snare Pree Pe TEs VERTICAL STRESS INCREASES IN SOILS TYPES OF LOADING Point Loads (P) Line Loads (q/unit length) ari eogth Figure 6.11. Das FGE (2005). Figure 6.42. Das FE (2006). Examples: Examples: - Posts - Railroad track Revised 22012 Slide 1 0f26Za 14.330 SOIL MECHANICS ry “VERTICAL STRESS INCREASES IN SOILS TYPES OF LOADING Strip Loads (q) Area Loads (q) Examples: Examples: - Exterior Wall Foundations - Column Footings vee 1827012 Sle 2of 26UMASS! LOWELL VERTICAL STRESS INCREASE IN SOILS ANALYSIS METHODS - BOUSSINESQ (1883) Based on homogeneous, weightless, elastic, isotropic infinitely large half- space free of initial stress and deformation. The modulus of elasticity is assumed constant and the principle of linear superposition is assumed valid (EM1110-1-1904, 1990). Not accurate for layered soil stratigraphy with substantial thickness (NAVFAC DM7.01, 1986). Rigid Surface Layer Over Weaker Underlying Layer: If the surface layer is the more rigid, it acts as a distributing mat and the vertical stresses in the underlying soil layer are ess than Boussinesgq values. Weaker Surface Layer Over Stronger Underlying Layers: If the surface layer is less rigid than the underlying layer, then vertical stresses in both layers exceed the Boussinesq values. Revised 22012 She 3 of 26UMASS! LOWELL VERTICAL STRESS INCREASE IN SOILS ANALYSIS METHODS - WESTERGAARD Based on the assumption that the soil on which load is applied is reinforced by closely spaced horizontal layers which prevent horizontal displacement. The effect of the Westergaard assumption is to reduce the stresses substantially below those obtained by the Boussinesq equations. VERTICAL STRESS INCREASE IN SOILS ANALYSIS METHODS — 2V:1H METHOD An approximate stress distribution assumes that the total applied load on the surface of the soil is distributed over an area of the same shape as the loaded area on the surface, but with dimensions that increase by an amount equal to the depth below the surface. Vertical stresses calculated 2V:1H method agree reasonably well with the Boussinesq method for depths between B and 4B below the foundation. Revised 272012 She 4 of 26IA eres: LOWELL VERTICAL STRESS INCREASE (Ao,) IN SOILS POINT LOADING (Boussinesq, 1883) Ac, = Change in Vertical Stress P = Point Load Stresses in an Elastic Medium Caused by Point Loading Figure 6.11. Das FGE (2008) “Based on homogeneous, elastic, isotropic infinitely large half-space Revised 22012 Slide 5 of 26I 14.330 SOIL MECHANICS UMASS ry VERTICAL STRESS INCREASE (Ao,) IN SOILS POINT LOADING (Boussinesq, 1883) Table 6.1 Variation of |, (Das, FGE 2006). Az 1, Az I, 0 0.4775 0.9 0.1083 0.1 0.4657 1.0 0.0844 0.2 0.4329 15 0.0251 03 0.3849 1.75 0.0144 04 0.3295 2.0 0.0085 05 0.2733 25 0.0034 0.6 0.2214 3.0 0.0015 0.7 0.1762 4.0 0.0004 08 0.1386 5.0 0.00014 Revised 22012 She 6 of 26IA eres: LOWELL VERTICAL STRESS INCREASE (Ao,) IN SOILS LINE LOADING (Boussinesq, 1883) ont length or ! Ao 2 Dimensionless = 2 = Form (q/z) 2 7 x | a (=) +1 Ae ~ }+—x1—+| Where: " Ac = Change in Vertical Stress Line Load over the Surface of = i a Semi-infintie Soil Mass q = Load per Unit Length Figure 6.12. Das FOE (2008), z= Depth “Based on flexible line load of infinite length on & x = Distance from Line Load homogeneous, elas, isvopic semininitehalspace Revi 272012 She 7 of 2614.330 SOIL MECHANICS Ar VERTICAL STRESS INCREASE (Ao,) IN SOILS LINE LOADING (Boussinesq, 1883) Table 6.3 Variation of Ac/(q/z) with x/z (Das, FGE 2006). Ao Ao xIz qiz xiz qiz 0 0.637 0.7 0.287 O01 0.624 0.8 0.237 0.2 0.589 0.9 0.194 0.3 0.536 10 0.159 0.4 0.473 Ls 0.060 0.5 0.407 2.0 0.025 0.6 0.344 3.0 0.006 Slide 8 of 26UMASS! VERTICAL STRESS INCREASE (Ao,) IN SOILS STRIP LOADING (Boussinesq, 1883) q= load per unit area B Ao= Lp +sin Boos(h+20)] a Where: Ac = Change in Vertical Stress q = Load per Unit Area z= Depth x = Distance from Line Load Angles measured in counter- ie Soil Mass clockwise direction are taken as 1as FGE (2008). Positive Slide 9 of 26 Revised 22012UMASS! LOWELL VERTICAL STRESS INCREASE (Ao,) IN SOILS STRIP LOADING (Boussinesq, 1883) Table 6.4 Variation of 4./q with 2z/B and 2x/B (Das, FGE 2006). 2x/B 22/8 0 05 10 15 20 0 1.000 1.000 0.500 = = 05 0.959 0,903 0.497 0.089 0.019 1.0 0.818 0.735 0.480 0.249 0.078 itd 0.668 0.607 0.448 0.270 0.146 2.0 0.550 0.510 0.109 0.288 0.185 25 0.462 0.437 0.370 0.285 0.205 3.0 0.396 0.379 0.334 0.273 0211 EE 0.345 0.334 0.302 0.258 0.216 40 0.306 0.298 0.275 0.242 0.205 45 0.274 0.268 0.251 0.226 0.197 5.0 0.248 0.244 0.231 0.212 0.188 Revised 22012 She 10 of 24sa Peet RE) VERTICAL STRESS INCREASE (Ao,) IN SOILS CIRCULAR LOADING (Boussinesq, 1883) Ao= jt | -D “| [aise +t] | fob Where: Ac = Change in Vertical Stress q= Load per Unit Area z= Depth R= Radius \ ide Vertical Stress Below Center of Uniformly Loaded Flexible Circular Area Figure 6.15, Das FGE (2005). new Sho 1 of 24 Revised 22012I WA 14.330 SOIL MECHANICS UMASS. ry LOWELL VERTICAL STRESS INCREASE (Ao,) IN SOILS CIRCULAR LOADING (Boussinesq, 1883) Table 6.5 Variation of A.¥q with z/R (Das, FGE 2006). ZR Aolq 2/R Ao/lq 0 1 1.0 0.6465 0.02 0.9999 15 0.4240 0.05 0.9998 2.0 0.2845 0.10 0.9990 25 0.1996 0.2 0.9925 3.0 0.1436 04 0.9488 4.0 0.0869 0.5 0.9106 5.0 0.0571 08 0.7562 Revised 22012 She 12 0f 24IA eres: LOWELL VERTICAL STRESS INCREASE (Ao,) IN SOILS RECATNGULAR LOADING (Boussinesgq, 1883) bis dr=fer= ff Where: Ac = Change in Vertical Stress q = Load per Unit Area z= Depth Vertical Stress Below Corner of Uniformly Loaded Flexible Rectangular Area Figure 6.16, Das FGE (2005). Revised 22012 She 19 of 2414.330 bale MECHANICS A VERTICAL STRESS INCREASE (Ac,) IN SOILS RECTANGULAR LOADING (Boussinesq, 1883) Variation of |, with m and n. Figure 6.17. Das FGE (2005). Revised 22012 “ is "Bide 14 of 24IA 14.330 SOIL MECHANICS UMASS. ry LOWELL VERTICAL STRESS INCREASE (Ao,) IN SOILS RECTANGULAR LOADING (Westergaard) Figure 12. NAVFAC DM7.01 Sho 15 of 24sect Peet eT ry VERTICAL STRESS INCREASE (Ao,) IN SOILS RECTANGULARLY LOADED AREA Withi ithin a Rectangularly Loaded Area: Ao = [laut byt lay tho | Under Center of Footing: 7 Ao, = ql. T= f(m.m) B L m=, = B 2 ve canoe She 16 of 2414.330 SOIL MECHANICS ry 3 WEL VERTICAL STRESS INCREASE (Ao,) IN SOILS CENTER OF RECTANGULARLY LOADED AREA (Boussinesq) Table 6.6 Variation of /, with m, and n, (Das, FGE 2006). 7 m1 a 8 4 8 6 7 8 8 020 0998 0997 09970997 0997 0957 0957 0957 40 0.960 ost? 097 0977 osm? ost? osrt osTt 060 0892 0856 0336 0937 0937 0937 0937 0937 180 0.800 O87 0880 0881 0881 0881 08810881 1000701 osi4 0817 O8I8 Osis Osis o8I8 Osis 120 0.606 0748 0.753.074 07550755 0755 0755 1400522 Oss 0.692 0.694 01695 0686 0656 0.696 160 0449 O87 0636 0639 O68 0681 O68 0682 1800388 0573 0585 0590 oss 0592 0553 0599 200 0236 0505 040 0345 548 0549 0549 0549 300 0479 0348 0373 0384 0392 0383 034 0395 400 0108 os 0.269 0285 0298 0301 0302 0308 so vu bara bane vay 03 O28) O20 O2M8 600 00st 030 0485 0172 os. 0197 0200 0202 7.000.038 00 0.4122 0139 0458 0164 0168 0471 800 0.029 ou79 0098 0113 O48 0139 OM o4aT 8000028 0.064 0.081 0.084 O13 0119 0.24 0428 10.00 0.019 0,053 0.067 0.079 0,097 0.103 0.108 0.112 Revised 22012 She 17 of 24IA 14.330 SOIL MECHANICS UMASS. ry LOWELL BOUSSINESQ SOLUTIONS SUMMARY (EM 1110-1-1904 Table C-1) 7 TYPE OF OAD NORMAL. ‘ACI EQUATION FOR Ao, COORDINAT! @ rout 2 cosy + (= NORMAL. LOAD, TONS Revees 20¥2IA 14.330 SOIL MECHANICS UMASS. ry LOWELL BOUSSINESQ SOLUTIONS SUMMARY (EM 1110-1-1904 Table C-1) sTRP Ses smecos t+ 28) (¢* CONTACT PRESSURE, TSF # |@* CONTACT PRESSURE, TSF 102 Revised 272012 She 19 of 24er mylar) Ar BOUSSINESQ SOLUTIONS SUMMARY (EM 1110-1-1904 Table C-1) woo eHiReg sation Foe oe, aa Revised 22012 She 20 of 2414.330 bale eh C/E SQUARE BOU SSI N ESQ pn FOOTING GRAPHICAL SOLUTION (EM 1110-1-1904 Figure 1-2) Ba 8 $ &@ &€ B ow 0.064 o.008¢ be 2 38 2 8 0 Bek Bide 21 of 24IA 14.330 SOIL MECHANICS UMASS. ry LOWELL WESTERGAARD —s_/#-#rtetllilles GRAPHICAL Gee SOLUTION ; ot (NAVFAC DM7.01 — FUULATERKE: Figure 11) \ SEE, H ERS rey ft oo6e—4 "| \ s | s 33 28 Ses evieed 22012 ©. INFINITELY LONG FOOTING Giga 79 of24IA 14.330 SOIL MECHANICS UMASS. ry LOWELL 8 im ile 2 en WESTERGAARD GRAPHICAL < SOLUTION ae (NAVFAC DM7.01 eI Figure 11) b “e150; e 100: Teet se [a5 ¢ fs b. SQUARE FOOTING She 29 of 24UMASS! LOWELL 2V:1H DISTRIBUTION METHOD f Ao. Q Ad ° (B+z\(L+2) Where: Aa, = Change in Total Vertical Stress Q = Applied Foundation Load B = Foundation Width L = Foundation Length Figure C-1. USACE EM1110-1-1904. Revised 22012 She 24 of 24