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8.
, 2006.
, , : ()
. (
), .
( p, p+, +) 1,6 x 10-19 C ( ,
) , a 1,67 x 10-27 kg
(n, no, ) , 1,67 x 10-27 kg, 10-13 cm.
( Sir James Chadwick 1932. ).
(e -, -) -1,6 x 10-19 C, ,
9,1 x 10-31 kg.
= 1,6 x 10-19 C
, . q = p e , q , p - , e -
.
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.
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100 m
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HADRONS AND LEPTONS
Hadrons (nuclear particles)
Baryons (protons, neutrons, hyperons)
Antibaryons
Mesons (pions, kaons, ...)
Leptons (extra nuclear particles)
Electrons
Neutrinos
Muons
Quarks
( 6 :
up, down, strange,
charm, bottom, top)
Antiquarks
10
: 6C12, 98,89 %.
. 6C13 . 6C14
() . 5.750 .
6C14
.
(6C14) 5.750 .
.
, 6C14 .
()
.
6C14 . 6C14
6C12 ( ) 6C14
.
11
(core), (radiation zone), (convection zone),
(photosphere). 150
16 0C.
. ,
. 2,5 0C. ,
.
2 0C, .
5500 0C ( ). (
) , ,
.
12
13
1903. 1896.
14
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