Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Plane Stress Transformation Equations: P4 Stress and Strain Dr. A.B. Zavatsky
Plane Stress Transformation Equations: P4 Stress and Strain Dr. A.B. Zavatsky
Lecture 5
Plane Stress
Transformation Equations
Stress elements and plane stress.
Stresses on inclined sections.
Transformation equations.
Principal stresses, angles, and planes.
Maximum shear stress.
1
Normal section
Because the stresses are the same throughout the entire bar, the
stresses on the sections are uniformly distributed.
Inclined
section
Normal
section
P
V
x
area (A / cos )
area
A
x
area (A / cos )
Force
N
P cos P
=
=
= cos 2
Area Area A / cos A
= x cos 2 =
(1+ cos 2 )
2
max = x occurs when = 0
V
P sin
Force
P
=
=
= sin cos
Area Area A / cos
A
= x sin cos =
(sin 2 )
2
max = x/2 occurs when = -/+ 45
4
x = P / A
x
Area A
x = P/A
x
x = P/A
x
z
5
x = max = P / A
a
Maximum normal stress,
Zero shear stress
a
b
x/2
= 45
max = x/2
x/2
b
Maximum shear stress,
Non-zero normal stress
7
y
x1
y
yz
xy
zy
Normal stresses x, y, z
(tension is positive)
yx
zx xz
z
x x
Shear stresses xy = yx,
xz = zx, yz = zy
y
Sign convention for ab
Subscript a indicates the face on which the stress acts
(positive x face is perpendicular to the positive x direction)
Subscript b indicates the direction in which the stress acts
Strictly x = xx, y = yy, z = zz
9
yx
xy
y
x
xy
yx
y
10
xy
x
y1 y1x1
yx
yx
x1y1
x1
x1
x
x1
xy
x1y1
x
y1x1
y1
Transformation Equations
Forces
Stresses
y
y1
y1
x1
x1y1
x1
xA
x1 A sec
xy
x1y1 A sec
x1
xy A
yx
yx A tan
y A tan
y
y1
xA
x1y1 A sec
x1 A sec
x1
xy A
yx A tan
y A tan
1 + cos 2
2
sin 2 =
1 cos 2
2
sin cos =
sin 2
2
y1 =
x + y
2
x y
2
cos 2 xy sin 2
x1 + y1 = x + y
y
80 MPa
80 MPa
25 MPa
50 MPa
x1 =
x + y
x y
cos 2 + xy sin 2
2
2
80 + 50
80 50
x1 =
+
cos 2( 30) + ( 25)sin 2( 30) = 25.9 MPa
2
2
15
y1 =
x + y
x y
cos 2 xy sin 2
2
2
80 + 50
80 50
y1 =
y
25.8 MPa
y1
4.15 MPa
+60
o
-30
25.8 MPa
x1
4.15 MPa
68.8 MPa
Principal Stresses
The maximum and minimum normal stresses (1 and 2) are
known as the principal stresses. To find the principal stresses,
we must differentiate the transformation equations.
x1 =
x + y
2
x y
x y
2
cos 2 + xy sin 2
d x1
( 2 sin 2 ) + xy (2 cos 2 ) = 0
=
d
2
d x1
= ( x y ) sin 2 + 2 xy cos 2 = 0
d
2 xy
p are principal angles associated with
tan 2 p =
x y
the principal stresses (HLT, page 108)
There are two values of 2p in the range 0-360, with values differing by 180.
There are two values of p in the range 0-180, with values differing by 90.
So, the planes on which the principal stresses act are mutually perpendicular.
17
x1 =
x + y
2
x y
2
cos 2 + xy sin 2
x y
R 2 =
xy
2p
sin 2 p =
(x y) / 2
1 =
x + y
2
cos 2 p =
+ xy 2
x y
xy
2R
x y x y
2
2R
xy
+ xy
R
18
1 =
x + y
2
x y
+ xy 2
2 = x + y 1 =
x + y
2
x y
+ xy 2
1, 2 =
x + y
2
x y
+ xy 2
Principal stresses
(HLT page 108)
To find out which principal stress goes with which principal angle,
we could use the equations for sin p and cos p or for x1.
19
The planes on which the principal stresses act are called the
principal planes. What shear stresses act on the principal planes?
Compare the equations for x1 y1 = 0 and d x1 d = 0
x1 y1 =
y )
sin 2 + xy cos 2 = 0
2
( x y ) sin 2 + 2 xy cos 2 = 0
d x1
= ( x y ) sin 2 + 2 xy cos 2 = 0
d
20
yx
xy
y
x
p2
1
p1
xy
yx
Principal Stresses
1, 2 =
x + y
2
x y
+ xy 2
tan 2 p =
2 xy
x y
21
y
80 MPa
80 MPa
25 MPa
50 MPa
1, 2 =
1, 2
x + y
2
80 + 50
=
1 = 54.6 MPa
x y
+ xy 2
80 50
2
+ ( 25) = 15 69.6
2
2 = 84.6 MPa
2
22
tan 2 p =
tan 2 p =
2 xy
x y
54.6 MPa
2( 25)
= 0.3846
80 50
84.6 MPa
100.5
84.6 MPa
10.5
p = 10.5, 100.5
54.6 MPa
But we must check which angle goes with which principal stress.
x1 =
x + y
x y
cos 2 + xy sin 2
2
2
80 + 50
80 50
x1 =
+
cos 2(10.5) + ( 25)sin 2(10.5) = 84.6 MPa
2
2
3 = 0
x, y, xy = yx =
xp
zp
1, 2, 3 = 0
Usually we take 1 > 2 > 3. Since principal stresses can be compressive as well as tensile, 3 could be a negative (compressive)
stress, rather than the zero stress.
24
tan 2 s =
2
xy
There are two values of 2s in the range 0-360, with values differing by 180.
There are two values of s in the range 0-180, with values differing by 90.
So, the planes on which the maximum shear stresses act are mutually
perpendicular.
Because shear stresses on perpendicular planes have equal magnitudes,
the maximum positive and negative shear stresses differ only in sign.
25
We can now solve for the maximum shear stress by substituting for
s in the stress transformation equation for x1y1.
(x y) / 2
x y
tan 2 s =
2
xy
(
x y )
x1 y1 =
sin 2 + xy cos 2
2
2s
xy
max =
x y
x y
R 2 =
cos 2 s =
+ xy 2
xy
R
sin 2 s =
x y
2R
+ xy 2
min = max
26
Use equations for sin s and cos s or x1y1 to find out which face
has the positive shear stress and which the negative.
What normal stresses act on the planes with maximum shear stress?
Substitute for s in the equations for x1 and y1 to get
x1 = y1 =
=s
y
s
max
yx
xy
y
x
x + y
yx
s
s
xy
max
max
x
max
s
27
y
80 MPa
80 MPa
25 MPa
50 MPa
max =
x y
+ xy
80 50
2
max =
s =
x + y
2
80 + 50
s =
= 15 MPa
2
28
x y
= 80 50 = 2.6
tan 2 s =
2 ( 25)
2
xy
y
15 MPa
15 MPa
s = 34.5, 55.5
55.5
x1 y1 =
y )
-34.5o
15 MPa
sin 2 + xy cos 2
15 MPa
69.6 MPa
2
( 80 50) sin 2( 34.5) + ( 25) cos 2( 34.5) = 69.6 MPa
x1 y1 =
2
29
Finally, we can ask how the principal stresses and maximum shear
stresses are related and how the principal angles and maximum
shear angles are related.
1, 2 =
x + y
2
x y
+ xy 2
x y
+ xy 2
2
2
1 2 = 2
1 2 = 2 max
2
max = 1
2
x y
2 xy
tan 2 s =
tan 2 p =
2
x y
xy
1
tan 2 s =
= cot 2 p
tan 2 p
30
tan 2 s + cot 2 p = 0
cos 2 p
sin 2 s
+
=0
cos 2 s
sin 2 p
sin 2 s sin 2 p + cos 2 s cos 2 p = 0
cos (2 s 2 p ) = 0
2 s 2 p = 90
s p = 45
s = p 45
So, the planes of maximum shear stress (s) occur at 45 to
the principal planes (p).
31
Original Problem
Principal
Stresses
y
50 MPa
54.6 MPa
y
80 MPa
84.6 MPa
100.5
80 MPa
84.6 MPa
10.5
25 MPa
50 MPa
54.6 MPa
x = -80, y = 50, xy = 25
1 = 54.6, 2 = 0, 3 = -84.6
Maximum Shear
y
15 MPa
15 MPa
max =
55.5
-34.5o
15 MPa
15 MPa
max
max
1 2
s = p 45
2
= 10.5 45
54.6 ( 84.6 ) s
=
s = 34.5, 55.5
2
= 69.6 MPa
69.6 MPa
32