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.

37.016:53(075.2)(076)

, ., 1953 7 : :

/ . ;
[ ,
, ]. - 1.
. - : , 2013
( : ). - 95 . : . ; 27 cm
5.000.
ISBN 978-86-89679-00-7

COBISS.SR-ID 202279180

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2.1. ?
2.2. .
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2.3. ?
2.4. ?
2.5. ?
2.6. ?
2.7. ,
?
2.8. . 1
2.
?
2.9. 1 2.
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2.10.
4.2 N.
?
2.11. 120 km , 30
80 km/h . .

2.12. 5 N .
, ?
2.13. ?
2.14. . 5 s
10 m. 5 s ?
2.15. 30 m/s 10 m/s. ,
?
2.16. . 10 s
20 m/s. 20 s ?
2.17.
() t 30 s .
?

2.18. ,
?

2.8. ,
.

2.19. .
?

2.9. ,
.

2.20. ?

2.10. 4.2 N. .

2.21. a 30 m/s 2 , a 30 m/s 2 .

2.11. 60 km/h ( vsr s / t ).

, .

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2.12. 5 N, .

2.22. ?

2.13. .

2.23. , .
, ?

2.14. 5 s 10 m,

2.24. . .
, ?

2.15. .

2.25. ?
2.26. F,
?

5 s .
2.16. 10 s 20 m/s. 20 s
40 m/s.
2.17. 30 s.

2.27. ,
, ?

2.18. .

2.28. . ?

2.20. , .

2.29. ?

2.21. ,
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.

2.1. .

2.19. , .

2.22. . .
2.23.
.

2.2. ,
.

2.24. .

2.3. .

2.25. . .

2.4. .

2.26. (2F) .

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2.29. . , .
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2.1. 5 min,
4 m/s?
m
s
t 5 min 5 60 s 300 s
v4

s vt

s4

s?

v1 5 m/s

v v 2 v1

t
t

t 5s

a?

15

m
300 s 1200 m .
s

m
s

1000 m
km
m
v 2 70
70
19 .4
h
3600 s
s

19 .4

t 2 min 120 s

a?

m
m
0
s
s 0 . 16 m
120 s
s2

m
s 2 1 .5 m
0 . 2 kg
s2

0 .3 k g

s2 0 m
t 2 3 min 18 0 s

2.5. 2 m/s , 0.2 m/s ?

a 0 .2 m/s
t ?

10

v
t

2 m/s

0 .2 m/s 2

10 s

v
a

F m k a1

F (m k m t ) a 2 (m k m t )

2
a1 .
3

:
2
2
2
m k a1 ( m k m t ) a 1 , m k m k m t ,
3
3
3

, 300 m, 6 min.
.

t1 5 min 300 s

2.8. . ,
500 m, 5 min. 3 min.

s1 500 m

0 .3 N
a

0 . 2 kg

v 2 m/s

m
m
13 .9
s 4 .63 m
s
3s
s2

m k 2 m t 10 kg .

m 200 g 0 .2 kg
a?

2
a 2 a1
3
mk ?

2.4. 300 mN 200 g. .

F
m

0
a

2.7. .
5 kg .

m t 5 kg

v v 2 v1

t
t

v 2 v1
t

.
. .

m
m
m
5
s
s 2 s 2 m
s
5s
s2

F 300 mN 0 .3 N

a?

2.3. 70 km/h 2 min. ?

v1 0

t 3s
1000 m
km
m
v1 50
50
13 .9
h
3600 s
s
m
v2 0
s

2.2. 5 15 m/s 5 . .

v 2 15 m/s

2.6. , 3 s.
50 km/h. .

s 3 300 m
t 3 6 min 360 s

v sr ?

v sr

s1 s 2 s 3
t1 t 2 t 3

v sr

500 m 0 m 300 m
m
0.952
300 s 180 s 360 s
s

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11

2.9. 40 m/s,

2.12. 10 km 40 km/h.

60 m/s. .

s1 s 2
v1 40

m
s

v 2 60

m
s

s
2

v sr ?

s 1 v1 t 1
2
s
t1

2v1
:

v sr

15 km , 30 km/h.
.

s
v2 t2 ,
2
s
t2
.
2v 2

v sr

t1 t 2

s
,
s
s

2 v1
2v 2

2 v1 v 2
m
48
.
s
v1 v 2

2.

2.10. 15 km/h,
15 min. 20 min. .
s1

s
s1
3
m
1000m
km
15
4 .17
s
3600s
h
2s
s2
3

s
v 1 t1
3

v sr

v1 15

s
t2
3v 1

t1

s
3v1

3 v1 s
s

s 3v 1 t 2
s 3v1 t 2
3v1

:
s
t

v sr

t t1 t 2 20 min 1200s

s?

s 3v1 (t t 2 ) 3750 m 3 .75 km

t 50 s
v3

12

m
s

2.13. .
4 m/s, 6 m/s. 20 s .
?
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s vs t

vs 4

m
s

t , : s v o (t t ) .

vo 6

m
s

, :
vs t vo t vo t ,

vs t vo (t t ) .

vo t v o t vs t (vo vs ) t .

t 20 s

2.11. 50 s 3 m/s.
.

.
10 km.

1. : :

t 2 15 min 900 s

3 v1
1

s 3v1 t 2 t

:
s
10 km
t1 1
0 .25 h 15 min ,
v1 40 km
km
v1 40
h
h
s
15 km
t2 2
0 .5 h 30 min .
s 2 15 km
km
v2
30
h
km
v 2 30

h
km
: s1 v1t 40
0 . 2 5 h 10 km .
h
:
km
0 .5 h 15 km .
s 2 v 2 t 2 30
h
: s1 s 2 10 km 15 km 25 km .
s1 10 km

s2

m
6 20 s
vo t
s

60 s .
t?
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s
s
( s vs t ):

s4

m
60 s 240 m .
s

2. : ,
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. , 20 s .

. t 60 s s 240 m .

13

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s o v o t 25 m

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m
vo 5
s

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2.
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2.19. 5 m/s 2 .
10 m/s 4 m/s?
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2.15. 10 s 1 m/s 2 .

60%. .

t 10 s

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m
m
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s
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m2
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m
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2.20. 5 m/s. 8 s

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25 m .

m
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100

v 1 .6 v 0 1 .6 5

m
m
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v v 0 1 .6 v 0 v 0 0 .6 v 0

t
t
t

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8s

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s 0.375 s .

: Kao ,
.

15

2.21. , 6 m/s 2 ,

2.24. 0.2 m/s 2 . 10 s ,

50% 100 m. ?
v 2 v 02 2 a s ,

a 6 m/s 2

2.25v 02 v 02 2 a s ,

v 1 . 5v 0

1 .25 v 02

s 100 m
v0 ?

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26

2a s

1 .25

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100 m

s2
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31

m
s

20
a 2 a1
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at2
s
,
2

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1 ,
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v v a (t t ) .

a t
30 s ,
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t t

am t
20 s .
a am

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1
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2

1
1
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2
2
2

(30 s) 2

1
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2

( 20 s) 2 30 m .

2.25. 6 m/s 2 .
.
, 10 m/s?
a6

m
s2

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s

1. : ,
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t 1 , 0 v 0 a t 1 , :
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t2

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175 m .
2

16

t?

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2.23. , 5 m/s, 10 s 2.5 m/s 2 .

s vot

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17

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m 2 kg

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m1 80 kg
m 2 50 kg

m
2

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40 s 4 m/s
20 s 4 m/s
20 s 4 m/s
200 m .
2
2

18

md ?

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s

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s

m
s
m
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s
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m
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2.29.
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m
v 4 m/s

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t
40 s
s

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20 N, :

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F
m1

a2

F
m2

s1

1
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t
2
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a2t 2
t .
2
2 m2

:
d s1 s1

m m2
1 F 2 1 F 2 1 1
1
F t2 1
t
t

F t2
2 m1
2 m2
2 m1
m 2
2 m1 m 2

2 m1 m 2 d
4 . 96 s
( m1 m 2 ) F

v1 a 1 t

Ft
m
0 . 62
m1
s

v2 a2t

Ft
m
0 . 99
m2
s

, :
v r v 2 v1

m m2
Ft
Ft
m

1
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m1
m2
m1 m 2
s

19

2.30. 100 g 1 N
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a?

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3.1.
?

F 1N
m 100 g

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m
F
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3.10. .
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3.12. 300 N, .

200 N ?
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3.9. . .
3.10. . .
3.11. , ,
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3.12. . 200 N. ,
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3.13. . ,
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22

3.1. 20 kg.
m 20 kg

g 9 .81

m g 20 kg 9 .81

m
s2

m
s2

m 196.2 N .

mg ?

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1
m
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2
2
s

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3.3. 400 m/s .

5 s . .
v 0 400 m/s

t 5s

h s v0 t

g 9 . 81 m/s 2
h?

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1
g t2 ,
2

m
1
m
5 s - 9 .81 2 25 s 2 1877 m .
s
2
s

3.4. 100 g . ?
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1
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2

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23

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H 4m

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v vmax / 2

2
v max

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h?

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2

t 0.5 s
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v0 ?

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2

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t

v 01 0
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gt
m
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2
s
t

1
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2

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h h 2 h1 v 02 t

1
g t2 ,
2

1
1
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2
2

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s2

v 02 g ( t t 2 ) .

: s 2 v 02 t 2

g t 22
g t 22
g (t t 2 ) t 2
2
2

3.10. 10 m .

H 10 m

0 v 0 g t1 0 v 02 2 g h max , :

t1 1 s

v 0 g t1

g 9 .81

t?

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a 8 . 5 m/s

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m
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:
F ot m g m a m ( g a ) 2 . 62 N .

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g t2
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2
2
2

s1 1
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s2 3

g 2 t 12
gt 2
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2g
2

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s2

m 2 kg

gt
2

h max

3.11. 2 kg 8.5 m/s 2 . ?

h v 02 t 2 m .

s2
t1 t 2 t

2H
3 .19 s .
g

t t 1 t 2 2 . 74 s .

3.8.
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s1

, :

h h 2 h1 ?

1s .
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h1

g t2
2

s 2 26 . 39 m .

3.7. 1s

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2

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3.6. 10 m 0.5 s .

H v0 t

H 50 m
g 9 . 81

3
h H 3m .
4

H 10 m

3.12. 25 kg . ?
,

m 25 kg
g 9 . 81 m/s

Q ?

Q m g 25 kg 9.81

m
s2

245 N .

25

3.13. 100 N , ?

5 cm. 1 cm
, .
1 cm

Q mg ,

Q 100 N
g 9 . 81 m/s

m?

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10.2 kg .
g 9.81 m
2
s

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g/5. ?

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m 20 kg

N mg ma,

g
5

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s

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6
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5
5
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Fes
4 cm
4

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5 cm
5

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4
4
4
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5
5
5

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:
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m
m

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m
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s

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m

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s

.
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a a a , :
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a a a ?

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N Q .

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li l l1 5 cm 1 cm 6 cm ,

Fei
6 cm
6

Fe0
5 cm
5

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.
Q 4

Q 3

m
s2

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m g 235 N .
5

3.15. .
4:3.

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26

Q 2N

g 10

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3.16. 2 N .

m g Q m a ,

3.17. 20 N
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F tr ?

.
, :
F tr F 20 N .

27

3.18. 0.6 .

3.20. 100 g.

500 N .
.

1 N?
0.4.
m 100 g 0 . 1 kg

N 500 mN 0.5 N

max 0 . 4

Ftr N 0.3 N .

0 .6

F 1N

F tr ?

g 9 . 81

m
s

F tr, max max N max m g 0 .39 N .

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.

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0.2 .
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) ?

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m
s

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a 2 m/s 2

.
,

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g 9 .81 m/s 2

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F mg
F

g .
m
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.

, :
F F tr m a

F mg ma

F ma
0 .51 .
mg

3.22. 50 km/h .
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28

, 2 m/s 2 ?
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) ,

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, :
v 0 50

km
m
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s

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a g .

0 .9

v v 0 a t v 2 v 02 2 a s .

tz ?

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sz ?

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tz

v0
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10 . 5 m .
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,
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.
.
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29

3.23. 1 t 72 km/h 10 s .
?
0.7.
m 1 t 1000 kg
km
m
v 72
20
h
s
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0 .7
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v
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t

, , :
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3.25. .
, .
.

v
m g 8867 N 8.87 kN .
t

3.24. 2 kg
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vv const

t tz

,
, t t z :

sv 2sz ?

s v v 0 t z 2s z .
.

3.26. M 1 kg m 0.4 kg
, .
, .
.

M 2 kg

0 .1

,
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m 0 . 5 kg

M 1 kg

M ,
:

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a?

.
.
.
.
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a2 ?

m g F tr
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m

g 1 . 18 2 .
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mM
mM
s

s2

1
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2

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1
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2

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:
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30

, t M
s1 , m s 2 2 s1 .

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:
m g F tr ( m M ) a ,

v
v0
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tz
a

:
1
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.
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.

T ?

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g 1.09 2
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m
.
s2

31

T m a1 0.436 N .
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.

4.1. , ?
4.2.
F, ?
4.3.
3F, F
? ?
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4.5. ?
4.6. ?
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4.8. ?
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4.10. ?
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?
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.
. ,
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4.1.
4.2.
4.3.
4.4.

.
2F.
2F .
, .
.
4.5. .
4.6. , .
4.7. . .

32

33

4.8. , .
4.9.
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.
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.
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,
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.
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.

4.1. 100 N.
.
?
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2 Fd F

F
Fd
50 N .
2

4.2. .
150 N, 130 N.
, ?
F1 150 N
F 2 130 N
FR ?

34

4.3. 30 g 200 , 1 .5 g, a
20 g 100 , 1 g.
?
:

m 1 30 g 0.03 kg

m k 0 . 03 kg 200 0 . 0015 kg 0 . 33 kg

m 2 1 . 5 g 0.0015 kg

m s 0 . 02 kg 100 0 . 001 kg 0 . 12 kg .

m 3 20 g 0.02 kg

.
:

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Q Q k Q s (m k m s ) g .

m?

: m

Q
m k m s 0 . 21 kg .
g

4.4. 100 N -.
- 300 N. ?
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F1 100 N

F 2 300 N

FR

FR ?

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F R 316 N .

4.5. 1.5 kN . ,
,
1.5 kN ?

F1 1 .5 kN
F R 1 . 5 kN

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,
,

45.
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75 cm. ?

,
.

d 75 cm 0 . 75 m

F R F1 F 2 280 N .

M ?

F 10 N

M Fd,
M 10 N 0.75 m 7.5 Nm .

35

4.9.
1.5 kN.

4.7. 50 N
10 cm, 80 cm. ?
10%?
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F 50 N

F d2
Q
400 N ,
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Q d 1 F d 2 ,

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Q?

F ?

90 . ?

F d2
F d2
F

45 .5 N .
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1 .1 d 2
1 .1

4.8. 18 12 kg , .
2 m, 1.8 m.
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90
T ?

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m s 12 kg

db 2 m

d s 1 .8 m
d m 2 .2 m
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2
2
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Q
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2
2

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m

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2 T ,

: .
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mb 18 kg

,

(Q F ).

60
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2Q 3
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2

3 ,

2.

36

37

4.11. 30
m. ,
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. ,
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, :

30
M
m

mg 3
mg
m gn

.
2
2
,
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m gp

a?
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m gp T m a ,

, ( m )
m 2 M . m 2 M , m 2 M ,
, .

800 kg/m 3 .

800 kg/m

h 2 10 cm

F1
?
F2

F1 p 1 S g h1 S

F1
g h1 S
h

1
F2
g h2 S h2

F2 p 2 S g h2 S ,

F1
h
20 cm
1
2.
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4.15. 10 m .
1.03 g/cm 3 . A 101300 Pa.
p0 101300 Pa .
p p0 g h

h 10 m

1.03

g
cm 3

1030

kg
m3

p 202300 Pa = 202.3 kPa.

4.16. 100 cm 3
?

pgh

g 9 . 81 m/s

h1 20 cm

p?

4.12. 20 cm

h 20 cm 0.2 m

,
.
S . ,
(
).
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p 2 g h2 ,

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.
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g.
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T M (a g )
g
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4.14. , ,
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V 100 cm 3

p g h 800

p?

kg
m3

9.81

m
s2

0.2 m 1570 Pa 1.57 kPa .

1000 kg/m
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Fp V g

F p 1000 kg/m

0 . 0001 m 3 9 . 81 m/s

0 . 981 N .

4.13. 50 cm 2
1 m. p0 101.3 kPa.
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h 1m
p 0 101300 Pa
g 9 . 81 m/s

1000 kg/m

p p0 g h

F ( p0 g h) S
F 555.6 N .

4.17. 400 mN .
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1000 kg/m
V ?

Fp

,V

0.4 N
1000 kg/m

0.4 N
1000 kg/m 3 9.81 m/s 2

9 .81 m/s

0 .0000407 m 3 40 .7 cm 3 .

0.0000407 m 3 40,7 cm 3

F ?

38

39

4.18. 15 cm 1 m 60%
.
15 kg , ?

?
,
, .

d 15cm 0.15 m

v V2 g V g ,

l 1m

0.6 v .

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, ,

:

m 15 kg

V 1000 kg/m

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m
.
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() V l d a , :
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m
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, .
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20 cm .
, . 700 kg/m 3 .
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s 2500 kg/m

,
.
, :

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a?

s V g b V g s V a ,

s 20 cm 0 . 2 m
3

t?

m
s b
g 7.06 2 .
s
s

, s a t 2 / 2 , :
t

2s
0 . 24 s .
a

:
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40

5.1. ,
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?
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5.11. 1 kg 10 m.
?
5.12. 10 ,
10 cm.
?
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?
5.15.
?

41

5.16. ,
40%?

5.14. ,
.

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5.16. 60%.
5.17. , .
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.

5.4. , .
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.
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. .
5.10. . .
.
.
5.11. ,
10 m, m g h 1 kg 10 m/s 2 10 m 100 J .
5.12. .
. ,
. ,
.
5.13. ,
.

42

5.1. 5 N 50 m . ?
F 5N

s 50 m

A?

A F s,

A 5 N 50 m 250 J .

5.2. 1 t 10 m .
, ?

m 1 t 1000 kg

,
, F m g .
:

h 10 m
AF ?
Amg ?

AFhmgh,
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m
s2

10 m 98100 J 98.1 kJ .

A m g h F h 98.1 kJ .

43

5.6. 500 g .
5.3. 200 mN . ,
100 mN. je e 2 m ?
F 200 mN 0.2 N
Ftr 100 mN 0.1 N

s 2m
A?

2 N.
20 cm ? 0.2.

m 500 g 0.5 kg

A AF Atr ,

s 20 cm 0.2 m

A F s Ftr s ,

A F s Ftr s ( F Ftr ) s 0.2 J .

,
, :

Fn 2 N

m g Fn N ,

N m g Fn .

0.2

Atr ?

F tr N ( m g F n ) .

( ):

5.4. 80 kg 500 m 1500 m.

, ,
0.05?
80% .
m 80 kg
s 1500 m
h 500 m

0.05
N 80% Q 0.8 Q

Amg ?

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Ftr N 0.8 Q 0.8 m g ,

Atr Ftr s 0.8 m g s 47100 J 47.1 kJ .

, ,
.

Amg m g h 392000 J 392 kJ .

5.5. 5 N
. 20%
. 5 m?
F 5N

A Fh s ,

Fh 80% F 0.8 F

A 0.8F s ,

s 5m
A?

A 0.8 5 N 5 m 20 J .

A tr F tr s ( m g F n ) s ,
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m
s2

2 N) 0.2 m 0.116 J 116 mJ .

5.7. 2 kg
30 cm , 1 m?
m 2 kg

h H , :

H 1m

E p m g (h H ) ,

h 30 cm 0.3 m

E p 25 . 5 J .

Ep ?

: :
E p1 m g h .

5.8. .
. 18 km/h ,
1 m/s . , 75 kg.
v a 18 km/h
1000m
m
5
3600 s
s
m
v 1
s

v a 18

m 75 kg

Ek ?

.
,
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75 kg 1 2
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2
2
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m
,
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44

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45

5.9. 2 m/s.
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m
v0 2
s

,
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v 2v 0

mv 02
mv 2
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2
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h?

v 02
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2

5.11. 25 m 36 km/h 5 kg.

? .

v2 ?

5.12. 5 m/s.
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v 2 v02 2 g s . 2 v 2 v 02 2 g ( H h) .

,
2. , , .

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, :

A tr ?

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A tr 45 J .

46

v 02
2 g

E2

mv 2
,
2

m 02
2

mv 02
2

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mv
2

E2 0 ,
2
0

6 . 37 m .

5.13. .
.
43000 m 3 30 m .
190 MW . ?
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m
v 5 .5
s

:
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5.10,
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mv 2
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2

A tr F tr s N s m g s .

m
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: .
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v1 .

3 v 02
v2
,
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2
2

mv 12
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2
2

m 5 kg

v0 5

h 2m

mgh

h 25 m

3 v 02
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2g

m 10 kg

,
.

, , :

km
h
1000m
m
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10
3600s
s

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kg
m3

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.
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V 43000 m 3

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t 1 min 60 s

E p
V gh .
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Pk 190 MW

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Pk
Pk t ,

Pu
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Pu V g h

1000

190000000W 60 s
0.9 .
kg
m
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3
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s

47

5.14. M 1 kg m 0.4 kg
, .
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10 cm ?
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M s1 , m

M 1 kg
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( s 2 2 s1 ),

h 10 cm 0 .1m

(a 2 2a1 ).

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,
2
2

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m
0 . 388
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48

49


6.1. . .
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t C , T K.
.
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t 2 25 C

,
:

T ?

T 220 K .

6.3. 500 g
40 C ? 400

J
.
kg K

m 500 g 0 .5 kg
t 40 C

Q m c T ,

T 40 K
c 400

J
kg K

Q 0.5 kg 400

J
40K 8000 J 8 kJ .
kg K

Q?

51

6.4. 8, 15 20 cm 20

6.7. 20 m/s .

60 C , 135 kJ.

. ,
80% ? 800 J/kgK.

, 700 kg/m 3 ?
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V abd ,

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m V abd .

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t 2 60 C

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m
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s
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t ?

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t ?

52

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0 .4 g h
t
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0.4 v 2
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53

6.9. V 100 cm 3 t 50 C Vv 500 ml

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54

55


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56

57




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59

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.

.


( ).

.
.
.

.

. 30.2C .
0.1C .
, .


.
. ,
, ,

.


.


.
, . , :
60 40
20
C
2 C .
10
10

40C .
8 2 C 16 C , 40C ,
56 C .

60

.
. x1 , x2 x3 ,

xsr

x1 x2 x3
.
3

,
.
x x .

x xsr x .
-.
x sr

xsr x

xsr x .

.
xsr
.

61


,
. . ,
.
.
.
.
,
. ,
1 m , , .
.
. ,
, .

,
.
, , .,
, , ., .
, , . ,
, , . , .

.
. .

, ,
.
, . ,
.

12.335

0.0132

0.02

12.34

12.34 0.02

22.45

0.261

0.3

22.4

22.4 0.3

136.502

4.45

137

137 5

, .
.

426.32

16.7

20

430

430 20

34631

132

200

34600

34600 200

.
. ,
, , ., .

.
,

x x1 x2

x x1 x2 ,

x x1 x2 .

.


, .
. .
,
, ,
.

62

,
, . ,
. 5, ,
5, . 5,
, , .
( 3).
( 4 5).

1 mm 5 mm 100 mm.
.

.
xsr
.

x
100% .
xsr

63


,
.
.
, ,
.
1%.
.

. ,

.
.
.
, ,
:
1 mm, 0.01 s.
897 mm.

2 mm.

, .
, .
, .

2.48, 2.56 2.51 s.

.
.
, .
.
.
.
.
. ,
.
,
. .

.
: ,
.

. .

, .
,
.
.

.

64

v s/t .
.
s [m]

s [m]

t [s]

tsr [s]

2.48
0.897

0.002

2.56

t tsr [s]

tsr [s]

(t t ) [s]

0.05

2.52 0.05

0.037
2.517

2.51

0.043
0.007

v s / t [m/s]

s t
v v
[m/s]
t
s

(v v )[m/s]

0.3564

0.0079

0.356 0.008

s [m]

0.897

t [s]

s m
v
ts

2.48

0.3617

2.56

0.3504

2.51

0.3574

vsr [m/s]

v [m/s]

0.3565

0.006

, ,
, .
,
, ,
.

65

.
.
(.
). .
,
. .
2 4 mm,
.
.
s
(
).
s

.
, .
, .
.

x1 .
, .
x1 . 1 mm,
2 mm.

x 2 .
x2 .

s x2 x1 .

.
t s . t sr .

t t sr . t .

a 2s / t sr2 .

.
,
1
s a t 2 . a
2
s t :

2s
.
t2

.
.

.

. ( 1, 2 3 ).
.
.
: .
.

.

66

67

x1 ______________ mm

x1 _____________ mm

x2 ______________ mm

: F
, m:

x2 _____________ mm

: ,

.

s x2 x1 _____________mm

s x2 x1 _____________mm

t [s]

t sr [s]

t t sr [s]

t [s]

2s m

t sr2 s 2

F
.
m

, .
,
.
:
, ,
. ,
.
. .

.
m FR ,

,
:
2 1

3 2

:
, ___________________ .

FR
.
m

, ,
, .
.

m0 g , Ftr .

T .
, . FR m0 g Ftr . ,
,
m M m0 . ,
:
a

68

FR
m g Ftr
.
0
m
M m0

69

.
, .
.
)

.
. .

. .
.
.
,
.
.
( Q m 0 g ). ,
. , ,
.
, Q m 0 ( g a ) .

, .
.
,
Ftr . .
. , a
2

a 2s / t , s t .
, .

.

1 s .
.
,
, . ,
100 g , 20 g , 1.7 m/s2 . 1 m
1.1 s . ,

,
, .
. ,
. ,
, .

,
:

: 100 g , 20 g ,

F
a
,
M

20 g . 1 m 1.5

F , , M
.

,
, , .

.
,
.

70

.
1 s .
400 g , 10 g ,
2.5 s . .

, e
.
.

71

m2

1) ______ g

2) ______ g

3) ______ g

.
2 mm, 1 mm

m 0 m t m 2

1) ______ g

2) ______ g

3) ______ g

m m 0 M

1) ______ g

2) ______ g

3) ______ g

m k .
m1 . M m k m1 .

, ,
Ftr .
.

m[kg]

Ftr __________ N

( FR m 0 g Ftr ) [ N]

t [s]

t sr [s]

2s m

t sr2 s 2

FR m
m s 2

m t .
( m2 ). ( ).
m 0 m t m 2 .

m m 0 M .

m0 .
t . .
t sr .

a 2s / t sr2 .

m0 .

m 0 g Ftr
.
m

s = ( _____ 2 ) mm

m k = _________ g

2: , m M
FR F , F . ,
m1 = _________ g

M m k m1 = _________ g

72

___________________________________________________ .

1: , Ftr 0 , FR m 0 g .

. .

.
3: ,
.

mt = _________ g

73

.
m t .

s = ( _____ 2 ) mm

, , m0 , .
, , .

2mt = _________ g

, .
mt g m0 g ,

m 0 = _________ g

m 2 m t m0

mt g . ,
FR m t g m0 g m t g m0 g .
m 2mt m0 ,
:
a

. , .
.

2mt m0 .
.

t .
.
. t sr .
a 2s / t .
2
sr

m 2mt m0 .
F m0 g . a

m0 g
2mt m0

74

t sr [s]

2s m

tsr2 s 2

m0 g m
m s 2

m0 g
.
2m t m 0

, ,
,
.


.

t [s]

. .

___________________________________________________ .
1: ,
, 4
.
2:
( ) .
, ,
. Q m 0 ( g a ) ,
.
, .
,
, , .
. 1 m/s2
, .

75

.
g 9.81 m/s 2 . ,
.
, .

. , .
,
.

s = ( _____ 2 ) mm

t [s]

t sr [s]

2s m

t sr2 s 2

t [s]

t sr [s]

2s m

t sr2 s 2

, .
,
s g t 2 / 2 , :

2s
.
t2

.
.

s .

. .
t sr .

2s
.
t sr2

,
.
, .
, 0.5 m
0.3 s . .
, . 10 m 1.4 s .
. je
20 m 2 s .
,
, .
.
. ,
. 30
, 0.1 s .
. ,

.

.

.

76

77

m 0 [kg]

Ftr [ N ]

Ftr,sr [ N ]

Ftr,sr
m0 g

(m 0 m t ) [kg ]

Ftr [ N]

Ftr,sr [ N ]

Ftr,sr
(m 0 m t ) g

Ftr N , N ,

.
,
N Q , Q mg ,
Ftr m g .
1. .
. .
.
.

.
Ftr ,
F ( ).

,
________________ .
_____________________ .

2. .

.
. ,
m1 m2 Ftr,1 Ftr,2 .

Ftr,1 m1 g

m 0 .

Ftr,2 Ftr,1 m 2 g m1 g g ( m 2 m1 ) , . Ftr g m .

,
. Ftr .

. Ftr, sr .
.

Ftr, sr
m0 g

. .

Ftr
m :

78

m0 = ________ kg

m m0 mt = ________ kg

Ftr
.
(m g )

.
.

m g ( m 0 m t ) g . .

.
Ftr, sr .

Ftr f (m g )
.

m t ,
m m0 m t .

Ftr,2 m 2 g .

79

. .

.
200 g mt .
. .
0.1 N ( ).

mt [kg]

m0 = ________ kg
mt [kg]

m [kg]

m g [ N]

Ftr [ N ]

Ftr,sr [ N ]

Ftr Ftr,sr [ N ]

Ftr [ N ]

Ftr [ N]

Ftr [ N]

100

200

300

400

500

0.5

0.9

1.1

1.4

1.8

2,1

0.5

0.8

1.2

1.4

1.6

2.1

1.3

1.4

1.7

2.1

0.6

0.9

. .
.
m0 = 0.2 kg
m t [kg]

m [kg]

m g [ N]

0.2

1.96

Ftr [ N ]

Ftr,sr [ N ]

0.5
0.5

2.94

0.8

3.92

1.2

4.90

:
:

(m g ) A = ________ N

B:

(m g ) B = ________ N

80

Ftr,A = ________ N
Ftr,B = ________ N

Ftr, B Ftr,A
Ftr
______ ______
______ .

(m g ) (m g ) B (m g ) A ______ ______

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

5.89

6.87

1.4

0.07

0
0

1.8

0.1
1.7

0.1

1.7

0.1

2.2
2.1

0.1
0.1

2.0

0.9

0.1

1.2

0.1

1.4

0.1

1.7

0.1

2.1

0
1.4

1.4

1.6

0.1

0.1

1.4
0.5

0.5

0.1
1.2

1.3

0.3

0.1

0.03

1.1
0.4

0.03
0.03

0.87

0.9
0.2

Ftr [ N ]

0.07

0.9
0.3

Ftr [ N]

0.03
0.53

0.6
0.1

Ftr Ftr,sr [ N]

2.1

0.1

81

Ftr, B Ftr,A
Ftr
1.92 N 0.74 N

0.295 0.3 .

6.5 N 2.5 N
( m g ) ( m g ) B ( m g ) A

:
. ,
0.1 N . , .
, .
(0.1 N).
0.2 N , F - F F F .
, ,
, .
, , .

. , .

.
, .
,
.
3.
.
,
.

Ftr,max m g p .

, max N mg p ,
max mg p / N .

N mg n ,

max

82

(m g ) A = 2.5 N

Ftr,A = 0.74 N

B:

(m g ) B = 6.5 N

Ftr, B = 1.92 N

mg p
mg n

. 90 ,

83

 . ,
180 . ,
, ( mg p : mg n h : l ).
:

max

h
.
l

m V:

. .
h l .

. hsr lsr .

m
.
V

.
. ,
:
Fp 0 g V ,

: 0 , V g .
.

2 mm.

( Q )
( Q m g ) ,
Q Q Fp . ,

Q Q 0 g V ,

h = ( _____ 2 ) mm

l = ( _____ 2 ) mm

:
h [mm ]

hsr [mm ]

l [mm ]

l sr [mm]

max

Q Q
.
0 g

, :
hsr
l sr

mg
Q
0
0 .
Q Q
Q Q

. .
3
0 1000 kg/m . , ,

.
:

max

84

hsr _______ cm

________
lsr
_______ cm

85

Q Q .
.

.
, , .

( 1 2 ).

, F
s:
AFs.

, A Fp s ,
Fp .
90,
.

kg

m3

Q [ N]

Q [ N ]

Q
kg
0 3
Q Q
m

1000

.
4. ( v const ),
( F Ftr ) , .

___________

1 2
2

kg

m3
2

kg
m 3 ___________ kg .
m3

:
1. .
, , .
2. ,
.

86

.
. .

.
.
. , .
. 2 mm.

:
.

87

s .

,
.
F .

,
. .

.
.

:
( ) .
, ,
( E Ek Ep const ).
2.
,

F [ N]

A F s [J]

Ftr [ N ]

A Ftr s [J]

2,

.
:

,
2.

__________ .
__________ o
.

. .

s .
s = h. 2 mm.

mk .
m1 . M m k m1 .

88

89

mt .
( m2 ). ( ).

m [kg ]

m0 m t m2 .

t [s]

t sr [s]

2s m

t sr2 s 2

2s m
t sr s

Ek

m v2
[J]
2

E p m0 g h [J]

m0 .
t . .
tsr .

a 2s / tsr2 .

v a t sr 2s / t sr .

m0 .

m M m 0
m0 .
E k

m v2
.
2

, .

Ep m0 g h .

,
.

m k = _________ g

s = h = ( _____ 2 ) mm

mv2
.
2

( E p m0 g h ).
,

.
_________________________________________________ .

m1 = _________ g
: ,
. ,
:
.

M m k m1 = _________ g

E k

mt = _________ g

m2

1) ______ g

2) ______ g

3) ______ g

,
.

m 0 m t m 2

1) ______ g

2) ______ g

3) ______ g

m m 0 M

1) ______ g

2) ______ g

3) ______ g

, .

90

E E p E k .

91

.
.

, ,

. ,
.
a m1 t1 , m2 t 2

50 60C .

m .

, .
m. m 2 m m .

. c v , ts .
Q1 m1 c v (t1 t s ),

Q2 m2 c v (t s t 2 ).
, m1 c v (t1 t s ) m2 c v (t s t 2 ), :

t 2 .

m t m2 t 2
ts 1 1
.
m1 m2

t1 .
.
. .

t s .

m .
m1 m m .

t sr .

.
.
.

. ,
.
.

m [kg]

m [kg ]

m 2 [kg ]

t1 [C]

t 2 [C]

m [kg]

m1 [kg ]

t s [C]

t s, r [C]

.
, ,
.
,
. ,

,
,
____________________________________________________ .

92

93

. .

: ,
, . ,
.
,
50C .

.
, , , .
.

( m ).

. m.

.
.

m v m m .

, ,
.
, ( 4200

J
).
kgK

t v .

: mv , t v c v , , , m , t c ,

, t .
.
. .

:
m c(t t r ) m v c v (t r t v ) ,

t r .

, t r .
:

94

mv c v (t r t v )
.
m (t t r )

m [kg ]

m [kg]

m [ kg ]

mv [kg ]

t v [C]

t [C]

t r [C]

J
c

kg K

95