Using she and her to refer to things

The pronouns she and her can sometimes, in specific circumstances, figuratively
refer to things, usually ships, boats, countries, cars, machines and parts of
nature (the ocean,spring, etc.)

The Passive Voice

Use of Passive
Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not
known, however, who or what is performing the action.
Example: My bike was stolen.
In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not
know, however, who did it.
Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following
example shows:
Example: A mistake was made.
In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone
(e.g. You have made a mistake.).
Form of Passive
Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs)
Example: A letter was written.
When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:
 the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
 the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
 the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or
is dropped)

Examples of Passive
 Tense Subject Verb Object

writes a letter.
Simple Active: Rita
Present
Passive A letter is written by Rita.
:

Simple Past Active: Rita wrote a letter.

Passive A letter was written by Rita.

:

Present Active: Rita has written a letter.

Perfect
Passive A letter has been written by Rita.
:

Future I Active: Rita will write a letter.

Passive A letter will be written by Rita.

:

Hilfsverben Active: Rita can write a letter.

Passive A letter can be written by Rita.

:

Tense Subject Verb Object

is writing a letter.
Present Active: Rita
Progressive
Passive A letter is being written by Rita.
:

Past Active: Rita was writing a letter.

Progressive
Passive A letter was being written by Rita.
:

Past Active: Rita had written a letter.

Perfect
Passive A letter had been written by Rita.
:
Future II Active: Rita will have written a letter.

Passive A letter will have been by Rita.

: written
Conditional Active: Rita would write a letter.
I
Passive A letter would be written by Rita.
:

Conditional Active: Rita would have written a letter.

II
Passive A letter would have been by Rita.
: written

Double Comparative

We use double comparative when we want to talk about a change in one thing
causing a change in another.

 The more time you take, the better the assignment your turn in.
 The less money I spend, the less I have to worry about saving.
 The less you worry about the others, the less they will bother you.
 The easier the test is, the longer students will wait to prepare.
 The faster the car is, the more dangerous it is to drive.
 The crazier the idea is, the more fun it is to try.
 The more difficult the task is, the sweeter it is to succeed.

Using Prefixes to Make New Adjectives

Dis ......... disrespect

Il.......... illegible

Im ..........immature
In .......... inflexible
Ir .......... irresponsible
Un ......... unhappy
Non.........nonviolent

Using Prefixes To Make New Nouns And Verbs

Re .......... redo (to do it again)

Mis ..........misspell ( to spell it in a wrong way)
Out ......... outnumber ( better or higher)

Expressing Advisibility And Strong Probability Using Ought to

We use ought to when when we want to give advice, make recommendations, or

express what we think is the best or the rigth thing to do.
They ought to have more parks in the city centre.
We ought to eat lots of fruit and vegetables every day.

Expressing Advisibility Using Should And Had Better

SHOULD
Advice/opinion: 

“Should” can be used in similar ways to give someone advice, or to state a general
opinion about what is right or good.
Examples:
Advice
This is a very good book; you should read it.
You shouldn’t talk to her right now; she’s very upset.
We should get a dog.
Opinion

Food shouldn’t be so expensive.
A woman should wear a white dress on her wedding day.
Had Better
We use had better to refer to the present or the future, to talk about actions we think
people should do or which are desirable in a specific situation.

Had better is a strong expression. We use it if we think there will be negative results
if someone does not do what is desired or suggested:

The verb form is always had, not have. We normally shorten it to ’d better in informal

situations. It is followed by the infinitive without to:

It’s five o’clock. I’d better go now before the traffic gets too bad.
She’d better get here soon or she’ll miss the opening ceremony.

Using Suffixes To Make Adjectives

Ic ..........heroic
Ant ........ resistant
Using Suffixes To Make Nouns
Ant ..........Attendant
Ness........ Happiness