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Alternator Basic Theory

For generating electricity/induction we require

Coil
Magnet
Relative motion between the two

Alternator Basic Theory

Bicycle Dynamo
Simplest & most basic form of alternator is
bicycle dynamo.
Principle
Rotor is a Two Pole Permanent Magnet.
Voltage Speed.
Voltage Strength of the magnet. (Can not
be adjusted).

Alternator Basic Theory

Brush System
Permanent magnet used earlier can be
Principle
replaced by an electromagnet.
Output voltage can be adjusted at the same
speed by changing DC supply.
Disadvantages
Two Carbon brushes are required to be
used.

Alternator Basic Theory

Brushless Separate excitation System
In order to avoid use of brushes we have to
use a small alternator named Exciter.
Principle
Main Field, Rotating Rectifiers & Exciter
Armature are mounted on the same shaft.
Excitation supply comes from battery to
exciter field instead of main field.
In this case the DC power required for
excitation is much lesser.
Disadvantages
This is an open loop system & input to
exciter does not vary for variation in output
voltage.

Alternator Basic Theory

Self Excited & Regulated Shunt System
In order to give correction in the exciter input
according to the voltage output we have to use
AVR.
Principle
Different Types of AVRs are being used in DG
sets. The one that is being used currently is
Basler DECS

Main
Short
Circuit
Main
Field
Back
Up
CTs
Armature

Surge
Suppressor

Rotor
AVR
Exciter
Field

Exciter
Armature

Rotating
Rectifiers

Booster
Unit

AVR

End

Alternator Basic Theory

Stator
Winding

Main
Field

AC

Back

Alternator Separate Excitation

Brush System
Stator
Winding

Main
Field

Slip
Rings

AC
DC

Back

Alternator Separate Excitation

Brushless System
Stator
Winding

Rotating
Rectifiers Exciter

Main
Field

AC
DC

Back

Alternator Self Excitation

Stator Brushless System
Rotating

Winding

Main
Field

AC
DC

Back

Rectifiers

Exciter

Phase Terminals

S
Neutral Terminals SCM CTS

AC
DC

Back

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