Tense

Simple Present

Subject

Active:
Passive:

Simple Past

Active:
Passive:

Present Perfect

Active:
Passive:

Future I

Active:
Passive:

Hilfsverben

Active:
Passive:

ense

Present Progressive

Passive:
Past Progressive

Active:
Passive:

Past Perfect

Active:
Passive:

Future II

Active:
Passive:

Conditional I

Active:
Passive:

Conditional II

Active:
Passive:

Object

writes

a letter.

is written

by Rita.

wrote

a letter.

A letter

was written

by Rita.

Rita

has written

a letter.

has been written

by Rita.

will write

a letter.

will be written

by Rita.

can write

a letter.

can be written

by Rita.

Rita
A letter
Rita

A letter
Rita
A letter
Rita
A letter

Subject

Active:

Verb

Verb

Object

is writing

a letter.

is being written

by Rita.

was writing

a letter.

was being written

by Rita.

had written

a letter.

A letter

had been written

by Rita.

Rita

will have written

a letter.

will have been written

by Rita.

would write

a letter.

would be written

by Rita.

would have written

a letter.

would have been written

by Rita.

Rita
A letter
Rita
A letter
Rita

A letter
Rita
A letter
Rita
A letter

Modal Verb

Substitute

Example

must

to have to

I must swim. = I have to swim.

must not

not to be allowed to

I must not swim. = I am not allowed to swim.

can

to be able to

I can swim. = I am able to swim.

may

to be allowed to

I may swim. = I am allowed to swim.

need

to have to

I need to swim. = I have to swim.

need not

not to have to

I need not swim. = I don't have to swim.

shall / should/
ought to

to be supposed to / to be
expected to / to be to

I shall / should / ought to swim. = I am supposed to

swim. / I am expected to swim. / I am to swim.

Form - causative
Have + object + verb 3 (past participle) - have something done
Have + object + infinitive -- have someone do something

Meaning
1.

We use causative when arranging for someone to do something for us.

They had their car repaired. (They arranged for someone to repair it)
Compare: They repaired their car. (They did it themselves)

I had my hair cut yesterday. (I went to the hairdresser)

Compare: I cut my hair yesterday. (I cut it myself)

2.

We use causative when someone does something to us.

Bill had his money stolen.