PROTECTED CULTIVATION

OF
CHRYSANTHEMUM
V. NARENDHIRAN, M.Sc., (Hort.) – PSMA,
DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE,
FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE,
ANNAMALAI UNIVERSITY.

1
INTRODUCTION:
YEAR ROUND PRODUCTION IS
POSSIBLE AS THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR SUCCESSFUL CULTIVATION
CAN BE MET UNDER CONTROLLED
PRODUCTION SYSTEM.
CULTIVATION IS CARRIED OUT
UNDER A POLYHOUSE WITH
INSECT PROOF NETTING AND
USING UV
2
COMMON NAME:-
 CHRYSANTHEMUM
 GLORRY OF EAST
 QUEEN OF EAST
 AUTUMN QUEEN
 GULDAUDI
 POT MUM

S.N.:Dendranthema grandiflora
FAMILY :
ASTERACEAE ORIGIN :
SOUTH EUROPE CH.NO. :
X=9
3
 TYPES OF CHRYSANTHEMUM
1. IRREGULAR INCURVE :-
THESE ARE THE GIANT BLOOMS OF THE
CHRYSANTHEMUM GENUS. THE FLORETS
(PETALS) LOOSELY INCURVE AND MAKE FULLY
CLOSED CENTERS. THE LOWER FLORETS
PRESENT AN IRREGULAR APPEARANCE AND
MAY GIVE A SKIRTED EFFECT.
BOLA DE ORO (1992)

 FLOWER SIZE: 6-8 INCHES.

FLOWER CHARACTERISTICS: GROWN AS

A DISBUD, PLANT MODERATELY SHORT.

4
2. REFLEX
:-
FLOWER SIZE: 4-6 INCHES.

FLOWER
CHARACTERISTICS: GROWN
AS A DIS BUD, PLANT
MEDIUM HE I G HT.

5
 3 .REGULAR
INCURVE
A TRUE GLOBULAR BLOOM EQUAL
IN BREADTH AND DEPTH. THE
:-
FLORETS SMOOTHLY INCURVE AND
FORM A BALL.
HEATHER JAMES (1972)

FLOWER SIZE: 4-6 INCHES.

FLOWER
CHARACTERISTICS: GROWN
AS A DISBUD, PLANT
MODERATELY SHORT.

6
4
A FLATTENED BLOOM WITH SHORT
.DECORATIVE
PETALS. AS IN CLASSES 1-3 THE
CENTER DISK SHOULD NOT BE VISIBLE.
:-
THE UPPER FLORETS TEND TO
INCURVE, BUT THE LOWER PETALS
GENERALLY REFLEX.
 CHIME (1994)

FLOWER SIZE: 5 INCHES

OR GREATER

FLOWER CHARACTERISTICS:
GROWN AS A POT MUM OR
DISBUD, PLANT HEIGHT SHORT.
7
5.
INTERMEDIATE
THIS BLOOM CLASS IS SMALLER THAN
INCURVE :-
THEIRREGULAR INCURVE, WITH
SHORTER FLORETS, ONLY PARTIALLY
INCURVING WITH FULL CENTERS, BUT
GIVING A MORE OPEN
APPEARANCE. MANY OF THE POPULAR
COMMERCIAL INCURVING TYPES ARE
IN THIS INTERMEDIATE CLASS.
 BOB DEAR (1986)

FLOWER SIZE: 6 INCHES OR

GREATER.

FLOWER CHARACTERISTICS:
GROWN AS A DISBUD, PLANT 9
6
A SMALL GLOBULAR BLOOM,
.POMPON :- YOUNG BUT
SOMEWHAT FLAT WHEN
FULLY ROUND WHEN MATURE.SIZE
RANGES FROM SMALL BUTTON TYPES
TO LARGE DISBUDDED BLOOMS ALMOST
4 INCHES IN DIAMETER. THE
FLORETS INCURVE OR REFLEX IN A
REGULAR MANNER AND FULLY CONCEAL
THE CENTER.
 LAKESIDE (1972)

FLOWER SIZE: 1-4 INCHES.

FLOWER CHARACTERISTICS :
GROWN AS A SPRAY, PLANT HEIGHT
TALL. 9
 7 . SINGLE AND SEMI-
DOUBLE
A DAISY-LIKE:-FLOWER WITH A CENTER
DISK AND ONE OR MORE ROWS OF RAY
FLORETS.
 CRIMSON GLORY (1978)

FLOWER SIZE: GREATER THAN

4 INCHES.

FLOWER CHARACTERISTICS:
GROWN AS A DISBUD OR SPRAY, PLANT
MEDIUM HEIGHT.

10
 8 . ANEMONE
:-THESE BLOOMS ARE SIMILAR
TO THE SEMI-DOUBLES, BUT
HAVE A RAISED CUSHION-LIKE
CENTER.
DOROTHY MECHEN (1987)

FLOWER SIZE: GREATER THAN

4 INCHES.

FLOWER
CHARACTERISTICS:
GROWN AS A DISBUD, 12
9
ESSENTIALLY THE SAME AS THE
.SPOON :-
SEMI-DOUBLE, EXCEPT THE RAY
FLORETS ARE LIKE SPOONS AT
THE TIPS. THE CENTER DISK IS
ROUND AND VISIBLE.
KIMIE (1956)

FLOWER SIZE: 4 INCHES

OR GREATER.

FLOWER CHARACTERISTICS:
GROWN AS A DISBUD OR SPRAY,
PLANT HEIGHT TALL. 12
10.QUILL :
 THE FLORETS IN THIS CLASS ARE
- STRAIGHT AND TUBULAR WITH
OPEN TIPS. THE BLOOM IS FULLY
DOUBLE WITH NO OPEN
CENTER.
 SEATONS TOFFEE (1996)

 FLOWER SIZE: 6 INCHES

OR GREATER.

 FLOWER
CHARACTERISTICS: GROWN
13
AS A DISBUD, PLANT HEIGHT
11.SPIDER :
 SPIDERS HAVE LONG TUBULAR RAY
- FLORETS WHICH MAY COIL OR
HOOK AT THE ENDS. THE FLORETS
MAY BE VERY FINE TO COARSE.
 CHESAPEAKE (1997)

 FLOWER SIZE: SIX INCHES OR

GREATER.

 FLOWER
CHARACTERISTICS:
MEDIUMAS A DISBUD, PLANT
GROWN
HEIGHT. 14
 12 . BRUSH OR
THISTLE :- FLORETS WHICH
FINE TUBULAR
GROW PARALLEL TO THE STEM
AND RESEMBLE AN ARTIST’S PAINT
BRUSHES OR IN THE THISTLE FORM
THE FLORETS ARE FLATTENED,
TWISTED AND DROPPING.
 CINDY(1987)

FLOWER SIZE: LESS THAN

2 INCHES.

FLOWER
CHARACTERISTICS: 16
HEIGH
 13 .UNCLASSIFIED OR
EXOTIC
THOSE BLOOMS WHICH FIT IN NONE
OF THE OTHER CLASSES. THEY ARE
:-
OFTEN EXOTIC, WITH TWISTED FLORETS.
THEY MAY ALSO EXHIBIT
CHARACTERISTICS OF MORE THAN
ONE BLOOM CLASS.
 LONE STAR (1986)

FLOWER SIZE: 6 INCHES

ORGREATER.

FLOWER CHARACTERISTICS:
GROWN AS A DISBUD
16
17
SOIL :
SOIL SHOULD BE
-LEVELLED PROPERLY.
COCOPEAT SHOULD BE
ADDED TO IMPROVE
STRUCTURE & WATER
HOLDING CAPACITY.
IF GROWING 1ST
TIME, SOIL SHOULD BE
DISINFECTED USING
FORMALDEHYDE. 18
PLANTING MATERIALS
:-
USE DISEASE FREE PLANTING
MATERIALS FROM A REPUTED SOURCE.
COLOUR PREFERANCE SHOULD GIVEN
ON WHITE, YELLOW OR RED & PINK.
SELECTED PLANTS SHOULD HAVE
CAPABILITY OF PRODUCING ATTRACTIVE
BLOOMS WITH TOUGH PETALS &
UNIFORMITY IN BLOOMING.

19
PLANTING METHOD:-
 CUTTINGS ARE PLANTED ON BEDS
OF ABOUT 12- 15CM WIDE.
 IRON NETS ARE USED FOR
UNIFORM DISTRIBUTION.

PLANTS SHOULD BE PLANTED WITH

THEIR ROOTS FULLY IN THE SOIL &
WELL PRESSED TO MAKE GOOD
CONTACT WITH SOIL.A DENSITY OF
30- 48 PLANTS SHOULD MAINTAINED
PER METER SQUARE.

PLANTS ARE ALSO RAISED IN POTS

OR BENCHES. 2
1
WATER MANAGEMENT :-
A GOOD CONTROL OVER WATER
SUPPLY AND IT’S DISTRIBUTION
CAN BE MADE BY INSTALLING
DRIPS AND OVERHEAD
ROTATING SPRINKLER.

IMMIDIEATLY AFTER PLANTING AT

THE END OF CROP WHEN FLOWER
OPEN OVERHEAD IRRIGATION IS
STOPPED & WATERING DONE BY
PIPES.

21
MIST :-
UNIFORM MIST TO KEEP CUTTING TURGID DURING ROOTING IS
VITAL.

EXCESSIVE MIST WILL LEACH NUTRIENTS FROM THE MEDIUM AND

LEAVES, OVER-SATURATE THE MEDIUM REDUCING AERATION, AND
STRETCH THE CUTTINGS
.
INADEQUATE
HARD CUTTINGS THAT DO
MIST CAUSES NOT NECROTIC
WILTING, ROOT UNIFORMLY. CUTTIN
LEAF MARGINS, AND
SHOULD NEVERWILT! THUS, A GS
CONTINUOUS FILM OF SHOULD COVER THE LEAVES MOISTUR
UNTIL ROOTS FORM. E
THE FREQUENCY (HOW OFTEN THE MIST TURNS ON) AND DURATION
(LENGTH OF TIME THE MIST IS ON) OF MIST DEPENDS ON MANY
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND VARIES FROM SEASONTO SEASON AND
THROUGHOUT THE DAY.
22
THIS IS USUALLY CONTROLLED BY
PROGRAMMABLE AUTOMATIC SYSTEMS SUCH AS
AN AUTOMATIC MIST CONTROLLER.
MIST NOZZLE CAPACITY AND SPACING SHOULD
BE DESIGNED TO PROVIDE UNIFORM COVERAGE
OVER THE PROPAGATION AREA.
THE MIST DURATION SHOULD BE LONG ENOUGH
TO COVER THE FOLIAGE WITH A FILM OF WATER
AND DEPENDS ON THE CAPABILITIES OF THE
SYSTEM.
MIST MAY BE REQUIRED AT NIGHT TO KEEP
CUTTINGS TURGID DURING THE FIRST 3-4 DAYS.
AFTERWARD, MIST IS APPLIED FROM 1 HOUR
BEFORE SUNRISE TO 1 HOUR AFTER SUNSET.
TESTS OF THE QUALITY OF THE WATER SUPPLIED
TO THE MIST SYSTEM SHOULD BE DONE TO
DETERMINE ALKALINITY. HIGH ALKALINITY CAN
INCREASE THE PH OF THE PROPAGATION MEDIUM
AND CAUSE CHLOROSIS OF THE FOLIAGE DURING
PROPAGATION.

2
4
LIGHT -
LIGHT INTENSITIES
SHOULD BE 3200-3800 FT.CA.
SHADING IN THE SUMMER IS
USUALLY ONL
NEEDED
TO REDUCE
NOT Y
INTENSITY THE LIGHT
BUT
CONTROL HEAT. TO
NIGHT-BREAK INCANDESCENT
ALSO
LIGHTING TO SIMULATE LONG
DAYS IS MANDATORY.
HID SUPPLEMENTAL LIGHT IS
USEFUL DURING LOW-LIGHT
PERIODS.
24
TEMPERATURE -
FACILITIESSHOULD BE
AVAILABLE TO KEEP THE AIR
TEMPERATURE 70-85F.
HEATING IN WINTER SHOULD
NOT
BOTTOM
DROP BELOW 68F TO
. KEEP TH
HEAT MEDIUM E 70-
PROPAGATIONY SPEEDS ROOTING. 74F
DRAMATICALL
IMMPROPER TEMPERATURE
CAUSES
UNEVEN BUD SET.
BUD SET LIGHT PERIOD IS 14½ HOURS
OR LESS AND FLOWER DEVELOPMENT
TAKES PLACE WHEN DAYLIGHT IS 13½
HOURS OR LESS.
VEGETATIVEGROWTH LIGHT
PERIOD IS LESS THAN 12½ HOURS 25
MEDIA -
ALMOST WELL-DRAINED, COURSE
ANY TO ROOTMEDIUM
USED CHRYSANTHEMUMS.
CAN THIS
BEMAY BE CELLS,
FLATS, STRIPS, OR POTS CONTAINING PEAT-LITE MEDIA,
ROCKWOOL, FOAMS, OR OTHER ARTIFICIAL MEDIA. CUTTING
ARE USUALLY STUCK 1" APART IN ROWS AND 1-2" BETWEEN
ROWS.

ROOTING HORMONE -
ROOTING HORMONES CONTAINING IBA OR NAA MAY NOT
SPEED ROOTING BUT INCREASE ROOTING
UNIFORMITY.
LIQUIDS OR TALKS CONTAINING 1500 PPM IBA SHOULD
BE 26
PROPAGATION ENVIRONMENT :-
THE PROPAGATION AREA SHOULD BE ISOLATED SO THE
RELATIVE HUMIDITY CAN BE MAINTAINED CLOSE TO 100%
AND BE LARGE ENOUGH TO ACCOMMODATE ABOUT 3
WEEKS OF PRODUCTION. LARGER, UNUSED AREAS MAKE
THE ENVIRONMENT MORE DIFFICULT TO CONTROL.

SANITATION -
THE PROPAGATION SHOULDBE CONSTRUCTED
EQUIPPED TO KEEP EVERYTHING THA
AND MAY COME
CONTACTWITH CUTTINGS TDISINFECTED.
IN
THE
SURFACES AND FLOORS
BENCH SHOULDBE
FREE OF TO CLEAN AND
EASY
WEEDS. 27
GROWTH RETARDANTS -
THIS IS USED ON CERTAIN VIGOROUS CULTIVARS DURING
WARM TIMES OFTHE YEARS TO PREVENT STRETCH AND
PRODUCE A COMPACT PLANT.
CUTTING ARE DIPPED INTO B-NINE AT 1000 PPM AND
PLACED IN PLASTIC BAGS IN A COOLER OVERNIGHT,
THEN STUCK THE NEXT MORNING.
NUTRITION -
MANY GROWERS BEGIN FERTILIZING CHRYSANTHEMUM
CUTTING AS SOON AS CALLUS FORMS (4-7 DAYS) USING
A BALANCED FERTILIZER AT 200-250 PPM N.
SOME GROWERS APPLY A DILUTE SOLUTION OF POTASSIUM
NITRATE THROUGH THE MIST SYSTEM FOR THE FIRST
SEVERAL 29
SPECIAL INTERCULURE
:-
PINCHING OR STOPPING:-
TO ARREST UPWARD GROWTH PINCHING
IS DONE BY REMOVING THE
TERMINALS
.IT INCREASESNO.OF FLOWERING LIT
Y.
STEMS TIME OF FLOWERING & BLOOM
QUA
DISBUDDING :-
STANDARD TYPE ARE DISBUDDED
BY RETAINING THE LARGEST
30
TERMINAL BUD & REMOVING
PINCHING DISBUDDING
30
LIFTING IN :-
PLANTS ARE GENERALLY LIFTED INTO THE GREENHOUSE IN
SEPTEMBER OR EARLY OCTOBER BEFORE ANY HEAVY FROSTS
OCCUR.

THE GREEN-HOUSE IS KEPT FULLY VENTILATED FOR A FEW

WEEKS NO HEAT BEING NECESSARY AT THIS STAGE AND
THEREAFTER HEAT IS GIVEN AT THE 45-50°F. LEVEL.

 WATERING AND FEEDING IS CONTINUED.

PARTICULAR ATTENTION ALSO BEING PAID TO PEST AND

DISEASE CONTROL, ESPECIALLY MILDEW WHICH CAN BE
LARGELY PREVENTED BY ADEQUATE VENTILATION.
31
HARVESTING
STANDARD
INDICES:-TYPE:
FOR DISTANT MARKET : HARVESTED WHEN FEW OUTER ROW OF
FLORETS
START
UNFURLING.
FOR LOCAL MARKET : HARVESTED WHEN HEAD HAS OPENED
50%
OF IT’S RAY.
SPRAY TYPE :
FOR DISTANT MARKET :WHEN RAY FLORETS SHOW 50%
COLOUR.
FOR LOCAL MARKET : WHEN 2 ROWS OF FLOWER HAVE OPENED
&
OTHER ARE
SHOWING COLOURS.
32
YIELD:-
UNDER
OPEN:-
STANDAR : 2.5 TO 4.5
D SPRAY LAKH/HA
UNDER GREEN HOUSE
: 1.5 – 1.75 CONDITION
LAKH/HA
:
150-250 FLOWER STEMS
PER METER SQUARE PER
YEAR.

33
34
DISEASES OF THE FOLIAGE :-
LEAF SPOTS :-
CHRYSANTHEMUMS ARE SUBJECT TO SEVERAL LEAF SPOT FUNGI
INCLUDING SEPTORIA CHRYSANTHEMI, S. CHRYSANTHEMELLA,
ALTERNARIA SPECIES, AND CERCOSPORA CHRYSANTHEMI .

SYMPTOMS :-
1. FIRST APPEAR AS YELLOW SPOTS WHICH TURN BROWN TO BLACK.
SPOTS OFTEN OCCUR ON LOWER LEAVES FIRST AND CAN COALESCE
INTO LARGE NECROTIC AREAS AND FINALLY DEATH OF THE ENTIRE
LEAF.

 MANAGEMENT :-
1. REGULARLY CLEAN UP AND DESTROY INFECTED PLANT DEBRIS AND
HAND PICK SYMPTOMATIC LEAVES FROM LIGHTLYINFESTED PLA3N6
2. AVOIDSPLASHING WATER ONTO PLANT FOLIAGE AND
WATER EARLY IN THE DAY TO ALLOW FOLIAGE TO DRY QUICKLY.
3. IN SEVERECASES, APPLICATIONS OF
ACTIVE
FUNGICIDES
INGREDIENTS
WITH WITH
THE THE INGREDIENT
AZOXYSTROBIN, CHLOROTHALONIL,
ACTIVE S
FLUDIOXONIL,MYCLOBUTANIL, PROPICONAZOLE, PYRACLOSTROBIN,
MANCOZEB, IPRODION
OR THIOPHANATE METHYL MAY BE APPLIED ACCORDING E,TO LABEL
INSTRUCTIONS.

3
7
POWDERY MILDEW :-
SYMPTOMES :-
1. ( ERYSIPHECICHORACEARM ) AS IT NAME IMPLIES IS
CHARACTERIZED BY A WHITE TOASH-GRAY POWDERY GROWTH ON
LEAVES AND OCCASIONALLY STEMS.
2. FOLIAGE MAY BECOME PUCKERED OR DISTORTED.
3. SEVERELY INFECTED LEAVES WILL SHRIVEL AND DIE.
4. THE DISEASE IS MOST SERIOUS DURING HOT, HUMID WEATHER.
5. UNLIKE MOST FUNGAL DISEASES, FREE WATER IS NOT REQUIRED
FOR
POWDERY MILDEW INFECTION.
6. HIGH HUMIDITY ENCOURAGES DISEASE DEVELOPMENT.

38
MANAGEMENT :
1
- . POWDERY MILDEW CAN BE AVOIDED BY PROPER PLANT
SPACING, GOOD AIR CIRCULATION, LOW RELATIVE
HUMIDITY, AND ADEQUATE LIGHT LEVELS.
2. APPLY PREVENTIVE FUNGICIDES AT THE FIRST SIGN OF
DISEASE WITH THE ACTIVE INGREDIENTS
AZOXYSTROBIN, COPPER,
PYRACLOSTROBIN, FLUDIOXON
TRIFLUMIZOLE, IL,
PROPICONAZOLE, SULFUR,
MYCLOBUTANIL,
POTASSIUM BICARBONATE,
TRIADIMEFOOR
THIOPHANATE METHYL ACCORDING N, TO LABEL
INSTRUCTIONS.

39
GRAY
MOLD :-
1. ( BOTRYTIS CINEREA ) MAY OCCUR ON
SYMPTOMS:-
PETALS, LEAVES, OR STEM CANKERS AS BROWN, WATER-
2. INFECTED PLANT PARTS MAY BE COVERED WITH GRAY TO BROWN,
SOAKED SPOTS.
POWDERY MASSES OF SPORES.
3. SENESCING TISSUES ARE MOST SUSCEPTIBLE.
4. GRAY MOLD IS FAVORED BY EXTENDEDPERIODS OF CLOUDY, HUMID,
AND WET WEATHER
MANAGEMENT:-
5. PRACTICE GOOD SANITATION INCLUDING REMOVING SENESCING
FLOWERS AND LEAVES.
6. AVOID WETTING FLOWERS WHEN WATERING AND
DON'T
OVERCROWD THE PLANTS.
3. PROVIDE GOOD AIR CIRCULATION AND KEEP HUMIDITY LOW BY A
COMBINATION
REDUCING HUMIDITY
OFINHEATING
THE AND VENTING (SEE 40
4 APPLY PREVENTIVE FUNGICIDES AS SOON AS
. DISEASE IS DETECTED.
5 FUNGICIDES WITH THE ACTIVE INGREDIENTS
. DICHLORAN,
CHLOROTHALONIL,
FLUDIOXONIL, TRIFLOXYSTROBIN, IPRODION
MANCOZEB, COPPER PENTAHYDRATE, E,
SULFATE
AZOXYSTROBIN, AND THIOPHANATE METHYL ARE REGISTERED
FENHEXAMI
FOR
BOTRYTIS CONTROL. D,
6 BE SURE TO ROTATE APPLICATIONS AMONG CHEMICAL CLASSES
. AS FUNGICIDE RESISTANT STRAINS OF
BOTRYTIS HAVE BEEN REPORTED.

4
1
RUSTS:-

CAUSAL ORGANISM :-P . CHRYSANTHEMI AND P. HORIANA .

SYMPTOMS :-
1. P. CHRYSANTHEMI IS MOST COMMON IN LATE SUMMER AND
IS CHARACTERIZED BY DIRTY-BROWN PUSTULES AND
YELLOWISH- GREEN SPOTS ON UPPER SURFACES OF LEAVES.
2. P. CHRYSANTHEMI CAUSES MINOR DAMAGE IN THE FIELD AND
IS UNCOMMON ON GREENHOUSE PLANTS.
3. SEVERE INFESTATION MAY DAMAGE LARGEAREAS OF LEAVES AND
LEAD TO DEFOLIATION AND REDUCED FLOWER PRODUCTION.
4. CHRYSANTHEMUM VARIETIES RESISTANT TO RUST INCLUDE
'ACHIEVEMENT', 'COPPER BOWL', 'ESCAPADE', 'HELEN CASTLE', '
MANDALAY ', 'MATADOR', 'MISS ATLANTA', 'ORANGE BOWL',
'AND
POWDER 42
5. P. HORIANA CAUSES CHRYSANTHEMUM WHITE RUST AND AS
A RECENT INTRODUCTION TO THE UNITED STATES IS SUBJECT TO
QUARANTINE AND AN ERADICATION PROGRAM.
6. SYMPTOMS ARE WHITE, PINKISH OR BROWNISH PUSTULES
PRODUCED ON LEAF UNDERSIDES WITH WHITE, YELLOW, TO
PALE- GREEN LESIONS ON UPPER LEAF SURFACES.
7. CHRYSANTHEMUM WHITE RUST RESULTS IN LEAF
DISTORTION, DISCOLORATION, DEFOLIATION, AND PLANT
DEATH.
8. WHITE RUST IS PRIMARILY A DISEASE OF GREENHOUSECROPS;
WHEN IT OCCURS OUTSIDE DIRECT SUNLIGHT AND LOW
HUMIDITY KILL THE SPORES.
MANAGEMENT :-
9. CONTACT STATE AND FEDERAL AGRICULTURAL OFFICIALS IF ANY
SUSPECT WHITE RUST INFECTIONS OCCUR AND DESTROY ALL
PLANTS.
10. REGULATIONS REQUIRE THAT INFECT PLANTS BE DESTROYED
TO PREVENT DISEASE ESTABLISHMENT IN THIS COUNTRY.).
3. PROTECT HEALTHY PLANTS WITH FUNGICIDES WITH THE
ACTIVE INGREDIENTS AZOXYSTROBIN, CHLOROTHALONIL,
FLUDIOXONIL, IPRODIONE, MANCOZEB, MYCLOBUTANIL,
PROPICONAZOLE, PYRACLOSTROBIN, OR THIOPHANATE METHYL MAY
BE APPLIED ACCORDING TO LABEL INSTRUCTIONS.

4
4
BACTERIAL LEAF SPOT :-

CAUSAL ORGANISM :- Pseudomonas cichorii

SYMPTOMS :-
1. BACTERIAL LEAF SPOT ARE TAN TO DARK BROWN SPOTS OR
BLOTCHES THAT ARE OFTEN BORDERED OR RINGED BY
YELLOWING TISSUE.
2. DISCOLORATION MAY BE PROMINENT ALONG LEAF VEINS OR
LESIONS MAY BECOME ANGULAR AS BACTERIA GROWTH IS LIMITED
BY MAJOR VEINS.
3. LEAF WILTING AND DEATH OFTEN FOLLOW.BACTERIA PERSIST IN OR
ON INFECTED PLANTS, CROP DEBRIS, INFECTED SEED,
CONTAMINATED SOIL, AND INFESTED POTS AND TOOLS.

45
1.MANAGEMENT :
1.
- PRACTICES INCLUDE PLANTING PATHOGEN-FREE SEED AND
CULTIVARS, RESISTANT VARIETIES, GOOD SANITATION.
2. AVOIDING OVERHEAD IRRIGATION OR HANDLING PLANTS
WHEN THEY ARE WET.
3. ONCE PLANTS BECOMEINFECTED WITH BACTERIA, IT IS BEST TO
ROGUE INFECTED PLANTS AND THOSE NEAR THEM BEFORE
THE DISEASE SPREADS.
4. BACTERICIDES SUCH AS COPPER AND ANTIBIOTICS ARE OF
LIMITED EFFECTIVENESS AND PLANTS CANNOT BE CURED.

4
6
BACTERIAL BLIGHT
CAUSAL ORGANISM :-Erwinia carotovora
SYMPTOMS :-
1. BACTERIAL BLIGHT EXTENDBEYOND PLANT LEAVES TO INCLUDE
WATER-SOAKED LESIONS ON STEMS, DARKENING AND DEATH
OF BUDS AND STEMS, BLACKENING OF TERMINALS, AND WILT
AND COLLAPSE OF UPPER PORTIONS OF THE PLANTS.
2. INFECTED CUTTINGS MAY HAVE BROWN TO BLACK DECAY AT
THEIR BASE.
3. BACTERIAL BLIGHT SURVIVES IN CROP DEBRIS AND IS FAVORED
BY SURFACE MOISTURE, HIGH TEMPERATURES, AND HIGH
HUMIDITY.
4. IT IS EASILY SPREAD ON INFESTED TOOLS, HANDS, OR PLANTS.
MANAGEMENT :-
1. START WITH PASTEURIZED GROWING MEDIA, USE PATHOGEN-FREE
CUTTINGS, REDUCE HUMIDITY AND INCREASE AIR CIRCULATION,
AVOID WETTING FOLIAGE, PRACTICE GOOD SANITATION, AND
47
REGULARLY INSPECT CROPS AND DISPOSE OF INFECTED PLANTS.
FOLIAR NEMATODES
CAUSAL ORGANISM :- Aphelenchoides ritzema-bosi
SYMPTOMS:-
1. THE DEVELOPMENT OF YELLOW TO BROWN, ANGULAR SPOTS ON
LOWER LEAVES WHICH ADVANCE UP THE PLANT IS A GOOD
INDICATION OF NEMATODE INFECTION.
2. NEMATODES ARE MICROSCOPIC ROUNDWORMS THAT LIVE IN THE
SOIL OR IN INFESTED PLANT MATERIAL.
3. NEMATODES SWIM IN A FILM OF WATER ON PLANTS TO SPREAD
TO
UNINFECTED LEAVES.
4. LESIONS ON THE LEAVES EVENTUALLY
5. COALESCE
CAREFULLY TO COVER CUTTINGS
THE ENTIRE
ANDLEAF WHICH
PLANTS
DIES,
INSPECT
WITHERS,
PROP AGATORS.
AND REMOVE
FALLS. RECEIVED
INFESTED FROM
PLANTS AND CROP
DEBRIS.
6. AVOID WETTING THE FOLIAGE AND OVERHEAD IRRIGATION.
47
CAUSAL
ORGANISM
VIRUSES AND :-
OTHER INFECTIOUS AGENTS: -
CHRYSANTHEMUMS ARE SUSCEPTIBLE TO A LARGE NUMBER OF VIRUS
DISEASES CHRYSANTHEMUM MOSAIC
INCLUDING VIRUS, IMPATIENS NECROTIC SPOT
VIRUS, TOMATO ASPERMY VIRUS
AND TOMATO SPOTTED WILT
VIROID:- VIRUS.
VIROID INCLUDE CHLOROTIC
DISEASES CHRYSANTHEMUM
AND CHRYSANTHEMUM
MOTTLE
STUNT
VIROID.

48
SYMPTOMS OF VIRUS
 INFECTED PLANTS INCLUDE STUNTING, SPINDLY GROWTH, AND
&VIROID :-
FORMATION OF DENSE ROSETTES.
 FLOWERS MAY BE SMALL, DISTORTED OR EXHIBIT STREAKING AND
COLOR BREAK.
 LEAF SYMPTOMS ARE DIVERSE AND MAY APPEAR AS LEAF
YELLOWING, RING SPOTS, LINES, MOTTLING, MOSAICS, VEIN
CLEARING, DISTORTION, CRINKLING, WILT AND LEAF DROP.

49
PHYTOPLASMAS:
-
A SERIOUS DISEASE CAUSED BY ORGANISMS ASTER YELLOWS
SYMPTOMS:-
 ASTER YELLOWS RESULTS IN CHLOROTIC FOLIAGE, PLANT STUNTING,
SPINDLY, UPRIGHT YELLOW SHOOTS, FEW OR NO FLOWERS, FLOWER
DISTORTION AND FAILURE TO COLOR.
 MANY OF THESE DISEASES ARE SPREAD BY SUCKING INSECTS SUCH
AS APHIDS AND LEAFHOPPERS.
MANAGEMENT FOR VIRUS,VIROIDS, PHYTOPLASMA:-
 START WITH PATHOGEN-FREE PLANTS FROM A
CULTURE INDEXING PROGRAM.
 REMOVE AND DESTROY INFECTED PLANTS.
 REMOVE WEEDS THAT MAY BE HOSTS.
 CONTROL THE INSECTS THAT TRANSMIT THESE DISEASES.
 WASH TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT USED NEARINFESTED PLANTS WITH
AN APPROPRIATE GREENHOUSE DISINFECTANT.
50
VASCULAR
WILTS :-
CAUSAL ORGANISM:-
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. chrysanthemi
AND Verticillium dahliae.
FUSARIUM WILT SYMTOMS:-
 THE FIRST SIGNS OF THIS DISEASE ARE YELLOWING OF FOLIAGE,
STUNTING, AND WILTING OFTEN ALONG ONE SIDE OF PLANT.
 PLANTS MAY APPEAR WATER STRESSED AND FOLIAGE MAY BROWN
AND DIE.
 STEMS SHOW A REDDISH BROWN DISCOLORATION OF THE VASCULAR
SYSTEM.
 FUSARIUM IS SPREAD IN CONTAMINATED SOIL AND INFECTED
CUTTINGS AND IS FAVORED BY WARM TEMPERATURES, HIGH
RELATIVE HUMIDITY, OVERWATERING, AND POOR DRAINAGE.

51
MANAGEMENT :
1.
- START WITH PATHOGEN FREE CUTTINGS OR PLANTS AND
PASTEURIZED GROWING MEDIA. ADJUST PH TO 6.5 TO 7.0 AND
USE NITRATE NITROGEN FERTILIZATION.
2. AVOID HIGHLY SUSCEPTIBLE CULTIVARS SUCH AS
BRAVO
CIRBRONZE
ILLINI TROPHY
ORANGE BOWL
ROYAL
TROPHY
YELLOW
DELAWARE

52
VERTICILLIUM WILT
 VERTICILLIUM WILT OFTEN
SYMPTOMS:- APPEAR ONLY AFTER BLOSSOM BUDS
HAVE FORMED; YOUNG VIGOROUS PLANTS MAY BE SYMPTOMLESS.
 FOLIAGE BECOMES YELLOW AND WILTED, SOMETIMES ONLY ALONG
LEAF MARGINS AND ON ONE SIDE OFTHE PLANT.
 LEAVES BEGIN TO DIE FROM THE BASE OF THE PLANT UPWARD AND
OFTEN REMAIN ATTACHED.
 STEMS MAY EXHIBIT DARK STREAKS IN THE VASCULAR SYSTEM.
 THIS DISEASE IS FAVORED WHEN COOL WEATHER IS FOLLOWED BY
HOT TEMPERATUES.
.

5
4
MANAGEMENT:-
 START WITH PASTEURIZED GROWING MEDIA AND PATHOGEN-FREE
CUTTINGS.
 MOST CULTIVARS ARE RESISTANT.
 AVOID SUSCEPTIBLE CULTIVARS INCLUDING
BRIGHT GOLDEN ANN
ECHO
GLOWING MANDALAY
MOUNTAIN PEAK
PARAGON
PERT
PURITA
N
WEDGE
WOOD

55
DISEASES OF THE FLOWERS :-
RAY BLIGHT:-
CAUSAL ORGANISM :- Didymella ligulicola
1. THIS DISEASE AFFECTS THE RAY FLORETS AND MAY EXTEND INTO
FLORAL STALKS.
2. LOWER LEAVES AND STEMS CAN ALSO BE AFFECTED.
3. SYMPTOMS INCLUDE A BLACKISH ROT OF RAY FLORETS AND FLOWERS
MAY BE DEFORMED AND ONE-SIDED.
4. BUD BLAST CAN OCCUR IN SEVERE CASES.
5. LOWER LEAVES AND STEMS CAN ROT,
AND FOLIAGE MAY DISTORT OR DIE
ON ONE SIDE OF STEM.
6. D. ligulicola PERSISTS IN PLANT
DEBRIS
AND SPORES ARE SPREAD BY WIND AND
WATER.
7. THE DISEASE IS FAVORED BY OVERHEAD
IRRIGATION OR RAIN
.
5
6
MANAGEMENT :
1
- . START WITH PATHOGEN-FREE CUTTINGS.
2. AVOID WETTING FOLIAGE AND FLOWERS AND
KEEP HUMIDITY LOW.
3. PROTECT FOLIAGE WITH FUNGICIDES WITH
ACTIVE
INGREDIENTS INCLUDING AZOXYSTROBIN,
CHLOROTHALONIL FLUDIOXONIL,
,
MANCOZEB, MYCLOBUTANIL, IPRODIONE,
PROPICONAZOLE,
PYRACLOSTROBIN, OR THIOPHANATE METHYL
ACCORDING TO LABEL INSRUCTIONS

56
RAY SPECK: -

CAUSAL ORGANISM:- Stemphylium lycopersici

1. CAUSES SMALL, NECROTIC, LIGHT BROWN TO DARK BROWN
LESIONS
WHICH MAY COALESCE AND CAUSE BLOSSOM DEATH.

2. THE PATHOGEN IS FAVORED BY WET CONDITIONS AND

TEMPERATURES BETWEEN 60° TO 85° F.

MANAGEMENT:-

1. ROGUE AND DISPOSE OF INFECTED

PLANTS. 2.
3. PROVIDE GOOD AIR CIRCULATION AND
DON'T OVERCROWD PLANTS. 57
DISEASES OF ROOTS AND
CROWNS :-
1. ROOT ROT BY Pythium & Phytopthora
2. CROWN ROT BY Rhizoctonia

58
PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS :-
BLINDNESS :- IT OCCURS WHEN THE NIGHT
TEMPERATURE IS TOO LOW AND THE DAYS ARE SHORT
AT THE TIME WHEN FLOWER BUDS ARE FORMING. A
ROSETTE TYPE OF GROWTH IS INDICATIVE OF THIS
DIFFICULTY. CENTER PETALS FAIL TO DEVELOP &
FLOWERS MAY FAIL TO OPEN.THIS CAN BE REDUCED BY
PROPERLY REGULATING THE LIGHT AND
TEMPERATURE.

CROWN BUD :- BUD DEVELOPMENT IS SEVERELY

RETARDED AND INVLOUCRAL BECO
GROSSLY
BRACTS ENLARGED. ME
GROWN
THIS INISLONG DAYSOBSERVED
AFTER RECEIVING A FEWPLANT
IN
SHORT S
DAYS

6
0
CHLOROSIS :- OR YELLOWING OF THE UPPER
FOLIAGE, IS GENERALLY ASSOCIATED WITH OVER
WATERING, NUTRIENT DEFICIENCY OR EXCESSIVE
FERTILIZER IN THE SOIL, OR INSECTS OR DISEASES
ATTACKING THE ROOT SYSTEM. PROPER NUTRIENT
AND PLANT PROTECTION MEASURES OVER COME
THIS PROBLEM.

BLEACHING OF PETALS HIG

:–
TEMPERATURE DURING FLORAL H
DEVELOPMENT IN
RESULTS BRONZE COLOURE
AND PINK CULTIVARS D

SUNSCALD : IS PREVALENT ON STANDARDS

IN
- FLOWER IN VERY WARM WEATHER. THE PETALS
TURN BROWN AND DRY UP.
60
IMPORTANT CULTIVARS :-
WHITE :
-

INNOCENC BEAUT BIRBAL

E Y SAHANI
61
YELLOW :
-
 CHANDRAMA

PURPLE:
-
 PINK CLOUD
62
RED :
-
BRAVO,

ALFRED
WILSON 63