INTEGRATED

PEST
MANAGEMENT
OF CUT FLOWERS
UNDER POLY
HOUSE

 "IPM is a sustainable approach to

managing pests by combining
biological, cultural, physical and
chemical tools in a way that minimizes
economic, health hazard and
environmental risks."

Aims of IPM
Reduce the use of synthetic pesticides
That are environmentally sound
Pest minimal risk of human health
Re-useable return on investment
Provide consumable safe food in case of
consumable products

 Principles of IPM
Identification of key pests and
beneficial organisms.
Development of management
strategy.
Establishment of Economic
thresholds (loss & risks)
Development of assessment
techniques.
Evolving description of
predictive pest models

Tools of IPM

1.Monitoring:
Keeping tracks of the pests and their
potential damage.
This provides knowledge about the current
pests and crop situation and is helpful in
selecting the best possible combinations
of the pest management methods.
2.Pest resistant varieties:
Breeding for pest resistance is a
continuous process.

 3.Cultural pest control:

It includes crop production
practices that make crop
environment less susceptible to
pests.
Crop rotation, cover crop, row and
plant spacing, planting and
harvesting dates, destruction of old
crop debris are a few examples.
Cultural controls are based on pest
biology and development.

 4.Mechanical control:
These are based on the knowledge of pest
behaviour.
Hand picking, installation of bird perches,
mulching and installation of traps are a few
examples.
5.Biological control:
These include augmentation and
conservation of natural enemies of pests
such as insect predators, parasitoids,
pathogen and weed feeders.
In IPM programes, native natural enemy
populations are conserved and non-native
agents are released with utmost caution.

 6.Chemical control:
Pesticides are used to keep the
pest population below
economically damaging levels
when the pests cannot be
controlled by other means. It is
applied only when the pest's
damaging capacity is nearing to
the threshold.

 INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT IN

FLOWER CROPS GROWN IN POLY
HOUSES.
Not all crops are grown in poly houses.
Only the crops which have high economic
value in markets are grown in poly houses.
Some of the flower crops which have high
economic potential in markets and
cultivated in poly houses in India are as
follows.
-Rose
-Carnation
-Gerbera
-Gladiolus
-Orchids
-Lillies
-Anthuriums

IPM OF PESTS IN ROSES

PEST
MANAGEMENT
IN
ROSES

1. Rose aphid
Macrosiphum rosaeformis,M.
rosae,
Aphis gossypii,Myzus persicae
Symptoms of damage
Nymphs and adults are found in
clusters on the tender shoots,
flowers and buds and suck the sap.
Withering of tender shoots
Buds fall off prematurely and the
flowers show fading.

 Management
Spray methyl demeton 1ml / lit
(or) methyl parathion 2ml/lit or
neem oil 0.5%
BUDS DAMAGE
DUE TO
APHIDS

 A number of natural enemies like

lady bird beetle, [Coccinella
septempunctata], lace wing
[Chrysoperla carnea] and maggot
of syrphid fly [Erisyrphus
balteatus] keep their population
under check.
When population is heavy spray
the plant with Oxy-demeton
methyl [0.025%] or Phosphamidon
[0.03%] or Dimethoate [0.03%].

2. Thrips,
Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus, Thrips
tabaci
Symptoms of damage
Nymphs and adults lacerate the tissues
from the under surface of the leaves
Suck the oozed out sap.
Silvering or white streaks appear on the
infested leaves.
Leaves show brown patches and get
distorted, finally wither and drop down.
Infested flowers do not open; flowers
fade and fall off down prematurely.

 Management
Spray methyl demeton 2ml (or) phosalone 2ml /
lit (or) neem oil 3%.
The predatory phytoseiid mite ,Euseius sp
,Neoseiulus sp and minute pirate bug Orius sp,
feed on several species of thrips.
Spraying of 0.1% Acephate or 0.05% Dimethoate
or 0.05% Oxy-demeton methyl along with 0.5%
Pongamia oil 2-3 times at 15 days interval with
onset of new flush control thrips in roses .
Incase of severe infestation, applying Fipronil @
55C at 1.5 ml/lit is effective .
Spraying of Vestimac [biopesticide of
Streptomyces avermitilis], 4% NSKE , Neem oil ,
1% Jatropha oil or annona oil was found
effective .

DAMAGE OF THRIPS
ON LEAVES

DAMAGE OF THRIPS
ON FLOWER BUDS

3.Scale,
Lindingaspis rossi,Aonidiella aurantii, Aspidiotus spp
Symptoms of damage
Scales completely cover the stem.
Affected portion of the plant dries up.
In server infestation, the whole plant may die.
Management
Cut and burn the affected branches.
Spray malathion 2ml /lit. at the time of pruning
Apply carbofuran 5g/ plant (or) spray fish oil resin
soap 25g/lit.
Selection of planting material free from scales is
essential.
Scrap the scales and destroy the same by burning
the effected stems with swab of cotton or tooth
brush soaked in kerosene or diesel or Methylated
spirit.

 In case of severe infestation ,

remove shallow layer of bark of
stem above soil surface . Tie a
cotton swab dipped in
Monocrotophos [10ml/lit] in the
exposed portion .The scales will
get killed . Afterwards, the
exposed portion is to be
swabbed with Bordeaux paste.

DAMAGED TWIGS DUE

TO SCALES

EXCESSIVE SCALE
DAMAGE ON STEMS

 4. Red spider mite

Tetranychus cinnabarinus,T. urticae
Symptoms of damage
Feed on the undersurface of leaves and are found
covered with silken webs.
Yellow spots appear on the upper surface and leaves
turn reddish due to feeding.
Affected leaves finally wither.
Growth and flower production are adversely affected.
Identification of the pest
Eggs are laid on the ventral surface of the leaves and
are whitish, spherical in shape
Nymphs and adults are red in colour.
Management
Spray dicofol 2 ml (or) wettable sulphur 2g/lit.

RED SPIDER MITES BEHIND THE LEAVES AND

THE DAMAGED SYMPTOMS

5.Leaf cutter bee

Megachile anthracina
Symptoms of damage
Leaf cutter bees cause characteristic
damage to the rose leaves
Cutting neat circular or oval patches from
the leaf margins.
Cut bits of leaves - used for the
construction nest cells.
Management
Insecticides are ineffective for preventing
leaf cutting.
Cover susceptible plants with cheese cloth
or loose netting for preventing leaf injury
damage

 Application of saw dust on the

tunnel or thick stemed plants
with hollowed opening
Number of leafcutter bees in an
area can be reduced if breeding
sites are eliminated.
To prevent leafcutter bees from
tunneling into rose canes, seal
exposed pith as canes are
pruned.

SYMPTOMS OF DAMAGE OF LEAF CUTTER

BEE IN ROSE

 6. Castor semilooper
Achaea janata
Symptoms of damage
Caterpillars feed voraciously on
the foliage.
Management
Hand pick grown up larvae and
destroy.
Spray methyl parathion 1ml/lit of
water.

CASTOR SEMI LOOPER FEEDING

ON THE LEAVES AND ITS LIFE
CYCLE

7.Slug caterpillar
Parasa (Latoia) lepida
Symptom of damage
Defoliation
Management
Collect the infested leaves along
with caterpillars and destroy.

SLUG
CATERPILLAR
S
FEEDING ON
THE LEAVES

8.Gram caterpillar
Helicoverpa armigera.
Symptoms of damage
Young larva bores into bud and eats the
internal content.
Feed by thrusting the head inside the bud
leaving the rest of its body outside.
Flowers with perforated petals are seen.
Identification of the pest
Larva - greenish with dark grey lines
laterally on the body.
Adult medium sized moth with V-shaped
speck and a dark border on the hind wings
black spot on the forewings.

 Management
Hand picking of caterpillars.
Spray chlorpyriphos 2ml/lit of
water.

VIEW OF LARVAE OF GRAM CATERPILLAR

LARVAE FEEDING ON LEAVES

 Spray NSKE @ 5%; Bt @ 2 ml/lit;

Ha NPV @ 250LE/ha
Spray Endosulfon @ 2 ml/lit;
Spinosad @ 0.5ml/lit; Indoxacarb
@ 1ml/lit; Carbon hydrochloride
@ 1g/lit.

 9.Chafer beetle
Anomalasp
Symptoms of damage
Adult beetles feed on the leaves and petals
of flowers.
Management
Hand picking and destruction of chafer
beetles during day time.
Spraying of petroleum ether extract of dried
rhizomes ofAcorus calamus( 0.1 to 0.5%)
Treat the soil around the trunk with carbaryl
10% @ 30 g/plant
Spray methyl parathion 50 EC or malathion
50 EC at 2 ml/l of water.

CHAFFER BEETLE
FEEDING ON THE
LEAVES OF ROSE

 10. Termite (White ants)

Odontotermes obesus
Symptoms of damage
Feed on the roots of young and old
plants.
Attacked plants wither, dry and
ultimately die.
Identification of the pest
The workers are small and have soft,
white body with a brown head.
Management
Mix lindane (or) carbaryl dust with soil.

 11.Blackfly
Aleurocanthus spiniferus,
Aleurocanthus rosae
Symptoms of damage
Nymphs and adults suck the sap of the
leaves
Crinkling of leaves.
Black oval puparia are seen on the
under surface of the leaves.
Management
Spray Fish Oil Resin Soap 25g/lit (or)
Neem oil 0.5% (or) Methyl demeton
2ml/lit of water.

BLACK FLY DAMAGING THE FLOWER

BUDS OF ROSE

IPM OF PESTS OF CARNATION

PEST
MANAGEMENT
IN
CARNATION

 1. Red spider mite

Tetranychus urticae,T. cinnabarinus
Symptom of damage
Spider mite is the most serious pest on
carnations
Nymphs and adults suck the sap from
undersurface of the leaves
Affected leaves turn pale and have a
dusty coating and fine webs.
In severe attack the growth of the plants
becomes stunted.
Management
Initiate management measures when the
density of mite reaches 1/leaf (ETL).

 Cleanliness and elimination of weeds

will reduce the incidence of mite.
Proper ventilation and water prevent pest attack in greenhouse.
Spraying of dicofol 18.5 EC @ 2 ml/l
or wettable sulphur @ 3 g/l
Spray application of chlorfenapyr 10
EC at 500 ml/ha (monthly interval)
Fluvalinate 25 EC at 50 ml/ha also
suppressT. cinnabarinus

RED SPIDER MITES FEEDING ON THE

UNDERSIDE OF LEAVES

 2. Aphids
Aphis gossypii
Symptom of damage
Nymphs and adults suck the sap
and feeds on flower buds, leaves
and terminal shoots
It also transmits mottle virus.
Management
Spray dimethoate 30 EC @ 1 ml/l
of water before the opening of
flower.

FLOWER BUDS DAMAGED BY

APHIDS

 3. Thrips
Thrips tabaci
Symptom of damage
Nymphs and adults suck the sap from
leaves
Plants become yellow often with black
specks and slight crinkling.
In severe attack the growth of the plant is
adversely affected.
Streaks on the flowers making them
unmarketable.
Management
Spray dimethoate 30 EC @ 1 ml/l or
fenitrothion 50 EC @ 1 ml/l or malathion
50 EC @ 1 ml/l of water.

FLOWE
RS
DAMAG
ED BY
THE
ATTACK
OF
THRIPS

 4. Carnation tortrix moth

Tortrix pronubata
Symptom of damage
Caterpillar webs the leaves with silken
threads and feed inside the shelter.
Injury - found around the growing points
of the shoots
larvae will feed on the leaves and may
also bore into the flower buds.
Management
A mixture of carbaryl and dicofol is
recommended for the control of larvae
of tortrix moth in nurseries and beds.

CARNATION TORTRIX MOTH FEEDING ON

THE LEAVES

 5. Carnation fly
Hylemya briennescens
Symptom of damage
Maggots bore into the leaves and growing
tips of young plants
Death of young plants by tunnelling down
the apical shoot.

Management
Apply carbaryl 4G or phorate 10G @ 10
kg/ha to the soil followed by light irrigation
Spray malathion 50 EC @ 2 ml/l of water

FLOWER BUDS DAMAGED BY

THE ATTACK OF CARNATION
FLY

PEST
MANAGEMENT
IN
GERBERA

1. Greenhouse whitefly
Trialeurodes vaporariorum,Bemisia tabaci
Symptoms of damage
Nymphs and adults suck the sap from
underside of the leaves.
Management
Spray monocrotophos 36 WSC @ 2ml/l. or
neem oil @ 3 ml/l. of water. Excessive
dampness and dark conditions should be
avoided.
Removing and burning of heavily infested
leaves check pest build up.
Clean cultivation and use of insect proof
nets are essential

 The use of yellow-orange,

plexiglass sticky traps is also
suggested.
Application
of
pirmiphosmethyl
at
3
ml/l
or
methamidophos
at
1
ml/l
effectively controlled whitefly
in greenhouses.

 Use of yellow sticky traps for trapping

adults and release of parasitoid, Encarsia
Formosa 6 adults/m2 are recommended for
control of whitefly in polyhouse.
Annona oil and pongamia oil at 2% were
found very effective with >90% mortality of
nymphs
Among various insecticides and plant
products tested for their efficacy against
gerbera white fly, Bemesia tabaci,
Triazophos 1.5 ml/l followed by pongamia oil
2% at 15 days interval for nymphs and spray
of Dichlorvos 1 ml/lit for adults provided
significant control of the pest (IIHR, 1998)

GENERAL VIEW OF
LEAF AFFECTED BY
GREEN HOUSE
WHITE FLY

CLOSE UP VIEW OF
WHITE FLIES ON
UNDER SIDE IF LEAF

2. Leafminers
Liriomyza trifolii , L. soncho
Symptoms of damage
Caterpillars bore into the leaf and make irregularly
shaped tunnels and feed on the inner tissue
Affected leaves - light yellowish and turn brown later.
Management
Natural immigration of the eulophid Diglyphus isaea
afforded about 90% parasitism of L. trifolii and
effectively protected the crop without artificial control
measures.
Avoid over fertilizing.
Remove Alternate hosts. Flower crops that are readily
infested and which are known to facilitate spread of
this pest include chrysanthemum,and marigold,
especially among the Compositae.
The braconid wasp, Opius dimidiatus is a larval
parasite.
NSKE @ 5%

 Spray Abamectin @1ml/lit; Spinosad @

0.5ml/lit; Permethrin @ 1ml/lit; Cypermethrin
@ 1ml/lit; Methamidophos @ 1ml/lit
(phytotoxic).
Spray dimethoate 30 EC or dichlorvos 76 EC
@ 1 ml/l of water.
Spray cholorpyriphos 20 EC @ 2 ml/l. of water.
Vertimec 0.5 m/l, acephate 0.1% and
Triazophso 0.06^ were found to be the most
effective treatments (100% mortality)
Spraying of pongamia oil 1% is also very
effective against the pest. Use of yellow
sticky traps coated with chlorpyriphos 0.05%
gives considerable protection from L. trifolii
and encourages parasitization by Diglyphys
isaea

WHITE TUNNEL LIKE MINES ON

THE LEAVES

 3. Mites
Polyphagotarsonemus latus,
Steneotarsonemus pallidus
Symptoms of damage
In the greenhouse - leaves and flower buds
are adversely affected
Severe attack - flowers become malformed
and un salable
Downward curling
Management
Spray dicofol@2ml/lit
Thinning of old and heavily infested plants.
Weekly sprays of dichlorovos @ 0.15% or
methomyl @ 0.1%
Annona, pongamia or jatropa oil @ 1% cause
considerable mortality of mites.

FLOWERS DAMAGED DUE TO ATTACK

OF MITES

 4. Aphid
Myzus persicae,Aphis fabae
Symptoms of damage
Nymphs and adults suck the sap
from young leaves resulting in
distortion of tissue.
Management
Spray malathion 50 EC @ 2 ml/l
of water or acephate 2gms/lit of
water.

FLOWERS DAMAGED DUE TO THE

ATTACK OF APHIDS

 5.Thrips
Thrips are tiny delicate-looking
insects with fringed wings .
They puncture Gerbera leaves and
flowers to suck out cell contents.
Thrips feeding causes stippling,
color break and papery leaves,
and thrips leave speck-like black
feces where they feed.
Severe in green house conditions.
Flowers become unmarketable.

Thrips on under side of leaves

and upward curling of leaves

Stunted growth of the plant

affected by thrips

A normal flower and flower

damaged by thrips

Flower damaged by thrips

 MANAGEMENT
Monitor thrips adults and larvae by branch
beating or shaking foliage or flowers onto a
sheet of paper or a beating tray or sheet.
Adult thrips can also be monitored using
brightyellow sticky traps.
Blue sticky traps are most effective for
capturing western flower thrips, but thrips
are harder to discern on this darker
background.
Predatory thrips and other beneficial insects
and mites, including minute pirate bugs and
predaceous mites help to control certain
plant-feeding thrips species. Chrysoperla
cornea is the best predator.

 Control nearby weeds that are

alternate hosts of certain thrips.
In small gardens, thrips can be
knocked off plants with a spray
of water.
keep plants well irrigated, but
avoid excessive applications of
nitrogen fertilizer, which may
promote higher populations of
thrips.
Remove and dispose of old,
spent flowers.

 Insecticides for thrips include spinosad

and abamectin .The beneficial
fungusBeauveria bassianacan be
applied.
Acephate is one of most recommended
one , but acephate can be highly toxic to
natural enemies and it commonly causes
spider mites to become abundant and
damage plants within a few weeks after
its application.
Another systemic insecticide, imidacloprid
provides some suppression of foliagefeeding thrips only, but it is also toxic to
some natural enemies of thrips.

PEST
MANAGEMENTIN
GLADIOLUS

 1. Gladiolus thrips
Thrips simplex
Symptom of damage
Deformities and discolouration of
gladiolus flowers and corms
(bulbs)
Attacked- buds and flowers
remain closed or open
irregularly.
Infested surfaces show whitish
grey glistening.

Management:
Spraying 0.1% Acephate or 0.5% Dimethoate or Oxy
Demeton methyl when initial symptoms are noticed and
at 2 weeks interval checks damage.
Storing of infested corms at 20C for 6 weeks and later
treating them in hot water at 46 0C completely kills thrips
on corms.
Acephate @ 0.15%, Primophos methyl @ 0.1% and
Cypermethrin @ 0.05% were effective as dipping agents
for the control of thrips on corms .Spraying of malathion
50 EC @ 1.25 ml/l or diazinon 20 EC @ 1ml/ l or carbaryl
50 WP @ 2g/l of water before the bud initiation.
At the time of flower emergence spikes may be sprayed
with methyl parathion 50 EC @ 1ml/l or endosulfan 35 EC
@ 2ml/l of water.

LEAVES ATTACKED BY
THRIPS

FLOWER SPIKES
ATTACKED BY
THRIPS

 2. Honey suckle thrips

Thrips flavus
Symptom of damage
Nymphs and adults feed on the
blossoms which shrivell and
become dark.
Nymphs are white to pale yellow
in colour.

HONEY SUCKLE THRIPS FEEDING ON

THE LEAVES

 3. Flower thrips
Frankliniellaspp.
Symptom of damage
Flower thrips often invade gladiolus and
damage the florets.
Management
Spray methyl demeton 25 EC or
dimethoate 30 EC @ 2 ml/l. of water.
Spraying of malathion 50 EC @ 1.25 ml/l
or carbaryl 50 WP @ 2g/l of water before
the bud initiation.
Spikes may be sprayed with methyl
parathion 50 EC @ 1ml/l l of water( flower
emergence period)

FLOWERS DAMAGED
DUE TO ATTACK OF
FLOWER THRIPS

THRIPS
DAMAGE ON
LEAVES

 4. Mirid bug
Lygus lineolaris
Symptom of damage
Bugs - puncture the terminal shoot below
the flower bud and inject toxic saliva
Flower drop occurs
Management
Destroy the weeds in the vicinity of the
crop.
Spray dimethoate 30 EC or methyl
demeton 25 EC 2ml/lit of water before
flowering.

GENERAL VIEW OF
MIRID BUG

PEST
MANAGEMENT
IN
CHRYSANTHEMUM

 1. Chrysanthemum aphid
Macrosiphoniella sanborni,Myzus persicae
Symptoms of damage
Nymphs and adults suck the sap from under
surface of leaves and terminal shoots.
Stunted growth of the plant
Curling of leaf
Withering of flowers.
Management
Aqueous spray application ofVercillium
lecanii(Vertilec) @ 15 g/lit (108 CFU/g)
Neem formulations can be used in rotation
with regular insecticides
Spray any following insecticides malathion
50 EC @ 1 ml/l of water.

 Providing screens on vents and doors will help

to prevent aphid, from getting into the
greenhouse. Ex: maximum hole size top
exclude A. gossypii is 341.
Pull weeds or use herbicides.
Release one day old Chrysoperla carnea larvae
at 50:1 ratio.
Spray Neem Oil 1% or Pongamia kernel extract
@ 4%
Spray Monochrotophos@ 1.6ml/lit; Dimethoate
@ 1.5ml/lit; Oxydemeton methyl @ 1.5ml/lit.
Grubs and adults of Coccinellid beetles prey
upon the aphids and effectively wipe out their
population.

APHIDS ATTACKING MALFORMED

SHOOTS DUE TO
THE LEAVES
ATTACK OF APHIDS

 2.Thrips
Microcephalothrips abdominalis
Symptoms of damage
Infest the flower heads.
Lacerating the sepals and petals
causing abrasions
Heavy infestation - damage to corolla,
stamens
leading to premature flower drop.
It transmits the tomato spotted wilt
virus, necrotic spot virus to many
floricultural crops.

 Management
Among the germ plasm screened Chandrika, Banglore Local,
Yellow Double, M-7, Pankaj and yellow star are least
susceptible to M. abdominalis
Yellow or blue stick traps mass trapping.
Release of Nymphs and Adults of predatory minute pirate
bugs i.e., Orius insidiotus reduce the thrips damage.
Spray Dimethoate @ 1ml/lit; Fenithrothion @ 3.5ml/lit;
Phosalone @ 1.5ml/lit; Fipronyl @ 2.5ml/lit.
Spinosad@ 0.3ml/lit. Spray dimethoate 30 EC @ 1 ml/litre of
fenitrothion 50 EC @ 3.5 ml/litre of malathion 50 EC @ 2
ml/litre or apply aldicarb 10G @ 5g/sq.m. area.
Spinosad, derived from Saccharopolyspora spinosa is very
effective against thrips and has low to moderate impact on
beneficials.
Field sanitation.
Remove weeds that harbour virus from inside and outside
the greenhouse.
Blue traps - more effective for mass trapping than yellow
traps.
Release of nymphs and adults of predatory minute pirate
bug,Orius insidiosus.

LEAVES ATTACKED
BY THRIPS

MALFORMED
FLOWER HEADS
DUE TO ATTACK
OF THRIPS

 3.Mirid bug
Creontiades pallidifer
Symptoms of damage
Nymphs and adults suck the sap
from the tender portions of the
plant and leaves
Management of sucking pest
Collect and destroy damaged
leaves and buds
Spray dimethoate 25 EC at 1.5
ml/lit or malathion 2ml/lit.

MIRID BUG
FEEDING ON THE
FLOWER PETALS

FLOWERS
DAMAGED DUE
TO ATTACK OF
MIRID BUGS

 4.Flower feeder,
Helicoverpa armigera
Symptoms of damage
Caterpillars feed on buds and flowers.
Management
Field sanitation
Collect and destroy damaged buds and
flowers
Set up pheromone traps withHelilureat
15/ha
Spray nuclear polyhedrosis virus (Ha NPV)
at 500 LE.
Encourage the activity of parasitoids
campoletisandchelonus
Spray carbaryl 50 WP 2g/lit.

ADULT FEEDING ON THE

FLOWER PETALS

PEST MANAGE MENT

IN ANTHURIUMS

 1. Aphid
Myzus circumflexus
Symptom of damage
Nymphs and adults suck the plant sap
Yellowing and distortion of leaves and poor
growth.
Honeydew excretion causes black sooty mould
fungus.
Management
Spraying of any following insecticides
dicofol 2ml/lit
malathion 2ml/lit
phosphomidon 2ml/lit

A formulation containing pyrethrum extract

gave effective control
Field release of parasitic waspAphidius
colemani5/m2 per week

GENERAL VIEW OF APHIDS

ATTACKING ANTHURIUMS

 2. Thrips
Chaetanaphothrips orchidii
Symptoms of damage
Nymphs and adults suck the sap from leaves
Mottled effect on foliage and flowers.
Management
In netted areas, insecticide granules are very
effective in decreasing injury to flowers byC.
orchidii
Foliar sprays cyfluthrin 2.0 EC and chlorpyriphos
1ml/lit are effective in reducing the number of
injured flowers.
Spraying of dimethoate 30 EC @ 1 ml/l or
phosphamidon 85 WSC @ 0.5 ml/l also controls
thrips.
Field release of predatory miteAmblyseius
cucumeris500,000/ha ,Amblyseius cucumeris.

THRIPS FEEDING ON
SPATHE

DEFORMED
SPATHE

UNOPENED
SPATHE

PLANT ATTACKED BY
THRIPS

 3. Whitefly
Bemisia tabaci, Aleurotulus
anthuricola
Symptom of damage
Nymphs and adults suck the sap from leaves.
Management
Systemic insecticides like methomyl or
dimethoate 30 EC ( reduced eggs, nymphs,
pupae and adults.)
Malathion 50 EC is effective against adults
and pupae.
Acephate 75 SP reduced the number of
nymphs and pupae

Field release of parasitic wasp -Encarsia

formosa3/m2 can be followed

 Removal and burning of old and heavily

infested leaves check pest build up.
Sprays of methomyl and acephate
0.05% significantly reduced the number
of nymphs and pupae
A holistic spray schedule of dichlorvos
0.05% for adults, triazophos 0.06% or
methomyl
or
profenophos
0.05%
followed by a spray of pongamia oil 1%
for nymphs and pupae effectively
controls whitefly menace on anthurium.

WHITE FLY FEEDING

ON THE LEAVES

DAMAGED LEAVES
DUE TO WHITE
FLIES

 4. Red spider mite

Tetranychus cinnabarinus
Symptom of damage
Spider mite causes - yellowish mottling
of the leaves
Leaves shrivel and turn brown.
A fine web spun on the undersurface of
leaves.
Management
Spraying the affected plants with dicofol
18.5 EC @ 0.8 ml/l of water.
Field release of predatory mite
-Phytoseiulus persimilis6/ m2

RED SPIDER MITE

ATTACKING LEAVES

SPATHE DAMAGED
DUE TO ATTACK
OF RED SPIDER
MITE

PEST
MANAGEMEN
T IN LILLIES

 1. Thrips
Thrips simplex
Symptom of damage
Deformities and discolouration of lily flowers and
corms (bulbs)
Attacked- buds and flowers remain closed or open
irregularly.
Infested surfaces show unnatural glistening in
whitish grey colour.
Management
Storing of infested corms at 20c for 6 weeks.
Hot water treatment 46 degrees completely kills
thrips on corms.
Methyl parathion 1ml /lit.
Spray acephate 0.1% 2-3 times at 10 days interval.
Spray malathion 1ml (or) carbaryl 50 WP 2g /lit of
water before the bud initiation.

THRIPS FEEDING
ON THE LEAVES

 2.Lily bulb mite

Rhizoglyphus echinopus
Symptom of damage
Feed on the bulbs and roots and destroy
them.
Infest the scales and burrow into the stems.
Infested leaves and stems become yellow.
Management
Steam sterilization of bulbs 60degreescfor 30
min (or) 80 degrees for 20 min.
Alternate cropping with rice, solar drying of
soils, and ploughing with sesbania can reduce
them.
Chemical (or) warm water treatment of bulbs.
Fortnightly spray with dicofol at 0.025-0.04%
and monocrotophos at 0.04%.

LILLY BULB
MITE.

BULB
ATTACKED
BY MITES

SECTION OF
BULB
ATTACKED
BY MITES

 3.Green peach aphid

Myzus persicae
Symptom of damage
Nymphs and adults - found in cluster on
the tender shoots ,flowers and buds
and suck the sap.
Tender shoots wither ,buds fall
prematurely, flowers show fading.
Colony of aphids
leaf curling
Management
Spray one and half teaspoonful of
NICOTINE SULPHATE +2 teaspoonful of
soap powder /gallon of water.

DEFORMED LEAVES DUE TO ATTACK OF GREEN

PEACH APHIDS

4.Tulip bulb aphid

Dysaphis tulipae
Symptoms of damage
Cripple the young growth and distort the
general look of the plants.
Both nymphs and adults suck the sap from the
leaves.
Results in pale yellowing of leaves.
Curling of leaves.
Plants begin to droop.
Management
Spray dimethoate 30 EC 2ml/lit or methyl
demeton 25 EC 2ml/lit or malathion 2ml/lit.
Release first instar larva of green lace wing fly.
Conserve predator likeAphelinussp parasitizing
a green peach aphid

BULBS
ATTACK
ED BY
TULIP
BULB
APHID

5.Leaf caterpillar
Polytela gloriosa
Symptoms of damage
Larva feed on the leaves.
MANAGEMENT
Hand picking the caterpillars and
destroy.
Summer ploughing.
Spray application of NSKE 5%

LEAF CATERPILLARS FEEDING ON

THE LEAVES

PEST
MANAGEMENT
IN
ORCHIDS

 1.Scales
Diaspis boisduvali, Aspidiotus
destructor
Symptom of damage
Nymphs and adults suck the sap from
leaves
It damages both leaves and
pseudobulbs.
Honey dew excretion causes
development of sooty mould fungus
Yellowing, Wither and dry up of leaves
It is the common armoured scale found
oncattleyaandcymbidium.

 Management
The root extract of plantDerrisis
recommended.
Spraying of fish oil rosin soap at 15 gms
per lit of water.
Field release of green lace wing larvae
Chrysoperla carnea
Conserve the predatory Lady bird
beetlesCryptolaemus
montrouzieri,Scymnussp.
Spraying of malathion 50 EC or methyl
parathion 50 EC or phosalone 35 EC or
methyl demeton 25 EC @ 1 ml/l

SYMPTOMS OF ATTAK OF
SCALES ON LEAVES OF
ORCHIDS

 2. Mealy bugs
Symptom of damage
Mealy bugs cover the stem and leaf, suck the sap,
secrete honeydew and attract ants.
In severe infestation, sooty mould may develop on the
leaves.
Affected plants lose their vigour.
Management
Lady bird beetlesCryptolaemus
montrouzieriandScymnussp. are known to feed mealy
bugs.
Spray malathion 50 EC @ 1 ml/l or phosphamidon 85 WSC
@ 0.5 ml/l of water.
Prompt collection and destruction of heavily infested
plant parts reduce further spread of the pest.
Spraying of methyl parathion or methomyl 0.05% or
acephate 0.1% when carwling of ants on plant are
noticed, provides effective control of mealybug.
Pongamia oil 2% sprays also check mealybug infestation.

MEALY BUGS FEEDING ON

LEAVES

MEALY BUGS ON
FLOWER PETALS

NECK OF THE POTTED ORCHIDS DAMAGED

BY MEALY BUGS

3. Mites
Tetranychus urticae, Brevipalpus australis, B. cauliformicus
Symptom of damage
Red spider mite suck the sap from cells of leaves causing
white specks.
In heavy infestation webbing on the plants.
This is a serious pest on orchids during warm and dry season.
White specks on leaves
Management
The predatory phytoseiid mites,Amblyseiussp.
andPhytoseiulus persimilisare found to feed on spider mite.
Spray dicofol 18.5 EC or dimethoate 30 EC or methyl demeton
25 EC @ 2 ml/l of water.
Hot water treatment of bulbs for 4 hours at 43.30C or 3 hours
at 44.40C is an established treatment of mite control.
Fumigation of the bulbs with methyl bromide is also
recommended in some countries but this may damage the
bulbs in some instances.
Spray malthion (0.05%) or dicofol (0.037%) gave good
control.

MITES FEEDING ON
LEAVES

SYMPTO
MS OF
MITE
DAMAGE
ON
LEAVES

AFFECTED PLANTS LOOK

LIKE THIS

 4. Snails
Giant African Snail -Achatina fulica
Symptom of damage
They feed on the young leaves, roots,
flower buds and even open flowers.
Slugs usually hide during day and become
active during night.
Presence of slimy fluid on foliage
Management
Apply 15% metaldehyde dust or 20%
metaldehyde liquid.
Sprinkle 5% metaldehyde pellets around
the infested plant.
If the population is low, collect and
destroy.

SNAILS ATTACKING THE SNAILS ON THE STEM

LEAVES

SNAILS IN THE
POT

SNAILS ATTACKING THE

ROOTS

INTEGRATED PEST
MANAGEMENT OF
FLOWER PESTS IN
POLY HOUSE

 From above slides management of

pest by various chemicals is seen.
What ever nay be the flower crop,
the most commonly seen pests are
Aphids,
Mites,
Thrips,
Whiteflies,
Nematodes etc
IPM of above pests are as follows.

APHIDS
The optimal temperature for aphid development
is 23.8C, whereas optimal temperatures for
development of melon aphids are above 23.8C.
DAMAGE
Aphids excrete copious amounts of honeydew, a
sweet, sticky substance that they produce as
they feed on the plants.
The honeydew can cover leaves and other plant
parts and cause the plants to become sticky.
Black sooty molds then grow on the honeydew.
The white shed skins of the aphids frequently
are stuck to the plant surfaces by the honeydew
and further detract from the plant's appearance.

 Sufficient feeding can cause foliage to

become yellowed, and feeding on
newly developing tissues can cause
those parts to become twisted as they
grow.
Melon aphids are known to transmit 44
plant viruses, while green peach
aphids are known to transmit more
than 100 plant viruses.
MANAGEMENT
Biological Control
Predators such as lacewings
(Chrysoperla spp.) and midges

 Parasites, such as Aphidius spp., Lysiphlebus

testaceipes, Diaeretiella rapae, and
Aphelinus abdominalis, are also
commercially available. Cultural Control
Because aphids feed on a large variety of
plant species, keep production areas free of
weeds, which can serve as hosts of aphid
populations.
Exclusion of winged adults can be
accomplished by covering openings to the
greenhouse with screens that have a pore
width of 355 microns or smaller.
Before starting a new crop, carefully inspect
plants to ensure that they are free of aphids
and other pests.
Treat or rogue any infested plants.

 Monitoring and Treatment

Decisions
Yellow sticky cards placed in
greenhouses will capture winged
adults.
Use at least 10 sticky traps per
hectare.
Consider treating if an average
of 5 to 10 aphids per card per
week is present.

Yellow sticky traps

for aphids

Larvae of
chrysoperla cornea
feeding on larvae
of aphids

SCALES

DAMAGE
Along with the unsightly encrustations that are
the bodies of the immobile scales, these scales
inject toxic saliva that causes plants to decline.
MANAGEMENT
Biological Control
Aphytis melinus is a commercially available
parasite that is effective in controlling California
red scale.
Cultural Control
Prune out and discard heavily infested plant
parts.
Exclusion of windblown crawlers can be
accomplished by covering openings to the
greenhouse with fine mesh screens.

 Monitoring and Treatment

Decisions
Carefully inspect new plants
being brought into the
production area to ensure that
they are free of scales and other
pests.
Visual inspection of plants will
help locate infestations and may
permit localized treatments .

 Optimum treatment timing is

when crawlers are active;
however, when there are
overlapping, multiple
generations, crawlers may
emerge over a lengthy time,
making multiple applications
necessary.
Selected Materials Registered
for Use on Greenhouse or
Nursery Ornamentals

Larvae of Aphytis melinus

predating over scales

BULB MITES

DAMAGE
Commonly seen in lillies
Bulb mites enter the bulb and feed in protected
cavities, where fungi and bacteria may cause
extensive decomposition of the bulb.
They are associated with the spread of Fusarium,
Stromatinia, and Pseudomonas diseases of bulbs.
Species of bulbs attacked include freesia,
hyacinth, lilies, narcissus, and onions, as well as
underground peony rhizomes. Lilies are attacked
below ground, which stunts growth.
Feeding at ground level causes the plants to
topple.
MANAGEMENT
Biological Control has not been investigated.

 Cultural Control
Bulbs may be disinfested by holding them for
24 hours at 100% relative humidity at 40.5c.
CO2 fumigation may be useful.
TREATMENT
Thoroughly clean bulbs, dip them in a sulfur
fungicide solution, and dry them following
harvest.
The sulfur will control bulb mites as well as
fungal diseases if the bulbs are being held at
high temperatures.
However, high rates of sulfur may be
phytotoxic. Abamectin (Avid), dicofol
(Kelthane), some pyrethroids, pyridaben
(Sanmite), and endosulfan* (Thionex) are
possibly effective, but have not been
evaluated.

MEALY BUGS
DAMAGE
Mealybugs remove sap from plants, which can
cause yellowing of leaves and decline in vigor.
Mealybug ovisacs and excreted honeydew are
unsightly. Honeydew supports the growth of
black sooty mold fungi and attracts ants; ants
may then carry mealybugs to uninfested plants
and tend them for honeydew, as well as protect
them from natural enemies.
MANAGEMENT
Biological Control
Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, the mealybug
destroyer lady beetle, is an effective predator of
many mealybugs and other ovisac-forming
sucking insects (such as green shield scale).

 Larval mealybug destroyer themselves look

like large, faster-moving mealybugs, but are
readily distinguished by their chewing
mouthparts. Leptomastix dactylopii, a
parasite of citrus mealybugs, is also
commercially available.
Effective predators or parasites of longtailed
mealybugs are not yet commercially available.
Monitoring and Treatment Decisions
Carefully inspect plants being brought in to
start a new crop to ensure that they are free
of mealybugs and other pests.
If necessary, treat infested plants.
Regularly inspect plants for signs of
honeydew (i.e., glistening, sticky leaves) and
ant activity

 Wellestablished infestations
containing females with ovisacs
are much more difficult to control
with either systemic or contact
insecticides than new infestations
because reproducing adults usually
stop feeding and the females'
bodies or the wax secretions help
protect eggs or crawlers.
Selected Materials Registered for
Use on Greenhouse or Nursery
Ornamentals

Predation of Cryptolaemus
montrouzieri

WHITE FLIES
DAMAGE
Whitefly adults and immatures feed on sap.
As they feed, they excrete honeydew, a sticky
substance that causes unsightly glistening
and supports the growth of black sooty mol d.
Very large populations of whiteflies cause
stunting of plant growth, and leaves may
senesce and die.
Physiological abnormalities, such as white
stem on poinsettia, may also occur.
Usually populations are not high enough to
stunt ornamentals, and damage is mostly
caused by honeydew, sooty mold, and
nuisance populations of flying adults.

 MANAGEMENT
Biological Control
Encarsia formosa, a tiny, stingless parasitic
wasp, is as an effective biological control for
greenhouse whiteflies.
Wasps are released once a week at a rate of
two to five parasites per plant for 8 to 10
weeks of the growing season.
Delphastus pusillus, a whitefly predator, has
been used against silverleaf whiteflies.
Eretmocerus eremicus is a commercially
available whitefly parasite for silverleaf
whitefly.
It will also attack greenhouse whitefly,
whereas Encarsia is ineffective against
silverleaf whitefly.

 Cultural Control
Because whiteflies feed on a
large variety of plant species,
keep production areas free of
weeds, which can serve as hosts
for whitefly populations.
Exclusion of winged adults can
be accomplished by covering
openings to the greenhouse with
screens that have a pore width
of 405 microns or smaller.

 Before starting a new crop,

carefully inspect plants to
ensure that they are free of
whiteflies and other pests.
Treat or discard any infested
plants.
In open field production,
mulching with silver reflective
plastic has been shown to repel
whiteflies, thus greatly reducing
their presence in and around the
plant canopy.

 Monitoring and Treatment Decisions

Yellow sticky cards placed in
greenhouses will capture adult
whiteflies.
Treatment thresholds vary with the
crop. For example, cut flowers such as
Gerberas can tolerate more whiteflies
than poinsettias because only the
flowers are harvested in the cut flower
crop whereas the entire poinsettia
plant is marketed.
Selected Materials Registered for Use
on Greenhouse or Nursery
Ornamentals

Encarsia formosa feeding over larvae

of white fly

NEMATODES
MANAGEMENT OF ROOT KNOT AND OTHER SOILDWELLING NEMATODES
Sanitation, crop rotation, employing good
cultural practices, and pasteurizing media are
the most important strategies for preventing
and managing most soil-dwelling nematodes.
Soil amendments and biological controls may
sometimes suppress nematode populations.
Sanitation and Cultural Practices.
Avoid introducing nematode-infested plants into
growing areas.
Use only good-quality stock from a reliable
supplier
Certification Nursery program to minimize the
risk of introducing nematodes with the planting
stock.

 Use growing media known to be free

of nematodes or pasteurize growing
media before planting.
Remove infested plant when found,
and avoid moving soil from around
infested plants to healthy plants.
Do not allow irrigation water from
around infested plants to run off onto
healthy plants, as this spreads
nematodes.
Unless soil is treated first, do not
plant susceptible crops in field soils
where nematodes have previously
been a problem.

 Provide crops with proper cultural care so

that they are vigorous and better able to
tolerate feeding by nematodes and other
pests.
More frequent irrigation of drought-stressed
plants can reduce damage caused by root
knot nematodes, but it does not reduce the
population levels of nematodes.
Heat Pasteurization- Pasteurizing media with
heat, such as steam, can control nematodes
and other pests greenhouse beds.
Solarization- In warm climates, field
solarization before planting can temporarily
reduce nematode effective to employ other
controls and preventive measures before
planting.

 Solarization involves covering moist,

bare soil or container mix with single
or double layers of clear plastic for
several weeks during hot weather.
In some cases, incorporating
amendments (such as compost or
green manure) or applying lower
than normal rates of fumigant
pesticides in combination with
solarization can provide better
control than using any single
method.

 Hot Water Dips- Hot water dips can

control nematodes and certain other
pests infesting bulbs, corms, and
rhizomes of crops such as amaryllis,
daffodil, gladiolus, lily, and tulip.
The temperature and time needed to
provide control depend on the
nematode species and crop variety.
Exceeding temperature or exposure
time can damage plants, but
insufficient temperatures or exposure
time may not kill nematodes.

 Amendments and Biological Control- Soil

amendments used for nematode control can be
placed into four categories: inorganics, animalbased, plant-based, and microbial.
Animal-based amendments include chitin-containing
crab shells and shrimp shells that apparently
stimulate populations of soil-dwelling fungi that
feed on chitin. Because chitin is a component of
nematodes egg shells, these chitin-feeding fungi
also feed on these egg shells.
Incorporating animal manure, organic fertilizers,
crop residue, and compost increases the organic
matter content of soil. This improves water and
nutrient availability to plants, reduces plant stress,
and can encourage greater numbers of nematode
predators and parasites. However, organic
amendments sometimes contain contaminants such
as weed seeds, and their effectiveness is largely
limited to the depth of material incorporation.

 Barley, marigold, perennial rye, certain legumes

such as clover and vetch, and other plants with
bioactive properties are grown as cover crops,
trap crops, or crop rotations in some row crops.
These plants may sometimes reduce populations
of certain soil-dwelling plant-parasitic nematodes
by producing chemicals that kill or repel
nematodes, suppress nematode growth,
stimulate premature egg hatch, or disrupt the
attraction between nematodes seeking to mate.
However, crops suppressive to one species of
nematode often host other nematode species.
Rotating certain marigold cultivars with crops
such as lilies grown for bulb production has been
somewhat successful in controlling nematodes.
The marigolds must be left in the soil, either
through cultivation or by mowing the tops and
leaving the roots underground.

 Some new biological pesticides

(mycopesticides) contain
nematode-killing
microorganisms. These beneficial
microorganisms include certain
Burkholderia and Pseudomonas
species bacteria and natural
byproducts of Myrothecium
species fungi.
Fumigants- A soil fumigant can
be used in certain situations to
reduce nematode populations

Soil solarization to prevent

nematodes

Leaf miners
When populations are high, stippling, caused by
females puncturing the leaves with their
ovipositor to feed and lay eggs, can be serious.
However, most of the damage is caused by the
larval mines that detract from the aesthetic
value of the crop.
MANAGEMENT
Biological Control
Biological control normally keeps these species
in check in outdoor situations. The parasites
Diglyphus spp. and Dacnusa sibirica are
commercially available to control leafminers and
may be useful in greenhouse situations,
especially if greenhouses are screened to
exclude adult leafminer movement into
greenhouses.

 Cultural Control
Because leafminers feed on a large
variety of plant species, keep production
areas free of weeds, which can serve as
reservoirs for leafminer populations.
Leafminers breed in weed or crop hosts
outside of greenhouses, so weed
management outside the greenhouse
and exclusion of immigrating adults are
especially valuable as management
practices.
Effective screens require a pore width of
600 microns or smaller.

 Carefully inspect plants being brought

in to start a new crop to ensure that
they are free of mines; discard
infested plants or leaves. Steam
planting beds immediately after
removing infested plantings to
eliminate leafminer pupae in the soil.
Monitoring and Treatment Decisions
Yellow sticky cards placed in
greenhouses will capture adults.
Rotation to a new class of insecticides
every 1 to 2 months is advised.

Dacnusa
sibirica

Thrips
Flower thrips primarily feeds on flowers but also
sometimes on new vegetative growth, whereas
Greenhouse thrips feeds primarily on foliage.
Direct feeding damage includes streaking,
spotting, and tissue distortion. On leaves, feeding
often occurs along veins and appears as an
outlining of the veins.
Flower thrips can vector tomato spotted wilt virus
as well as many other viruses.
Flower thrips may cause premature senescence of
flowers, such as African violets, because they
prematurely pollinate the flowers. On orchids,
flower thrips feeding and egg laying will leave
translucent 'pimpling' spots on petals and leaves.
Greenhouse thrips stipple the foliage of numerous
field and greenhouse grown plants.

 MANAGEMENT
Prevention is a good strategy in a thrips
management program. Treat plants with an
effective insecticide and move them to a
holding area for inspection and potting.
Biological Control
Three commercially available predators to
help control flower thrips are the minute
pirate bug, Orius tristicolor, and two
predatory mites, Neoseiulus cucumeris and
Hypoaspis miles.
Orius are released at a rate of 2000 to
4000 per acre, while Neoseiulus cucumeris
are released at a rate of 10 to 50 mites per
plant for each of 2 to 3 weeks.

 These mites are generally released in the soil

at planting and are most successful at
controlling thrips when there is plant-to-plant
contact that facilitates movement of the
predators between plants.
A commercially available parasite of
greenhouse thrips is Thripobius semileteus.
Cultural Control
Because flower thrips and greenhouse thrips
feed on a large variety of plant species, keep
production areas free of weeds, which can
serve as hosts for thrips populations.
Most commercially available screens have
pore sizes slightly larger than the width of the
flower thrips thorax (145 microns) can
prevent the entry of thrips.

 Monitoring and Treatment Decisions

Blue sticky cards are most attractive to
flower thrips. However, yellow cards are
good predictors of flower thrips There is
little research on the most effective trap
density to use or on treatment thresholds.
In greenhouses with many different
cultivars, place traps in the most sensitive
varieties, usually yellow or white flowers. In
large greenhouses of the same or similar
cultivars, there should be at least eight
traps per 100,000 square feet.
The treatment threshold for roses is 25 to
50 thrips per card per week (25 for more
sensitive yellow- and white-flowered
varieties, 50 for reds).
Consider treating if an average of 5 to 10

Orius
tristicolor

Blue sticky traps

Blue sticky traps

Thank
THANKY
you