.

, 2013.

,
74/31

. , -
,
, . ,

o. ,

,
650-02-309/2012-06 5.2.2013.
: ,
1.
: 5000
CIP -
,
37.016:53(075.2)(076)
, ., 1953 6 : :

/ . ;
[ ,
, ]. - 1.
. - : , 2013
( : ). - 87 . : . ; 27 cm
5.000.
ISBN 978-86-89679-01-4

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COBISS.SR-ID 202277644



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2.7. .
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500 m.
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2.6. ,
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2.8. .
2.9. 1500 m.
2.10. , .
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2.12. .
2.13. , 10 .
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2.16. .

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2.18. .
2.19. .
2.20. .
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v 72

km
h

m
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t 2.5 h

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m
cm
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km
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v 800

s vt ,
km
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km
2 h 1600 km .
h

2.4. 4 m/s . 32 m ?
m
s

s 32 m

v4
t?

s
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32 m
8s .
m
4
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m
3000 m
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km m
cm
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h
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s
s 200 km

s 200 km
km

80
t
2.5 h
h

v 80

1000 m
km
m
cm
80
22.2 2220
.
h
3600 s
s
s

m
.
s

s , min h .

100 cm
1000 m
cm
m
km
2
0.556 0.556
55.6
.
s
s
3600 s
s
h

km
v2
h

t 2h

s
t

2.7. 1.5 km 1.2

km
m cm
.

.
h
s
s

2.3. 2 h 800

km
m
cm
v
? v s ? v s ?
h

km
1000 m
m
72
20 .
h
3600 s
s

2.2. 2

s 3 km 3000 m
t 30 min 1800 s
v?

2.6. 2.5 h 200 km?

2.1. 72

2.5. 3 km 30 min. ?

s 1.5 km 1500 m

v 1.2
t [s ] ?

m
s

t
t [ min ] ? t [ h ] ?

s
,
v

1500 m
,
m
1.2
s

t 1250 s 20.83 min 0.347 h .

2.8. 10 min, 15 min.

300 m, 1000 m.
?
t1 10 min 600 s
s1 300 m
t 2 15 min 900 s

s
v1 1

t1
v1

300 m
m
0.5
600 s
s

v2
v2

s2
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t2

1000 m
m
1.1 ,
900 s
s

m
1.1
v2
s 2.2 .

v 2 / v1 ?
m
v1
0.5
s
. 2.2 .
s 2 1000 m

m
m
20 min , 2.8
s
s
30 min. ?

2.9. 3.6

v1 3.6

m
s

t1 20 min 1200 s

v 2 2.8

m
s

t 2 30 min 1800 s

s1 v1 t1 ,

s 2 v2 t 2 ,

m
s1 3.6 1200s 4320 m ,
s

m
s 2 2.8 1800 s 5040 m ,
s

s s 2 s1 5040 m - 4320 m 720 m

s ?

2.10. .
km
km
, 15 min 60
.
45
h
h
,
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km
h

2 km 20 m/s .
. .

v1 20

t1 2 min 120 s

v3 20

s v 2 (t t ) ,

t ? d ?

v2
1 h .
, t t
v 2 v1

,
. d s v1 t 45 km .

2.11. 32 m 4

m
,
s

m
1.6 .
s
.
s u 32 m

v1 4

m
s

v 2 1.6

m
s

vsr ? t u ?

10

su su

s
su
s s2
1
2
2

v sr u 1
s
su
tu
t1 t 2
1 v1 v 2
su 1
1
u

2v1 2v 2
2 v1 v 2 2 v1 v 2
v sr
tu

2v1 v 2
m
2.29
v1 v 2
s

s
14 s .
vsr

m
s

s2 v2 t 2 0 .

s3 2 km 2000 m

vsr ?

v sr

s v1 t ,

s1 s 2 s 3
.
t1 t 2 t 3

s1 v1 t1 2400 m .

t2 5 min 300 s

t3

s3
100 s .
v3

2400 m 0 m 2000 m
m
8.46 .
120 s 300 s 100 s
s

2.13. 20 m .

t 15 min 0.25 h
km
v 2 60
h

v sr

m
s

m
v2 0
s

s 720 m .

v1 45

2.12. 2 min 20 m/s , 5 min,

20 km/h , 3 km/h . ?
l 20 m

v1 20 km/h 5.556m/s
v2 3 km/h 0.833m/s
t?

. :
d s 2 s1 .

s1 v1 t

s 2 v2 t ,

d v 2 t v1 t (v 2 v1 ) t .

d
4.24 s .
(v 2 v1 )

. ,
.
v v2 v1 , .

(d ), d v t (v 2 v1 ) t . .

11

2.14. K , om 100 m .
30 km/h 5 km/h ?
l 100 m
v1 30

km
1000m
m
30
8.33
h
3600s
s

v2 5

m
km
1.39
h
s

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.

2.15. 54 km/h . 1.8 km

72 km/h .
? ?
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km
54
h

v A 72

km
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t?
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sA vA t .
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1.8 km
t
0.1h 0.1 60 min 6 min .
km
(72 54)
h
km
s K v K t 54
0.1 h 5.4 km ,

h

s A d s K 1.8 km 5.4 km 7.2 km .
d
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km
(72 54)
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d l .
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d l 65 m

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m
v
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t .
s1 v1t , s 2 v 2 t .
,

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d v1 t v 2 t d ( v1 v 2 ) t .
t

d
, t 100 s .
v1 v 2

s1 1200 m ,
s 2 1800 m .
: d
v1 v 2 .

2.18. 400 m .
.
2.8 m/s , 2.5 m/s .
, ?
?
d 400 m

m
s
m
v2 2.5
s

2.16. 15 m 50 m 36 km/h .
?
d 50 m
km
m
v 36
10
h
s

d 3 km

v1 2.8

m
m
18 .
s
s
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.

12

v1 12

t 10.3s .

t?

2.17. 3 km , ,

, 400 m
( ).
d s 1 s 2 , d v1 t v 2 t (v1 v 2 ) t .
t

d
, t 1333 s .
v1 v 2

t?
s1 ?

s1 3733 m ,

s2 ?

s 2 3333 m .

s2 ?

: d
v1 v 2 .

13

km
km
65
.
h
h

3000 m ? ?

2.19. 80

km
h
km
v2 65
h
d 3000 m 3 km

v1 80

t ?

,
v v1 v 2 d t .
, d (v1 v2 ) t ,

d
0.2 h 720 s .
(v1 v 2 )

s1 v1 t 16 km s 2 v 2 t 13 km , .

s1
?
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s
1 1.23 .
s2

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2.20. 3
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2.5
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s
5 s ? ?
v1 3

t 5s
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v sr

s u 20 m
m

1
20 s
tu
s

v1

10 m
m
2 ,
5s
s

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m
(20 10) m 10 m

1 ,
s
(15 5) s
10 s

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m
.
s

, ,

m
s

v 2 2.5

2.22.
.
.
.

m
s

s1 v1 t ,

s2 v2 t ,

d s1 s 2 v1 t v 2 t v1 v 2 t ,

m
m
d 3 2.5 5 s 27 .5 m .
s
s

v12 v1 v 2 ,

m
m
m
v12 3 2.5 5.5 .
s
s
s

2.21.
.
B.
v AB

14

s AB
,
t AB

v AB

(6 2) m 4m
m

2 .
2s
s
(3 1) s

15

3.1. ? ,
?
3.2. ?
3.3. ?
3.4. ,
?
3.5. . ?
3.6. ?
3.7. ?
3.8.
?
3.9. , .
?
3.10. .
?
3.11. . ?

3.1. .
3.2. ,
.
3.3. .
3.4. ,
.
3.5. .
3.6. . .
3.7. ( ).
3.8. .
3.9. .
3.10. , .
3.11. .
3.12. , ( v const ).
3.13. .
3.14. ,
.
3.15. . .
3.16. . .
,
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.
3.17. , ,
, ( v const ).

3.12. ( F 0 )?
3.13. ?

3.14. ?
3.15. .
?
3.16. .
, .
?
3.17. ,
?

3.1. : 0.5 N , 15 N , 0.04 N , 1010 N , 380 N .

mN kN .
0.5 N __________ mN _________ kN
15 N ___________ mN ________ kN
0.04 N _________ mN ________ kN
1010 N ________ mN _________ kN
380 N _________ mN _________ kN

0.5 N 500 mN 0.0005 kN ,

15 N 15000 mN 0.015 kN ,
0.04 N 40 mN 0.00004 kN ,
1010 N 1010000 mN 1.01 kN ,
380 N 380000 mN 0.38 kN .

16

17

3.2. 300 N
380 N . ?
F1 300 N
F2 380 N
FR ?

FR F1 F2 ,

F1 15 N

FR 680 N .

l1 25 mm

3.3. 300 N 250 N .

200 N , 250 N 270 N .
( )?
F1 300 N

F1 F2 F6 F3 F4 F5 ,

F2 250 N

F6 F3 F4 F5 F1 F2 ,

F3 200 N
F4 250 N
F5 270 N

l 2 75 mm
F2 ?

l0 240 mm

F2 45 N
l2 ?

l1 6 mm

F2
,
F2

F2 32 N

32 N
l2 6 mm
24 mm .
8N

l 2 ?

: , ,
, .

3.5. 15 N 25 mm .
75 mm ?
F1
F
2 ,
l1 l2

F1 15 N
l1 7.5 mm

F2 F1
l 2 ?

18

1
2
F1 F1
3
3

F2 F1

l2 l0 l2 ,
F1
F
2 ,
l1 l2
l2 l1

F2
,
F1

l 2 22 .5 mm , l 2 217.5 mm .

32 N ?
l2 l1

:
.

10 mm .

l1 10 mm

F1
F
2 ,
l1 l 2

l 2 5 mm .

3.7. 240 mm 20 N ,

F1 20 N

F6 720 N 550 N ,

3.4. 8 N 6 mm .

F1 8 N

F
F1
F
2
2 , l 2 l1 2 l1 ,
l1 l2
F1 3

45 N ?

F6 170 N .

F6 ?

3.6. 15 N 7.5 mm .
?

3.8. 10 N 1.5 cm .
12 N , 18 cm .
?
F1 10 N
l1 1.5 cm
F2 12 N
l 2 18 cm

l0 ?

F1
F
2 ,
l1 l2
l 2 1.5 cm

l2 l1

F2
,
F1

12 N
1.8 cm ,
10 N

l 2 l 2 l0 ,

l0 l 2 l 2 ,

l0 16.2 cm .

l2
,
l1

F2 15 N

75 mm
45 N .
25 mm

19

3.9. 15 cm .
15.5 cm .
?
l0 15 cm
l1 15.5 cm
F2 2F1
l2 ?

l1 l1 l0 ,

l1 0.5 cm ,

F1
F
2 ,
l1 l 2

F1 2 F1

,
l1 l2

l2 2 l1 1cm ,
l2 l0 l 2 16 cm .

3.10. ,
12 N 75 mm , 15 N
125 mm ?
F1 12 N

l1 l0 l1 l1 l0 l1 .

F2 15 N

l2 l0 l2 l2 l2 l0 .

l1 75 mm
l 2 125 mm

l0 ?

F1
F
2 ,
l1 l2
l0

F1
F2
,

l0 l1 l2 l0

F1 l2 F2 l1
97.22 mm .
F1 F2

4.1.
4.2.
4.3.
4.4.
4.5.
4.6.
4.7.
4.8.
4.9.
4.10.
4.11.

?
.
?
?
0.1 s,
0.2 s ()?
39.77 s. ?

?
?
?
?
?

4.12. V 30,2 0.2 m 3 ,

V 30,5 m 3 ?
4.13. ?
m
4.14. v 30.652 ,
s
m
v 0.2 . .
s
4.15. 5 cm, 10 cm?

4.1. .
4.2. : , . : , ,
.
4.3.
.
4.4.
.

20

21

4.5. (), .
0.1 s.
4.6. , . 0.01 s.
4.7. 0.1 0.02 mm, 0.01 mm.
4.8. .

4.3. , 3 m.
dm cm.
3 m = _____ dm
3 m = _____ cm

3m = 30 dm = 300 cm.

4.9. .
.
4.10.
.
4.11. .
.
4.12. . , .
0.2m 3
4.13.
0.0066 0.66 % .
30.2m 3

4.4. .
1 mm2 = _______________m2
0.45 m2 = ______________dm2

0.45 m2 = 45 dm2,

1450 cm2 = _____________m2

1450 cm2 = 0.145 m2,

1 m2 = _________________mm2
11.5 dm2 = _____________cm2

m
s
4.15. , ,
.

4.14. v 30.7 0.2

4.1. :
1 mm = __________m

1 mm = 0.001m,

1 m2 = 1000000 mm2,
11.5 dm2 = 1150 cm2.

4.5.
: 210 cm 80 cm, .
cm2, dm2 m2.
= 210 cm

b = 80 cm

mm2 = 0.000001 m2,

S ?

S ab ,
S 210 cm 80 cm 16800 cm 2 ,
S 16800 cm 2 1680000 mm 2 168 dm 2 1.68 m 2 .

4.6. .
. M
: 850 mm 650 mm, .
mm 2, cm2, dm2 m2?

0.54 m = _________dm

0.54 m = 5.4 dm,

125 cm = _________m

125 cm = 1.25 m,

= 850 mm

0.001 m = ________mm

0.001 m = 1 mm,

b = 650 mm

S 850 mm 650 mm 552500 mm 2 ,

105 dm = _________cm

105 dm = 1050 cm.

S ?

S 552500 mm 2 5525 cm 2 55.25 dm 2 0.5525 m 2 .

4.2. 17.1 mm.

m, dm cm.
17.1 mm = _________m

17.1 mm = 0.0171 m,

17.1 mm = ________dm

17.1 mm = 0.171 dm,

17.1 mm = ________cm

17.1 mm =1.71 cm.

22

S ab ,

4.7. .
1 mm3 = _______________m3
22.5 m3 = ______________dm3
2650 cm3 = _____________m3
1 m3 = _________________mm3
250 dm3 = ______________cm3
1 l = ___________________dm3
300 ml = _______________mm 3

1 mm3 = 0.000000001 m3,

22.5 m3 = 22500 dm3,
2650 cm3 = 0.00265 m3,
1 m3 = 1000000000 mm3,
250 dm3 = 250000 cm3,
1 l = 1 dm3,
300 ml = 300000 mm 3.

23

4.8. 45 cm ,
60 cm 85 cm. cm3,
mm3 m3?
a 45 cm
b 60 cm

V abc ,
3

V 45 cm 60 cm 85 cm 229500 cm ,

c 85 cm

V 229500000 mm3 ,

V ?

V 0.2295 m 3 .

4.9.

15 min . s h .

t 15 min

t [s] ?
t [h ] ?

t 15 min 15 60 s 900 s ,
1
t 15 min 15 h 0.25 h .
60

t 89.84 d

t [s] ?
t [min ] ?
t [h ] ?

t 89.84 d 89.84 24 60 min 129369.6 min 129400 min ,

t 89.84 d 89.84 24 60 60 s 776200 s .

4.11. .
17 h 45 min, 18 h 14 min .
?

t ?

t t 2 t1 ,

4.16

0.1535

0.0023

471.06

15

10256

24

1676.54

154.6

135.45

0.57

t 1740s 1740

134.11

4.16

134

1345

0.1535

0.0023

0.003

0.154

0.1540.003

471.06

15

20

470

47020

10256

24

30

10260

1026030

1676.54

154.6

200

1700

1700200

135.45

0.57

0.6

135.4

135.40.6

4.14. 2 cm , 8 cm 15 cm.
0.0072 m 3 ?

t 65640 s 63900 s 1740s ,

1
min 29 min .
60

4.12. : 0.045, 23.8, 11.586,

430, 1986, 5600, 27400.
.
, :
0.05, 30, 20, 500, 2000, 6000, 30000, .

134.11

t 89.84 d 89.84 24 h 2156.16 h 2156 h ,

t1 17 h 45 min 17 60 60 s 45 60 s 63900 s
t 2 18 h 14 min 18 60 60 s 14 60 s 65640 s

4.10. 23. 89.84 . h , min s .

24

4.13.
.

.
a 2 cm 0.02 m

V abc ,

b 8 cm 0.08 m

V 0.02 m 0.08 m 0.15 m 0.00024 m 3 ,

c 15 cm 0.15 m

Vk 0.0072 m3

0.0072 m 3
Vk

30 .
V
0.00024 m 3

n?

30 .

.
.

25

a [cm]

b [cm]

48.3

125.6

51.2

123.8

50.8

124.9

4.15. a b
.
cm 2
m2.

5.1. ?
5.2. a , , 100 g?

S ab .
S 50.1 cm 124.8 cm 6252 cm 2 ,
2

S 6252 cm ,

S 6252

1
m 2 0.6252 m 2 .
10000

:


.

a [cm]

a sr [cm]

a a sr [cm]

50.1

1.1

48.3
51.2

a [cm]

(a sr a ) [cm]

502

1.8

50.8

5.3. , .
, ?
5.4. . ?

0.7

5.5. .
?
5.6. ?

b [cm]

bsr [cm]

125.6
123.8
124.9

b bsr [cm]

b [cm]

(bsr b) [cm]

1251

0.8
124.8

1
0.1

5.7. , ?
5.8. ?
5.9. ?
5.10. ?
5.11. ?
5.12. . ?
5.13. 1dm3 1kg. ?
5.14. ?
5.15. .
?

5.1. .
5.2. .
5.3. , .
5.4. , . .
5.5. . .
5.6. .
5.7. , .
5.8. , .
5.9. .

26

27

5.10. , .
5.11. . , .
5.12. , , .
5.13. , 1000

g
.
m3

5.14. , .
5.15. .
( 1) .

5.4. 0.86 t .
. 85 kg 73 kg , .
90 kg .
.
N
g 9.81 .
kg
m 0.86 t 860 kg
m A 85 kg

5.1. .
1 mg = _______________kg

1 mg = 0.000001 kg,

250 g = ______________mg

250 g = 250000 mg,

3.5 mg = 0.0035 g,

g 9.81

N
kg

Q 2 (860 kg 85 kg 73 kg 90 kg) 9.81

Q1 ?

Q 2 10870 N 108.7 kN .

12 t = 12000 kg,

5.2. 45 kg .

5.5. 5000 N .
50 kg ?

N
? g 9.81 .
kg
m 45 kg
N
g 9.81
kg
Q?

Q mg .

Qmax 5000 N
Q mg

Q 50 kg 9.81

m 50 kg
Q 45kg 9.81

N
441 N .
kg

N
490.5 N ,
kg

10
, .

5.3. 250 g 100 g .

?
N
g 9.81 .
kg
,

m j 250 g 0.25 kg

Q mg

m k 100 g 0.1 kg

Q m u g (6m j m k ) g ,

g 9.81
Q?

28

N
kg

Q (6 0.25 kg 0.1 kg ) 9.81

N
N
1108 kg 9.81
10869.48 N .
kg
kg

Q2 ?

2500 kg = 2.5 t,

12 t = ________________kg

N
8437 N ,
kg

Q 2 m 2 g (m m A m M m N ) g ,

m N 90 kg

2500 kg = _____________t

Q1 860 kg 9.81

m M 73 kg

3.5 mg = ______________g

Q1 mg ,

5.6. 0.8
250 cm 3 .
0.8

g
cm 3

800

kg
m3

m V ,

V 250 cm3 0.00025 m3

N
N
1.6 kg 9.81
15.7 N .
kg
kg

g
.
cm 3

m 800
m?

kg
m3

0.00025 m 3 0.2 kg .

29

5.7. 150 ml 200 ml .

g
g
0 .9
, .
. 1
cm 3
cm 3
VV 150 ml 150 cm

sr

V U 200 ml 200 cm 3
g
V 1
cm 3
g
U 0 .9 3
cm
sr ?

m 78 kg

m
m mU
u V
,
Vu
VV V U

sr

V V V UV U
VV V U

sr 0.942

g
cm

QM

QM

942

kg
m

D 0.8

cm
g

cm 3
mG 12 kg

7800
800

kg

m
kg

m3

m D 5 kg

sr

mu mG m D
m mD

G
,
mG m D
Vu
VG VD

sr 2182.7

kg
m3

kg
m3

5.9. 6000 l 0.75 t .

g
,
cm 3
N
. g 9.81 .
kg

0.71

b 0.71
g 9.81
Q?

30

g
cm

N
kg

710

kg
m

m max
,
m

n?

10000 kg
8.33 .
1200 kg

: sr 2183

V 6000 l 6000 dm3 6 m 3

mc 0.75 t 750 kg

m max 10 t 10000 kg
m 1200 kg

8.33 . ,
, .

(m m D )
sr G D G
,
m G D mD G

sr ?

1
1
N
m g Z 78 kg 9.81
127 .5 N .
6
6
kg

g
0.8
. 12 kg 5 kg .
cm 3
?
g

QM

5.11. ,
10 t , 1200 kg ?
.

g
cm 3

1
QZ ,
6
QZ m g Z ,

QM

1
QZ
6
?

5.8. 7.8

G 7 .8

5.10. 78 kg
?

5.12. 355 g. 35 g.
kg
? 1000 3 ,
m
.
m 355 g 0.355 kg
m1 35 g 0.035 kg

1000
m2 ?
V2 ?

kg
m3

.
m m1 ,
m 2 ,
m m1 m 2 ,

m 2 m m1 .

m 2 m m1 0.355 kg 0.035 kg 0.032 kg .

Q mg ,

Q (mc m b ) g (mc bVb ) g ,

V2

kg
N

Q 750 kg 710 3 6 m 3 9.81

,
kg
m

V2

Q 49.15 kN .

m2

m m1

(0.355 0.035) kg
0.00032 m 3 0.32 dm 3 0.32 l .
kg
1000 3
m

31

5.13. 250 ml .
350 ml .
78 g .
m
.
V

.
V1 V 2 ,

V1 250 ml 250 cm3 0.00025 m 3

V2 350 ml 350 cm3 0.00035 m 3
m 78 g 0.078 kg

V ,

V V2 V1 .

0.78 kg

0.00035 0.00025 m 3

7800

kg
m3

m
m
,

V V2 V1

6.1. ?
6.2. ,
?
6.3. ?
6.4.
?
6.5. ?
6.6. 1m
2 m?
6.7.
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1 km?
6.9. , ?
6.10.
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6.11. ,
.
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6.12.
1:5, ?

6.1. , .
6.2. .
6.3. . .
6.4. , .

32

33

6.5. , .
6.6. .

6.4. .
a 25 cm b 100 cm , .
Q 0.5 kN . , .

6.7. .

6.8. . .
6.9. . .

a 25 cm 0.25 m

6.10. , .

b 100 cm 1 m

6.11. ,
.
,
.

Q 0.5 kN 500 N

Q Q
,

S ab

500 N
500 N

2000 Pa 2 kPa .
0.25 m 1m 0.25 m 2

p?

6.5. 650 N
500 cm 2 . 480 N .

6.12. 1:5 .

, 6 cm 2 .

6.1. : 15 Pa , 4820 Pa .
kPa MPa .

Q P 650 N
2

S P 500 cm 0.05 m

15 Pa = ______ kPa ______ MPa

15 Pa 0.015 kPa 0.000015 MPa ,

4820 Pa = ______ kPa ______ MPa

4820 Pa 4.82 kPa 0.00482 MPa .

Q M 480 N

S M 6 cm 2 0.0006 m 2
pP ?
pM ?

6.2. 250 N 0.2 m 2 .

.
F 250 N

S 0 .2 m 2
p?

QP
,
SP

pP

pM

QM
,
SM

pM

650 N
0.05 m 2

13000 Pa 13 kPa ,

480 N
0.0006 m 2

800000 Pa 800 kPa .

, 61
.

6.6. 35 cm 1000 kg/m 3 .

?
9.81 N/kg .

F
,
S

250 N
0.2 m 2

1250 Pa 1.25 kPa .

0.02 mm 2 ?
p
F 10 N

35
cm 17.5 cm 0.175 m
2
kg
1000 3
m
N
g 9.81
kg
p?

6.3. 10 N .

S 0.02 mm2 0.00000002m2

p?

pP
2

F
,
S

10 N
0.00000002 m 2

p gh,
p 1000

kg
m3

9.81

N
0.175 m 1716.75 Pa 1717 Pa 1.717 kPa .
kg

500000000 Pa 500 MPa .

5000
.

34

35

6.7. 10 cm ,
2 cm . ?
? 1000
kg

N
p1 g h1 1000 3 9.81 0.1m 981 Pa ,
kg
m

h2 12 cm 0.12 m

kg

m3
N
g 9.81
kg
p1 ?

p 2 g h2 1000

p2 ?

kg
m3

9.81

N
0.12m 1177.2 Pa ,
kg

p p 2 p1 1177 .2 Pa 981 Pa 196.2 Pa .

p ?

6.8. 1 cm 4 cm.

? .
r S r 2 , 3.14 .
r 1cm 0.01m
h 4 cm 0.04 m
3

d 20 cm 0.2 m
l 1m

h1 10 cm 0.1 m

1000

kg
.
m3

6.10. 20 cm 1 m . 3 cm
. ?

( g h )
F p S g h S .

1000 kg/m3
g 9.81 N/kg

g 9.81 N/kg

F pS g hS g h r 2 ,
F 1000

kg
m3

9.81

N
0.04 m 0.01m 2 3.14 0.1232 N 123.2 mN .
kg

S1 2500 cm 2 0.25 m 2
m1 45 kg
m 2 199 kg

p 187.5 kPa 187500 Pa

g 9.81 N/kg
m?

36

Q mg

,
S
S

N
0.03 m 0.2 m 1 m 58.86 N .
kg

F1 F2

,
S1 S 2
S 2 S1

m2 g
,
m1 g

S 2 0.25 m 2

S 2 S1

F2
,
F1

S 2 S1

m2
,
m1

199 kg
1.105 m 2 .
45 kg

6.12.
400 cm 2
? 5000 N.
100 dm 2 . .

6.9. 200 cm 2 .
, , 187.5 kPa ?

9.81

199 kg . .
, .

F ?

S1 200 cm 2 0.02 m 2

kg
m3

6.11. 2500 cm 2 45 kg ,

S2 ?

. S r , :

F 1000

F ?

1000 kg/m

F pS g hS g h l d ,

h 3 cm 0.03m

S1 400 cm 2 0.04 m 2

F1 F2

,
S1 S 2

F2 5000 N

F1 F2

S 2 100 dm 2 1 m 2

S1
0.04 m 2
F1 5000 N
200 N .
S2
1m 2

pS 187500 Pa 4 0.02 m 2

1529 kg .
m
g
9.81 2
s

37

6.13. 10 0 mm 1220
50 mm 800
12 cm 1000

kg
.
m3

kg
,
m3

kg
.
m3

.
hG 10 0 mm 0.1 m
p p G p U p V G g hG U g hU V g hV ,

G 1220 kg/m 3
hU 50 mm 0.05 m

p 1220

U 800 kg/m 3
hV 12 cm 0.12 m

kg
m3

9.81

N
kg
N
kg
N
0.1 m 800 3 9.81
0.05 m 1000 3 9.81
0.12 m ,
kg
kg
kg
m
m

p 2766 Pa 2.766 kPa .

V 1000 kg/m 3
p?

6.14. . 200 N

2 cm .
, 20 cm 2 , 10 cm ?
1000 cm 2 .

l1 2 cm

l1 l 2
, 10 cm

F1
F2

l 2 10 cm

F2

F1 200 N

S 3 20 cm 2
S 2 1000 cm 2
F3 ?

F1 l 2 200 N 10 cm
,

l1
2cm

F2 1000 N .
3,
4,
F3 F2
,

S3 S2

F3 1000 N

F3 F2
20 cm 2
1000 cm 2

S3
,
S2

20 N .

, .
,
. F2 .

38

39

.

(, ,
, .).
.

.
37 - 36
1
C C 0.1 C .

10
10
.
36C .
8 0.1C 0.8 C , 36C .
36.8C .
je

.
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.

.
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.

75

60

80 - 60 km 20 km
km
,

5
4
h
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km
km
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km
.
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.
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,

.

40

.
.
.
.

0 .1 s ( ).
.
15 min ,
.
0.01 s (
). 9 h 99 min 99.99 s.
0.2 s.

41




.
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.

,
.


.
.

1 mm (
). , ,
,

.
( )
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10 cm.
.

.
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(
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.

(
).
10 ( ).
0.1 mm .
0.1 mm.
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50 ( ).
0.02 mm ,
0.02 mm. ,
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. )
3, .
.
3 0.02 mm 0.06 mm . , ) 3.36 mm.


. 2.5 cm.
,
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. .
0.01mm. .
16.5 0.25 mm 16.75 mm .
, , .
1 mm. 10
50 , ) ).

42

, . ,
,
.

43

()
.

,
.
x x .

.


( ).

.
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.

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.

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xsr

44

x1 x2 x3
.
3

x xsr x .
-.
x sr

xsr x

xsr x .

.
xsr
.

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1 m , , .
.
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45


.
,

x x1 x2

, , .
( 3).
( 4 5).

x x1 x2 ,

x x1 x2 .

.


, .
. .
,
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.
,
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.

1 mm 5 mm 100 mm.
.

.
xsr
.

x
100% .
xsr

,
.
.
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.
1%.
.

. .

12.335

0.0132

0.02

12.34

12.34 0.02

22.45

0.261

0.3

22.4

22.4 0.3

136.502

4.45

137

137 5

426.32

16.7

20

430

430 20

34631

132

200

34600

34600 200

: .
1000, 9999. ,
5.

x
5

0.05%
x
9999

x
5

0.5% .
x 1000

,
10, 100, 1000 . , 50,
99990, 0.5 999.9, .

,
, . ,
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5, . 5,

46

47

 :

.

50 mm 30 mm (
).
,
l1 l2 :

l l1 l2
, ,
( ) l1 (30 1) mm,
l2 (19 1) mm. l l1 l2 49 mm.
29 31 mm , 18 20 mm.
47 mm , 51 mm ,
:

,
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.
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.
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l (49 2) mm .

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H h.

d H h.


.

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.
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.
.
.
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48

49

 1



.
.

: ,
.

1
a [mm]

asr [mm]

a sr a [mm]

a [mm]

asr a [mm]

b [mm]

bsr [mm]

bsr b [mm]

b [mm]

bsr b [mm]

a [mm]

asr [mm]

a sr a [mm]

a [mm]

asr a [mm]

b [mm]

bsr [mm]

bsr b [mm]

b [mm]

bsr b [mm]

c sr [mm]

c sr c [mm]

c [mm]

c sr c [mm]

,
. .
1 mm.


. ,
:
o

.
, ,
4.
3-6 mm 2-4 mm.
.
4. ,
,
.
.
.
, .
,
, , .

1. .
.

c [mm]

, .

50

51

 2. .
: a b: S a b .
. ,
, .

b b [mm]

a a [mm]

S a b [mm2 ]

1
2

. ,
. 1 mm
. : 798 mm , 800 mm
803 mm , 1744 mm , 1748 mm 1744 mm.
. .

a [mm]

asr [mm]

798
800

bsr [mm]

8003

0.33

bsr b [mm]

b [mm]

bsr b [mm]

17453

1.33
1745.33

1744

52

asr a [mm]

2.67

1744
1748

a [mm]

.
SI ( m 3 ).


.
,
. ,
, .
.

.
,
.
, ,
.
.
V1 , V2 .

V V2 V1 .

2.33
800.33

803

b [mm]

asr a [mm]

2.67
1.33

a a [mm]

b b [mm]

S [m 2 ]

8003

17453

1.396

.
.
(5-10) .
, . ,
.
. ,
,
.
. .
.
?

53

V1 .

V2 .

V V2 V1 .

V1[ml ]

V2 [ml ]

V (V2 V1 ) [ml ]

Vsr [ml ]

Vsr V [ml ]

V [ml ]

V Vsr V [ml ]

V
:
Vsr

:
.

1: _________________ 2: __________________ 3:___________________

: ,
. ,
. ,
, , , .
.
, .

____ ,
__________________.

V1 [ml ]

V 2 [ml ]

.
, V1

250

415

, V2

250

425

. 5 ml.

250

410

.
.

V1[ml ]

V 2 [ml ]

V (V2 V1 ) [ml ]

Vsr [ml ]

Vsr V [ml ]

V [ml ]

V Vsr V [ml ]

. .
.
, . 5 ml.
10 ml.
.

2
V1[ml ]

V 2 [ml ]

V (V2 V1 ) [ml ]

Vsr [ml ]

Vsr V [ml ]

V [ml ]

V Vsr V [ml ]

V1 [ml ]

V 2 [ml ]

V V 2 V1 [ml ]

250

415

165

250

425

175

250

410

160

Vsr [ml ]

Vsr V [ml ]

V [ml ]

V Vsr V [ml ]

10

17010

1.6
166.7

9.3
6.7

:
.

54

55

.
.
(.
). .
,
. .
2 4 mm,
.
.

.
, .
, .
.

.
, .
( 1 mm, 2 mm).

.
.

. .

vsr

s
.
t

( s1 , s 2 , s3 , ... )
( t1 , t 2 , t 3 , ... ),
vsr

s1 s 2 s 3 ...
.
t1 t 2 t 3 ...

.
.
, .
( ).
.
. ,
.

: .
.

.
: ,

.

.
.
.
, ,
.
.

56

x1 _____________mm

x1 _____________mm

x2 _____________mm

x2 _____________mm

s x2 x1 _____________mm

s x2 x1 _____________mm

57

t [s]

tsr [s]

t t sr [s]

t [s]

t sr t [s]

s m
t s

( ). .
.

(t).

(N).

( tsr ).

(l).

(d)
(lsr ) 10.

( ssr )
.

t [s]

t sr [s]

t t sr [s]

t [s]

t sr t [s]

.
, ________________ .
. ,
, s (80.2 0.2) cm .
: 1.21, 1.14
1.35 s. .

l [m]

l sr [m]

l l sr [m]

N sr

N N sr

l [m]

l l [m]

l sr
[m]
10

t [s]

t sr [s]

1.21
1.14
1.35

58

t t sr [s]

t [s]

t sr t [s]

s cm
t s
N1

0.023
1.233

0.093

0.2

1.2 0.2

N N

s sr N d [m]

65.0

0.117

59

vsr

l [m]

t [s]

1015

4.15

939

1038

3.90

745

994

4.10

1078

ssr
km
____________
.
t sr
h

, .

.
.
, 10 .
.
.

l l sr [m]

l sr [m]

4.15
3.90

0.2

4 .0 0 .2

0.15

l sr
[m]
10

0.4

s t ,
() .

0.05

N sr

N N sr

1015.7

22.3

1015
1038

l l [m]

0.10
4.05

4.10

N1

l [m]

N N

s sr N d [m]

30

102030

411.4

0.7

994

21.7

: ,
.
t [s]

t sr [s]

939
745

t t sr [s]

t [s]

t sr t [s]

200

900200

.
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) .

.
.
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.

18.3
920.7

1078

175.7
157.3

v sr

60

,
, .


s
v .
t

. .
l [m]

, , :
(
).
, .

ssr 406.3 m
m
km

0.441 1.59
.
920.7 s
s
h
t sr

, , .
.
,
5 cm .

61

 .
().
,
, . .
, .
, .
. ,
.

s [m]

t [s]

tsr [s]

t t sr [s]

t [s]

t sr t [s]

s m
t s

.
, , .
, , .

. .
.

.
2 s.
0.1s, 10%.

.

5 cm , .

,
.

62

, ,
.
__________________ .
.

. ,
, .

( ). ,

t A _________ s

s A _________ m

s
m
.
v A ___________
tA
s

63

.
.
. .
s, t.

.
.
.
?

s [m]
t [s]

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

0.90

1.00

1.46

2.02

2.18

2.59

2.84

2.99

1.69

1.72

2.02

2.28

2.71

3.10

1.35

1.78

2.35

2.38

2.80

3.01

. .
s [m]

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

0.90

1.00

t [s]
1.46
1.69
1.35
2.02
1.72
1.78
2.18
2.02
2.35
2.59
2.28
2.38
2.84
2.71
2.80
2.99
3.10
3.01

t sr [s]
1.50

1.84

2.183

2.417

2.783

3.033

t t sr [s]
0.04
0.19
0.15
0.18
0.12
0.06
0.003
0.163
0.167
0.173
0.137
0.037
0.057
0.073
0.017
0.043
0.067
0.023

s
t

m
s

t [s]

t sr t [s]

0.2

1.5 0.2

0.333

0.2

1.8 0.2

0.326

0.2

2 .2 0 .2

0.321

0.2

2 .4 0 .2

0.331

0.08

2.78 0.08

0.323

0.07

3.03 0.07

0.330

, ,
.
.
: .

64

65

 .
250 mm ,
170 mm , .

.
. (1 mm)
1, 2, 4 5
10, 100, 1000, 10000, . ,
0.01, 10, 0.002, 200, 0.4, 40, 400, 0.005, 0.5, 500, .
, , 1 mm
3, 0.3, 300, 7, 0.7, 3 cm
1, 0.1, 5, 50, 12, .
.
0.5 1 m, 1.5 3.03 s.
, , 1 m
.
(1 mm ) (1 m / 100 0.01 m),
. 1 m
, ,
(1 m / 150 0.0067 m).

.
1 m ,
, (1 m / 200 0.005 m ).
3 s
, (3 s / 150 0.02 s ).

. (
):

t A 2.9 s

s A 0.95 m.

:
v

s 0.95 m
m

0.328 .
t
2.9 s
s

:
,
______________________ .

66

.
.
,
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,
( Fe ).
.
.
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Fe , .

:
Fe mg
. ,
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Fe mg Q .
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67

( Fe )

.
. 3.23 .

.
?

(l ).
____________ .
. 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 12 g.
l0 (1.040 0.001) m .

, .

( ).

3-5
.

,
. .

m [kg]

l .
( lS ) ( l 0S ) .

l [m]

0.002

0.004

0.006

0.008

0.010

0.012

1.089

1.137

1.182

1.229

1.282

1.332

1.092

1.136

1.182

1.231

1.278

1.327

1.083

1.138

1.182

1.230

1.280

1.331

. .
m [kg]

m [kg]

.
.
.

l 0 [m]

l 0S [ m]

1.040

l 0 [m]

l 0S [m]

l [m]

lS [m]

l (l S l 0S ) [m]

Fe mg [ N]

0.002

1.040

1.040

1.040
1.040

1.040

1.137

0.097

0.03924

1.182

1.182

0.142

0.05886

1.231

1.230

0.190

0.07848

1.278

1.280

0.240

0.0981

1.330

0.290

0.1177

1.280

1.040
1.040

1.136

1.282
1.040

1.040
0.012

0.01962

1.230

1.040
1.040

0.048

1.229
1.040

1.040
0.010

1.088

1.182

1.040
1.040

1.092

1.182
1.040

1.040
0.008

Fe mg [ N]

1.138

1.040
1.040

l (lS l 0S ) [m]

1.137
1.040

1.040
0.006

lS [m]

1.083

1.040
0.004

l [m]
1.089

1.332
1.040

1.327
1.331

68

69

 6


()
.
.

( ).
.
Fe Q . , , .


.
Q , F .
.
.
.

. .

.
( Q Fe )
l ( ). .

l [cm]

Q [mN]

:
_________ , , ,
.
Q __________ N
l ________ cm.
,
, . ,
__________________.
.
. .
?
20 cm?
l [cm]

4.8

9.7

14.8

20.0

24.0

29.6

Q [mN]

19.62

39.24

58.86

78.48

98.1

117.7

.
( ) ( ).
( )
.

.
.
.
F 0.08 N
l 20 cm.

70

71

 7



, . .


. ,
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
. .
) .
) .
) .
) .
) .
.
, , .
,
,
.
F ,
,
, ,
. ,

72

73

 , ,
( Ftr F ).
.
.

S1

,
, .

S 2 S1

. .
.
.
Ftr, max .

. Ftr .

Ftr, max [ N]

Ftr [ N]

Ftr [ N]

S1

() ,
.

Ftr, max [ N]

S1

:

o ____________ .
o ___________ .
o /
.
o ____________ .
o ___________ .
o ___________
.

,
. .

.
.
.

1: ,
. , ,
.

.
, , .
, 0.1 N.

2: ,
.

74

75

 8


, , m
V . ,
. , :
m
m
,
sr .
V
V
m1 , m2 , m3 ,...

V1 ,V2 ,V3 ,... , , :

sr

m1 m 2 m 3
.
V1 V2 V3

.
.
.

. ,
, .
,
.

, ,
. ,
.
, .
, .
.

.
, , ,
.
. ,
, .

.
.
.

: a , b
c , V a b c .
, .

a [mm]

asr [mm]

a asr [mm]

a [mm]

a a sr a [mm]

b [mm]

bsr [mm]

b bsr [mm]

b [mm]

b bsr b [mm]

c [mm]

c sr [mm]

c c sr [mm]

c [mm]

c c sr c [mm]

1.
.
.

,
.
.

,
, .
,
.

, ,
.
, .

76

77

a a sr a [mm]

b bsr b [mm]

c c sr c [mm]

V [mm 3 ]

c [mm]

c sr [mm]

20.03

V [cm 3 ]

m [g]

msr [g]

msr m [g]

m [g]

m msr m [g]

0.01 g. .

a [mm]

b [mm]

c [mm]

m [g]

104.98

50.64

20.03

214.02

104.92

49.82

20.04

214.00

105.04

49.98

20.04

104.92

a asr [mm]

a [mm]

a a sr a [mm]

0.06

104.980.06

0
104.98

105.04

0.06

20.04

0.01

20.040.01

0.003
0.003

a a sr a [mm]

b bsr b [mm]

c c sr c [mm]

V [mm3 ]

104.980.06

50.10.5

20.040.01

10548
105500

V [cm 3 ]

m [g]

105.5

214.02
214.00

msr [g]

214.01

msr m [g]
0.01
0.01

m [g]

m msr m [g]

0.01

214.010.01

cm 3

2.029

2.
. .

. .

a sr [mm]

20.037

cm 3

0.01 mm.

104.98

c c sr c [mm]

. m a ,
b c . a b 0.02 mm, c

a [mm]

c [mm]

0.007

20.04

: __________ g.
,
.
.

c c sr [mm]

0.06

,
, .
:

.
.
.
.
.

: __________ ml.

b [mm]

bsr [mm]

50.64
49.82
49.98

78

b bsr [mm]

b [mm]

b bsr b [mm]

0.5

50.10.5

V1 [m l ]

V 2 [ml ]

V (V2 V1 ) [m l ]

Vsr [m l ]

Vsr V [ml ]

V [ m l ]

V Vsr V [ml ]

0.493
50.147

0.327
0.167

79

 : __________ mg.
m [g]

V [cm 3 ]

msr [g]

msr m [g]

m [g]

m msr m [g]

cm 3

( )
. .

_______________ .

V1 [ml ]

V 2 [ml ]

m [g]

400

690

505.30

400

690

505.45

.
, V1

, V2
.
400
680
.
10 ml . 0.01g .
.
. .
( ), .

.
,
.
.
(mm ) . m mt ,
mt mmt mm .
.

,
.

V1 [ml ]

V2[ml ]

V (V 2 V1 ) [ml ]

400

690

190

400

690

190

400

680

180

Vsr [m l ]

Vsr V [ml ]

V [ml ]

V Vsr V [ml ]

3.3
186.7

3.3

20

19020

6.7

: .
( 10ml ).

. 1ml 1cm 3 .

, 20 ml .
0.01g .
V [cm 3 ]

187

m [g]
505.30
505.45

m sr [g]
505.38

msr m [g]
0.08
0.08

m [g]

0.08

m msr m [g]

g
3
cm

505.380.08

2.707

,
.

80

mm [g]
m mt [g]
m t (m mt m m ) [g]

V [cm3 ]

mt g
V cm3

, .

81


, p at p h .

10


.

,
p at . m , hm
U ,
p at p h pat m g hm ,

p g h,

: , g h
().

ph m g hm .

, .
.
1.

, .

: , U ,
.
. ,

.
.
U ,
( ).

:
. ,
,
.

.
.

.
.

.
, , .

h ,
hL hD . h .

. ,
,

.

,
.
.
, .
. ,
.

82

83

hLS hDS .

hm . .

( p h m g hm ) .

2 ( ).

p g h .

h [cm]

hL [cm]

h L S [cm]

hD [cm]

hDS [cm]

hm [cm]

p
.
gh

p
h. , .
,
.

p h [Pa]

h = ____________ cm .

p = ____________ Pa .

kg
p

_____________ 3 .
gh
m

1.
. .
kg
780 3 . hL
m
, hD U .
.

, _______________
.

hL [cm]

: ,
.

hD [cm]

84

h [cm]

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

18.9
19.0
18.8
21.2
21.1
21.0

17.4
17.6
17.5
22.5
22.5
22.5

16.2
16.2
16.3
23.9
23.7
23.9

15.0
14.8
14.9
25.1
25.1
25.1

13.8
13.7
13.7
26.3
26.2
26.4

12.4
12.4
12.4
27.7
27.5
27.7

85


h [cm]

h L [cm]

2.0

19.0

hLS [cm]

18.9

23.8

7.6

581.5

25.1

10.2

780.5

26.3

12.6

964.1

27.6

15.2

1163

23.7

25.1

26.2
26.4

12.4
12.4

382.6

26.3
13.7

13.7
12.0

5.0

25.1

13.8
13.7

22.5

22.5

25.1
14.9

14.9
10.0

168.3

23.9

15.0
14.8

2.2

23.9
16.2

16.3

8.0

21.1

21.1

22.5

16.2
16.2

p h [Pa]

22.5
17.5

17.5

6.0

hm [cm]

21.0

17.4
17.6

hDS [cm]

21.2
18.9

18.8
4.0

h D [cm]

27.7
12.4

12.4

27.5
27.7

.
.
.

2 ( ).
.
, :

h = 11.5 cm.

p = 1100 Pa.

86

gh

1100 Pa
kg
975.05 3 .
N
m
0.115 m
kg

9.81

87