1.

2 3.

4 6.

7 8.

9 10.

11 12.

13 15.

16 18.

19.

A Carnot engine operates between 300C and 40 C. What is the

efficiency of the
engine?

c (TH TL ) / TH 1 TL / TH
(40 273) K
c 1
.45 100 45%
(300 273) K

20. A heat engine takes in 1000 J of energy at 1000 K and exhausts

700 J at 400 K. What is the actual efficiency of this heat engine?

22. What is the theoretical maximum efficiency of the heat engine in

number 20?

23.

The valve is now opened and saturated vapor flows from A to

B until the pressure in B Consider two tanks, A and B, connected
by a valve as shown in fig. Each has a volume of 200 L and tank A
has R-12 at 25C, 10 % liquid and 90% vapor by volume, while
tank B is evacuated has reached that in A, at which point the
valve is closed. This process occurs slowly such that all
temperatures stay at 25 C throughout the process. How much
has the quality changed in tank A during the process?
Given:
P= 651.6 KPa
g= 0.02685 m3/Kg
f = 0.763*10-3 m3/Kg

24.

25.

26.

27 29.

and

40 47.

48 50.

51 54.

51 57.

58 60.

61 63.

64 67.

68 73.

74 78.

78 82.

83 87.

87 91.

92 96.

98 101

102 106.

107 - 110

111 - 114

115 116

116 -120.

126
127.
A

heat engine performs 200 J of work in each cycle and has an efficiency
of
30%. For each cycle, how much thermal energy is
absorbed and
expelled?
Solution:
a. Efficiency = e = 0.3 = 1 - Qc/Qh = W / Qh.
Therefore, Qh = 200 J / 0.3 = 666.7 J.
b. Qc = Qh - W = 466.7 J.
128. A heat engine operates between two reservoirs at 20EC and
300EC. What is the maximum efficiency possible for this engine?
Solution:
emax = 1 - (20+273.15) / (300+273.15) = 0.488
129 130.. A heat engine operates in a Carnot cycle between 80EC
and 350EC. It absorbs 2.0 x 104 J of thermal energy per cycle from the
hot reservoir. The duration of each cycle is 1.0 s.
What is the maximum power output of this engine?
How much thermal energy does it expel in each cycle?
Solution:
a. Qh = 2.0x104 J
e = 1 - (80+273.15)/(350+273.15) = .4333
therefore, W = 0.4333 x 2.0x104 J = 8665 J per cycle
therefore, Power = 8.665 kJ/cycle x 1 cycle/s = 8.665 kW
b. Qc = Qh - W = 2.0x104 J - 8665 J = 11,334 J
131. The efficiency of a 1000 MW nuclear power plant is 33%; that is,
2000 MW of heat is
rejected to the environment for every 1000 MW of electrical energy
produced. If a river of flow rate 106 kg/s were used to transport the
excess thermal energy away, what would be the average temperature
increase of the river?

Solution:
An energy balance on a segment of the river yields:
2000 MW = 2000 MJ/s = 2x106 kJ/s
= flow (kg/s) x heat capacity (kJ/kg/EC)x )T(EC)
= 106 kg/s x 4.186 kcal/kg x )T(EC)
Therefore, )T = 2 x 106 / (106 x 4.186) = 0.478 EC
132 - 133. A gasoline engine has a compression ratio of 6 and uses a
gas for which (= 1.4.
What is the efficiency of the engine if it operates in an idealized
Otto cycle?
If the actual efficiency is 15%, what fraction of the fuel is wasted
as a result of friction and unavoidable heat losses? (Assume
complete combustion of the air-fuel mixture.)
Solution:
a. emax = 1 - 1/(V1/V2)(-1 = 1 - 1/(6)0.4 = 0.512
b. eactual = 0.15, thus if Qh = 1, then 0.15 is used for work
and
0.85 is rejected or wasted. Compare this to the maximum
efficiency situation where 0.512 is used and 0.488 is wasted:
the extra waste caused by friction and other unavoidable
losses is 0.85 - 0.488 = 0.362. Thus, the extra wastage is
36.2%.
134 - 135. A refrigerator has a coefficient of performance equal to 5. If
the refrigerator absorbs 120 J of thermal energy from a cold reservoir
in each cycle, find
the work done in each cycle and
the thermal energy expelled to the hot reservoir.
Solution:
a. COP = Qc / W, therefore W = Qc / COP = 120/5 = 24 J.
b. W = Qh - Qc, therefore, Qh = 24 + 120 = 144 J.