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Numerical Methods in Rock Mechanics
Numerical Methods in Rock Mechanics
a
Division of Engineering Geology, Royal Institute of Technology, S-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
Imperial College and Rock Engineering Consultants, 7 The Quadrangle, Welwyn Garden City, AL8 6SG, UK
Abstract
The purpose of this CivilZone review paper is to present the techniques, advances, problems and likely future development
directions in numerical modelling for rock mechanics and rock engineering. Such modelling is essential for studying the fundamental
processes occurring in rock, for assessing the anticipated and actual performance of structures built on and in rock masses, and
hence for supporting rock engineering design. We begin by providing the rock engineering design backdrop to the review in Section
1. The states-of-the-art of different types of numerical methods are outlined in Section 2, with focus on representations of fractures
in the rock mass. In Section 3, the numerical methods for incorporating couplings between the thermal, hydraulic and mechanical
processes are described. In Section 4, inverse solution techniques are summarized. Finally, in Section 5, we list the issues of special
difculty and importance in the subject. In the reference list, signicant references are asterisked and very signicant references
are doubly asterisked. r 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Review; Rock mechanics; Numerical modelling; Design; Coupled processes; Outstanding issues
Contents
1.
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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This paper was commissioned by Elsevier Science as part of its CivilZone initiative to generate review articles in civil engineering subjects.
*Corresponding author. Division of Engineering Geology, Royal Institute of Technology, S-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden. Tel.: +46-8-790-6808;
fax.: +46-8-790-6810.
E-mail addresses: lanru@kth.se (L. Jing).
1365-1609/02/$ - see front matter r 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S 1 3 6 5 - 1 6 0 9 ( 0 2 ) 0 0 0 6 5 - 5
410
L. Jing, J.A. Hudson / International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences 39 (2002) 409427
1. Introduction
Because rock mechanics modelling has developed for
the design of rock engineering structures in different
circumstances and different purposes, and because
different modelling techniques have been developed,
we now have a wide spectrum of modelling and design
approaches. These approaches can be presented in
different ways. A categorization into eight approaches
based on four methods and two levels is illustrated in
Fig. 1.
The modelling and design work starts with the
objective, the top box in Fig. 1. Then there are the eight
modelling and design methods in the main central box.
The four columns represent the four main modelling
methods:
Method A
Method B
Method C
Method D
Objective
Method A
Method B
Method C
Method D
Use of
pre-existing
standard
methods
Analytical
methods,
stress-based
Basic
numerical
methods, FEM,
BEM, DEM,
hybrid
Extended
numerical
methods,
fully-coupled
models
Level 1
1:1 mapping
Precedent type
analyses and
modifications
Rock mass
classification,
RMR, Q, GSI
Database
expert
systems, &
other systems
approaches
Integrated
systems
approaches,
internet-based
Level 2
Not 1:1 mapping
Site
Investigation
Construction
Fig. 1. The four basic methods, two levels, and hence eight different approaches to rock mechanics modelling and providing a predictive capability
for rock engineering design [1].
L. Jing, J.A. Hudson / International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences 39 (2002) 409427
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ICADD: International Conference on Analysis of Discontinuous
Deformations.
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DECOVALEXDEvelopment of COupled Models and their
VAlidation against EXperiments.
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L. Jing, J.A. Hudson / International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences 39 (2002) 409427
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to express their sincere
appreciation and gratitude to Professor B.H.G. Brady,
Professor Y. Ohnishi, Professor W.G. Pariseau and Dr
R.W. Zimmerman for their comments, suggestions,
corrections, and especially encouragement, in their
reviews of the extended version of this paper.
Introduction to references
In CivilZone review papers, the signicant and very
signicant references quoted in the review are highlighted, as indicated here by the symbols * and **,
respectively. The asterisked references represent groundbreaking developments or major advances in the subject,
or contain comprehensive review material.
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