Rate of reaction

Objectives
• Define the term rate of reaction.
• Describe to follow the rate of reaction
that makes gas.
• Explain how to collect reliable results.
• Describe and explain how
concentration ,temperature, surface
area affect reaction rate.
 What does rate of
reaction mean?
• The speed of different chemical
reactions varies hugely. Some reactions
are very fast and others are very slow.
• The speed of a reaction is called the
rate of the reaction.
 Baking Fire works

Rusting
Why are some reactions
faster than others?
 Reactions, particles and collisions

• Reactions take place when particles collide with each other

with a certain amount of energy.
• The minimum amount of energy needed for the particles to
react is called the activation energy, and is different for each
reaction.
• If particles collide with less energy than the activation energy,
the existing bonds will not break and particles will not react.
The particles will just bounce off each other.
• The rate of a reaction depends on two things:
1- The frequency of collisions between particles
2- The energy with which particles collide.
 Slower and slower!

• Reactions do not proceed at a steady rate. They start off at a

certain speed, then get slower and slower until they stop.
• As the reaction progresses, the concentration of reactants
decreases.
• This reduces the frequency of collisions between particles and
so the reaction slows down.

0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

reactants
percentage of reaction
product
 Following a reaction
• Sami wants to find out about the rate
of the reaction of magnesium with
hydrochloric acid Here is the equation
for the reaction:
Magnesium +hydrochloric acid magnesium chloride + hydrogen

Mg + 2HCl MgCl 2 + H2
 Obtaining and presenting
evidence
• Sami sets up the
apparatus Shown He
drops a piece of
magnesium into the acid.
He sees bubbles .The
bubbles contain hydrogen
gas .As the hydrogen gas
forms, it goes into gas
syringe . The plunger
moves out.
 Obtaining and presenting
evidence
• Sami measures the total volume of gas made by the
end of each minute he draws a table for his results:
-The independent variable (time ) is in the left column.
-The dependent variable (volume of gas)is in the big
right column.
• Sami wants to reduce error and obtain reliable
results, so he repeats the investigation three
times .The table has space for the three results, and
for average values.
• Sami chooses how to present his results. The
variable he changes, and the variable he
measures ,are continuous .This means he can plot a
line a graph.
• The scale for the independent variable is on the x-
axis.
• The scale for the dependent variable is on the y –
axis.
• Sami spaces the numbers on the axes evenly .
Sami draws a cross for each point . He then draws a
line of best fit .This is a smooth curve. The number of
points above and below are equal .
 Describing patterns and
interpreting results
• At first ,the graph rises steeply. This shows
that hydrogen is formed quickly at the start
of the reaction. The rate of the reaction is
fast .Then the slope of the graph gets less
steep. This shows that the reaction is slowing
down. The rate of reaction is slower. For the
sixth minute onwards, the graph does not go
up No any more hydrogen gas is being made
This shows the reaction has finished .All the
magnesium has been used up ,so there is
nothing left for the acid to react with.
 Questions
• 1- Use the graph to estimate the volume of
gas made during the first 4 minutes of
reaction.
• 2- Explain how the graph shows when
reaction has finished
• 3- Explain why Sami repeated the
experiment three times.
• 4- Use data in the table to calculate the mean
volume of gas collected by the end the fourth
minute.
 Changing the rate of reactions

• Anything that increases the number of successful

collisions between reactant particles will speed up a
reaction.
What factors affect the rate of reactions?
1- increased temperature
2- increased concentration of dissolved reactants
3-increased surface area of solid reactants
 Effect of temperature on rate

• The higher the temperature, the faster the rate of

a reaction. In many reactions, a rise in temperature
of 10 °C causes the rate of reaction to
approximately double.
• Why does increased temperature increase the rate
of reaction?
• At a higher temperature, particles have more
energy. This means they move faster and are more
likely to collide with other particles.
• When the particles collide, they do so with more
energy, and so the number of successful collisions
increases.
 Farai does the same experiment for different temperatures .will his
prediction be correct?

• Presenting results : Farai writes his results in a table

 Analyzing evidence
• The graph shows that the higher the
temperature the faster the reaction .As
temperature increases ,so does the rate
of reaction.
• Faria’s prediction is correct .The
evidence supports the hypothesis on
which he based his prediction.
 CONCENTRATION

• The higher the concentration of a dissolved reactant, the

faster the rate of a reaction.
• Why does increased concentration increase the rate of
reaction?
• At a higher concentration, there are more particles in the
same amount of space. This means that the particles are
more likely to collide and therefore more likely to react.

lower concentration higher concentration

 SURFACE AREA

• Any reaction involving a solid can only

take place at the surface of the solid.
• If the solid is split into several pieces,
the surface area increases. The
smaller the pieces, the larger the
surface area.

high surface a
low surface area
This means that there is an increased
area for the reactant particles to collide
with. This means more collisions and a
greater chance of reaction will happen .
A larger surface area increases the
rate of reaction.
 CATALYSTS

• Catalysts are substances that change

the rate of a reaction without being
used up in the reaction.
• Catalysts never produce more product
– they just produce the same amount
more quickly.
• Different catalysts work in different ways, but most
lower the reaction’s activation energy (Ea).

Ea without
catalyst
energy (kJ)

Ea with
catalyst

reaction (time)
 Glossary
 activation energy – The amount of energy needed
to start a reaction.
 catalyst – A substance that increases the rate of a
chemical reaction without being used up.
 concentration – The number of molecules of a
substance in a given volume.
 enzyme – A biological catalyst.
 rate of reaction – The change in the concentration
over a certain period of time.