3.

18
(a)

For the LED to be ON, the transistor must be in saturation and

V B = V LED + V BE = 1V + 0.7V = 1.7V
When the LED is off, IB = 0 and
1
V B = --- V in
2
So for the LED to be ON,
V in ! 2V B = 3.4V

3.20

1: a resistor (e.g., 1k) to limit the base current while ensuring the transistor is in full
saturation
2: 24 Vdc capable of at least 1A of current
3: power diode capable of carrying at least 1A for flyback protection
4: ground

4.1
(a)

linear

(b)

nonlinear

(c)

linear

(d)

linear

(e)

nonlinear

(f)

nonlinear

(g)

linear

T
--2

4.5

2
2
A n = --- F  t  cos  nZ 0 t  dt = --T
T
0

cos  nZ0 t  dt cos  nZ0 t  dt

0

T
--2

So
T

--
2
2
T
A n = ------------- > sin  nZ 0 t  @ 0 > sin  nZ 0 t  @ T
nZ 0 T
---
2

2S
But Z 0 = ------ , so
T
1
A n = ------  sin  nS  sin  2nS  + sin  nS  
nS
But sine of any multiple of S is 0, so An = 0

4.10

1 rad
rad
Z L = ------- -------- = 0.707 -------- = 0.113Hz
sec
sec
2
1- rad
-------- = 3.44 rad
-------- = 0.547Hz
Z H = 3 + 1.5 1 -----

sec
2 sec
Z L d bandwidth d Z H

4.11
(a)

rad
rad
1 -------- d Z d 5 -------sec
sec

(b)

and (c)
Q

$LQ

$RXW

1.33