Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Tank Farm Guidelines
Tank Farm Guidelines
Publisher
BCI
Basle Chemical Industry
Edition: 2009
TRCI
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Tank Farm Guidelines for the Chemical Industry
Edition 2009
TRCI
CONTENTS
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CONTENTS
Page
CONTENTS ........................................................................................................3
1
1.1
Introduction..................................................................................................................... 6
1.2
1.3
1.4 Water pollution control areas, ground water pollution control zones and water pollution
control measures....................................................................................................................... 7
1.5
1.6
2.1
General comments........................................................................................................... 9
2.1.1 Site selection and assessment of construction site................................................. 9
2.1.2 Planned arrangement ............................................................................................. 9
2.1.3 Tanks in underground concrete spaces ................................................................ 11
2.1.4 Filling points and drum filling points .................................................................. 11
2.2
3.1
General comments......................................................................................................... 17
3.2
Protective structures...................................................................................................... 17
3.2.1 Definitions ........................................................................................................... 17
3.2.2 Requirements of protective structures ................................................................. 17
3.2.3 Discharge surfaces............................................................................................... 18
3.2.4 Containment trays................................................................................................ 18
3.2.5 Containment beds, containment basins ............................................................... 18
3.2.6 Size of protective structures ................................................................................ 19
3.2.7 Protective structures of metal .............................................................................. 19
3.2.8 Protective structures of mineral-based building materials................................... 19
3.2.9 Linings and coatings ............................................................................................ 20
3.2.10 Testing of protective structures ........................................................................... 20
3.3
Foundations................................................................................................................... 20
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4.1
4.2
Piping ............................................................................................................................ 26
4.2.1 General comments, terms .................................................................................... 26
4.2.2 Requirements of piping ....................................................................................... 26
4.2.3 Design, installation .............................................................................................. 26
4.2.4 Connection of pipes to tanks and tankers ............................................................ 27
4.2.5 Hoses ................................................................................................................... 27
4.2.6 Gas balance, pressure compensation lines........................................................... 27
4.2.7 Overspill, overflow equipment ............................................................................ 28
4.2.8 Distributing and return lines ................................................................................ 28
4.2.9 Testing of piping.................................................................................................. 28
4.2.10 Pipe insulation ..................................................................................................... 28
4.3
4.4
Pumps............................................................................................................................ 31
4.5
5.1
5.2
5.3
Plant safety.................................................................................................................... 36
5.3.1 Ex-zone classification.......................................................................................... 36
5.3.2 Measures against hazardous effects of electric currents...................................... 36
5.3.3 Lightning protection systems............................................................................... 37
5.3.4 Protection against electrostatic charging ............................................................. 37
5.3.5 Safety measures in case of an energy failure....................................................... 37
5.3.6 General safety measures ...................................................................................... 37
5.4
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5.4.1
5.4.2
5.4.3
5.4.4
5.4.5
5.4.6
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5.5
5.6
Personal protection........................................................................................................ 43
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
Inspection work............................................................................................................. 47
6.5.1 Qualification of the qualified person ................................................................... 47
6.5.2 Extent of the inspection work .............................................................................. 47
6.6
6.7
Decommissioning.......................................................................................................... 48
Annex.........................................................................................................49
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
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1 General information
1.1 Introduction
The TRCI are to be applied to the construction and operation of facilities for the storage and
transfer operations of liquid chemicals.
They take into account the specific requirements of the chemical industry and are mainly based
on
- the federal law governing environmental protection (Environmental Protection Act [USG])
[3];
- the Swiss Water Protection Act (GSchG) [1] and pertaining regulations;
- Ordinance for the protection against accidents (Accident Ordinance, StFV) [7];
- Enforcement regulations and guidelines of the KVU [34 and 35];
- Clean Air Ordinance (LRV) [5];
- SUVA Bulletin 2153, Explosion Protection: Principles, minimum provisions, zones [16].
The TRCI only takes into account regulations, which are valid throughout Switzerland.
Depending on the location of the facilities, any special Cantonal or local regulations are also to
be taken into account. Any deviation must be agreed during the plan approval procedure. The
Engineering Rules are to be adhered to on principle (KVU [34-05]).
Chapter 7.10 contains a summary of the basic documents.
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1.4 Water pollution control areas, ground water pollution control zones and
water pollution control measures
Switzerland is divided into water pollution control areas, ground water pollution control zones
and ground water pollution control sites with regard to water pollution control measures to be
applied (see GSchV Art. 29 and 31 [2]). The principles of handling potentially water-polluting liquids
are stated in the Water Protection Act (Art. 22 ff. GSchG [1]) and provisions concerning facilities with
potentially water-polluting liquids in particularly endangered water pollution control areas are contained
in the GSchV (Art. 32 and 32a as well as Appendix 4, Items 21, 22 and 23).
Water pollution control measures outside of ground water pollution control zones and sites (see
also KVU [35-1.1]):
These include
- Prevention of liquid losses;
and, depending on the storage facility and the transfer point,
- the easy detection of liquid losses
or
- the easy detection and retention of leaking liquids
are demanded.
Water pollution control measures in ground water pollution control zones and sites:
In relation to the pollution control measures stated above, respective pollution control measures
are to be implemented for facilities permitted in ground water pollution control zones and sites
which ensure that liquid losses are easily detected and leaking liquids are completely retained.
Industrial and commercial operations emanating a danger for ground water are not permitted (see
GSchV Art. 29 and 31 [2]).
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F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
Liquids non-flammable
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Free-standing or
Non-free-standing (buried)
- Facilities in underground concrete spaces and buildings
Free-standing or
Non-free-standing (buried)
Free-standing refers to storage tanks and pipelines the external walls of which are visible to such
an extent that liquid losses can be easily detected from outside; storage tanks are also freestanding if their bottom cannot be seen from the outside but they are permanently monitored by a
leak detection system for liquid losses. All other storage tanks and pipelines are considered
buried.
1.6.2 Drum storage
Drum storage refers to storing potentially water-polluting liquid chemicals in drums. Drums
refers to vessel from 20 l up to a usable volume of 450 l.
1.6.3 Transfer sites
Filling stations and drum filling systems are considered to be transfer sites.
- Filling stations:
Transfer between transport vessels or between transport vessels and
vessels of storage and plant facilities;
- Drum filling systems: Transfer from storage or transport vessels to drums.
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- The accessibility of tank farms for flammable liquids must be safeguarded for mobile fire
extinguishing equipment (vehicles) from at least two sides and every individual tank must be
accessible by mobile fire extinguishing equipment from outside of the tank area (Fig. 1+2).
Within a group of tanks, the layout of the tanks should be such that "shadow zones" (i.e.
zones which the fire extinguishing equipment cannot reach or only with difficulties) do not
occur in case of a fire. If this demand cannot be met due to the operational situation, fixed
firefighting installations must be provided, firefighting from the top may also be taken into
consideration (Fig. 3 + 4);
- The distances between tank groups have to be defined according to fire-extinguishing aspects
(accessibility, possibility of inserting water walls, etc.). It is advantageous to subdivide bigger
tank groups into smaller fire sections (e.g. by fireproof walls or with tanks of non-flammable
liquids in between).
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Perimeter, drainage
In case a storage tank leaks, liquid sprayed beyond the bed (spray parabola) must be collected
and handled in a controlled manner. The strip to be drained must have a width of at least 0.5
times the height of the tank above the bed, measured from the tank wall. If tanks are thermally
insulated or if they are equipped with protective cladding, this measure is not required.
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Fire hazard
low1)
Fire hazard
normal 2)
Fire hazard
high 3)
small
small
small
small
medium
great
medium
great
great
Combustible or no wall
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Hazard to neighbourhood
(degree of hazard)
Hazard Classes
F1 and F2
Hazard Classes
F3 to F5
up to 5
up to 50
more than 50 up to 5
up to 50
more than 50
small
5*
10
15
5*
medium
10
15
20
12
great
15
20
25
12
15
* No protective clearance if the facing wall corresponds to EI 60 (nbb) and does not have any openings and the
accessibility is safeguarded.
The protective clearance refers to drum storage if the same drums are stored for a longer period
of time. Protective clearance to railway tracks, high-voltage lines and motorways should be the
same as for tank farms.
Table 2.2.3: Minimum tank and protective clearance
Type of vessel
Explosionresistant tanks
or
non-explosionresistant,
blanketed tanks
Tank size
Hazard class
F1 and F2
up to
250m3
up to
500m3
non-explosionresistant
tanks
more than
500m3
Protective clearance
A
20m
NBG low 6m
NBG medium 8m
NBG high 10m
10m
F6l
3)
3)
F1 and F2
30m
F3 to F5
F3 to F5
15m
F6
3)
3)
F1 and F2
40m
F3 to F5
Tank clearance
X
2)
0.5 m 1)
0.5 m 1)
0.5 m 1)
0.3 D
min. 1m
0.5 m 1)
0.5 m 1)
0.25 D + 2m
min. 3m
20m
3)
F6
Clearance A and B (VKF), X (KVU), Y (TRbF / CARBURA) see the following figure
NBG: Danger to neighbourhood according to Table 2.2.1
D = Tank diameter, if there are various diameters the largest one applies.
1) = 0.8m gangway on one side per tank row
2) = The "perimeter, drainage" Chap. 2.1.2 must be met.
3) = At least the Building Dept. regulations have to be met.
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0.3 D, min. 1m
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Neighbouring
lot
Own
lot
(Building line)
(Building line)
D
Y
D
Y
(Property line)
D
B
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Type of vessel
Protective clearance
Tank clearance
Explosion-resistant
tanks
or
Non-explosionresistant,
blanketed tanks
No protective
clearance
Building walls min.
EI 90 (nbb)
Tank to wall
0.15m
Tank to tank
0.25m
Non-explosionresistant
tanks
F5
and
F6
No protective
clearance
0.7m
The minimum tank clearances refer to the effective clearance from tank to tank or from tank to wall.
0,7m
0,15 m
0,5 m
0,5 m
0,5 m
0,25 m
min 0,8 m
0,5 m
0,25 m
0,5 m
0,5 m
0,5 m
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To buildings and
facilities outdoors
To building line on
neighbouring lot
F1 and F2
NBG low 6m
NBG medium
10m NBG high
15m
20m
F3 and F4
NBG low 3m
NBG medium 5m
NBG high 8m
12m
F5 and F6
The clearances are determined from the manhole or from the outlet nozzle. For explanations
concerning the protective clearance and measures to reduce the clearance as well as special cases
see Chap. 2.2
To the pertaining tank farm, a protective clearance is not required.
Drum filling points
Drum filling points for liquids of Hazard Class F1 to F4 should have, in relation to buildings and
facilities, a clearance of at least 3m. For measures to reduce the clearance see Chap. 2.2.
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min. 1,5%
Pumpensumpf
pump sump
Protective wall
Siphon/check valve; may need
protection against freezing
min. 1,5%
pump sump
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In areas where containment volumes are stipulated by law, openings for piping or similar
arrangements are not permitted in walls. In exceptional cases, specially appropriate sealing
techniques must be used.
The dividing walls are lower than the perimeter walls, but, as a rule, are not higher than 0.5m in
order to ensure accessibility.
Containment basins for liquid losses and drainage for transfer sites
If liquid losses have to be retained, the following arrangements may be used as containment
basins:
- Containment bed in the area of the transfer point;
- Lower containment basin of an adjacent tank farm if functioning of the same is not impaired
and the transferred goods are not allocated to Hazard Class F1 or F2.
At filling points without any roofing, precipitation must be collected and also channelled to the
containment basins.
The availability of sufficient containment volume is to be checked prior to every transfer. This
must correspond to the maximum quantity which may escape up to the rectification of the leak,
however, minimum 5m3 (see also KVU [35-1.1]).
For the minimum area of the containment tray for tank wagons and tank lorries see Chap. 7.1.
3.2.6 Size of protective structures
Protective structures for liquids of Class A must be able to retain at least 100% and liquids of
Class B at least 50% of the usable volume of the largest vessel.
Possible firefighting water and water from outdoor precipitation are to be calculated in addition.
Firefighting water containment basin
Containment trays and containment bed, possibly with a separate containment basin, also serve
firefighting water containment. The level of the tank bed may only rise to a point where the tanks
are not lifted by buoyancy forces, if they are not reliably anchored in this respect. In addition to
the containment volume for the tanks, it must be possible to retain at least the firefighting water
emerging from the fixed firefighting equipment during 30 minutes as well as an appropriate
quantity from the use of mobile equipment (during 30 60 min.), if separate firefighting
containment basins are not available (for details of firefighting water quantities see Chap. 4 and
5).
Quantity of precipitation
This quantity must correspond to that for a long weekend (3 days at 25 l/m2 = 75 l/m2). Different
climatic conditions may be taken into account depending on the location.
3.2.7 Protective structures of metal
- Protective structures may only be of materials which are sufficiently corrosion-resistant (see
Chap. 3.2.2);
- The thickness of beds is to be determined by static calculations, if required.
3.2.8 Protective structures of mineral-based building materials
Protective structures of reinforced concrete or prestressed concrete consist of a concrete
construction prepared on site and, if required, of a sealing.
The concrete structure must be designed in such a way that occurring deformation, particularly
creep and shrinking deformation, does not have any adverse influence on the sealing.
Building materials: Only high-quality concrete according to EN 206-1 [27], e.g. NPK C, may
be used.
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3.3 Foundations
Foundations must be laid in frostproof ground with a good bearing capacity.
Dimensioning of the tank supports and the pertaining foundations must be in line with the
expected static load as well as with the load-bearing capacity provided for the respective region
and the classification of protection requirements in respect of earthquakes (see Chap. 5.5).
If the risk exists that a tank might float, the corresponding buoyancy forces must be taken into
account when calculating the anchor bolts.
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If a storage tank according to BN 110 is used for non-flammable media or flammable media
under inert gas blanketing, the maximum permissible operating gauge pressure amounts to
+500mbar, otherwise max. +200mbar.
Vacuum protection according to the permissible operating negative pressure of the tank (see
details in construction drawings).
Example: For a tank according to BN 76 / BN 110:
N2-gassing by automatic low pressure reducing valve; e.g. set
point 15mbar.
N2 relief by automatic overflow valve;
e.g. set point 80mbar (max. permissible 200mbar).
Non-insulated tanks with primer and topcoat according to BN 108, according to System
WBZ or SBZ;
Colour of the topcoat as desired; preferred shades Al-silver to white with a total heat
reflectance factor WR above 70% (see table below).
Special coating materials may also be used as fire protection measures;
- Influence of the surface coating on tank warming: According to VDI Guideline 3479, [26]
there is a linear relationship between the surface temperature of a hollow body and the total
heat reflectance factor. The surface temperature of a body painted in black can be up to 25C
higher in central Europe than that of a similar body painted in white.
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The table below, provides an overview of the total heat reflectance factor WR for the wavelength
spectrum of natural sunlight (300 to 4200nm) for various coating colours.
RAL 9005
RAL 7031
RAL 8011
RAL 7005
RAL 6010
RAL 5010
RAL 7001
RAL 7032
RAL 3000
RAL 7035
RAL 1014
RAL 9006
RAL 9001
RAL 9010
Total heat
reflectance factor
WR
in % (rounded off)
3
10
12
13
14
19
27
38
43
51
57
72
72
84
Surface coatings: The total heat reflection factors given above as examples were determined for freshly
completed coats of paint; they thus correspond to "good paint conditions".
For an exact calculation see VDI Guideline 3479, [26].
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used after carrying out a hazard assessment. Where necessary for safety reasons, a closed-cell
material such as foamed glass must be used.
With insulated tanks it must be taken into account that if heat is generated within the tank due to
an exothermic reaction, cooling from outside is not effective.
4.2 Piping
4.2.1 General comments, terms
- Piping includes: Pipes, valves, fittings and connecting elements which connect storage tanks
transfer sites, pumps and production plants;
- "Freestanding or buried" piping: see Chap. 1.6.1.
- Hoses are connecting parts of
Elastomeres or thermoplastics;
Parallel corrugated, braided hoses of stainless steel and the pertaining hose fittings.
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- In gas balance and pressure compensation lines, possible condensate formation must be taken
into account;
- The installed pipes usually need a slope towards the tank, otherwise a drainage device must be
installed on the lowest point;
- Several tanks may be vented by a common pipe, provided the different media do not enter
into any dangerous mixtures, condensation or solids formation with each other.
4.2.7 Overspill, overflow equipment
The arrangement must ensure that leaking liquid flows into the protective structure in case of
overspilling (see KVU [35-1.3]).
4.2.8 Distributing and return lines
If a filling line serves several tanks, it must be ensured that overspilling of these tanks is
prevented (see Chap. 4.5.3).
If facilities use return lines, it must be ensured that the return liquid flows into the vessel from
which it was taken. Incorrect connections must be excluded (see KVU [35-1.2]).
4.2.9 Testing of piping
Piping must be tested by the erector in accordance with applicable regulations (e.g. DGV or TR
BCI 151). Testing comprises: Non-destructive testing (e.g. visual, radiation and/or penetrating
tests), pressure testing and leakage testing.
Leak detection pipes are to be tested according to KVU [35-1.2].
A protocol is to be prepared for conducted tests.
4.2.10 Pipe insulation
Pipe insulation may be designed, e.g., according to BN 55 and BN 56.
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Explosion in piping: The pipe deflagration is an accelerated explosion in a pipe. Having passed
through an instable transient region, it becomes a stable detonation. In this detonation region,
which is stable again, temporary pressures of more than 80bar can occur.
In addition to the "dry" devices subsequently described, "wet" devices (liquid seal chambers),
fast-acting valves, devices for suppressing explosions or other specific solutions may be used for
certain applications.
Types of dry devices
Dry flame arresters:
Are based on the principle of dividing the flow cross section, e.g., into narrow passages in which
flame propagation is no longer possible. Only those devices may be used, which - according to
94/9/EC ("ATEX 95) [[32]] and EN 12874 [[27]] - are approved by an inspection authority for
the intended purpose of use (explosion group, operating temperature/pressure, etc.).
Flame arresters are classified according to the combustion process (endurance burning,
deflagration, detonation as well as their variants) and according to the type of installation
(explosion end, volume or pipe arrester).
Endurance-burning-proof devices:
Prevent the propagation of a flame front in case of prolonged burning of a combustible-air
mixture and/or in case of an atmospheric explosion. The device must withstand the occurring
temperature and pressure load. In case of endurance burning, the flame must be able to burn off
freely.
Deflagration-proof devices:
Are devices which prevent the propagation of a flame front in case of an explosion (observe the
max. permissible L/D ratio) and withstand the occurring thermal and mechanical load. Mostly,
they are not endurance-burning-proof. Depending on the individual application and the purpose
of protection deflagration end, deflagration volume and deflagration pipe arresters are installed.
Detonation-proof devices:
Prevent the propagation of a flame front in case of an explosion and in case of a detonation and
withstand the occurring pressure load. Detonation-proof flame arresters, however, are not in
themselves resistant to endurance burning.
Application guidelines
Substances involved:
- Flammable liquids with a flash point below 55C;
- Liquids with a flash point above 55C, if the flash point is not at least 5C above the liquid
temperature.
Protected installations:
- Vent outlets and other openings, such as level gauge tubes which are open to the atmosphere
or which are led into other gas-filled spaces;
- Gas balance lines;
- Liquid lines which can run empty in the course of operation and which are not separated by a
self-closing shutoff valve from the atmosphere or other facility parts.
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4.4 Pumps
Pump types are to be selected according to tasks (e.g. filling or discharging of tanks), the
medium (e.g. flammable solvents or acids, liquids with high viscosity) and the installation
location (e.g. on top of or next to the tank).
For critical liquids sealless pumps or pumps with double mechanical seals are required. Simple
mechanical seals or even stuffing boxes can be sufficient for less critical pumps.
For different pump types different monitoring systems are recommended or even required. For
canned motor pumps, storage monitoring (temperature, bearing vibration) is stipulated for
flammable liquids. For magnetic clutch pumps, monitoring of the shroud is recommended,
depending on the medium.
Pumps may only be in operation as long as this is required for the conveyance of liquids. Pumps
must be automatically stopped if filling or dry-running safety devices are activated.
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The maximum permissible level corresponds to the usable volume (see Chap. 5.1.1) for liquids
stored at room temperature.
Fill and special overfill protection systems must correspond to engineering rules.
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level. Measurements have shown that the temperatures agree with the respective daily average
temperatures.
5.1.3 Measures to prevent or reduce emissions
Two-pressure control systems:
Tank breathing can be regulated by a two-pressure control system. At a set gauge or negative
pressure, air (or nitrogen) and vapour is discharged or air (or nitrogen) admitted. For some stored
liquids, the daily gas space pressure fluctuations can be compensated with this set pressure
difference without any gas losses.
Thermal insulation:
Thermal insulation on a free-standing tank or locating a tank in the earth reduces the daily
temperature fluctuations in the gas space to a few centigrades. The long-term temperature
fluctuations take place so slowly that discharging into the atmosphere frequently ranges within
LRV tolerance values.
Thermal insulation, if designed according to BN 111, also provides advantages in relation to fire
protection.
Tank sprinkling:
This method is used to reduce the daily temperature fluctuations in the gas space above the
stored liquid. This method is suitable to avoid temperature extremes. As a rule, however,
permanent sprinkling cannot be considered because of the water consumption.
Cold traps:
The gases leaving the tank are cooled, the evaporating liquid condenses with the exception of a
small residual amount and the condensate can be returned to the tank.
Blanketing liquid of low vapour pressure:
Represents an ideal method to prevent the space over the liquid from becoming saturated with
vapour, however, only rarely is there a suitable blanketing liquid for the liquids normally stored.
The measure may be used, e.g. in effluent storage.
Roofing:
This protects the tanks from direct sun radiation and results in lower daily fluctuations in the
temperature of the gas space. As a rule, this method alone is not sufficient to keep the breathing
losses within the LRV tolerance values. In addition, roofing is very undesirable if an automatic
deluge spray system is not available in case of a fire.
Exhaust air treatment:
This concerns the treatment of the gas volumes discharged from tanks in facilities established for
this purpose, e.g. incinerators, biofilters, adsorption with subsequent desorption and product
recycling, etc.
Floating roof or floating membrane:
The liquid surface is covered by the tank roof floating on it or, in the case of fixed roof tanks, by
a floating membrane. When the liquid level falls, however, all of the liquid still wetting the tank
wall is lost to the atmosphere.
Reflecting coats of paint:
See Chap. 4.1.6.
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Lighting
Tank farms are to be illuminated in such a way that operating, inspection and maintenance work
can be carried out. Escape routes must be visible at all times.
Protection against unauthorised persons
Tank farms must be protected against tampering by unauthorised persons or malicious damage
by appropriate technical or organisational precaution.
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Facilities with foam addition: In mobile and stationary firefighting systems, appropriate foaming
agents are mixed into the firefighting water to provide increased extinguishing effects or to cover
leaking liquid to reduce the risk of fire or explosion.
Foam blanketing is achieved by mobile or stationary mixing of an appropriate foaming agent
with the firefighting water.
Special applications: For special cases, additional fire extinguishers are available, e.g. gas
extinguishing systems, water high-pressure systems, etc.
5.4.3 Alarms
Every tank farm must provide the possibility of quickly transmitting alarms to the plant fire
brigade or public fire brigade, at least by organisational / manual means (manual alarm button,
telephone). An early detection and / or automatic triggering of fire protection measures should be
the result of a hazard study or related consideration of the situation.
An alarm and control organisation is required.
Every activation of a firefighting system must automatically also alarm the responsible fire
brigade. When using automatic gas or fire alarm systems, their suitability for the typical
conditions of the specific case must be checked.
Depending on local conditions, it may be expedient or required to provide tank beds or separate
containment basins with gas detectors or leak sensors.
For high potential hazards with a possible impact on the neighbourhood a plan of the warning
and protecting procedure for the population is to be set out according to the Accident Ordinance
(Annex 3, paragraph f) [7] in Cupertino with the authorities and firefighting organisation.
Periodical exercises are to be carried out on this basis.
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This usually requires stationary systems. In special cases, mobile equipment may be sufficient.
The following variants are recommended:
1. Combined tank cooling and bed foam blanketing by a deluge spray system with the addition of
foaming agents.
2. Thermal insulation and bed foam blanketing.
3. Deluge spray system and bed foam blanketing (exception: No bed foam blanketing if an
inclination is available and the containment basin is of a sufficient size).
Advantages of foam blanketing: Apart from higher fire fighting efficiency, the evaporation rate
of the leaking liquid is reduced resulting in decreased explosion and fire risks.
The firefighting water supply must be safeguarded and designed in relation to quantity, pressure
and duration.
The activation of deluge spray systems and of foam blanketing systems with a fixed foam tank
should normally be automatic with the possibility of manual activation. In case of a fire, the
controls and valves for water and foaming agents must function and remain accessible.
All extinguishing systems using water or foam must be protected against frost.
Minimum requirements at a glance:
Construction type I : Containment bed and
Construction type II: Containment bed with a separate containment basin (see Chap. 3)
Construction
type
Fire protection
Installation/ type of
operation
Activation
Tank cooling
Containment bed foam blanketing
Stationary
Mobile
Automatically
II
Tank cooling
Containment bed foam blanketing
Stationary
Semistationary/mobile
Automatically
II
Tank cooling
Foam addition to tank cooling
Stationary
Semistationary
Automatically
Manually
Thermal insulation
Containment bed foam blanketing
Mobile
Manually
II
Thermal insulation
Containment bed foam blanketing
Semistationary
Manually
Semistationary or mobile equipment for firefighting in tank farms may be sufficient if the
following conditions are met:
- Plant or public fire brigade constantly ready to adapt firefighting to the respective situation;
- Facility is designed according to TRCI.
5.4.4.2 Tank cooling and bed foam blanketing
Tank cooling
Tank cooling must start latest 1 min after the outbreak of a fire which normally requires
automatic triggering.
To keep the water consumption within limits, only the tanks in the bed compartment directly
affected by the fire should normally be cooled automatically by water spray, mostly less than 10
tanks. If tanks in adjacent compartments are also exposed to the heat of the fire, the
extinguishing system of the adjacent bed compartments can be activated manually, or the tanks
can be cooled by mobile equipment.
The spray water should be distributed as evenly as possible across the surface of the tank to be
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protected. This means that a water film with a thickness of at least 0.4mm must be formed.
Where this film is disturbed, e.g., by valves installed on the tank, additional cooling water must
be sprayed through suitably positioned spray nozzles. The spray nozzles for tank cooling are
usually of heat-resistant materials for improved temperature resistance. For the calculation of
required water quantities see the example in Chap. 7.8.
Bed foam blanketing
Bed foam blanketing should start as early as possible after the breakout of a fire or triggering of
the tank cooling system. It may be activated automatically or manually and mobile equipment
may also be used in favourable conditions.
Examples:
- Fixed foam monitors with the supply of water and foaming agents by the fire brigade or from
the mains or a fixed foam agent tank;
- Semi-stationary foam blanketing system, with water and foaming agent being fed to the
system from a protected station outside of the tank containment bed;
- Fully stationary foam blanketing system with a fixed foam agent tank. For foam blanketing, a
water rate of 7.5 10 l/ (min*m2) bed area is required. This rate depends on the foam
compound used, which must be suitable for the stored products. A foam consumption by fire,
spray water, solvents up to approx. 50% has to be taken into account.
The required concentration of the foaming agent injected into a deluge spray system or used for
bed foam blanketing can vary between 1.5 to 6 vol % depending on the type of agent and the
nature of the liquids being stored. Whenever possible, alcohol-resistant foaming agents should be
used. It is recommended that an agreement be reached with neighbouring companies or the
competent public fire brigade on the selection of the foaming agent in relation to mutual
assistance. The environmental compatibility (biodegradability) is also to be taken into
consideration in the selection of the foaming agent.
In containment beds and a separately arranged containment basin of sufficient capacity, bed
foam blanketing is not required, if tank cooling is triggered automatically in case of a fire and if
the bed is such that the largest occurring quantity of water can flow to the containment basin
without any backflow at any time. It must be possible, to foam-blanket the containment basin at
least manually.
If a containment basin does not exist and if foaming agents are added to the deluge spray system
for tank cooling, separate bed foam blanketing can be omitted. However, the water requirement
must correspond to the quantity needed for bed foam blanketing (for the calculation of the
required quantities of water see Chap. 7.8).
The quantities of water and foaming agent required for tank cooling and bed foam blanketing do
not have to be available permanently. The quantities must be adequate to cover the needs of the
largest bed compartment. Sufficient water should be available for tank cooling to operate the
deluge spray system for 20 min at maximum capacity or, in case of a catastrophe, for up to 2
hours at 50% capacity, for bed foam blanketing at least 10 min. If a suitable foaming agent is
added in deluge spray systems (preferably AFFF foaming agent, in case of organic solvents
ATC), special bed foam blanketing is not required. The quantity of foaming agent available for
use should be adequate for an extinguishing/cooling operation of 15 min in the bed compartment
with the highest spray water rate.
5.4.4.3 Thermal tank insulation
The thermal insulation of a tank prevents it from being heated rapidly when there is a fire on the
outside, and it is permissible as an alternative precaution instead of tank cooling (see Chap.
4.1.7).
The insulation must be designed in such a way that no dangerous conditions arise inside of the
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tank for at least 30 minutes irrespective of its filling level (e.g. rates of evaporation exceeding the
discharge capacity of the vent system, or the start of a chemical reaction).
Thermal insulation can replace tank cooling but not bed foam blanketing.
In addition, it prevents large fluctuations of the temperature in the gas space above the stored
liquid (reduced breathing losses).
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If the Canton mandates a tank document for the realisation, the storage tank may only be filled if
this is permitted by the document (KVU [35-1.5]).
During acceptance, the following items are checked:
- Adherence to the conditions and provisions of the permit, as far as evident;
- Availability of the test protocols of the erector or manufacturer.
Commissioning:
All equipment parts, including overfill protection and leak detection systems, have to be tested in
respect of functioning and impermeability prior to commissioning.
The result is to be stated in a test protocol.
Documentation:
Permits and test protocols are to be kept as long as the facility is in operation; however, at least
for ten years.
Revision and inspection reports are to be kept for minimum ten years.
Register:
The operator has to keep a register on storage facilities with potentially water-polluting liquids.
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- All of the operational activities at the tank farm may only be carried out by trained staff. The
knowledge of and compliance with the operating instructions are to be periodically checked
and documented;
- Ensure that storage tanks, structures and other installations are designated with the required
signage.
6.4.2 Maintenance
The facilities must be appropriately maintained:
- All of the installations relevant to safety are to be included in a maintenance schedule;
- Type, scope and interval are to be defined and documented.
6.4.3 Functional tests
Periodic functional tests: Periodic functional tests are conducted for overfill protection and leak
detection systems and extinguishing equipment. The result is stated in a test report. The
information of the manufacturer and the operational experience is to be taken into consideration
in the functional tests.
Overfill protection systems
- The verification of correct function of the complete overfill protection system must be
possible both before and at any time during the filling operation by a check button; the shutoff
valve must close completely;
- The functional test of the overfill protection system is to be carried out at least every 2 years.
In facilities with dangerous liquids or media which can cause deposits, the check intervals
have to be shorter.
Leak detection system for vessels and piping
- The functional check comprises pressure measurement in different operation statuses;
- The functional check for double-walled vessels and piping is to be carried out at least every
2 years. In facilities with dangerous media, tests must be conducted at shorter intervals.
Single-walled vessels and piping must be tested once a year;
- The negative pressure between the two bottoms of a vertical tank without an alarm system is
to be checked at least once a month.
Leak detection systems with liquid sensors:
- The functional check comprises testing of the functional capability of the sensor using the
liquid of the monitored part of equipment;
- The functional check is to be carried out at least every 2 years; the sensor is cleaned at the
same time. In facilities with dangerous liquids or media which can cause deposits, the check
intervals have to be shorter.
Leak detection systems with gas detectors:
- The functional check comprises testing of the functional capability of the sensor using a
respective test gas;
- The functional check is to be carried out at least every 2 years; the sensor is cleaned at the
same time.
For gas detectors systems installed in facilities with hazardous liquids or if the sensors tend to
contaminate and/or are inclined to drift, shorter test intervals are required.
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Firefighting equipment
Sprinkler systems:
These have to correspond to the engineering rules and must be of a kind as well as dimensioned,
designed, realised and maintained in such a way that they are effective and operative at any time.
Sprinkler systems are to be periodically tested. The test interval depends on the type, size and
utilisation of the buildings, facilities or fire compartments protected by the system (see VKF 1903 [9] and EN 12845 [27]).
Deluge spray systems:
The requirements of stationary deluge spray systems correspond to those for sprinkler systems
(see above). A functional test is to be performed at least every 2 years.
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According to the transitional provisions of the Water Protection Ordinance, these tanks are either
to be retrofitted according to the engineering rules with double walls or decommissioned by 31
December 2014.
To state it more precisely: Storage facilities authorised since 1 July 1972 and commissioned
(accepted) prior to 1 January 1999 as well as adapted old facilities (old facilities refers to those
facilities which were authorised or constructed prior to 1 July 1972) not corresponding to the
new law do not have to be raised to comply with the engineering rules. However, storage
facilities with buried single-walled vessels may only be operated until 31 December 2014.
6.7 Decommissioning
Tank farms or farm parts which are supposed to be decommissioned must be rendered in safe
conditions and completely drained and cleaned so that unintended or unauthorised
recommissioning is excluded.
If fire extinguishing systems are decommissioned, the respectively responsible fire brigade has to
be informed in addition.
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7 Annex
7.1 Minimum dimension of sealed pavings at transfer sites
For road tankers and rail tankers.
Note: The x or y value results from the wall or vessel height
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LRV Class 1
LRV Class 2
Concentration of
emissions
Concentration
of emissions
[g/h]
[mg/m3]
[g/h]
[mg/m3]
Inorganic substances
in form of gas or vapour
10
or more
50
or more
100
or more
20
2'000
or more
100
Carcinogenic substances
0.5
or more
0.1
5
or more
Substance
LRV Class 3
Mass flow rate
[g/h]
LRV Class 4
Concentration
of emissions
[mg/m3]
Inorganic substances
in form of gas or vapour
300
or more
30
3'000
or more
150
Carcinogenic substances
25
or more
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Tank Farm Guidelines for the Chemical Industry
Concentration
of emissions
[mg/m3]
2'500
or more
250
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Upon fabrication
WKP*
Cert. for
water
protection
capability
Test
protocol
(pressure
resistance)
10 y.
10 y.
10 y.
10 y.
a
a
x
x
x
x
10 y.
10 y.
s
s
10 y.
Piping1)
- In the storage facility
- Outside of the storage facility
x
x
x
x
10 y.
d
s+f
s+f
Transfer sites
s+f
Protective structures
- Of metal
- Of plastics (containment beds)
- Plastic seals
- Of mineral materials
a
a
-
x
a
a
x
x
a
a
x
10 y.
10 y.
10 y.
10 y.
s+f
s+f
s+f
s+f
a
a
a
f
f
f
1 y.
2 y.
k
f
f
f
a
a
a
f
f
f
2 y.
3 y.
2 y.
f
f
f
System description
Equipment
- Leak detection devices
Single-walled
Double-walled with alarm system
Double-walled without alarm
system
Liquid sensor
- Autom. level instruments
- Overfill protection (control device /
sensor)
*
a
b
d
f
k
x
s
1)
Visual,
functional
check
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1 Electr. isolation of a vertical tank. Volume resistivity at least 100 Ohm (corrosion protection);
2 Telephone (Ex protection);
3 Earth bus bar 50mm2, dimension according to NIN [23];
4 Electrical installation earthing conductor, dimension according to NIN [23];
5 Earth connector, dimension according to NIN [23];
6 Earth lead min. 16mm2 Cu (potential equalisation conductor), petrol and chemical tanks min.
3 earth connections and tank diameter > 20m min. 4 earth connections;
7 Potential equalisation conductors min. 50mm2, insulated, yellow-green, link piping and rail at
min. 2 points (only with the permission of the responsible railway management );
8 Flexible earth connection between the installation and the mobile vessel, to be attached before
the filling or discharge hose is connected;
9 External lightening protection system (see SEV 4022 and SEV 3425 [23]).
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Business loss
<3
months
Production downtime
> 3 months &. > 3 months a. loss of sales
sales loss
& market shares
No measurable damage
Persons
Environment
Property
Alarm:
Extinguishing/cooling:
Fire
brigade
deployment:
Automated system
Partly stationary installations, monitors
< 10 min lead time for plant fire brigade (if this is not possible, a deluge spray system
which can be triggered automatically or manually is required)
Alarm:
Extinguishing/cooling:
Fire
brigade
deployment:
Automated system
Autom. triggered deluge spray system or insulation according to BN 111 [36]
< 10 min lead time for the plant fire brigade
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Tcr = 60
Tcr = 90
Tcr = 120
c
= temperature progression without cooling
d, e = temperature progression with cooling
Quantity of cooling water d < Quantity of cooling water e
Tkr = critical temperature
t [min]
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Design data for the installation of a deluge spray system for vessels
Standards for tank cooling:
Cooling water quantities and design data for deluge spray systems were calculated for all vertical
tanks of the standard sizes between 25 and 250 m3 (according to BN 110).
CIMO, Monthey, which carried out a major part of this study can offer the support required for
professionally correct planning, also in the design of non-standard tanks.
The design data are based on the following conditions:
Vertical tanks: A single spray ring on the upper edge of the tank is sufficient if the thickness of
the water film amounts to 0.4mm and the same is not hindered by obstacles on the tank. In
order to achieve sufficient protection with the calculated quantity of cooling water requires an
even distribution of the cooling water. It is primarily determined by the arrangement as well as
sufficient numbers and the appropriate type of the nozzle. The correct selection of the admission
pressure at each nozzle and sizing of the control system are just as important.
The tank bottoms and the tank legs must be sprayed directly by the nozzles if they are not
protected by other measures.
The results calculated for the most varied tank sizes, different KZ codes and Tcr are included in
the following nomograms.
The model calculation of a 25m3 tank (corresp. BN 110) may serve as an example.
Example:
Given:
Result:
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BN110
25 m3
2.4 m
6.4 m
48.3 m2
600
1.00
Tcr = 60 min
Tcr = 90 min
Tcr = 120 min
Tcr = 180 min
Tcr = 240 min
Filmdicke
0.90
400
0.80
300
0.70
200
0.60
100
0.50
0.40
4
KZ [MJ/m3]
500
10
Khlwasser q [l/(min*m2)]
Khlwasser
Dicke des Wasserfilms
Filmdicke
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Tank Farm Guidelines for the Chemical Industry
Cooling water
Thickness of the water film
Film thickness
Edition 2009
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BN110
40 m3
2.4 m
10 m
75.4 m2
600
1.00
Tcr = 60 min
Tcr = 90 min
Tcr = 120 min
Tcr = 180 min
Tcr = 240 min
Filmdicke
0.90
400
0.80
300
0.70
200
0.60
100
0.50
KZ [MJ/m3]
500
0.40
0
4
10
Khlwasser q [l/(min*m2)]
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BN110
63 m3
3.0 m
10 m
94.2 m2
600
1.00
Tcr = 60 min
Tcr = 90 min
Tcr = 120 min
Tcr = 180 min
Tcr = 240 min
Filmdicke
0.90
400
0.80
300
0.70
200
0.60
100
0.50
KZ [MJ/m3]
500
0.40
0
4
10
Khlwasser q [l/(min*m2)]
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BN110
100 m3
4.0 m
10.0 m
125.7 m2
600
1.00
Tcr = 60 min
Tcr = 90 min
Tcr = 120 min
Tcr = 180 min
Tcr = 240 min
Filmdicke
0.90
400
0.80
300
0.70
200
0.60
100
0.50
KZ [MJ/m3]
500
0.40
0
4
10
Khlwasser q [l/(min*m2)]
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BN110
160 m3
4.0 m
14.4 m
180.3 m2
600
1.00
Tcr = 60 min
Tcr = 90 min
Tcr = 120 min
Tcr = 180 min
Tcr = 240 min
Filmdicke
0.90
400
0.80
300
0.70
200
0.60
100
0.50
0.40
4
10
Khlwasser q [l/(min*m2)]
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Tank Farm Guidelines for the Chemical Industry
Edition 2009
KZ [MJ/m3]
500
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BN110
250 m3
5.0 m
14.4 m
245.8 m2
600
1.00
Tcr = 60 min
Tcr = 90 min
Tcr = 120 min
Tcr = 180 min
Tcr = 240 min
Filmdicke
0.90
400
0.80
300
0.70
200
0.60
100
0.50
0.40
4
KZ [MJ/m3]
500
10
Khlwasser q [l/(min*m2)]
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Comments:
The terms or key words stated above serve as a design aid and are not
conclusive.
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Federal law for the protection of watercourses from pollution (Swiss Water Protection Act,
GSchG) of 24 Jan. 1991 (as amended on 01 Aug. 2008), SR 814.20;
[2]
General water protection ordinance (Swiss Water Protection Ordinance [GSchV]) dated 28
Oct.1998 (as amended 01 July 2008), SR 814.201;
[3]
Federal law for the protection of the environment (Swiss Environmental Protection Act
[USG]) dated 07 Oct. 1983, SR 814.01;
[4]
List of the classified water-polluting liquids (BUWAL) (as amended 01 Jan. 1999);
[5]
[6]
[7]
Ordinance on the protection against accidents (Accident Ordinance, StFV), 27 Feb. 1991,
SR 814.012;
[8]
[9]
[14] NFPA 15, Standard for Water Spray fixed Systems for Fire Protection, edition 1996
(Norms of the National Fire Protection Association);
[15] TRbF 20, Technical rules for flammable liquids, tank farms, Chap.9 equipment of tanks
(2001);
[16] SUVA Guidelines:
Form 1416: Guidelines for work in the interior of vessels and tight spaces;
Form 1941: Guideline liquid gas, Part 1 vessel, storage, transfer and filling;
ESCIS, Volume 2, 1997, "Static electricity - rules for operational safety" (4th edition);
ESCIS, Volume 3, 1992, "Inert gas blanketing - methods and means to avoid ignitable
substance/air mixtures" (2nd reviewed edition);
ESCIS, Volume 4, 1996, "Introduction to the risk analysis" (3rd reviewed edition);
ESCIS, GL 1, "Guideline for fire protection and firefighting in outdoor tank farms
inside of factory premises of the chemical industry", 1990;
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[18] Ordinance 4 dated 18.08.1993 concerning the labour law, as amended 1 June 2009
[19] CSME, engineering rules for special Overfill protection systems;
[20] ISO 28300, crude oil, petrochemical and natural gas industry ventilation of storage tanks
with atmospheric pressure and low pressure;
[21] SBB Provision No. EB-IB 01/04 dated 01.01.2004 (tank farms in the area of railway
facilities);
[23] Swiss Federal High-Voltage Inspectorate (ESTI)
Directive 503.0703 for protective measures against the hazardous effects of electric
current in tank farms with or without a rail connection (WeT) of July 2003;
Ordinance concerning the construction, operation and the maintenance of electric power
systems (High-Voltage Ordinance) dated 07 July 1933 (as amended on 01 April 1985);
SEV Recommendations: Earthing methods with or without the use of water mains. SEV
4118, 1987;
SEV Rules: Additional lightning protection measures for electrical cables inserted into
vessels located above ground and containing a medium with a flash point below 55C
SEV 3425, 1982;
SIA 261
Effects on supporting framework;
SIA 262
Concrete construction;
VDI 3479 Emission abatement - mineral oil tank farms outside of refineries;
EN 206-1
Concrete Part 1: Definition, properties, production and conformity;
Edition 2009
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7 Annex
EN 12285-2
EN 12845
EN 12874
Page 68 of 70
Factory-manufactured tanks of steel - Part 2:
Horizontal cylindrical single and double-walled tanks for the storage of
flammable and non-flammable potentially water-polluting liquids above
ground;
Stationary firefighting systems automatic sprinkler systems planning,
installation and maintenance;
Flame arresters - performance requirements, test procedure and
operational limits;
SR 734.1 Low-voltage ordinance dated 30 March 1994 (as amended on 1 Jan. 2008)
SR 734.2 High-voltage ordinance dated 30 March 1994 (as amended 20 Jan. 1998)
Edition 2009
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7 Annex
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
4
5.1
Page 69 of 70
BN 55
BN 56
BN 58
BN 76
BN 98
BN 110
BN 111
TI BCI 8
TR BCI 119
TR BCI 151
7.11 Abbreviations
7.11.1
BCI
BN
BAFU
BUWAL
CR
CSME
DGV
DIN
EN
ESCIS
ESTI
GSchG
GSchV
ISO
KVU
KVS
LRV
NFPA
PED
SEV
SIA-Norm
Safety
Institute
StFV
SR
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Edition 2009
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7 Annex
SUVA
SVTI
TI BCI
TR BCI
TRIR
TRbF
TRCI
VDI
VKF
VKI
7.11.2
Page 70 of 70
Swiss National Accident Insurance
Swiss Association for Technical Inspections
Technical Information BCI
Technical Rules BCI
Technical Rules for Industrial Piping
Technical Rules for Flammable Liquids
Tank Farm Guidelines for the Chemical and Pharmaceutical Industry
Association of German Engineers
Association of Cantonal Fire Insurance Companies
See KVS
Technical abbreviations
D
L
MSR
NBG
PN
WR
ps
Fire protection
DPI
Degree of protection index
EI 90 (nbb) Component fire resistance for 90 minutes
REI
R Corresp.: Supporting structural components
(see also VKF, Expert Commission Construction Engineering, Assignment
Table: Classification VKF => Classification EN)
Water pollution control
Ao
Water pollution control area above ground level (see GSchV Art. 29)
Au
Water pollution control area below ground level (see GSchV Art. 29)
Zo
Influx area above ground level (see GSchV Art. 29)
Zu
Influx area below ground level (see GSchV Art. 29)
7.11.3
Cu
SS
Material abbreviation
Copper
Stainless steel
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