Chapter 5 - Gas Power Cycle

APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS
PDT 277
Lecture 12 & 13
By,
Dr. Mohd Al-Hafiz Bin Mohd Nawi,
Department of Mechanical Engineering Technology
Faculty of Engineering Technology,
Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)
Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)

Lecturer Info
Name : Dr. Mohd Al-Hafiz Bin Mohd Nawi

Department : Mechanical Engineering Technology
Faculty : Engineering Technology
E-mail : alhafiznawi@unimap.edu.my
Office : S2-L1-09 (bellow room BK2)
H/P No. : 010-4028084

Course Contents
Week 11 Second Law of

1.
(14/11 – 20/11) Thermodynamics
Week 12
2. Gas Power Cycle
(21/11 – 27/11)
Week 13
3. Gas Power Cycle
(28/11 – 4/12)
Week 14
4. Refrigeration Cycle
(5/11 – 11/11)
Week 15
5. Examination 2
(12/11 – 18/11)

Gas Power Cycles
A cycle during which a net amount of

work is produced is called a power cycle,
and a power cycle during which the
working fluid remains a gas throughout is
called a gas power cycle.
The most efficient cycle operating

between a heat source at
temperature TH and a sink at
temperature TL is the Carnot cycle
Actual devices are difficult to analyse

because of the presence of complicating
effects, such as friction, and the absence
of sufficient time for establishment of the
equilibrium conditions during the cycle.

Gas Power Cycles
The Carnot cycle, have the highest thermal

efficiency of all heat engines operating
between the same temperature levels. That
is, nobody can develop a cycle more
efficient than the Carnot cycle
If the Carnot cycle is the best possible cycle, why do we not use it as the
model cycle for all the heat engines instead of bothering with several so-
called ideal cycles?
Most cycles encountered in practice differ
significantly from the Carnot cycle, which makes it
unsuitable as a realistic model. Each ideal cycle
discussed in this chapter is related to a specific
work-producing device and is an idealized
version of the actual cycle.
An ideal power cycle:

(i) Carnot cycle
(ii) Otto cycle
(iii) Diesel cycle

Gas Power Cycles – Carnot cycle
• The Carnot cycle, can be executed in a closed
system (a piston-cylinder device) or a steady-flow
system
• The most efficient cycle that can be executed
between a heat source at temperature TH and sink at
temperature TL
• Reversible isothermal heat transfer is very difficult to
achieve in reality because it would require very large
heat exchangers and it would take a very long time.
• The highest temperature in the cycle is limited by the
maximum temperature that the components of the
heat engine, such as the piston or the turbine blades,
can withstand
• The lowest temperature is limited by the temperature
of the cooling medium utilized in the cycle such as a
lake, river, or the atmospheric air.

Gas Power Cycles – Otto cycle
Actual and ideal

cycle in Spark-
Ignition Engines
• The Otto cycle, is the ideal cycle for spark-ignition

reciprocating engines.
• The two-stroke engines are generally less efficient than their
four-stroke counterparts because of the incomplete
expulsion of the exhaust gases and the partial expulsion of
the fresh air–fuel mixture with the exhaust gases.
• However, they are relatively simple and inexpensive, and
they have high power-to-weight and power-to-volume ratios,
which make them suitable for applications requiring small
size and weight such as for motorcycles, chain saws, and
lawn mowers.
Gas Power Cycles – Diesel cycle
• In CI engines (also known as diesel engines), the air is
compressed to a temperature that is above the autoignition
temperature of the fuel, and combustion starts on contact as
the fuel is injected into this hot air.
• In diesel engines, only air is compressed during the

compression stroke, eliminating the possibility of autoignition.
Therefore, diesel engines can be designed to operate at
much higher compression ratios, typically between 12 and 24
In diesel engines, the spark plug

is replaced by a fuel injector, and
only air is compressed during the
compression process.

Example of Carnot Cycle
Consider a Carnot cycle executed in a closed system with air as the working fluid.
The maximum pressure in the cycle is 1300 kPa while the maximum temperature is 950
K. If the entropy increase during the isothermal heat rejection process is 0.25 kJ/kg·K
and the net work output is 100 kJ/kg, determine (a) the minimum pressure in the
cycle, (b) the heat rejection from the cycle, and (c) the thermal efficiency of the
cycle. (d) If an actual heat engine cycle operates between the same temperature
limits and produces 5200 kW of power for an air flow rate of 95 kg/s, determine the
second law efficiency of this cycle.
Analysis (a) the minimum pressure in the cycle
wnet,out  s2  s1 TH TL 100kJ / kg  0.251kJ / kg K 950TL K  TL  550K

The pressure at state 4 is determined from
( k 1) / k
T1  P1 
  
T4  P4 
or
k /( k 1)
T 
P1  P4  1 
 T4 
1.4 / 0.4
 950 K 
1300 kPa  P4    P4  241 .9kPa
 550 K 
The minimum pressure in the cycle is determined from
T4 P
s12  s34  c p ln  R ln 4
T3 P3
 0.25kJ / kg  K  0.287kJ / kg K ln
241.9kPA
 P3 101.2kPa
P3
Analysis (b) the heat rejection from the cycle is
qout  TL s12  550K 0.25kJ / kg K   137.5kJ / kg

Analysis (c) the thermal efficiency is determined from
th 1 TL 1 550K  0.421  42.1%

TH 950K
Analysis (d) the power output for the Carnot cycle is
 
wout  m wnet  95kg / s 100kJ / kg  9500kW
Then, the second-law efficiency of the actual cycle becomes


 II  W actual  5200K  0.547  54.7%

9500K
W Carnot
Example of Otto Cycle
An ideal Otto cycle has a compression ratio of 8. At the beginning of the compression
process, air is at 95 kPa and 27°C, and 750 kJ/kg of heat is transferred to air during the
constant-volume heat-addition process. Taking into account the variation of specific
heats with temperature, determine (a) the pressure and temperature at the end of
the heat- addition process, (b) the net work output, (c) the thermal efficiency, and
(d) the mean effective pressure for the cycle.
Analysis (a) the temperature after the heat-addition process

Process 1-2: Isentropic compression.
T1  300K  u1  214.07kJ / kg & vr  621.2

1
vr  vr  621.2  77.65  T2  673.1K & u2  491.2kJ / kg

v2 1 1
vr 
2 v1 1 r 1 8
 673.1K 
 P2  1 2 P1  8 95kPa  1705kPa
P2v2 P1v1 v T

T2 T1 v2 T1  300 K 
Process 2-3: v=constant heat addition.
q23,in u3u2  u3  u2  q23,in  491.2  750 1241.2kJ / kg  T3 1539K & vr  6.588

3
 1539K 
1705kPa  3898kPa
P3v3 P2v2 T
  P3  3 P2  
T3 T2 T2  673.1K 
Analysis (b) the net work output

Process 3-4: Isentropic expansion.
vr  rvr  86.588 52.70  T4  774.5K & u4  571.69kJ / kg

v1
vr 
4 v2 3 3
Process 4-1: v=constant heat rejection.
qout u 4u1  571.69  214.07  357.62kJ / kg

wnet,out qin qout  750  357.62  392.4kJ / kg
Analysis (c) the thermal efficiency

wnet,out 392.4kJ / kg
th    52.3%
qin 750kJ / kg

Analysis (d) the mean effective pressure for the cycle
v1  
 
RT 1 0.287kPa m3 / kgK 300K 
 0.906m3 / kg  vmax
P1 95kPa
v
vmin  v2  max
r
wnet,out wnet,out 392.4kJ / kg  kPa m3 
MEP       495.0kPa
 
v1 v2 v2 11 / r  0.906m / kg 11 / 8 kJ 
3

Example of Diesel Cycle
An air-standard Diesel cycle has a compression ratio of 16 and a cutoff ratio of 2. At
the beginning of the compression process, air is at 95 kPa and 27°C. Accounting for
the variation of specific heats with temperature, determine (a) the temperature after
the heat-addition process, (b) the thermal efficiency, and (c) the mean effective
pressure.
Analysis (a) the temperature after the heat-addition process

T1  300K  u1  214.07kJ / kg & vr  621.2

1
vr  vr  621.2  38.825  T2  862.4K & h2  890.9kJ / kg

v2 1 1
vr 
2 v1 1 r 1 16
Process 2-3: P=constant heat addition.
 T3  3 T2  2T2  2862.4K   1724.8K

P3v3 P2v2 v 2 v

T3 T2 v1 v2
 h3  1910.6kJ / kg & vr  4.546
3

pressure.
Analysis (b) the thermal efficiency
qin h3 h2 1910.6  890.9 1019.7kJ / kg
vr  4 vr  vr  4.546 36.37  u4  659.7kJ / kg

v4 v r 16
vr 
4 v3 3 2v2 3 2 3 2
Process 4-1: v=constant heat rejection.
qout u 4 u1  659.7  214.07  445.63kJ / kg
th 1 qout 1 445.63kJ / kg  56.3%

qin 1019.7kJ / kg

pressure.
Analysis (c) the mean effective pressure
wnet,out  qin  qout  1019.7  445.63  574.07kJ / kg
v1  
 
RT 1 0.287kPa m3 / kgK 300K 
 0.906m3 / kg  vmax
P1 95kPa
v
vmin  v2  max
r
wnet,out wnet,out 574.07kJ / kg  kPa m3 
MEP       675.9kPa
 
v1 v2 v2 11 / r  0.906m / kg 11 / 16 kJ 
3

Chapter 5 - Gas Power Cycle

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APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS

Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)

Name : Dr. Mohd Al-Hafiz Bin Mohd Nawi

Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)

Week 11 Second Law of

Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)

A cycle during which a net amount of

The most efficient cycle operating

Actual devices are difficult to analyse

Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)

The Carnot cycle, have the highest thermal

An ideal power cycle:

Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)

Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)

Actual and ideal

• The Otto cycle, is the ideal cycle for spark-ignition

• In diesel engines, only air is compressed during the

In diesel engines, the spark plug

Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)

Analysis (a) the minimum pressure in the cycle

wnet,out  s2  s1 TH TL 100kJ / kg  0.251kJ / kg K 950TL K  TL  550K

The minimum pressure in the cycle is determined from

qout  TL s12  550K 0.25kJ / kg K   137.5kJ / kg

Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)

Analysis (c) the thermal efficiency is determined from

th 1 TL 1 550K  0.421  42.1%

Then, the second-law efficiency of the actual cycle becomes

 II  W actual  5200K  0.547  54.7%

Analysis (a) the temperature after the heat-addition process

T1  300K  u1  214.07kJ / kg & vr  621.2

vr  vr  621.2  77.65  T2  673.1K & u2  491.2kJ / kg

q23,in u3u2  u3  u2  q23,in  491.2  750 1241.2kJ / kg  T3 1539K & vr  6.588

Analysis (b) the net work output

vr  rvr  86.588 52.70  T4  774.5K & u4  571.69kJ / kg

Process 4-1: v=constant heat rejection.

qout u 4u1  571.69  214.07  357.62kJ / kg

Analysis (c) the thermal efficiency

Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)

Analysis (d) the mean effective pressure for the cycle

Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)

Analysis (a) the temperature after the heat-addition process

T1  300K  u1  214.07kJ / kg & vr  621.2

vr  vr  621.2  38.825  T2  862.4K & h2  890.9kJ / kg

 T3  3 T2  2T2  2862.4K   1724.8K

Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)

Analysis (b) the thermal efficiency

qin h3 h2 1910.6  890.9 1019.7kJ / kg

Process 3-4: Isentropic compression.

vr  4 vr  vr  4.546 36.37  u4  659.7kJ / kg

qout u 4 u1  659.7  214.07  445.63kJ / kg

th 1 qout 1 445.63kJ / kg  56.3%

Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)

Analysis (c) the mean effective pressure

wnet,out  qin  qout  1019.7  445.63  574.07kJ / kg

Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)

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