RATE OF REACTION

Definition
Speed at which reactants are converted into
products in a chemical reaction.
Fast reaction;
- time taken is short
So, the reactants is quickly converted to the
products.
Thus, the rate of reaction is high/higher.

Slow reaction;
- time taken is long
So, the reactants is slowly converted to the
products.
Thus, the rate of reaction is low/lower.

So;
What is the relation between rates of reaction with
time?
When the time taken is short, the rate of reaction
is higher,
When the time taken is longer, the rate of
reaction is lower,
Rate of reaction is directly proportional with
1/time
Rate of reaction is inversely proportional with
time
Exercise: pg 3 Learning Task 1.1 Classification

Measuring the rate of reaction

Rate of reaction

Changes in selected quantity

________________________________________

Time taken

Suitable changes;
volume of gas liberated
precipitate formation
change in mass during the reaction
colour changes
temperature changes
pressure changes
Other observable changes?

Average rate of reaction :

The average value of the rate of reaction within a
specified period of time.
Changes in selected quantity
Average rate
= ____________________________________________
of reaction
Time taken
balas

Notes:
Reaction with high rate of reaction,
completed in short time.
Reaction with low rate of reaction,
completed in longer time.

Rate of reaction at given/Instantaneous time :

The actual rate of reaction at that instant.
(a.k.a : Instantaneous rate of reaction)
Instantaneous
=Gradient of the curve at that instant
rate of reaction
balas

Table 1.1 pg 5
Example 1.1 pg 5 (HW-note)
i. The average rate of reaction in the first 90
seconds from graph plotted?
Solutions:
The formula
Total volume of gas liberated
Average rate
____________________________________________
=
of reaction
Time taken
balas

31.8 cm3
90 s

0.35 cm3 s-1

ii. The rate of reaction at 90 seconds?

(Instantaneous rate of reaction)
Instantaneous
rate of reaction = Gradient of the curve at 90 seconds
at 90 seconds

Solutions: - Plot a graph

- Draw a tangent
- Find the gradient
The rate of reaction at 90 seconds
= gradient at 90 seconds
= Length of DF
Length of EF
= 0.14 cm3s-1

B: Factors Affecting The Rate of Reaction

Why these two graph different?

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

Total surface area of solid reactant

Concentration of reactant
Temperature of reactant
Use of catalyst
Pressure of gaseous reactant

Collision Theory
Dear boys and girls to better understand of
collision theory you must know few thing
related to the theory which is;
Collision
Effective collision
Activation energy
Collision frequency
Effective collision frequency
Energy profile diagram
* And also the chemical equation

What is the Collision Theory?

During a reaction, the particles of the reactants
must collide with each other, for bond breaking
and then bond formation to occur to produce
product.
Bond breaking : absorb heat energy
Bond formation : release heat energy
Those collisions which achieved a minimum
activation energy and with the correct
orientation will result in a reaction. These
collisions are called effective collisions.
If the particles collide with less energy than
activation energy or with wrong orientation, it
will not result in reaction, is called ineffective
collisions.
So what is i. effective collisions?
ii. activation energy?

Effective collisions
Those collisions which achieved a minimum
activation energy
and with the correct orientation, will result in
a reaction.
Activation Energy
Activation energy is the energy barrier that
must be overcome by the colliding particles
of the reactants in order for reaction to occur

Energy Profile Diagrams

i. Exothermic Reactions
Energy

Activation Energy

Reactants
Heat changes

Products

Reaction path

Exothermic Reaction

Remember the process and diagrams, we will

study more when we reach topic 4.

ii. Endothermic Reactions

Energy

Activation Energy

Products

Reactants

Reaction path

Endothermic Reaction

Activation energy is the difference in energy

between the energy in reactants and the
energy at the peak of curve

Exothermic Reaction
Reactants
Product
Total Heat
Higher
Lower
Energy
Heat Energy Energy
Energy
during
absorbs
releases
reaction
during bond during bond
breaking is
formation is
lower
higher
Thus;
Heat changes = Heat Energy in product
Heat Energy in reactant
= - ve

Endothermic Reaction
Reactants
Product
Total Heat
Lower
Higher
Energy
Heat Energy Energy
Energy
during
absorbs
releases
reaction
during bond during bond
breaking is
formation is
higher
lower
Thus;
Heat changes = Heat Energy in product
Heat Energy in reactant
= + ve
The conclusion is;
The reaction occur when reactants collide;
a. achieved activation energy
b. with correct orientation
Any Question so far?

1 Effect of surface area/size

SMALLER size solid reactant,
Bigger total surface area per volume
Higher frequency of effective collision
Higher rate of reaction

BIGGER size solid reactant,

Smaller total surface area per volume
Lower frequency of effective collision
Lower rate of reaction

Sketch graph volume of gas against time

V
Volume of
gas / cm3

II

t1

t2

Time / min

I : Small marble
II : Large marble

Base from the graph, please explain?

- Graph I is more steeper than graph II

- Thus, the gradient of graph I is more than
graph II
- Thus, the rate of reaction for the experiment I
is higher than experimen II
Question: Why the total volume of gas is
same?
Answer: the number of mole of reactant
is same

HW: draw graph figure 1.6pg10

Effect of Size
When the size of fixed mass of solid reactant
(name the reactant, CaCO3) is smaller,
The total surface area per volume
exposed to collision with other reactant
(name the reactant) particles is bigger.
Thus, the number of collision among the
reacting particles at the surface of the
solid reactants increases. Frequency of
collission is higher.
Thus, the number of collision achieved
the activation energy to become effective
collision is also increases.
This lead to an increase in the
FREQUENCY of EFFECTIVE
COLLISION.
Hence, a higher rate of reaction.

Effect of Concentration

When the concentration of the solution of a

reactant increases;
The number of particles per unit volume
of the solution of the reactant also
increases.
Thus, the number of collision among the
reacting particles increases. Frequency
of collission is higher.
Thus, the number of collision achieved
the activation energy to become effective
collision is also increases.
This lead to an increase in the frequency
of effective collision.
Hence, a higher rate of reaction.
HW: draw graph figure 1.8 pg11
HW: draw graph figure 1.9 pg12
Effect of Temperature
When the temperature of a reactant increases;

 The kinetic energy of reacting particles

will increase, so the particles moves
faster.
Thus, the number of collision among the
reacting particles increases. Frequency
of collission is higher.
Thus, the number of collision achieved
the activation energy to become effective
collision is also increases.
This lead to an increase in the frequency
of effective collision.
Hence, a higher rate of reaction.
HW: draw graph figure 1.10 pg13
draw graph figure 1.11 pg13

Effect of Catalyst
(Pg 13)
Catalyst: a substance which alters the rate of
chemical reaction while it remains

chemically unchanged at the end of

the reaction.
Properties of catalyst;
Energy

Reaction without
catalyst
Ea

Ec
Reactant

Reaction with
catalyst
Ea : Activation energy
without catalyst
Ec : Activation Energy
with catalyst
Product

Reaction path

When the catalyst is presence;

The catalyst allows the reactian to take
place through an alternative path which
requires a lower activation energy.
Thus, more collision among the reacting
particles are able to achive the lower
activation energy.

 Thus, the number of collision achieved

the activation energy to become effective
collision is also increases.
This lead to an increase in the frequency
of effective collision.
Hence, a higher rate of reaction.
Effect of Pressure
When the pressure of the gas of a reactant
increases;
The number of particles per unit volume
of the gas of the reactant also increases.
Thus, the number of collision among the
reacting particles increases. The
frequency of collision is increase.
Thus, the number of collision achieved
the activation energy to become effective
collision is also increases.
This lead to an increase in the frequency
of effective collision.
Hence, a higher rate of reaction.

HW: pg. 25 EPC no. 1, 2, 4

Sketch graph:
(i) Concentration of solution against time

Concentration of sodium thiosulfate

(Na2S2O3) / mol dm-3

Time / s

(ii) Concentration of solution against 1/time

Concentration of sodium thiosulfate

(Na2S2O3) / mol dm-3

____
1 /s-1
time

So, what can you conclude from the graph?

(iii) Temperature against time

Temperature / oC

time /s

(iv) Temperature against 1/time

Suhu / oC

_____
1
/s-1
time

So, what can you conclude from the graph?

Concentration is directly proportional
to the rate of reaction
Temperature is directly proportional
to the rate of reaction

How to analyse the graph?

First Situation:
All of these experiments are using the same size
and mass of catalyst. The temperature of the
reactants remains the same.
Why are there differences in the rate of reaction
shown?

Volume of gas / cm3

V
I
V/2

II
III
IV

t1

t2

Time / min

I and II
I and III I and IV [comparison]
Please remember that the total volume of the gas
depends on the number of moles of the reactant.
Number of moles = Molarity Volume
(solution)
1000
Can you analyse the graph based from the
volume and the concetration of the reactant?

Second Situation:
All of these experiments are using the same type
of catalyst. The volume, concentration and
temperature of the reactants remains the same.
Why are there differences in the early rate of
reaction shown?

V
Volume of the
gas / cm3

II

III

t1

t2 Time / min

The size of catalyst in exp I is smaller compare

to exp II and III.
Or
The mass of catalyst in Exp I is more than exp II
and III.
Or
The size of reactant in exp I is smaller than exp
II and III

5.2
Exercise:
An experiment is carried out between 10 g
of magnesium with 20 cm3 hydrochloric acid
0.5 mol dm-3. The reaction is completed in 8
minutes.
[Relatif atomic mass: H, 1; Cl, 35 ; Mg, 24;
Molar volume of gas is 24 dm3 at room
condition]
a) Write a balanced chemical equation
for this reaction.
b) Calculate the maximum volume of the
gas liberated at room condition.
c) Calculate the average rate of reaction
within 8 minutes.
d) Calculate the mass of the magnesium
used in the reaction.
e) Sketch the graph of volume against
time for these experiment

The formula:
IF REACTANT IS SOLID
Number of mole = .

mass
Ar or Mr

IF REACTANT IS SOLUTION
Number of moles = Molarity Volume
1000
VOLUME OF THE GAS AT ROOM
CONDITION
Volume of = Number of moles 24 dm3
the gas

Solution:
a. Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2
0.01
b. Number of moles of Mg
= mass Mg
Ar
= 10
24
= 0.42 mol (EXCESSBERLEBIHAN
Number of moles of hydrochloric acid
= Concentration Volume
1000
= MV
1000
= 0.5 x 20
1000
= 0.01 mol

Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2
0.42
(0.01)
FBCE;
2 mol HCl produce 1 mol H2
0.01 mol HCl produce x 0.01 mol H2
Thus;
The no. of mole of H2 = 0.005 mol
(1 mol of gas = 24 dm3 in room condition)
Volume of H2

= 0.005 X 24 dm3 H2
= 0.12 dm3
= 120 cm3

c. Average reaction in 8 minute

= 120 / 8 cm3 min-1
= 15 cm3 min-1
d.
FBCE;

2 mol HCl reacts with 1 mol Mg

0.01 mol HCl reacts with x 0.01 mol Mg
Thus;
The no. of mole of Mg = 0.005 mol
(1 mol of Mg = 24 g)
Mass of Mg = 0.005 X 24 g
= 0.12 g
HW: pg. 28-29 RQ obj.Q no. 1-8 (copy-paste)
pg. 29 Sub.Q no. 1
pg. 30 Ess.Q no. 2
2.
An experiment is carried out between 2 g
of magnesium carbonate with 20 cm3
hydrochloric acid 0.2 mol dm-3 .
(RAM: H, 1; C, 12; O, 16; Mg, 24;
Molar volume of gas is 22.4 dm3 at s.t.p)
a) Write a balanced chemical equation
for this reaction.

b) Calculate the maximum volume of the

gas liberated at s.t.p.
c) Draw a labbeled apparatus for
experimet.
d) How to test and confirm the gas
liberated
Solution;
a) MgCO3 + 2HCl MgCl2 + CO2 + H2O
b) No. mol of HCl = MV/1000
= 0.2 x 20 / 1000
= 0.004 mol
FBCE;
HCl
2 mol
0.004 mol

CO2
1mol
0.002 mol

No. of mol CO2 = 0.002 mol

Volume of CO2 = 0.002 x 22.4 dm3
= 0.0448 dm3

= 0.0448 x 1000 cm3

= 44.8 cm3

d) Add 20 cm3 lime water into a test tube, and

passed through the gas into the test tube.
The lime water turns cloudy/chalky.