimista
organized organizado
passionate apasionado
patient paciente
polite amable
practical práctico
realistic realista
reliable = trustworthy confiable
respectful respetuoso
responsible responsable
self-confident seguro de sí mismo
sensible sensato
sensitive sensible
sincere sincero
sociable = outgoing sociable
strong fuerte
sympathetic compasivo
thankful = grateful agradecido
tolerant = patient paciente
understanding comprensivo
zealous entusiasta

Money

account – cuenta bancaria

ATM (Automated Teller Machine) – cajero
balance – balance (diferecia entre crédito y débito en una cuenta
bancaria)
bank – banco
bank charges – cargos bancarios
banker’s draft – giro bancario
barter – trueque
(to) borrow – tomar prestadp
branch – sucursal
cash box – caja
cash flow – flujo de efectivo
cashier – cajero (persona)
cash machine – cajero automático
cash register – caja registradora (US)
cheap – barato
cheque – cheque, talón
chequebook – chequera, talonario de cheques
coin – moneda
counterfeit – falsificado
credit – crédito
credit card – tarjeta de crédito
currency – moneda, divisa
current account – cuenta corriente
debit – débito
debit card – tarjeta de débito
debt – deuda
denomination – valor
deposit – depósito
foreign exchange – cambio de divisas
inherit – heredar
interest – interés account – cuenta bancaria
ATM (Automated Teller Machine) – cajero
balance – balance (diferecia entre crédito y débito en una cuenta
bancaria)
bank – banco
bank charges – cargos bancarios
banker’s draft – giro bancario
barter – trueque
(to) borrow – tomar prestadp
branch – sucursal
cash box – caja
cash flow – flujo de efectivo
cashier – cajero (persona)
cash machine – cajero automático
cash register – caja registradora (US)
cheap – barato
cheque – cheque, talón
chequebook – chequera, talonario de cheques
coin – moneda
counterfeit – falsificado
credit – crédito
credit card – tarjeta de crédito
currency – moneda, divisa
current account – cuenta corriente
debit – débito
debit card – tarjeta de débito
debt – deuda
denomination – valor
deposit – depósito
foreign exchange – cambio de divisas
inherit – heredar
interest – interés

interest rate – tipo de interés, tasa de interés

invest (to) – invertir
investement – inversión
(to) lend – prestar
loan – préstamo
mortgage – hipoteca
note – billete
overdraft – descubiertoen cuenta, sobregiro
(to) pay – pagar
(to) pay in – depositar
payee – beneficiario, acreedor
paying-in slip – carta de pago, hoja de ingreso
pence – penique
pension – pensión
piggy bank – hucha (cerdito)
poor – pobre
purse – bolso, cartera
rich – rico
safe – caja fuerte
salary – salario, sueldo
save (to) – ahorrar
spare change – monedas sueltas, cambio
spend (to)- gastar
standing order – orden permanente
statement – extracto, justificante
stock exchange – bolsa sursatil, mercado de valores
till – caja registradora (UK)
wage – salario, sueldo, paga
wallet – cartera
win (to) – ganar a alguien o un premio
(to) withdraw – retirar dinero
PLACES IN THE CITY
Comunincation

1) Talk about jobs and occupatinon

a) What does your mother do?
b) She is a doctor

a) Do you work in a hospital?

b) Yes, I’m a doctor

2) Show interest and surprise

a) Mike went to Paris for his honeymoon
b) Really! I went to Mar del Plata

a) I have already eaten snails

b) Have you! I haven’t yet.

3) Express a purpose
a) I’m saving money to go on holyday
b) Well, I’m working hard so that I can go with you
a) Why do you study English?
b) To get a better job

4) Ask about your mother’s country or nationality

a) Where is your mother from?
b) She is from Italy
a) Where does your mother come from?
b) She comes from Italy.

5) Ask about your friend age

a) How old is Mike?
b) He is ten
a) How old is your best friend?
b) She is twenty.

6) Talk about past journeys

a) Where did you go for your summer holydays?
b) I went to Brazil

7) Talk abour mwans of transport

a) How do you go to shool?
b) I go to school on foot// I go to school by bus/car/ etc.

8) Ask about like/ dislike

a) What do you like doing in your free time?

b) I like swimming.
9) Ask about your favourite sports
a) What is your favourite s sport?
b) It’s football/ basketball/ hockey, etc.

10) Giving and responding for invitations

a) Would you like to come for dinner?
b) Yes, it is a lovely idea
a) Why don’t we go to the cinema?
b) Oh, I ‘d love to.

11) Plans for our holidays

a) What are you going to do next summer?
b) We are going to go the seaside.

12) Asking and talking about experiences

a) Have you ever been to Europe?
b) Yes, I went there last year.
a) Have you ever eaten snails?
b) No, I haven`t.

13) Compare two members of your family

a) Who is taller than your mother?
b) My grandmother is taller than her.

14) Ask and give directions

a) Where is the supermarket?
b) It’s in front of you.

15) Check information (question tags)

a) Mary is studying English, isn’t she?
b) Yes, she is. She is doing a course.

16) Make a request

a) Could you help me with my homework?
b) Yes, sure, I’ll help you do it.

17) Offering and accepting help.

a) Would you like me to carry your bag?
b) Yes, please. It would be great.

18) Complain about something

a) I have been waiting for too long, I am in a hurry.
b) Oh what can I do for you? I’m sorry to kee you waiting.
 19) Showing surprise.
a) I live in Madrid.
b) Do you? I live in Argentina.

20) Requesting about something

a) Could you lend me some money, please?
b) Ok, but give me it back when you finish, please

21) Apologise for something

a) I’m sorry to keep you waiting.
b) That’s ok. I’m not in a hurry.

22) ask about future possibility

a) We might /could/ may win the game tomorrow
b) Yes, it is a possibility.

nd
23) Ask about unreal situations (2 conditional)
a) What would you do if you won a lot of money?
b) I would go to Europe with friends.

24) Refuse help with reason.

a) Would you like me to make your birthday cake?
b) No, thank you. I do it myself.

Paraphrasing

1) Although the weather was bad, we had a good time. Despite………………….

2) The TV Company is making a film about China. A film.......................
3) It isn't necessary for you to work until 6 pm. You..............................
4) I haven't had so much fun for a long time. It's a long time………………..
5) I'm sure it is Tom who is cleaning the car. It……………………….
6) He was the fastest runner. No one...........................
7) She sings so well that everyone buys her records. She is such……………..
8) I’m sure Alice isn’t at home, because she went to work abroad last month. Alice ….
9) I prefer staying in to going out. I'd rather............................
10) I would prefer you to deliver the table on Saturday. I would rather...
11) There are more boys than girls here. There aren't...
12) I advise you to buy it. If.............................
13) We worked hard so that we would finish quickly. We worked hard in order to…….
14) London is bigger than Oxford. Oxford is………..
15) These shoes still need repairing. These shoes haven't...
16) This is the last time I will speak to you. I......................
17) "I'm sorry I lost your book, Geraldine," said Michael. Michael apologized to Geraldine
for……………
18) That film is fantastic. What……………………
19) It took three hours to find a room for the night. We spent...
20) I can’t understand very easily what he says. He is difficult…………….
21) Mary will only come to the party if Peter is invited. Unless...........
22) Smoking is bad for you. It is bad for ……………………
23) John doesn't have as much money as the other students. ….The other students have…
24) I advise you to buy it. You ………………..
25) I was silly to say that. I regret……….
26) This is the first time I’m here. I've …………………………
27) It would be a good idea to buy a dictionary. You'd better..............
28) Would you like to join our local drama group? Are you interested …….
29) How long is it since I last saw you? When ……………………………?
30) I've never had an omelet as good as this. This…………..
31) The train is full of people. There are ………………..
32) We don't live in Athens any more. We ……………….
33) Oliver doesn't expect to get the job. Oliver would…………………….
34) Ann stayed away from work because she was ill. If …………………………
35) They repaired my car at the garage in town. I………………………………………