English Grammar

First Stage
Part 1
Unit (1-10)
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Unit1 Present Continuous (I am doing):

The forms of this tense is:

1. Affirmative
I + am + verb(_ing).
He/ she/ it + is + verb(_ing).
We/ you/ they + are + verb(_ing).

2. Negative
I + am not + verb(_ing).
He/ she/ it + is + not + verb(_ing).
We/ you/ they + are + not + verb(_ing).

3. Question
Am + I + verb(_ing) ?
Is + he/ she/ it + verb(_ing) ?
Are + you/ we/ they + verb(_ing) ?

Uses of Present Continuous:

We use present continuous for:-

1. For actions happening at the moment of speaking, and not finished.
• Pleases do not make so much noise. I am trying to work.
• What is all that noise? What is happening?
• Where is Mark? He is having a shower.

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2. For continuing, unfinished action which are not actually happening at
the moment of speaking , with verbs like work, learn, read, study ....
• What are you doing ? I am really reading a good book at the moment.
  It is about ….
• Kate wants to work in Italy, so she is learning Italian.
• Some friends of mine are building their house. They hope to finish it
  in summer.

3. For changing situations, with verbs like (become, get, grow, change,
  increase, rise, fall, improve, begin, start or with expressions such as
  more and more).
• The earth is becoming warmer.
• My English is getting better.
• The population of the world is increasing very fast.
• More and more people are leaving the countryside.
• At first I did not like my job, but I am beginning to enjoy it.

4. We can use present continuous with adverbs like today, this week,
this month, this year, tomorrow.
• You are working hard today.
• The company I work for is not doing so well this year.
• I am going to visit turkey this week.
• We are leaving tomorrow.

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Unit2 Present simple (I do):

The forms of this tense is:

1. Affirmative
He/ She/ it + verb(s,es).
• Alex drives bus.
• John works in a large company.
• It takes me ten minutes to go home.

2. Negative
I / You/ We/ They + do not + verb(base).
He/ She/ It + Does not + verb(base).
• We do not work in the company.
• I do not like English language.
• She does not like grammar.
• It does not take me 10 minutes to go home.

3. Question
Do + I/ you/ we/ they + verb(base) ?
Does + he/ she/ it + verb(base) ?
• Do you drive the bus ?
• Does she work in the company ?
• Do you like English language ?
• Does it take you 10 minutes to go home ?

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Uses of present simple:

We use present simple to:-

1. Talk about things in general.
• Nurses look after patients in hospitals.

2. Talk about facts.

• The earth goes around the sun.
• Water boils at 100 C.

3. to say how often we do things (routine and habits).

• I get up at 8 o'clock every morning.
• The birds return to the island every spring.
• How often do you go to the dentist ?
• Robert usually goes away two or three times a year.
• The dram club meets.
• every Thursday at 7:30.

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Unit 4 present continuous and present simple 2
(I am doing and I do):

A. The following verbs are not used in the present continuous.

(Like, want, need, prefer, know, realize, suppose, mean, understand,
 believe, remember, belong, fit, contain, consist, seem).
• It seems very cold today.
• I want something to eat because I am hungry.
• I understand what you very well.
• We believe in God.

B. The verb “think” can be used in present simple and present continuous.

1. we use “think”(means believe) with present simple to give or have

 an opinion.
• I think Harry is an Canadian. (opinion)
• I think it is a good idea.

2. we use “think” (means consider)with present continuous(action).

• I am thinking about the idea. (I haven’t decided yet)
• I am thinking of giving up my job. (I haven’t decided yet)
• I am thinking about what happened. (I haven’t decided yet)

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C. Verbs “ see, hear, smell, taste, sound ” are used with present simple
 not with present continuous.
• I see that man over the hill.
• Do you see that man over the hill ?
• This food smells good.
• This cake tastes delicious.
• Fresh bread smells great.
We often use:-
Can + see/ hear/ smell/ taste
• I can hear you easily.

D. Verbs “look” and “ feel” can be used in Present simple and present
Continuous.
• You look great today.
• You are looking great today.
• I feel very good now.
• I am feeling very good now.

E.
1. He is selfish
It means it is his habit to be selfish and he is always selfish. he is
selfish generally. (permeant)

2. He is being selfish
It means he is selfish or behaving selfish at the time of speaking. he is
selfish for a while or for a short time. (temporary)

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Unit 5 Past Simple (I did):

With “was” and “were”, The forms of this tense is:

1. Affirmative
He/ She/ it/ I + was.
We/ you/ they + were.
• Mozart was an Austrian.
• They were Austrian.

2. Negative
He/ she/ it/ I + was + not.
We/ you/ they + were + not.
• Mozart was not Austrian.
• They were not Austrian.

3. Question
Was/ were+ subject ….?
• Was Mozart an Austrian ?
• Were they Austrian ?

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With lexical (main verb) the forms of this tense is:

1. Affirmative
Subject + verb(in past form).
• Mozart wrote more than 500 pieces of music.
• Mozart lived from 1756 to 1791.
• I saw my friend last week.
• I did my homework.

2. Negative
He/ she/ it/ I/ we/ you/ they + did not + verb(base).
• Mozart did not write more than 500 pieces of music.
• I did not see my friend last week.
• I did not do my homework.

3. Question
(Wh) Did + subject + verb (base) ?
• Did Mozart write more than 500 pieces of music ?
• Did Mozart live from 1756 to 1791 ?
• Did you see your friend last week ?
• Did you do your homework ?
• When did Mozart live ?
• Where did Mozart live ?
• What did Mozart write ?

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Uses of past simple:

We use past simple to:-

1. Talk about finished actions in the past , when we think about a
 definite time.
• Peshmerga forces marched beside the river and then stopped
  outside the city.

2. To describe the events in a story.

• Oliver heard the sound of a bell. Soon the door softly opened.

3. To describe habits and routines in the past. We usually use an

 adverb of time.
• Leonardo painted in his studio every day.

Adverbs we use with past simple:

(Yesterday, last night, last week, last month, last year, ago, in the past,
 a long time ago, once upon a time, In 2000, in 2019, In April, etc…).
• I visited turkey Last year.
• We had grammar lecture last Monday.
• People were very kind in the past.
• Once upon a time there was a king ….
• Last night, I was very angry because they were late.

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Unit6 Past Continuous (I was doing):

The forms of this tense is:

1. Affirmative
He/ She/ It/ I + was + verb(_ing).
We/ You/ They + Were + verb(_ing).
• She was reading a short story.
• They were reading a short story.

2. Negative
He/ She/ It/ I + was + not + verb(_ing).
We/ You/ They + were + not + verb(_ing).
• She was not reading a short story.
• They were not reading a short story.

3. Question
(Wh ) was + he/ she/ it/ I + verb(_ing) ?
• What was he reading ?
(Wh ) were + we/ you/ they + verb(_ing) ?
• Where were they reading a short story ?

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Uses of Past Continuous:

We use past continuous for:-

1. For a continuing unfinished action in the past. (you were in the
 middle of doing something at certain time).
• This time last year , I was living in Brazil.
• What were you doing at 10 o'clock last night?
• I waved to Helen , but she was not looking.
• When sue arrived at 9:30 Am , three people were waiting for her.
• They were studying grammar at 9:30 last lecture.

2. For a continuing unfinished action interrupted by a sudden past

 action. (here we have two actions past simple and past continuous).
While + past continuous (for the first action).
When + past simple (for the second action).
• I was walking home when I met Dan.
• Kate was watching TV when we arrived.
• While we were doing the math's test, the fire alarm went off.
• I was walking along the road when I saw Dan. So I stopped, and
 we had a chat.

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 Unit7 Present Perfect 1 (I have done):

The forms of this tense:

1. Affirmative
He/ She/ It/ + has + past participle(P.P).
We/ You/ They /I +have +past participle(P.P).
• He has lost his keys.
• They have lost their keys.

2. Negative
Subject + has/have + not + past participle(P.P).
• He has not lost his keys.
• They have not lost their keys.

3. Question
(Wh) has + he/ she/ it + past participle(P.P) ?
• (Where) Has he lost his keys ?
(Wh) have + we/ you/ they/ I + past participle(P.P) ?
• (Where) they lost their keys ?

Uses of present perfect:

We use present perfect to:-

1. To describe an action in the past without a definite time.
• Someone has broken a window in our classroom.
2. To describe what someone has completed or achieved in
 a period of time.
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• I have finished my homework, and I have cleaned my room.
3. To describe how many things someone has done.
• Scientists have found more than 30 unknown insects.
4. To show connection with now. The action in the past has a result now.
• Where is your key ? I don’t know, I have lost it. = (I don’t have it now).
• I can’t find my key. Have you seen it ? = (do you know where it is now) ?

Note: the difference between (Gone to) and (been to):-

1. We use gone to to say that we went somewhere and we are still there.

• Where is your sister Sam ?
• She has gone to the market, she will be home soon = (he is there Now
  or on his way there).

2. We use been to to say that we went somewhere and came back
and that we are not there anymore.
• Jane is back home now, He has been to Italy = (he has now come back).

Adverbs used with present perfect:

1. Just = a short time ago.

• The train has just arrived.
2. Already = to say that something happened sooner than expected.
• Don’t forget to pay the bill? I have already paid it.
3. Yet = until now, It shows that the speaker is expecting something
 to happen. (We use yet only in question and negative sentences).
• Has the train arrived yet?
• I have written the email, but I haven’t sent it yet.

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Unit8 Present Perfect 2 (I have done):

When we talk about a period of time that continuous from the past
until now.

we use the present perfect:-

• I have visited Turkey.
• I have travelled ………

Note:
have / has + (been to) means (visited).
• I have been to china. (means I have visited china).
 Ever is used with present continues in case of question.
• Have you ever eaten caviar ? No I haven’t eaten it.
 Never is used with present continuous in case of negative.
• we have never had a car.

Adverbs used with present perfect:

A) The following adverbs are used to show that the speakers are talking
about a period that continuous until now.
(Recently, in the last few days, so far, since the breakfast, for a long time..).
• Have you heard anything from Brian recently ?
• I have met a lot of people in the last few days.
• We have not had any problems so far.
• I am hungry, I haven’t eaten anything since breakfast.
• It is good to see you, we haven’t seen each other for a long time.

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B) In the same time we use the present perfect with:
 (Today, this evening, this year , this week ,this term, etc…).
• I have drunk four cups of coffee today.
• Have you had a holiday this year ?
• I haven’t seen tom since morning, Have you ?
• Rob haven’t worked very hard this term.

C) We use present perfect to say it is the first, second, third time

  something has happened.
• It is the he has driven a car.
• He has never driven a car before.
• This is the second time this has happened.
• This is the third time he has phoned his friend this week.

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Unit9 Present Perfect Continuous (I have been doing):

The forms of this tense:

1. Affirmative
He/ she/ it + has been + verb(_ing).
• It has been raining.
We/ you/ they/ I + have been + verb(_ing).
• They have been playing football.

2. Negative
He/ she/ it + has + not + been + verb(_ing).
We/ you/ they/ I + have + not + been + verb(_ing).
• It has not been raining.
• They have not been playing football.

3. Question
(Wh ) has + he/ she/ it + been + verb(_ing) ?
• What has she been doing ?
(Wh ) have + we/you/they/ I +been +verb(_ing) ?
• Where have you been studying ?
• What have they been reading ?

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Uses of present perfect continuous:

we use present perfect continuous to:-

1. To talk about an activity that has recently stopped or just stopped
 There is a connection with now.
• You are out of breath .Have you been running ? (you are out of
  breath no).

2. To talk about actions happened earlier and still happening (we use for,
 all day, how long).
• It has been raining for three hours.
• How long have you been learning English ?
• I have been learning English for three years.

3. To talk about actions repeated over a period of time. (we use since).

• Silvia is a very good tennis player, She has been playing since she
  was eight.

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Unit10 Present perfect continuous and simple
(I have been doing and I have done):

Uses of this tense to:

 Use present perfect simple when an action has recently finished.

• Have you taken your medicine ? (just now or very recently).
 Present perfect events are connected to the present in some way.
• Astronomers have discovered a new planet recently.
 We can use since + point in time with present perfect.
• I have been here since 2000.
 We can use for + period of time with present perfect.
• I have been here for a long time.
 We use present perfect to describe a period of time that continuous
  up to the present , and includes the present.
• How long have you been living here?
• I have been here since 2002.
 Use present perfect continuous to describe a continuing action
  up to the present moment.
• Have you been taking your medicine ? (over a long period up to now).
 Present perfect continuous can suggest that the action might
  continuous into the future.
• I have done a lot of work lately. ( but now I have finished)
• I have been doing a lot of work lately. (and is still going on)

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Note:
Some verbs like (know, believe, like, etc….) are not normally used
In the continuous.
• I have been knowing him for a long time. ( this sentence is wrong )
• I have known him for a long time.
• How long have you had this camera ? (Not, how long have you having
  this camera ?)

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Don't tell me you have a
chance when I was
working you were asleep