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2W 2V 2U 2N
230V~
Si
1U
1V
1W
Contents
Basic data for planning
Technical preconditions
Standards and specications
Dimensions and weight
Installation requirements
Water conservation measures to DIN VDE 0101
Measures for re protection and preservation
of functional integrity to DIN VDE 0101
Installation of transformers with rated voltages above 1 kV
Measures for re protection and preservation
of functional integrity
Classication according to IEC 60076-11
Temperature of the cooling air
Special installation conditions
Minimum clearances
Room design
Protection against accidental contact
Examples for installation
Room division between transformers
Connection system
Connection of the high-voltage side
Connection of the HV side using plug-type connectors
High-voltage tappings
Connection of the low-voltage side
Connection of earthing and short-circuiting devices
Temperature supervision
Temperature supervision
Function
Additional forced-air cooling to increase
the transformer power rating
Fan characteristics
Economic efciency of additional forced-air cooling
Ventilation of the transformer room
Assumptions
Calculating the heat losses in the room
Calculating the heat dissipation
Qv1: Heat dissipation by natural air circulation
Worked example
Qv2: Heat dissipation through the walls and ceiling
Qv3: Heat dissipation by forced-air circulation
Air ducting
Room ventilation fans
Criteria for choice of room ventilation fans
Rating of the room ventilation fan
pR: Pressure difference due to ow
pB: Pressure difference due to acceleration
Worked example
Noise
The sound sensitivity of the ear
Approximation of the ear characteristics using instrumentation
Propagation of noise
Sound power level
Measures for noise reduction
Air-borne noise
Structure-borne noise
Insulation against structure-borne noise: Dimensioning
Insulation against structure-borne noise: Worked example
Noise level in the room next to the transformer room:
Worked example
EMC of distribution transformers
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Technical preconditions
All the technical data apply to GEAFOL
cast-resin dry-type transformers with
the following features:
Installation in enclosed electrical
operating area in accordance with
VDE 0101 or DIN VDE 0108
Power rating 502500 kVA
Voltages of up to Um = 36 kV
The data also generally apply to
transformers of over 2500 kVA
oil-immersed transformers in terms of
Water conservation and re protection
measures and measures for preservation
of functional integrity in addition to
those for Ventilation and Noise
Standards and specications
Our GEAFOL transformers meet the
requirements of all relevant national,
European and international Standards.
Standards
IEC 60076-11
DIN VDE 0532
Standards
DIN 42 523 dry-type transformers
50 Hz, 1002500 kVA
HD 538.1 S1
The following requirements must be taken
into account for installation and operation
of plants:
DIN VDE 0100
for Erection of power installations
with rated voltages up to 1000 V
DIN VDE 0101
for Erection of power installations
with rated voltages above 1 kV
Installation Requirements
General
In closed electrical
operating areas
Outdoor installations
Mineral oil1
a water-collecting
troughs and oilcollecting pits
No water-collection
troughs and oilcollecting pits, subject
to certain conditions
b Discharge of liquid
from the watercollecting trough
must be prevented
c Water conservation
legislation and
regulation of local
authorities are to
be observed
Transformers K
with silicone
uid or synthetic ester2
As for coolant
designation O
Cast-resin
A
dry-type
transformers
No measures required
Measures for re protection and preservation of functional integrity to DIN VDE 0101
Coolant
designation
General
Outdoor
installations
a Adequate
clearances
or
b Fire-resistant
partition walls
No measures
required
No measures
required
Installation requirements
Fig. 1:
Minimum clearances around
GEAFOL transformers
Table 1
Ambient temperature
(Average annual
temperature)
Load rating
20 C
124 %
10 C
118 %
0 C
112 %
+ 10 C
106 %
+ 20 C
100 %
+ 30 C
93 %
Table 2
Maximum
voltage of the
equipment*)
Um
List 2
kV
kV
mm
mm
mm
12
75
120
**)
50
24
95
160
**)
80
24
125
220
**)
100
36
145
270
**)
120
36
170
320
**)
160
kV
MV equipment
GEAFOL
transformer
Alternative
air outlet
Solid wall*
LV equipment
3000
Air outlet
(natural
cooling)
Guard rail
1V
1W
800
1U
Cable duct
Air inlet
Tr. 3
Cable 1
Transformer 3
630 kVA
Cable 2
Tr. 2
Transformer 2
630 kVA
Power instrumentation
Transformer 3
Fig. 2:
Example of arrangement to
DIN VDE 0108
with GEAFOL transformers
and switchgear in an electrical
operating area for supply of
an office building
Tr. 1
Transformer 1
Transformer 2
630 kVA
Transformer 1
7500
Self-closing doors, outwardopening, re resistance class
F30A to DIN 4102
6000
Room design
GEAFOL cast-resin transformers can be
installed in a room together with mediumvoltage and low-voltage switchgear, without
the need for any special precautions. This
produces a substantial reduction in building
costs for the transformer cells. The room can
be up to 4 m below ground level or on the
upper oors of buildings; which would be
impossible if oil-immersed transformers
were to be used.
In the case of installations which fall within
the scope of the regulations Elt Bau VO, the
doors must be of re-resistant class F30A
and the walls of re-resistance class F90A
in order to provide re-resistant isolation of
the electrical operating area. However, re
walls (24 cm), such as those required with
oil-immersed transformers, are not required
in the case of GEAFOL transformers.
Installation requirements
1300
1800
Solid wall
C
B
1800
Fig. 3:
Guard-rail protection
Fig. 4:
Wire-mesh door protection
Connection System
Practice-oriented options for connection of the
high-voltage and the low-voltage side are a
distinguishing feature of the exible connection
philosophy of GEAFOL transformers.
10
1U
1V
1W
2V
2U
2N
2N
2W
2V
2U
11
Temperature Supervision
Either PTC thermistor temperature sensors, PT 100 resistance temperature detectors (RTD) or a capillary tube thermometer can be employed
for temperature supervision of GEAFOL transformers. The temperature
of the LV windings are monitored and in addition the core temperature
in the case of converter transfomers. The most economical solution is
monitoring by means of PTC thermistor sensors without indication of
the temperature. All GEAFOL transformers are provided with at least
one PTC thermistor sensor circuit for tripping purposes.
Function
Temperature monitoring by means of PTC thermistor sensors
In the case of three-phase transformers a monitoring system consists of 3 PTC
thermistor sensors connected in series one sensor per phase and a tripping
device.
The PTC thermistor sensors function as resistances. When the response temperature is reached, a step-change in resistance occurs and the changeover contact
in the tripping device is operated. As soon as the temperature falls below the
response temperature by approx. 3 K, the relay coil in the tripping device is once
more fully energized and the changeover contact returns to its original position.
The supervision system is fail-safe and uses a normally closed circuit. It also
provides protection against a wire-break in the sensor circuit.
When two systems are employed for temperature supervision, one is connected
to provide alarm signalling and the other tripping. The rated response temperatures of both systems differ by 20 K. A third system can, for example, be used for
fan control. If the control supply is taken directly from the secondary side of the
transformer to be protected, a time relay must be used. This time relay is used to
bridge the time interval between energizing the transformer and pick-up of the
relay in the tripping device. The ambient temperature for the tripping device is
limited to 55 C. For this reason installation of the tripping device in the medium-
2
1 PTC thermistor sensor
2 Tripping device
1W 1V 1U
3 Alarm or trip
4 Time relay, pick-up delay
5
2W 2V 2U 2N
3 Alarm / trip
230 V~
Si
Fig. 8: Power supply for the tripping unit from a system fed
from the protected transformer
12
13
Ventilation of the
Transformer Room
Heat losses inevitably occur during operation of transformers.
These losses must be dissipated from the transformer room.
The rst priority is thus investigation of whether natural
ventilation is feasible. In cases where this is insufcient,
installation of mechanical ventilation (forced-air ventilation)
must be considered.
KD
A D, K D
AW
2
A2
VL
KW
Qv = Pv
H
V2
QW
1U
1V
1W
A1
1
V1
Q v:
P v:
v:
A 1, 2:
L:
H:
14
where:
P0: No-load losses (kW)
1.1 x PK120 (kW): Load losses at 120 C
(from the catalog or, if available, from
the test certicate) multiplied by the
factor 1.1 to obtain the working temperature of class F/F insulation for the HV/LV
windings of GEAFOL transformers.
SAF: Rated power with type of
cooling AF (kVA)
SAN: Rated power with type of
cooling AN (kVA).
The total heat losses in the room (Qv) is
the sum of the heat losses of all the
transformers in the room.
Qv = Pv
Calculating the heat dissipation
The following methods are available for
dissipation of the total heat losses in the
room (Qv):
Qv1: Heat dissipation by natural air
circulation
Qv2: Heat dissipation through the walls
and ceiling
Qv3: Heat dissipation by forced-air
circulation
Qv = Pv = Qv1 + Qv2 + Qv3
Qv1: Heat dissipation by natural
air circulation
The following applies to that portion of
the heat losses which is dissipated by
natural convection:
Qv1 = 0.1 x A1,2 x
H x L3 (kW)
This implies:
Approx. 200 m3/h air per kW heat losses
are required at L = 15 K (approximate
value).
A second straight line should be drawn
from the intersection point of the rst
straight line with the borderline (to the
right of the VL scale) to H = 5. This line
intersects the A1,2 scale at 0.78 m2
this is the sought value for the free cross
section of the air inlet and outlet. The
ow resistances for the inlet opening
with a wire grille of mesh size 1020 mm
and for the outlet opening with xed louvres have been taken into account in the
nomogram. Use of a wire mesh instead
of xed louvres at the outlet opening
reduces the required cross section by
10 %. Where applicable, all parts causing
constriction of the cross section must
be taken into account by corresponding
increase of the cross section.
Qv2 = (0.7 x Aw x Kw x w + AD x KD x D)
x 103 (kW)
where:
KW, D = Coefcient of heat transmission
QV1 (kW)
VL (m3/s)
Thickness
Light
concrete
10
20
30
1.7
1.0
0.7
Burnt brick
10
20
30
3.1
2.2
1.7
Concrete
10
20
30
4.1
3.4
2.8
Metal
6.5
Glass
1.4
A1, 2 (m2)
H (m)
L = 2 1 (K)
5
20
100
Heat transfer
coefcient K*
W/m2 K
cm
15
10
8
50
40
4
3
2
15
10
3
10
30
20
1.5
1
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
5
4
3
2
1
4
5
6
10
7
8
9
10
15
0.5
0.4
0.3
15
20
0.2
20
0.3
To be calculated:
Inlet and outlet air ow rate VL
Inlet and outlet cross section A1, 2
(Qv2 is neglected here)
5
4
0.2
0.1
30
25
0.15
0.1
1.5
1
15
where:
VL = Air ow rate in (m3/s)
CPL = Thermal capacity of air
= 1.015 kWs
kg x K
L = Air density at 20 C
= 1.18 kg/m3
L = Air temperature rise (K)
= 2 1
Losses
QV3
(kW) 100
40 38 36 34 32 30 26 22 19 17 15
L (K)
28 24 20 18 16 14 13 12 11 10
90
80
70
5
60
50
40
30
Air ducting
The air ducting should be made of
galvanized sheet steel or plastic (not PVC).
It can be of either rectangular or circular
cross section. Installation of a re damper
in the air duct is mandatory, where the
air duct penetrates a re wall. The inlet
and outlet grilles should prevent the ingress of foreign objects and vermin.
The following points should be taken into
account: The calculated inlet/outlet cross
section of the air grilles should be multiplied by a factor of 1.7 because the
effective open cross section of the grilles
is only approx. 60 %. Adjustable louvres
permit more accurate setting of the inlet
air ow rate.
2
20
1
10
0
0 2.5
VL
Air ow rate (m3/h)
AK
0
0.1
0.2
Duct cross section (m2)
A1,2
0
0.5
Inlet cross section (m2)
0.3
0.4
1.5
16
0.5
0.6
2.5
0.7
0.8
0.9
3.5
1.0
1.1
4.5
2000
r=2D
r=2D
r=2D
2000
2000
AK
A2
2000
4 x 1000 kVA
r=2D
QV3
Louvres
Grilles
Silencers
VL
3600 x AK
A1
17
VL
(m3/h)
(m3/s)
54000
15
36000
10
28800
21600
1800
14400
10800
0.008
(m3/s)
D
(mm)
120
0.015
(Pam)
0.02
1000
500
7200
5400
1.5
50
2880
0.8
2160
1800
0.6
0.5
1440
0.4
1080
0.3
720
0.2
540
0.15
150
200
0.04
0.05
20
10
5
1
10
0.03
200
100
50
20
90
100
0.01
VDuct PRO
100
3600
80
AK
(m2)
0.08
2
1
0.5
0.2
0.1
240
300
0.1
400
0.15
1
0.5
0.2
500
0.3
600
0.4
700
0.5
800
0.2
r=2D
0.1 0.2
1
0.5
1.5 2
10
20
8 10
50 100 200
15 20
30 40
500
60
r=0
0.5
10
20
50
Pa
PR
vDuct (m/s)
PR
Pa
Noise
Special design measures have reduced the noise level of GEAFOL cast-resin
dry-type transformers to that of oil-immersed transformers.
The noise level values are to be found in the catalog GEAFOL cast-resin
transformers 100 kVA to 16,000 kVA, Order-no. E50001-K7101-A101-A5-7600.
These values meet the requirements of the Standard. Noise is caused as a
result of magnetostriction of the core laminations. In the case of distribution
transformers noise is dependent on the induction and not on the load. The
noise level can be increased by voltage harmonics, e.g. caused by converter
operation.
p2
p 02
(dB)
(1) L = 20 lg P (dB)
140
140
100
80
60
2 x 10 3
120
90
80
70
2 x 10 2
100
60
50
40
30
20
10
2 x 10 1
80
60
A-weighted sound-pressure level
40
40
20
bar
110
100
120
2 x 10-2
20
Threshold of
hearing
2 x 10-3
10
2 x 10
phon
20 31.5 63 125 250 500 Hz1
2 x 10-1
Sound pressure
dB
8 16 kHz
-4
Frequency
19
dB
15
Increase in noise level
2
4 5
10 15 20 25
Number of sources having
the same noise level
Sr (kVA)
10
dB
L SR value
Propagation of noise
Operational noise of transformers is
propagated locally in the form of airborne noise and structure-borne noise.
Different noise reduction measures must
be used for each type of noise. Main
objective of noise reduction: Compliance
with the specied values at the site
boundaries or at the boundary of an
adjacent site.
L S 0.3 m (dB)
65
60
55
100
3.8
160
4.4
6.5
250
4.7
45
400
5.5
7.5
40
630
6.4
1000
8.4
1600
10
10
2500
14
11.5
50
35
30 40
60
100 150
300
Distance R
500 m
Table 6
where:
the value for the
S
enveloping surface L S = 10 x lg S
0
2
(refer to Table 5) S0 = 1 m
Dependency of the sound pressure on the
distance
LpA = audible and measurable sound pressure level at a distance R 30 m using the
equation given above it follows that:
LpA = LWA L SR
where L SR = 10 lg 2R
S
Acoustical
absorption
coefcient
dB
30
=0
0.024
L 25
0.024
20
Concrete
0.01
3 cm glass-bre panel on
hard backing
0.22
0.74
.01
0.0
2
0.0
5
0.1
15
0.2
10
0.4
0.8
0
1
3 4
An example:
LWA = 70 dB and R = 35 m
Using these values in the diagram:
L SR = 39 dB
Consequently the free-eld sound
pressure level is:
LpA = 70 dB 39 dB = 31 dB
20
20
AR/AT
30
dB
Noise reduction
8 10
40
30
24
20
10
0
1
10
20 30 50 100 150
Distance m
Noise
Structure-borne noise
Transformer noise is propagated via the
contact surfaces between the transformer
and the oor to the walls and other parts
of the transformer room.
Structure-borne noise insulation of the
transformer reduces or completely interrupts sound propagation via this path.
The magnitude of the primary operation
noise cannot be reduced by this method.
However: The room insulation is optimized
as a result of provision of structure-borne
noise insulation. In many cases it is thus
possible to completely dispense with
cladding of the walls using acoustical
absorption material, e.g. with mineral
wool.
Resilient walls and special anti-vibration
mountings (see Fig. 20) are employed
for structure-borne noise insulation of
GEAFOL transformers. And: Elastic adapters
are available for busbar connection of the
low-voltage switchgear, thus ensuring
optimum structure-borne noise insulation
in the complete transformer room.
Solution:
The force (F) per supporting point is:
Transformer mass x g
F = Number
of mounting points
in this case
F=
2630 x 10
4
= approx. 6575 N
6575
0.25
= 26300 N/cm
21
Noise
2 x 630 kVA
184 m2
6.4 m2
= 29
LWA = 70 dB
The following equation gives the sound
pressure near the transformer ( 1 m):
184 m2
40 m2
AR
AF
where:
L S 0.3 m 10 lg
AT
1 m2
= 10 lg 6.4 = 8 dB
22
= 4.6
L = + 3 dB (A)
Result:
The total sound pressure level in room A is:
33 + 3 = 36 dB (A).
EMC of
Distribution Transformers
Electrical and magnetic elds occur on operation of transformers.
The electric eld of oil-immersed and GEAFOL transformers and of
their connections has practically no effect outside the transformer
cell or the enclosure of the transformer. The tank and the covers of
oil-immersed transformers and the protective housing of GEAFOL
transformers act as Faraday cages. This also applies to a considerable
extent to the ceiling and walls of the transformer cells, provided
these are not constructed of insulating material.
B = 5 T 6 %z
Sn
(3m)2.8
630 kVA a
23
Siemens AG
Power Transmission and Distribution
Transformers Division
Transformatorenwerk Kirchheim
Hegelstrae 20
73230 Kirchheim/Teck
Germany
Tel.: +49 (0) 7021 508-0
Fax: +49 (0) 7021 508-495
Siemens Transzformtor Kft.
1214 Budapest
II. Rkczi Ferenc u.189.
Hungary
Tel. +36 (1) 278 5300
Fax +36 (1) 278 5335
www.siemens.com/energy
The information in this document contains general descriptions of the technical options available, which do not always have to be present in individual cases.
The required features should therefore be specified in each individual case at the time of closing the contract.