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FSK) MODULATOR
1. Introduction
Frequency shift keying (FSK) is a relatively simple, low-performance form of digital
modulation. Binary FSK is a form of FSK where the input signal can have only two
different values (hence the name binary). Binary FSK is a constant-envelope form of
angle modulation similar to conventional frequency modulation except that the
modulating signal varies between two discrete Voltage levels (i.e., ls and 0s) rather than
with a continuously changing value, such as a sine wave. Binary FSK is the most
common form of FSK. With Binary FSK, the center or carrier frequency is shifted
(deviated) by the binary input signal. Consequently, the output from an FSK modulator is
a step function in the frequency domain. As the binary input signal changes from a logic
0 to a logic 1 and vice versa, the FSK output signal shifts between two frequencies; a
mark or logic 1 frequency and a space or logic 0 frequency. In this experiment, the XR2206 monolithic function generator is used for the FSK modulator.
2. Materials Required
Equipment
1
1
1
1
1
protoboard
dual dc power supply(+l2 Vdc and -1 to +3 Vdc)
medium frequency function generator (100 kHz)
standard oscilloscope (10 MHz)
assortment of test leads and hookup wire
-
Parts List
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
47-k resistor
1-k variable resistor
0.001 F capacitor
1 F capacitors
10 F capacitor
3. Pre-lab
Bring the XR-2206 data sheet to the lab session.
In the Frequency Sweep and Modulation section of the data sheet, find and record the
equation for the theoretical frequency of operation, f, as a function of R, C, RC, and VC.
(Note that the components have different designations in Circuit 1, below.)
In the FSK Generation section of the data sheet, find and record the equation for the
theoretical frequencies, f1 and f2, as a function of R1, R2, C, and the FSK input Voltage.
16 15
14 13
VCC
0.001 F
2
+1
Multiplier/
Sine Shaper
Vout
4.7 K
Mult.
C1
0.001 F
VCO
11
+12 V dc
R1
+
VC
7
12 K
XR-2206
Current
Switches
Bypass
8
10
R2
33 K
1 F
47 K
4.7 K
GND
12
10 F
4.7 K
Procedure
IMPORTANT when you construct this circuit, confine it to half the protoboard. Only a
few components change when you convert it to Circuit 2, and you will re-use Circuit 2 in
Lab 7. Lab 7 requires both an FSK modulator and a phase-locked loop detector.
1. Construct the binary FSK modulator circuit shown in Figure 1.
2. Connect the two Vc terminals to each other and adjust R3 to obtain a sine wave with
minimum distortion at Vout.
3. Measure the frequency of the signal at Vout. This is the unmodulated carrier frequency,
fc. Calculate the theoretical fc, using the design equations in the XR-2206 data sheet.
Compare this to your measured data
4. Remove the short across the Vc terminals and apply +1 Vdc (logic 1), and record the
frequency of Vout. This is the output mark frequency (fm).
fm fs
fb
where
12. Using a Bessel table, determine the approximate number of significant side
frequencies, and sketch the output frequency spectrum for the FSK waveform
observed in step 7. (The result will be only approximate because the Bessel table
shows the side frequencies when the modulating signal is a sinusoid. Here, the
modulating signal is a square wave.)
13. Determine the minimum bandwidth required to propagate the FSK signal.
14. Determine the baud rate.
15. Vary the function generator output frequency. Describe what effect this has on the
FSK waveform.
16. Measure the mark and space frequencies with the signal generator output set to a 10
kHz, 1-Vp-p square wave (i.e., 0.5 V) and set to a 10 kHz, 4-Vp-p square wave (i.e., 2
V). Describe what effect varying the signal-generator amplitude has on the FSK
waveform.
16 15
14 13
VCC
1
0.001 F
2
+1
Multiplier/
Sine Shaper
Vout
4.7 K
Mult.
C1
0.001 F
VCO
11
+12 V dc
6
+
VC
R1
12 K
XR-2206
Current
Switches
7
Bypass
8
R2
8.2 K
10
1 F
47 K
4.7 K
GND
12
10 F
4.7 K
Procedure
IMPORTANT do not dismantle this circuit when you finish the lab. You will use it
again for Lab 7.
1. Construct the binary FSK modulator circuit shown in Figure 2.
2. Set Vc to 0 Vdc and adjust R3 until a sine wave with minimum distortion is observed at
Vout.
3. Calculate the mark and space frequencies using the design equations in the XR-2206
data sheet.
4. Determine the actual mark frequency by setting Vc to +3 Vdc and measuring the
frequency of the waveform at Vout.
5. Determine the actual space frequency by setting Vc to 0 Vdc and measuring the
frequency of the waveform at Vout.
6. Determine the switching Voltage by slowly increasing the magnitude of Vc until the
output switches from the space to the mark frequency. Record the Voltage at which
the frequency change occurs.
4
6. Discussion Questions
1. In Figure 1, what determines the modulation index?
2. In Figure 2, what determines the modulation index?
3. Considering your answers to questions 1 and 2, if the input were a digital signal,
which circuit would be better for an FSK modulator?