Fox 7th ISM ch07-13

Problem 7.
[2]
Problem 7.2
[2]
Problem 7.3
Given:
Equation for beam
Find:
Dimensionless groups
[2]
Solution:
Denoting nondimensional quantities by an asterisk
A* =
Hence
A
L2
A = L2 A *
Substituting into the governing equation

The final dimensionless equation is
The dimensionless group is
y* =
y
L
t* = t
y = Ly*
t=
I* =
t*
I
L4
I = L4 I *
x* =
x
L
x = Lx*
2 y *
4 y *
4 1
L L A *
+ EL 4 LI *
=0
t *2
x *4
L
2 y * E 4 y *
I *
A*
+
=0
t *2 L2 2 x *4
2
E
2 2
L
Problem 7.4
[2]
Problem 7.5
[4]
Problem 7.6
[2]
Given:
Equations for modeling atmospheric motion
Find:
Non-dimensionalized equation; Dimensionless groups
Solution:
Recall that the total acceleration is
r
r
r
DV V r
=
+ V V
t
Dt
Nondimensionalizing the velocity vector, pressure, angular velocity, spatial measure, and time, (using a typical velocity magnitude V
and angular velocity magnitude ):
r
r
V
V* =
V
Hence
r
r
V =VV *
r
r
* =
p
p* =
p
x* =
r
r
= *
p = p p *
x
L
t* = t
x = Lx*
V
L
t=
L
t*
V

r
r
r
r
1 p
V V *
V r
V
+ V V * * V * +2V * V * =
p *
L
L t *
L

r
r
r
V * r
p
L r
+ V * * V * +2
p *
* V =
t *
V 2
V
The dimensionless groups are

p
L
V
The second term on the left of the governing equation is the Coriolis force due to a rotating coordinate system. This is a very
significant term in atmospheric studies, leading to such phenomena as geostrophic flow.
Problem 7.7
Given:
Equations Describing pipe flow
Find:
Non-dimensionalized equation; Dimensionless groups
[2]
Solution:
Nondimensionalizing the velocity, pressure, spatial measures, and time:
u* =
u
V
p* =
p
p
x* =
x
L
r* =
r
L
t* = t
V
L
Hence
u =V u*
p = p p *
x = Lx*
r = Dr*
t=
L
t*
V

u
1
1 p *
1 2 u * 1 u *
V u *
=V
= p
+ V 2
+
t
L t *
L x *
D r *2 r * r *

u *
p p * L 2 u * 1 u *
=
+
+

t *
V 2 x * DV D r *2 r * r *
The dimensionless groups are

p
V 2
DV
L
D
Problem 7.8
Given:
Equation for unsteady, 2D compressible, inviscid flow
Find:
[2]
Solution:
Denoting nondimensional quantities by an asterisk
x* =
x
L
y* =
y
L
u* =
u
c0
v* =
v
c0
c* =
c
c0
t* =
t c0
L
* =
L c0
Note that the stream function indicates volume flow rate/unit depth!
Hence
x = Lx*
y = Ly*
u = c0 u *
v = c0 v *
c = c0 c *
t=
Lt *
c0
= L c0 *

2
2
c03 2 * c03 (u *2 + v *2 ) c03 2
c03 2
c03
2 *
2 *
2 *
(
)
(
)

*
*
*
*
2
*
*
+
+
+
+
=0
u
c
v
c
u
v
2
L
L
t
x *2 L
y *2 L
x * y *
L t *


2
2
2 * (u *2 + v *2 )
2 *
2
2 *
2
2 *
(
)
(
)
+
+
u
*
c
*
+
v
*
c
*
+
2
u
*
v
*
=0
t *2
t
x *2
y *2
x * y *
No dimensionless group is needed for this equation!
Problem 7.9
[2]
Problem 7.10
Given:
That drag depends on speed, air density and frontal area
Find:
How drag force depend on speed
Solution:
Apply the Buckingham procedure
c F
n = 4 parameters
d Select primary dimensions M, L, t

F
ML
L
t
r = 3 primary dimensions
t2
f V
L3
L2
m = r = 3 repeat parameters
g Then n m = 1 dimensionless groups will result. Setting up a dimensional equation,

1 = V a b Ac F
a
( )
L M
= 3 L2
t L
ML
t2
= M 0 L0 t 0
Summing exponents,
M:
b +1 = 0
b = 1
L : a 3b + 2c + 1 = 0 c = 1
t:
a2=0
a = 2
Hence
1 =
V 2 A
h Check using F, L, t as primary dimensions

1 =
= [1]
F
Ft
L2
L4 t 2
L2
The relation between drag force F and speed V must then be

F V 2 A V 2
The drag is proportional to the square of the speed.
[2]
Problem 7.11
[2]
Problem 7.12
[2]
Given:
That speed of shallow waves depends on depth, density, gravity and surface tension
Find:
Dimensionless groups; Simplest form of V
Solution:
c V
n = 5 parameters
f g
L
t
M
L3
L
t2
M
t 2

a
L M
c L
1 = g a b D cV = 2 3 (L ) = M 0 L0t 0
t
t L
M:
b=0
b=0
1
Summing exponents,
Hence
L : a 3b + c + 1 = 0 c =
2
1
t:
2a 1 = 0
a=
2
a
b
L M
c M
2 = g a b D c = 2 3 (L ) 2 = M 0 L0t 0
t
t L
M:
b +1 = 0
b = 1
L : a 3b + c = 0 c = 2
Summing exponents,
Hence
2 a 2 = 0 a = 1
t:
L
t
=
= [1]
1
The relation between drag force speed V is
L
2
t
2
L
1 = f ( 2 )

V
= f
2
gD
g D
1 =
V
gD
2 =
gD 2
F
L
2 =
= [1]
L Ft 2 2
L
t 2 L4

V = gD f
2
gD
Problem 7.13
[2]
Problem 7.14
[2]
Problem 7.15
Given:
That light objects can be supported by surface tension
Find:
[2]
Solution:
c W
n = 5 parameters
f g
ML
t 2
M
L3
L
t2
M
t 2
L
1 = g p W = 2
t
M:
b +1 = 0
L : a 3b + c + 1 = 0
t:
2a 2 = 0
a
Summing exponents,
1 =
W
g p 3
2 =
gp 2
L M
c M
2 = g p = 2 3 (L ) 2 = M 0 L0t 0
t
t L
M:
b +1 = 0
b = 1
L : a 3b + c = 0 c = 2
Hence
t:
2 a 2 = 0 a = 1
a
Summing exponents,
M
c ML
0 0 0
3 (L ) 2 = M L t
t
L
b = 1
c = 3
Hence
a = 1
F
F
L
1 =
= [1]
2 =
= [1]
L Ft 2 3
L Ft 2 2
L
L
t 2 L4
t 2 L4
1 Wp
, so 1 and 2 are not unique!
Note: Any combination of 1 and 2 is a group, e.g.,
=
2
Problem 7.16
[2]
Problem 7.17
[2]
Problem 7.18
Given:
That automobile buffer depends on several parameters
Find:
[2]
Solution:
c T
n = 6 parameters
f F
ML2
2
t
e
1
t
F
ML
t2
M
Lt
t2

a
2
ML
b 1 ML
1 = F a eb cT = 2 (L ) 2 = M 0 L0t 0
t
t t
Summing exponents,
M:
a +1 = 0
a = 1
L:
a+b+2=0
b = 1
t:
2a c 2 = 0
c
Summing exponents,
2 =
e2
F
ML
b1 M
3 = F e = 2 (L ) 2 = M 0 L0t 0
t t
t
M:
a +1 = 0
a = 1
L:
a+b=0
b =1
Hence
t : 2a c 2 = 0 c = 0
a b
T
Fe
ML
b1 M
= M 0 L0t 0
2 = F e = 2 (L )
t Lt
t
M:
a +1 = 0
a = 1
L:
a + b 1 = 0
b=2
Hence
t : 2a c 1 = 0 c = 1
a b
1 =
c=0
a
Summing exponents,
Hence
3 =
e
F
Ft 2 1
F
L
L
2
FL
L
L
t
1 =
= [1]
2 =
= [1]
3 =
= [1]
F
F
FL
1
T
=
, so 1, 2 and 3 are not unique!
Note: Any combination of 1, 2 and 3 is a group, e.g.,
2 e3
Problem 7.19
[2]
Problem 7.20
[2]
Problem 7.21
[2]
Problem 7.22 (In Excel)
[2]
Given: That drain time depends on fluid viscosity and density, orifice diameter, and gravity
Find: Functional dependence of t on other variables
Solution:
We will use the workbook of Example 7.1, modified for the current problem
n
r
m =r
n -m
The number of parameters is:

The number of primary dimensions is:
The number of repeat parameters is:
The number of groups is:
=5
=3
=3
=2
Enter the dimensions (M, L, t) of

the repeating parameters, and of up to
four other parameters (for up to four groups).
The spreadsheet will compute the exponents a , b , and c for each.
REPEATING PARAMETERS: Choose , g , d
M
1
g
d
L
-3
1
1
t
-2
GROUPS:
t
M
0
L
0
1:
a =
0
0.5
-0.5
b =
c =
t
1
2:
M
1
L
-1
a =
b =
c =
-1
-0.5
-1.5
M
0
L
0
a =
0
0
0
t
-1
The following groups from Example 7.1 are not used:
3:
M
0
L
0
a =
0
0
0
b =
c =
Hence
1 = t
The final result is
g
d
t=
and
2 =
d
g
2
f 2 3
gd
1 3
2d 2
t
0
4:
b =
c =
2
gd 3
2
with 1 = f ( 2 )
t
0
Problem 7.23
[2]
Given:
That the power of a vacuum depends on various parameters
Find:
Solution:
c P
p
D
d
di
do
n = 8 parameters
ML2
3
t
p
M
Lt 2
D d
1
t
do
di
M
L3
M
1 = D P = 3
L
M:
a +1 = 0
L : 3a + b + 2 = 0
c3=0
t:
a
Summing exponents,
b 1 ML
0 0 0
(L ) 3 = M L t
t t
a = 1
b = 5
Hence
c = 3
a
1 =
P
D 5 3
M
b 1 M
= M 0 L0t 0
2 = D p = 3 (L )
2
L
t
Lt

M:
a +1 = 0
a = 1
p
L : 3a + b 1 = 0 b = 2
Summing exponents,
Hence
2 =
D 2 2
t:
c = 2
c2=0
d
d
d
3 =
4 = i
5 = o
The other groups can be found by inspection:
D
D
D
a
1 =
FL
t
2
= [1]
2 =
F
L2
2
= [1]
3 = 4 = 5 =
Ft 2 1
L 2
L4
t
1
P
, so the s are not unique!
=
Note: Any combination of 1, 2 and 3 is a group, e.g.,
2 pD 3
Ft 5 1
L 3
L4
t
L
= [1]
L
Problem 7.24
[2]
Problem 7.25
[2]
Problem 7.26
[2]
Problem 7.27
[3]
Problem 7.28
[2]
Problem 7.29
[3]
[3]
Given: That dot size depends on ink viscosity, density, and surface tension, and geometry
Find: groups
Solution:
n
r
m =r
n -m

=7
=3
=3
=4

REPEATING PARAMETERS: Choose , V , D
M
1
V
D
L
-3
1
1
t
-1
GROUPS:
M
0
L
1
a =
b =
c =
0
0
-1
M
1
L
0
3:
a =
-1
-2
-1
d
1:
b =
c =
Hence
1 =
d
D
2 =
VD
VD
Note that groups 1 and 4 can be obtained by inspection
t
0
M
1
L
-1
2:
a =
b =
c =
-1
-1
-1
M
0
L
1
4:
a =
0
0
-1
t
-2
b =
c =
3 =
V D
2
4 =
L
D
t
-1
t
0
Problem 7.31
[3]
[3]
Given: Speed depends on mass, area, gravity, slope, and air viscosity and thickness
Find: groups
Solution:
n
r
m =r
n -m

=7
=3
=3
=4

REPEATING PARAMETERS: Choose g , , m
M
L
1
1
t
-2
M
0
L
1
t
-1
a =
b =
c =
-0.5
-0.5
0
M
0
L
0
3:
a =
0
0
0
V
1 :
GROUPS:
b =
c =
Hence
1 =
g
1 1
2 2
V2
2 =
t
0
M
1
L
-1
2 :
a =
b =
c =
-0.5
1.5
-1
M
0
L
2
4 :
a =
0
-2
0
b =
c =
3
2
1
2m
2 3
m2 g
Note that the 1 , 3 and 4 groups can be obtained by inspection
3 =
4 =
t
-1
t
0
[3]
Given: Bubble size depends on viscosity, density, surface tension, geometry and pressure
Find: groups
Solution:
n
r
m =r
n -m

=6
=3
=3
=3

REPEATING PARAMETERS: Choose , p , D
M
1
1
L
-3
-1
1
M
0
L
1
1:
a =
b =
c =
0
0
-1
M
1
L
0
3 :
a =
0
-1
-1
p
D
t
-2
GROUPS:
b =
c =
Hence
1 =
d
D
2 =
1
1
2 p 2 D
2
pD 2
Note that the 1 group can be obtained by inspection
t
0
M
1
L
-1
2:
a =
b =
c =
-0.5
-0.5
-1
M
0
L
0
a =
0
0
0
t
-2
4:
b =
c =
3 =
Dp
t
-1
t
0
Problem 7.34
[2]
Given:
That the power of a washing machine agitator depends on various parameters
Find:
Solution:
c P
max
n = 8 parameters
ML2
3
t
h max
1
t
max
1
t
M
L3
M
Lt

a
2
M
b 1 ML
c
1 = a D bmax
P = 3 (L ) 3 = M 0 L0t 0
L
t t
M:
a +1 = 0
a = 1
L : 3a + b + 2 = 0 b = 5
Hence
t:
c = 3
c3=0
Summing exponents,
1 =
P
3
D max
5
M
b1 M
2 = D = 3 (L )
= M 0 L0t 0
L
t
Lt

M:
a +1 = 0
a = 1
2 =
L : 3a + b 1 = 0 b = 2
Summing exponents,
Hence
2
D max
t:
c = 1
c 1 = 0
f
h
H
5 =
4 =
3 =
D
D
max
a
c
max
1 =
FL
t
Ft 2 5 1
L 3
L4
t
= [1]
Note: Any combination of s is a group, e.g.,
Ft
L2
3 = 4 = 5 = [1]
= [1]
Ft 2 2 1
L
L4
t
1
P
=
2
2 D 3max
2 =
[3]
Given: Time to speed up depends on inertia, speed, torque, oil viscosity and geometry
Find: groups
Solution:
n
r
m =r
n -m

=8
=3
=3
=5

REPEATING PARAMETERS: Choose , D , T
D
T
1
2
t
-1
-2
GROUPS:
Two groups can be obtained by inspection: /D and L /D . The others are obtained below
M
0
L
0
1:
a =
b =
c =
1
0
0
M
1
L
2
3:
a =
2
0
-1
b =
c =
Hence the groups are
D 3
I 2
T
T
Note that the 1 group can also be easily obtained by inspection
t
L
D
t
1
M
1
L
-1
2:
a =
b =
c =
1
3
-1
M
0
L
0
a =
0
0
0
t
0
4:
b =
c =
t
-1
t
0
Problem 7.36
[3]
Problem 7.37
Given:
Ventilation system of cruise ship clubhouse
Find:
[2]
Solution:
c c
N
p
D
1
L3
D
M
Lt 2
D
L
M
L3
1
t
M
L3
L
t2
n = 9 parameters
M
Lt

a
M
b1 M
1 = D p = 3 (L )
= M 0 L0t 0
2
L
t Lt
M:
a +1 = 0
a = 1
L : 3a + b 1 = 0 b = 2
Hence
t:
c = 2
c2=0
a
Summing exponents,
M
2 = D = 3
L
M:
a +1 = 0
L : 3a + b 1 = 0
a
Summing exponents,
t:
c 1 = 0
1 =
b1 M
= M 0 L0t 0
(L )
t Lt
a = 1
b = 2
Hence
2 =
c = 1
3 = cD 3
p
D 2 2
D 2
6 =
g
D 2
4 = N
5 =
= [1]
3 = 4 = 5 = 6 = [1]
1 =
F
L2
Ft 2 2 1
L 2
L4
t
= [1]
Note: Any combination of s is a group, e.g.,
2 =
Ft
L2
Ft 2 2 1
L
L4
t
p
1
=
2
Problem 7.38
[3]
Problem 7.39
[3]
Problem 7.40
[3]
Problem 7.41
[4]
Problem 7.42
[3]
Problem 7.43
[3]
Given:
That the cooling rate depends on rice properties and air properties
Find:
The groups
Solution:
c dT/dt
cp
n = 8 parameters
d Select primary dimensions M, L, t and T (temperature)

dT dt
T
t
L2
ML
t 2T
t 2T
cp
L2
t 2T
L3
M
Lt
L
t
f V
cp
Then n m = 4 dimensionless groups will result. By inspection, one group is c/cp. Setting up a dimensional equation,
d
2
dT L M
c L T
= T 0 M 0 L0t 0
1 = V L c
= 3 (L ) 2
dt t L
t T t
a
b c d
p
Summing exponents,
d + 1 = 0
T:
d =1
M:
b=0
b=0
L : a 3b + c + 2d = 0 a + c = 2 c = 1
a 2d 1 = 0
t:
a = 3
Hence
1 =
dT Lc p
dt V 3
By a similar process, we find
2 =
L c p
2
and
3 =
LV
Hence
c
dT Lc p
, k ,
f
=
c p L2 c LV
dt V 3
p
Problem 7.44
[4]
Problem 7.45
[2]
Given:
Boundary layer profile
Find:
Two groups by inspection; One that is a standard fluid mechanics group; Dimensionless groups
Solution:
Two obvious groups are u/U and y/. A dimensionless group common in fluid mechanics is U/ (Reynolds number)
c u
dU dx
1
t
L2
t
dU/dx
n = 6 parameters
f U
y U
L
t
m = r = 3 primary dimensions
g Then n m = 4 dimensionless groups will result. We can easily do these by inspection
1 =
u
U
2 =
3 =
(dU
dy )
U
h Check using F, L, t as primary dimensions, is not really needed here

Note: Any combination of s can be used; they are not unique!
4 =
Problem 7.46
[3]
Problem 7.47
[3]
Given: Model scale for on balloon

Find: Required water model water speed; drag on protype based on model drag
Solution:
From Appendix A (inc. Fig. A.2)
air = 1.24
kg
m
Vair = 5
The given data is
For dynamic similarity we assume
Then
5 N s
Lratio = 20
w = 999
m
s
w Vw Lw
w
air = 1.8 10
kg
3 N s
m
Fw = 2 kN
air Vair Lair

air
3
w air Lair
w air
m 10
1.24 20
Vw = Vair
= Vair
Lratio = 5
air w Lw
air w
s 1.8 10 5 999
Vw = 6.90
Fair
For the same Reynolds numbers, the drag coefficients will be the same so we have
where
w = 10
1
2
A V
2 air air air
m
s
Fw
1
2
A V
2 w w w
Lair
2
=
= Lratio
Aw
Lw
Aair
Hence the prototype drag is
air
2 Vair
1.24 202 5
Fair = Fw
L
= 2000 N

w ratio Vw
999
6.9
Fair = 522 N
Problem 7.48
[5]
Problem 7.49
[2]
Problem 7.50
[3]
Problem 7.51
[2]
Given:
Flow around ship's propeller
Find:
Model propeller speed using Froude number and Reynolds number
Solution:
V
Basic equations
Fr =
Using the Froude number
Frm =
But the angular velocity is given by
V = L
Comparing Eqs. 1 and 2
Lm m
=
Lp p
Re =
g L
Vm
g Lm
= Frp =
Vp
g Lp
or
so
Lm
Lp
m = p
Lm
Using the Reynolds number
Rem =
Vm Lm
m
Vp
Vm
Vp
m
=
p
Lp
The model rotation speed is then
Vm
V L
Lm
(1)
Lp
Lm m
Lp p
Lp
Lm
m = 125 rpm
= Rep =
Vp Lp
p
or
Vm
Vp
(2)
10
1
m = 395 rpm
L p m
Lp
=
L m p
Lm
(3)
(We have assumed the viscosities of the sea water and model water are comparable)
Comparing Eqs. 2 and 3
Lm m
Lp
=
Lp p
Lm
The model rotation speed is then
Lp
m = p
Lm
m Lp
=
p
Lm
10
m = 125 rpm
1
m = 12500 rpm
Of the two models, the Froude number appears most realistic; at 12,500 rpm serious cavitation will occur. Both flows will likely have
high Reynolds numbers so that the flow becomes independent of Reynolds number; the Froude number is likely to be a good indicator
of static pressure to dynamic pressure for this (although cavitation number would be better).
Problem 7.52
[3]
Problem 7.53
[3]
Problem 7.54
[2]
Given:
Model of weather balloon
Find:
Model test speed; drag force expected on full-scale balloon
Solution:
From Buckingham
F
2
V D
, V = F ( Re , M)
V D c
= f
For similarity
Rep = Rem
Hence
Rep =
Mp = Mm
and
Vp Dp
p
= Rem =
(Mach number criterion

satisified because M<<)
Vm Dm
m
m D p
Vm = Vp
p D m
From Table A.7 at 68oF
m = 1.08 10
5 ft
p = 1.62 10
4 ft
ft
1.08 10 5
s 10 ft
ft
Vm = 5
2 1
s
4 ft
1.62 10 6 ft
s
Then
Fm
2
m Vm Dm
ft
s
Fp
2
Vm = 20.0
p V p D p
0.00234 slug ft 2
5
3
2
ft s
10 ft
Fp = 0.85 lbf
slug
20 ft 1 ft
1.94
3
s
6
ft
p V p D p
Fp = Fm
m. V 2 D 2
m
m
Fp = 0.231 lbf
Problem 7.55
[2]
Given:
Model of wing
Find:
Model test speed for dynamic similarity; ratio of model to prototype forces
Solution:
We would expect
From Buckingham
F = F ( l , s , V , , )
F
2
V l s
For dynamic similarity
V l , l
= f
m Vm lm
m
where F is the force (lift or drag), l is the chord and s the span
p Vp lp
p
Hence
p lp m
Vm = Vp

m lm p
From Table A.8 at 20oC
m = 1.01 10
3 N s
5 N s
p = 1.81 10
1.21 kg
1.01 10 3 N s
3
2
m
m
m 10
Vm = 7.5

kg 1
s
5 N s
998
1.81 10 2
3
m
m
Then
Fm
2
m Vm lm sm
Fp
2
p Vp lp sp
Vm = 5.07
m
s
2
m Vm lm sm
998 5.07
1
1
=
= 3.77

2 l s
7.5
Fp
p
1.21
10
10
p p
Vp
Fm
Problem 7.56
[3]
Problem 7.57
[3]
Given:
Model of water pump
Find:
Model flow rate for dynamic similarity (ignoring Re); Power of prototype
Solution:
Q
From Buckingham
Hence
where Q is flow rate, is angular speed,

d is diameter, and is density (these
groups will be discussed in Chapter 10
Qm
and
Qp
m Dm
p Dp
m Dm
Qm = Qp
p Dp
m
2000 1

s
800 2
kg
p = 998
3
m
Pm
Pp
=
3
5
3
5
m m Dm
p p Dp
Qm = 0.4
Then
p p Dp
Pp = Pm

m m
Dm
m
s
m = 1.21
kg
m
800
2
Pp = 75 W

1.21 2000
1
998
Qm = 0.125
Pp = 127 kW
Problem 7.58
Given:
Model of Frisbee
Find:
Dimensionless parameters; Model speed and angular speed
[2]
Solution:
The functional dependence is F = F ( D , V , , h , , )
From Buckingham
Also
where F represents lift or drag
V D D h
= f
,
,
V D

V D
F
m Vm Dm
m
p Vp Dp
m Dm
p Dp
=
Vm
Vp
p D p m
Vm = Vp
m D m p
Vm = 5
Dp Vm
m = p
Dm Vp
4
20
m = 100 rpm
1
5
m
4
( 1) ( 1)
s
1
Vm = 20
m
s
m = 1600 rpm
Problem 7.59
[3]
Problem 7.60
Given:
Oil flow in pipe and dynamically similar water flow
Find:
Average water speed and pressure drop
[2]
Solution:
From Example 7.2
p
V
, l , e
V D D D
= f
H2O
H2O VH2O DH2O
From Fig. A.3 at 25oC
Oil = 8 10
Oil
Oil VOil DOil
2
5 m
so
VH2O =
H2O Oil
H2O
Voil =
VOil
H2O Oil
Oil
H2O = 1.14 10
2
6 m
6 m
1.14 10
Hence
VH2O =
pOil
2
Oil VOil
From Table A.2
s
2
8 10
Then
5 m
m
s
VH2O = 0.0142
m
s
s
2
pH2O
2
H2O VH2O
pH2O =
H2O VH2O
SGOil = 0.92
2
0.0142
1
pH2O =

450 kPa
0.92 1
Oil VOil
pH2O = 98.6 Pa
pOil
Problem 7.61
[3]
Problem 7.62
[3]
Problem 7.63
Given:
Flow around cruise ship smoke stack
Find:
Range of wind tunnel speeds
[2]
Solution:
From Wikipedia
Hence for
Vm Dm
m
Vp Dp
m
or
Vm =
Dp
Dm
Vp =
1
V = 0.08 Vp
12.5 p
km
km 1000 m
1 hr
m
= 1.852
= 0.514
hr
hr
km
3600 s
s
m
0.514
s
m
m
Vp = 15 knot = 15 knot
Vp = 7.72
Vm = 0.08 7.72
1 knot
s
s
m
0.514
s
m
m
Vp = 25 knot = 25 knot
Vp = 12.86
Vm = 0.08 12.86
1 knot
s
s
1 knot = 1.852
Vm = 0.618
Vm = 1.03
m
s
m
s
Problem 7.64
[2]
Given:
Model of flying insect
Find:
Wind tunnel speed and wing frequency; select a better model fluid
Solution:
For dynamic similarity the following dimensionless groups must be the same in the insect and model (these are Reynolds number
and Strouhal number, and can be obtained from a Buckingham analysis)
Vinsect Linsect
air
From Table A.9 (68oF)
Vm Lm
air = 0.00234
slug
ft
The given data is
insect Linsect
m Lm
=
Vinsect
Vm
air = 1.62 10
insect = 50 Hz
Vinsect = 4
4 ft
s
Linsect
ft
s
Lm
1
10
Linsect m
Linsect
ft
1
ft
Hence in the wind tunnel Vm = Vinsect
= Vinsect
= 4
Vm = 0.4
Lm air
Lm
s 10
s
Vm Linsect
0.4
1
Also
m = insect
= 50 Hz
m = 0.5 Hz
Vinsect Lm
4
10
It is unlikely measurable wing lift can be measured at such a low wing frequency (unless the measured lift was averaged, using
an integrator circuit). Maybe try hot air (200oF) for the model
For hot air try
Hence
Also
hot = 2.4 10
4 ft
Vinsect Linsect
air
m = insect
V
s
Vm Lm
hot
Vm
insect
Linsect
Lm
air = 1.62 10
instead of
4
Linsect hot
ft
1
2.4 10
Vm = Vinsect
= 4
Lm air
s 10 1.62 10 4
= 50 Hz
0.593
4
Hot air does not improve things much. Try modeling in water
w = 1.08 10
Hence
Also
4 ft
1
10
5 ft
Vm Lm
s
Vm = 0.593
ft
s
m = 0.741 Hz
s
5
Linsect w
ft
1 1.08 10
=
Vm = Vinsect
= 4
air
w
Lm air
s 10 1.62 10 4
Vm Linsect
Vm
0.0267 1
m = insect
= insect
Lratio = 50 Hz
Vinsect Lm
Vinsect
4
10
Vinsect Linsect
Vm = 0.0267
ft
s
m = 0.033 Hz
This is even worse! It seems the best bet is hot (very hot) air for the wind tunnel. Alternatively, choose a much smaller wind
tunnel model, e.g., a 2.5 X model would lead to Vm = 1.6 ft/s and m = 8 Hz
Problem 7.65
[3]
Problem 7.66
[2]
Given:
Model of boat
Find:
Model kinematic viscosity for dynamic similarity
Solution:
Hence from Eq 2
Using this in Eq 1
Vm Lm
m
Vm
Vp
Vp Lp
(1)
g Lm
g Lp
Vm
g Lm
Vp
Lm
Lp
V m Lm
Lm Lm
Lm
m = p
= p
= p
V p Lp
Lp Lp
Lp
p = 1.3 10
2
6 m
(from Buckingham ; the first

is the Reynolds number, the
second the Froude number)
(2)
g Lp
m = 1.3 10
3
2
2
6 m
1

s
5
3
2
m = 1.16 10
2
7m
Problem 7.67
[4]
Problem 7.68
[3]
Given:
Model of automobile
Find:
Factors for kinematic similarity; Model speed; ratio of protype and model drags; minimum pressure for no cavitation
Solution:
m Vm Lm
p Vp Lp
p L p m
Vm = Vp
m L m p
For air (Table A.9) and water (Table A.7) at 68oF

p = 0.00234
m = 1.94
slug
ft
slug
ft
p = 3.79 10
ft
5 lbf s
m = 2.10 10
2
ft
88
Vm = 60 mph
Fm
Then
Hence
For Ca = 0.5
Fp
Fm
From steam tables, for water at 68oF
= 0.5
0.00234 88 5
=

1.94 29.4 1
so we get
pv = 0.339 psi
Fp
Fm
1
2
pmin = pv + V
4
1.94
so
slug
pmin ptank
pmin = 3.25 psi
1.4
2
2
ptank = pmin +
V = pmin + 0.7 V
2
1
2
V
2
ptank = 3.25 psi + 0.7 1.94
= 0.270
for the water tank
ft
lbf s
1 ft
29.4

3
slug
ft
4
s
12
in
ft
This is the minimum allowable pressure in the water tank; we can use it to find the required tank pressure
pmin = 0.339 psi +
Cp = 1.4 =
ft
s
2
2
m Vm Lm
1
2
V
2
Vm = 29.4
p V p L p
2
pmin pv
Fp
p V p L p
ft
s
0.00234 5 2.10 10

60 mph 1.94 1 3.79 10 7
m Vm Lm
7 lbf s
ft
lbf s
1 ft
29.4

3
slug ft 12 in
s
ft
slug
ptank = 11.4 psi
Problem 7.69
[3]
Problem 7.70
[3]
Problem 7.71
[3]
Given:
Model of tractor-trailer truck
Find:
Drag coefficient; Drag on prototype; Model speed for dynamic similarity
Solution:
For kinematic similarity we need to ensure the geometries of model and prototype are similar, as is the incoming flow field
Fm
The drag coefficient is
CD =
For air (Table A.10) at 20oC
m = 1.21
1
2
m Vm Am
2
kg
p = 1.81 10
5 N s
m
s
1
N s

2
1.21 kg 75 m
kg m
0.1 m
CD = 2 350 N
CD = 1.028
This is the drag coefficient for model and prototype

For the rig
1
2
Fp = p Vp Ap CD
2
Lp
=
= 100
Am
Lm
Ap
with
2
Fp =
m
Vm = 90
km
hr
p Vp Lp
1000 m
1 km
Hence we have
M=
1.40 286.9
Vm
c
250
343
c=
N m
kg K
1 hr
3600 s
10
Vm = 250
m
s
k R T
( 20 + 273) K
= 0.729
Fp = 3.89 kN
p L p m
Lp
Vm = Vp
= Vp
m L m p
Lm
For air at standard conditions, the speed of sound is

c =
1
kg km 1000 m
1 hr
N s
2
1.21
90
10 m 1.028
3
kg m
2
1 km
3600 s
hr
m
m Vm Lm
Ap = 10 m
kg m
2
s N
c = 343
m
s
which indicates compressibility is significant - this model speed is

impractical (and unnecessary)
Problem 7.72
[4]
Problem 7.73
[3]
Problem 7.74
[2]
[3]
Given: Data on model of aircraft

Find: Plot of lift vs speed of model; also of prototype
Solution:
V m (m/s)
F m (N)
10
2.2
15
4.8
20
8.7
25
13.3
30
19.6
35
26.5
40
34.5
45
43.8
This data can be fit to
Fm =
1
2
AmCDVm
Fm = kmVm
or
From the trendline, we see that

N/(m/s)2
k m = 0.0219
(And note that the power is 1.9954 or 2.00 to three signifcant

figures, confirming the relation is quadratic)
Also, k p = 1110 k m
Hence,
kp =
V p (m/s)
F p (kN)
(Trendline)
2
24.3 N/(m/s)
F p = k p V m2
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
137
243
380
547
744
972
1231
1519
50
54.0
Lift vs Speed for an Airplane Model

60
y = 0.0219x1.9954
R2 = 0.9999
F m (N)
50
40
30
20
Model
10
Power Curve Fit
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
200
250
300
V m (m/s)
Lift vs Speed for an

Airplane Prototype
1600
F p (kN)
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0
50
100
150
V p (m/s)
Lift vs Speed for an Airplane Model

(Log-Log Plot)
F m (N)
100
y = 0.0219x1.9954
R2 = 0.9999
10
Model
Power Curve Fit
1
10
100
V m (m/s)
Lift vs Speed for an Airplane Prototype (Log-Log Plot)
F p (kN)
10000
1000
100
10
1
10
100
V p (m/s)
1000
Problem 7.76
[2]
Problem 7.77
CD =
For drag we can use
Model:
L=
For water
D
1
V
2
As a suitable scaling area for A we use L 2

2
1
1000
1.01E-03
[3]
CD =
D
1
V 2 L2
2
m
3
kg/m
Ns/m2
Wave Drag
The data is:

3.0E-05
V (m/s)
D Wave (N)
3
0
6
0.125
9
0.5
12
1.5
15
3
18
4
20
5.5
2.5E-05
D Friction (N)
0.1
0.35
0.75
1.25
2.75
3.25
2.0E-05
Fr
Re
C D(Wave)
0.958
2.97E+06
0.00E+00
1.916
5.94E+06
6.94E-06
2.873
8.91E+06
1.23E-05
3.831
1.19E+07
2.08E-05
4.789
1.49E+07
2.67E-05
5.747
1.78E+07
2.47E-05
6.386
1.98E+07
2.75E-05
C D(Friction)
2.22E-05
1.94E-05
1.85E-05
1.74E-05
1.78E-05
1.70E-05
1.63E-05
The friction drag coefficient becomes a constant, as expected, at high Re .

The wave drag coefficient appears to be linear with Fr , over most values
CD 1.5E-05
1.0E-05
5.0E-06
0.0E+00
0
Fr
Ship:
V (knot)
V (m/s)
Fr
Re
L=
15
7.72
0.348
3.82E+08
50
20
10.29
0.465
5.09E+08
D=
1
V 2 L2 C D
2
Hence for the ship we have very high Re , and low Fr .

-5
From the graph we see the friction C D levels out at about 1.75 x 10
From the graph we see the wave C D is negligibly small
Friction Drag
3.0E-05
2.5E-05
2.0E-05
CD 1.5E-05
C D(Wave)
C D(Friction)
1.75E-05
1.75E-05
D Wave (N)
D Friction (N)
1303
2316
D Total (N)
1303
2316
1.0E-05
5.0E-06
0.0E+00
0.0.E+00
5.0.E+06
1.0.E+07
1.5.E+07
Re
2.0.E+07
2.5.E+07
[4]
Given: Data on centrifugal water pump

Find: groups; plot pressure head vs flow rate for range of speeds
Solution:
n
r
m =r
n -m

=5
=3
=3
=2

REPEATING PARAMETERS: Choose , g , d
M
1
L
-3
t
-1
GROUPS:
p
M
1
L
-1
1:
a =
-1
-2
-2
b =
c =
t
-2
Q
2:
M
0
L
3
a =
b =
c =
0
-1
-3
M
0
L
0
a =
0
0
0
t
-1
The following groups from Example 7.1 are not used:
3:
M
0
L
0
a =
0
0
0
b =
c =
Hence
1 =
2 D 2
and
2 =
t
0
4:
b =
c =
with 1 = f(2).
D 3
Based on the plotted data, it looks like the relation between 1 and 2 may be parabolic
Hence
Q
Q
= a + b
+ c
D
D 3
D 3
2
The data is
Q (m3/hr)
p (kPa)
0
361
100
349
150
328
200
293
250
230
300
145
325
114
350
59
t
0
=
=
D =
kg/m3
rpm
m
999
750
1
(D is not given; use D = 1 m as a scale)
Q /(D 3)
0.00000
0.000354
0.000531
0.000707
0.000884
0.00106
0.00115
0.00124
p /(2D 2)
0.0586
0.0566
0.0532
0.0475
0.0373
0.0235
0.0185
0.00957
Centifugal Pump Data and Trendline
0.07
2 2
p /( D )
0.06
0.05
Pump Data
0.04
Parabolic Fit
0.03
0.02
y = -42371x2 + 13.399x + 0.0582

R2 = 0.9981
0.01
0.00
0.0000
0.0002
0.0004
0.0006
0.0008
0.0010
0.0012
0.0014
Q /(D 3)
From the Trendline analysis

a = 0.0582
b = 13.4
c = -42371
and
Q
Q
p = 2 D 2 a + b
+ c
D 3
D 3
Finally, data at 500 and 1000 rpm can be calculated and plotted
=
Q (m3/hr)
p (kPa)
rpm
0
159
=
Q (m3/hr)
p (kPa)
500
1000
25
162
50
161
75
156
100
146
150
115
200
68
250
4
25
645
50
649
100
644
175
606
250
531
300
460
350
374
rpm
0
638
p (kPa)
Centifugal Pump Curves

700
Pump Data at 750 rpm
600
Pump Curve at 500 rpm
500
Pump Curve at 1000 rpm
400
300
200
100
0
0
50
100
150
200
3
Q (m /hr)
250
300
350
400
Problem 7.79
Given:
Model of water pump
Find:
Model head, flow rate and diameter
[3]
Solution:
From Buckingham
Neglecting viscous effects
Q D
= f
,
2 2
D3
Qm
3
hm
then
p Dp
then
and
Pm
We can find Pp from
Pp = Q h = 1000
From Eq 3
From Eq 1
From Eq 2
Pm
Pp
= 8
Dm
so
Dm
= 2
Qp
Dp
Dm
= 4
hp
Dp
hm
m Dm
Pp
3
p Dp
(1)
(2)
(3)
0.75
m
J
15
= 11.25 kW
s
kg
1 Pm
Dm = Dp
8 Pp
1
5
so
Dm
Qm = Qp 2
Dp
so
Dm
hm = hp 4
Dp
p Dp
Dp
Qm
Pm
and
3
m Dm
Dm
1000 Dm
=
= 8
3
5
5
Pp
500 D 5
p Dp
Dp
p
kg
hp
2
m Dm
Dm
1000 Dm
=
= 4
2
2
2
hp
500 D 2
p Dp
Dp
p
hm
m Dm
m Dm
Dm
1000 Dm
=
=
= 2
Qp
p Dp
500
Dp
Dp
Qm
and
Qp
m Dm
Hence if
Q D
= f
,
3 5
D3
Dm = 0.25 m
1 2.25
8 11.25
m
0.12
2
s
0.25
Qm = 0.75
hm = 15
J
kg
0.12
0.25
1
5
Dm = 0.120 m
Qm = 0.166
hm = 13.8
m
s
J
kg
Problem 7.80
Given:
Data on model propeller
Find:
Speed, thrust and torque on prototype
[3]
Solution:
There are two problems here: Determine Ft = f1 (D, ,V , , ) and also T = f 2 (D, ,V , , ) . Since is to be ignored, do not
select it as a repeat parameter; instead select D, , as repeats.
c Ft
n = 6 parameters
Ft
M L
t 2
D
D V
1
t
M
Lt
L
t
M
L3
Summing exponents,
b 1 ML
0 0 0
(L ) 2 = M L t
t t
a = 1
Hence
b = 4
c = 2
M
2 = D V = 3
L
M:
a=0
L : 3a + b + 1 = 0
c 1 = 0
t:
b 1 L
= M 0 L0t 0
(L )
t
t

a=0
b = 1
Hence
c = 1
Summing exponents,
M
1 = D Ft = 3
L
M:
a +1 = 0
L : 3a + b + 1 = 0
t:
c2=0
a
Ft
D 4 2
2 =
V
D
M
(L )b 1 M = M 0 L0t 0
3
t Lt
L
3 = a D b c =
1 =
M:
Summing exponents,
L:
a +1 = 0
a = 1
3a + b 1 = 0 b = 2
c 1 = 0
t:
Hence
3 =
c = 1
D 2
1 =
Then
If viscous effects are neglected
so
Under these conditions
or
F
Ft 2 4 1
L 2
L4
t
L
Ft
2
2 = t = [1]
3 = 2L
= [1]
1
Ft
21
L
L
t
L4
t
V

Ft
= f1
,
4 2
2
D
D D
= [1]
1 = f1 ( 2 , 3 )
Ft
V
= g1
4 2
D
D
V
Vm
= p
Dmm D p p
Dm V p
1 400
m =
2000 rpm = 533 rpm
D p Vm
10 150
Ft p
Ft m
(assuming m = p)
=
4 2
Dmm D p4 p2
p =
D p4 p2
10 533
4
Ft p = 4 2 Ft m =
25 lbf = 1.78 10 lbf
Dm m
1
2000

For the torque we can avoid repeating a lot of the work
M
4 = D T = 3
L
M:
a +1 = 0
L : 3a + b + 2 = 0
c2=0
t:
a
Summing exponents,
Then
If viscous effects are neglected
or
b 1 ML
0 0 0
(L ) 2 = M L t
t
t

a = 1
Hence
b = 5
c = 2
4 =
T
D 5 2
V
T

,
= f 2
5 2
2
D
D D
4 = f 2 ( 2 , 3 )
T
V
= g2
5 2
D
D
Tp
Tm
=
5 2
Dmm D 5p p2
D 5p p2
10 533
4
Tp = 5 2 Tm =
7.5 lbf ft = 5.33 10 lbf ft
Dm m
1
2000

Problem 7.81
(see Problem 7.40)
[3]
Problem 7.82
Given:
Water drop mechanism
Find:
Difference between small and large scale drops
[2]
Solution:
Given relation
d = D ( We)
V2 D
= D
V 2 D
m m
Dm
dm
=
dp
V 2 D
p p
Dp
Hence
dm
2
5
3
5
1
4
=
dp
10 1
3
5
3
5
2
5
Dm Vm

Dp Vp
6
5
The small scale droplets are 7.5% of the size of the large scale
6
5
where dp stands for dprototype not the original dp!
dm
dp
= 0.075
Problem 7.83
[2]
Problem 7.84
[3]
Problem 7.85
[3]
Problem 7.86
Given:
Flapping flag on a flagpole
Find:
Explanation of the flappinh
[4]
Solution:
Open-Ended Problem Statement: Frequently one observes a flag on a pole "flapping" in the wind. Explain why this occurs. What
dimensionless parameters might characterize the phenomenon? Why?
Discussion: The natural wind contains significant fluctuations in air speed and direction. These fluctuations tend to disturb the flag
from an initially plane position.
When the flag is bent or curved from the plane position, the flow nearby must follow its contour. Flow over a convex surface tends to
be faster, and have lower pressure, than flow over a concave curved surface. The resulting pressure forces tend to exaggerate the
curvature of the flag. The result is a seemingly random "flapping" motion of the flag.
The rope or chain used to raise the flag may also flap in the wind. It is much more likely to exhibit a periodic motion than the flag
itself. The rope is quite close to the flag pole, where it is influenced by any vortices shed from the pole. If the Reynolds number is
such that periodic vortices are shed from the pole, they will tend to make the rope move with the same frequency. This accounts for
the periodic thump of a rope or clank of a chain against the pole.
The vortex shedding phenomenon is characterized by the Strouhal number, St = fD/V, where f is the vortex shedding frequency, D is
the pole diameter, and D is the wind speed. The Strouhal number is constant at approximately 0.2 over a broad range of Reynolds
numbers.
Problem 7.87
7.2
7.2
[5] Part 1/2
Problem 7.87
[5] Part 2/2
Problem 8.1
Given:
Air entering duct
Find:
Flow rate for turbulence; Entrance length
Solution:
The governing equations are Re =
The given data is
V D
2
D V
4
Recrit = 2300
Q =
D = 6 in
From Table A.9
= 1.62 10
Llaminar = 0.06 Recrit D
or, for turbulent, Lturb = 25D to 40D
Hence
[1]
Recrit =
or
Q =
Recrit D
4
Q = 2300
D
2
4 ft
1
4 ft
1.62 10
ft
s
4
2
Q = 0.146
ft
s
For laminar flow
Llaminar = 0.06 Recrit D
Llaminar = 0.06 2300 6 in
Llaminar= 69.0 ft
For turbulent flow
Lmin = 25 D
Lmin = 12.5 ft
Lmax = 20 ft
Lmax = 40 D
Problem 8.2
[2]
Problem 8.3
[3]
Given:
Air entering pipe system
Find:
Flow rate for turbulence in each section; Which become fully developed
Solution:
4 ft
From Table A.9
= 1.62 10
The given data is
L = 5 ft
s
D1 = 1 in
D2 =
1
in
2
D3 =
1
in
4
Recrit = 2300
The critical Reynolds number is
Writing the Reynolds number as a function of flow rate

V D
Q D
=
2
D
4
Then the flow rates for turbulence to begin in each section of pipe are
Re =
Q1 =
Q2 =
Recrit D1
4
Recrit D2
4
or
Q =
Re D
4
Q1 = 2300
1
4 ft
1.62 10
ft
s
4
12
3
Q2 = 0.0122
ft
s
Q3 =
Recrit D3
4
Q1 = 0.0244
ft
s
Q3 = 0.00610
ft
s
Hence, smallest pipe becomes turbulent first, then second, then the largest.
For the smallest pipe transitioning to turbulence (Q3)
For pipe 3
Re3 = 2300
Llaminar = 0.06 Re3 D3
Llaminar = 2.87 ft
Llaminar < L: Not fully developed
or, for turbulent,
Lmin = 25 D3
Lmin = 0.521 ft
Lmax = 0.833 ft
Lmax/min < L: Not fully developed
For pipes 1 and 2
Llaminar = 0.06
Lmax = 40 D3
4 Q3
D1
D 1
Llaminar = 2.87 ft
4 Q3
D2
D 2
Llaminar = 2.87 ft
Llaminar = 0.06
For the middle pipe transitioning to turbulence (Q2)

For pipe 2
Re2 = 2300
Llaminar = 5.75 ft
Llaminar > L: Fully developed
or, for turbulent,
Lmin = 25 D2
Lmin = 1.04 ft
Lmax = 40 D2
Lmax = 1.67 ft
For pipes 1 and 3
4 Q2
D1
D 1
L1 = 0.06
L3min = 25 D3
L3min = 0.521 ft
L1 = 5.75 ft
L3max = 40 D3
L3max = 0.833 ft
For the large pipe transitioning to turbulence (Q1)

For pipe 1
Re1 = 2300
Llaminar = 11.5 ft
Llaminar > L: Fully developed
or, for turbulent,
Lmin = 25 D1
Lmin = 2.08 ft
Lmax = 40 D1
Lmax = 3.33 ft
For pipes 2 and 3
L2min = 25 D2
L2min = 1.04 ft
L2max = 40 D2
L2max = 1.67 ft
L3min = 25 D3
L3min = 0.521 ft
L3max = 40 D3
L3max = 0.833 ft
Problem 8.4
[2]
Given:
That transition to turbulence occurs at about Re = 2300
Find:
Plots of average velocity and volume and mass flow rates for turbulence for air and water
Solution:
From Tables A.8 and A.10
air = 1.23
kg
air = 1.45 10
m
The governing equations are
Re =
For the average velocity
V =
V D
w = 999
kg
w = 1.14 10
Recrit = 2300
Recrit
D
5 m
2300 1.45 10
Hence for air
5 m
Vair =
Vair =
D
6 m
2300 1.14 10
For water
Vw =
For the volume flow rates
Q = A V =
Hence for air
Qair =
For water
Qw =
D
2
Vw =
m
0.0334
s
m
0.00262
s
D
Recrit
2
2 Recrit
D V = D
=
D
4
4
D
4
2
5 m
2300 1.45 10
2
6 m
2300 1.14 10
Qair = 0.0262
m
D
s
Qw = 0.00206
m
D
s
Finally, the mass flow rates are obtained from volume flow rates
mair = air Qair
kg
mair = 0.0322
D
m s
mw = w Qw
kg
mw = 2.06
D
m s
These results are plotted in the associated Excel workbook
6 m
The relations needed are
From Tables A.8 and A.10 the data required is

air =
1.23
kg/m3
w =
999
kg/m3
2
air = 1.45E-05 m /s
2
w = 1.14E-06 m /s
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.05
V air (m/s) 333.500
33.350
3.335
0.667
2.62
0.262
D (m)
V w (m/s)
26.2
1.0
2.5
5.0
7.5
10.0
3.34E-02 1.33E-02 6.67E-03 4.45E-03 3.34E-03
5.24E-02 2.62E-03 1.05E-03 5.24E-04 3.50E-04 2.62E-04
Q air (m3/s) 2.62E-06 2.62E-05 2.62E-04 1.31E-03 2.62E-02 6.55E-02 1.31E-01 1.96E-01 2.62E-01
Q w (m3/s) 2.06E-07 2.06E-06 2.06E-05 1.03E-04 2.06E-03 5.15E-03 1.03E-02 1.54E-02 2.06E-02
m air (kg/s) 3.22E-06 3.22E-05 3.22E-04 1.61E-03 3.22E-02 8.05E-02 1.61E-01 2.42E-01 3.22E-01
m w (kg/s) 2.06E-04 2.06E-03 2.06E-02 1.03E-01 2.06E+00 5.14E+00 1.03E+01 1.54E+01 2.06E+01
Average Velocity for Turbulence in a Pipe
V (m/s)
1.E+04
1.E+02
Velocity (Air)
Velocity (Water)
1.E+00
1.E-02
1.E-04
1.E-04
1.E-03
1.E-02
1.E-01
D (m)
1.E+00
1.E+01
Flow Rate for Turbulence in a Pipe
Q (m3/s)
1.E+01
1.E-01
Flow Rate (Air)
Flow Rate (Water)
1.E-03
1.E-05
1.E-07
1.E-04
1.E-03
1.E-02
1.E-01
1.E+00
1.E+01
D (m)
Mass Flow Rate for Turbulence in a Pipe
m flow (kg/s)
1.E+02
1.E+00
Mass Flow Rate (Air)
Mass Flow Rate (Water)
1.E-02
1.E-04
1.E-06
1.E-04
1.E-03
1.E-02
1.E-01
D (m)
1.E+00
1.E+01
Problem 8.5
[4] Part 1/2
Problem 8.5
[4] Part 2/2
Problem 8.6
[2]
Problem 8.7
[2]
Problem 8.8
[3]
Problem 8.9
[2]
2h
Given:
Laminar flow between flat plates
Find:
Shear stress on upper plate; Volume flow rate per width
y
x
Solution:
du
dy
u ( y) =
2
2
h dp
y
1
2 dx
h
Basic equation
yx =
Then
yx =
At the upper surface
y=h
The volume flow rate is
h
2
h b dp
Q = u dA = u b dy =

h
2 dx
(from Eq. 8.7)
h dp 2 y
dp

= y
2
2 dx
dx
h
yx = 1.5 mm
h
1 m
3 N
1.25 10
2
1000 mm
m m
yx = 1.88 Pa
y 2
1 dy
h
Q =
Q
2
1 m
m
3 N
= 1.5 mm
1.25 10 2
b
3
0.5
N s
1000 mm
m m
2 h b dp
3 dx
2
Q
6m
= 5.63 10
b
s
Problem 8.10
[2]
Problem 8.11
[3]
p1
F
Given:
Piston cylinder assembly
Find:
Rate of oil leak
Solution:
3
Basic equation
Q
a p
=
l
12 L
For the system
F
4 F
p = p1 patm =
=
2
A
D
p =
Q =
D a p
12 L
12 in
4
1
4500 lbf
4 in 1 ft
At 120oF (about 50oC), from Fig. A.2
(from Eq. 8.6c; we assume laminar flow and

verify this is correct after solving)
p = 358 psi
= 0.06 0.0209
lbf s
ft
Q =
= 1.25 10
ft
1 ft
lbf 144 in
ft
1
4 in 0.001 in
358 2
2
3
12
12 in
1 ft
1.25 10 lbf s 2 in
in
Check Re:
V =
Re =
Q
Q
=
A
a D
V a
1
1
1
12 in
5 ft
1.25 10
s
.001 in 4 in 1 ft
= 6 10
Re = 0.143
Q = 1.25 10
V =
3 lbf s
10.8
ft
s
= 6.48 10
ft
1 ft
s
0.001 in
s
12 in 6.48 10 4 ft2
4 ft
Re = 0.0184
5 ft
Q = 0.0216
V = 0.143
Vp =
5 ft
1.25 10
1
12 in
in
1 ft
(at 120oF, from Fig. A.3)
so flow is very much laminar
The piston motion is negligible so our assumption of flow between parallel plates is reasonable
ft
s
The speed of the piston is approximately

Vp =
in
s
Vp = 1.432 10
4 ft
Problem 8.12
[3]
Problem 8.13
[3]
Problem 8.14
[3]
Given:
Hydrostatic bearing
Find:
Required pad width; Pressure gradient; Gap height
Solution:
2 x
For a laminar flow (we will verify this assumption later), the pressure gradient is constant
p ( x) = pi 1
where pi = 700 kPa is the inlet pressure (gage)
Hence the total force in the y direction due to pressure is F = b

where b is the pad width into the paper
p dx
W
2
2 x
F = b
pi 1
dx
W
bW
F = pi
2
W =
This must be equal to the applied load F. Hence
2 F
pi b
W = 2
2
3
700 10 N
50000 N
m
W = 0.143 m
The pressure gradient is then
dp
p
2 p
700 10 N
1
MPa
=
=
= 2
= 9.79
W
2
dx
W
0.143 m
m
m
2
3
The flow rate is given
Hence, for h we have
Q
h dp
=

l
12 dx
12 Q
l
h =
dp
dx
(Eq. 8.6c)
1
3
At 35oC, from Fig. A.2
6 3
0.15 N s 1 mL 10 m 1 min
2 min m
9.79 106 N
1 mL
60 s
m
Re =
Re =
V D
s
1.6 10
= 1.6 10
3
1 mL 10 m
1 min
min m
1 mL
60 s
h = 1.452 10
Re = 1.04 10
1
3
4m
D Q
h Q
1 Q
=
=
A
bh
l
4
N s
m
h = 12
Check Re:
= 0.15
(at 35oC, from Fig. A.3)
so flow is very
much laminar
Problem 8.15
[4]
Problem 8.16
Given:
Navier-Stokes Equations
Find:
Derivation of Eq. 8.5
[2]
Solution:
The Navier-Stokes equations are
u v w
+
+
=0
x y z
1
(5.1c)
2u 2u 2u
u
u
u
p
u
+ u + v + w = g x + 2 + 2 + 2
x
y
x
z
y
z
t
x
1
(5.27a)
v v v
v
v
v
p
v
+ u + v + w = g y
+ 2 + 2 + 2
x
y
y
z
y
z
t
x
2
(5.27b)
w w w
w
w
w
p
w
+u
+v
= g z
+w
+ 2 + 2 + 2
x
y
z
z
y
z
t
x
2
(5.27c)
The following assumptions have been applied:

(1) Steady flow (given).
(2) Incompressible flow; = constant.
(3) No flow or variation of properties in the z direction; w= 0 and /z = 0.
(4) Fully developed flow, so no properties except pressure p vary in the x direction; /x = 0.
(5) See analysis below.
(6) No body force in the x direction; gx = 0
Assumption (1) eliminates time variations in any fluid property. Assumption (2) eliminates space variations in density. Assumption
(3) states that there is no z component of velocity and no property variations in the z direction. All terms in the z component of the
NavierStokes equation cancel. After assumption (4) is applied, the continuity equation reduces to v/y = 0. Assumptions (3) and (4)
also indicate that v/z = 0 and v/x = 0. Therefore v must be constant. Since v is zero at the solid surface, then v must be zero
everywhere. The fact that v = 0 reduces the NavierStokes equations further, as indicated by (5). Hence for the y direction
p
= g
y
which indicates a hydrostatic variation of pressure. In the x direction, after assumption (6) we obtain
Integrating twice
2u p
=0
y 2 x
u=
1 p 2 c1
y + y + c2
2 x
To evaluate the constants, c1 and c2, we must apply the boundary conditions. At y = 0, u = 0. Consequently, c2 = 0. At y = a, u = 0.
Hence
0=
1 p 2 c1
a + a
2 x
which gives
c1 =
1 p
a
2 x
and finally
u=
2
a 2 p y y

2 x a a
Problem 8.17
[5]
Problem 8.18
[5]
Problem 8.19
Given:
Laminar velocity profile of power-law fluid flow between parallel plates
Find:
Expression for flow rate; from data determine the type of fluid
[3]
Solution:
n+ 1
n
n h
h p
y
u =
1

k L n + 1 h
1
n
The velocity profile is
The flow rate is then
The integral is computed as
Q = w u dy
h
or, because the flow is symmetric
n+ 1
2 n+ 1
n
n
n
y
1 y
dy = y 1

h
2 n + 1 h
1
n
Using this with the limits
Q = 2 w u dy
0
2 n+ 1
h p
n h
n
n
Q = 2 w
h 1
( 1)

k L n + 1 2 n + 1
The associated Excel spreadsheet shows computation of n.
1
n
h p 2 n w h
Q =

k L 2 n + 1
The data is
p (kPa)
Q (L/min)
10
0.451
20
0.759
30
1.01
40
1.15
50
1.41
60
1.57
70
1.66
80
1.85
90
2.05
100
2.25
We can fit a power curve to the data
Flow Rate vs Applied Pressure for a

Non-Newtonian Fluid
Q (L/min)
10.0
Data
Power Curve Fit
1.0
y = 0.0974x0.677
R2 = 0.997
0.1
10
Hence
p (kPa)
1/n =
0.677
n =
1.48
100
Problem 8.20
[2]
Problem 8.21
[2]
Problem 8.22
[2]
U1
d
y
x
U2
Given:
Laminar flow between moving plates
Find:
Expression for velocity; Volume flow rate per depth
Solution:
Using the analysis of Section 8-2, the sum of forces in the x direction is
dy
dy
dx
dx
+ b dx + p p p + p b dy = 0
y 2
x 2
x 2
y 2
Simplifying
d
dp
=
=0
dy
dx
or
u = c1 y + c2
Boundary conditions:
u ( 0) = U1
Hence
y
u ( y) = U1 + U2 U1
d
c2 = U1
The volume flow rate is Q =

u
d
A
=
b
u dy
d u
2
=0
dy
Integrating twice
Q = b d
U2 U1
2
U1 + U2
u ( y = d ) = U2
c1 =
u ( y) = 75 y 0.25
(u in m/s, y in m)
y
Q = b U1 + U2 U1 dx

d
Q
1 m
1
m
= 10 mm
( 0.5 0.25)
b
1000 mm 2
s
Q = 0.00125
m
s
Problem 8.23
Given:
Laminar flow of two fluids between plates
Find:
Velocity at the interface
[3]
Solution:
Using the analysis of Section 8-2, the sum of forces in the x direction is
dy dy
dx
dx
+ b dx + p p p + p b dy = 0
x 2
y 2 y 2
x 2
Simplifying
d
dp
=
=0
dy
dx
or
y=0
=0
dy
Applying this to fluid 1 (lower fluid) and fluid 2 (upper fluid), integrating twice yields
We need four BCs. Three are obvious
d u
u1 = 0
y = h u1 = u2
u1 = c1 y + c2
y = 2 h
u2 = c3 y + c4
u2 = U
The fourth BC comes from the fact that the stress at the interface generated by each fluid is the same
du1
du2
= 2
dy
dy
y=h
c1 h + c2 = c3 h + c4
Hence
0 = c2
c2 = 0
From the 2nd and 3rd equations
c1 h U = c3 h
and
Hence
1
c1 h U = c3 h = h c1
2
Using these four BCs
Hence for fluid 1 (we do not need to complete the analysis for fluid 2)
Evaluating this at y = h, where u1 = uinterface
uinterface =
ft
20
s
1 + 1
U = c3 2 h + c4
1 c1 = 2 c3
c1 =
h 1 +
u1 =
h 1 +
1
2
uinterface = 15
ft
s
1 c1 = 2 c3
Problem 8.24
[3]
Given:
Properties of two fluids flowing between parallel plates; applied pressure gradient
Find:
Velocity at the interface; maximum velocity; plot velocity distribution
Solution:
Given data
k=
dp
Pa
= 1000
dx
m
1 = 0.5
h = 2.5 mm
N s
2 = 2 1
2 = 1
N s
(Lower fluid is fluid 1; upper is fluid 2)

Following the analysis of Section 8-2, analyse the forces on a differential CV of either fluid
The net force is zero for steady flow, so
+ d dy d dy dx dz + p dp dx
dy 2
dy 2
dx 2
Simplifying
d
dp
=
=k
dy
dx
p +
dp dx
dy dz = 0
dx 2
so for each fluid
u =k
dy
u1 =
y + c1 y + c2
2 1
u2 =
y + c3 y + c4
2 2
For convenience the origin of coordinates is placed at the centerline

We need four BCs. Three are obvious
y = h
u1 = 0
(1)
y=0
u1 = u2
(2)
y=h
u2 = 0
(3)
y=0
du1
du2
= 2
dy
dy
(4)
0=
k
2
h c1 h + c2
2 1
c2 = c4
0=
k
2
h + c3 h + c4
2 2
1 c1 = 2 c3
Hence, after some algebra
(
(
k h 2 1
c1 =
2 1 2 + 1
)
)
(
(
k h 2 1
c3 =
2 2 2 + 1
k h
c2 = c4 =
2 + 1
)
)
The velocity distributions are then
u1 =
(
(
)
)
2
2 1
k 2
k h
y + y h
2 + 1
2 1
2 + 1
u2 =
(
(
)
)
2
2 1
k 2
k h
y + y h
2 + 1
2 2
2 + 1
Evaluating either velocity at y = 0, gives the velocity at the interface

2
uinterface =
k h
2 + 1
uinterface = 4.17 10
3m
The plots of these velocity distributions are shown in the associated Excel workbook, as is the determination of the maximum
velocity.
From Excel
3 m
umax = 4.34 10
The data is
k =
h =
1 =
-1000
2.5
0.5
Pa/m
mm
N.s/m2
2 =
1.0
N.s/m2
The velocity distribution is
y (mm) u 1 x 103 (m/s) u 2 x 103 (m/s)
The lower fluid has the highest velocity

We can use Solver to find the maximum
(Or we could differentiate to find the maximum)
-2.50
-2.25
-2.00
0.000
0.979
1.83
NA
NA
NA
-1.75
2.56
NA
y (mm)
u max x 103 (m/s)
-1.50
-1.25
-1.00
-0.75
-0.50
-0.25
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
2.25
2.50
3.17
3.65
4.00
4.23
4.33
4.31
4.17
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
4.17
4.03
3.83
3.57
3.25
2.86
2.42
1.91
1.33
0.698
0.000
-0.417
4.34
Velocity Distribution Between Parallel Plates
2.5
y (mm)
2.0
1.5
1.0
Lower Velocity
0.5
Upper Velocity
u x 103 (m/s)
0.0
-0.5 0.0
-1.0
-1.5
-2.0
-2.5
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
Problem 8.25
[2]
Given:
Velocity profile between parallel plates
Find:
Pressure gradients for zero stress at upper/lower plates; plot
Solution:
a y
y
U y
+
p
2 x a
a
a
2
From Eq. 8.8, the velocity distribution is
u=
The shear stress is
yx =
(a) For yx = 0 at y = a
0 =
u=
(b) For yx = 0 at y = 0
0 =
u=
U y
The velocity distribution is then
The velocity distribution is then
U
a
du
U a
y 1
= + p 2
2 a
2 x
dy
a
a
a
p
2 x
2 U
2
a 2 U y
y

2 a
2
a
a
u
y
y
= 2
U
a a
a
p
2 x
2
2 U y

2 a2 a
a
U y
p =
The velocity distributions are plotted in the associated Excel workbook
x
y
p =
2 U
2
u
y
=
U a
Zero-Stress Velocity Distributions

1.00
0.75
Zero Stress Upper Plate

Zero Stress Lower Plate
y /a
y /a (a) u /U (b) u /U
0.0 0.000 0.000
0.1 0.190 0.010
0.2 0.360 0.040
0.3 0.510 0.090
0.4 0.640 0.160
0.5 0.750 0.250
0.6 0.840 0.360
0.7 0.910 0.490
0.8 0.960 0.640
0.9 0.990 0.810
1.0 1.00
1.000
0.50
0.25
0.00
0.00
0.25
0.50
u /U
0.75
1.00
Problem 8.26
[2]
Given:
Computer disk drive
Find:
Flow Reynolds number; Shear stress; Power required
Solution:
For a distance R from the center of a disk spinning at speed
V = R
The gap Reynolds number is Re =
V = 25 mm
1 m
2 rad 1 min
8500 rpm
1000 mm
rev
60 s
V a
V a
=
Re = 22.3
5 m
= 1.45 10
V = 22.3
m
s
from Table A.10 at 15oC
m
s
6
0.25 10 m
5 2
s
1.45 10 m
Re = 0.384
The flow is definitely laminar

The shear stress is then
5 N s
du
V
=
dy
a
= 1.79 10
m
5 N s
= 1.79 10
22.3
2
s
m
The power required is
P = A R
P = 1600
P = T
N
2
1
0.25 10
where torque T is given by

5
2.5 10
m 25 mm
from Table A.10 at 15oC

= 1.60 kPa
T = A R
with A = ( 5 mm)
1 m
2 rad 1 min
8500 rpm
1000 mm
rev
60 s
A = 2.5 10
P = 0.890 W
5 2
Problem 8.27
[2]
Problem 8.28
[2]
Problem 8.29
[2]
Given:
Velocity distribution on incline
Find:
Expression for shear stress; Maximum shear; volume flow rate/mm width; Reynolds number
Solution:
From Example 5.9
u ( y) =
g sin( )
y
hy
2
For the shear stress
du
= g sin( ) ( h y)
dy
is a maximum at y = 0
max = g sin( ) h = SG H2O g sin( ) h
kg
max = 1.2 1000
9.81
m
2
N s
kg m
sin( 15 deg) 0.007 m
max = 21.3 Pa
This stress is in the x direction on the wall

h
The flow rate is
h
2
y
g sin( )
Q = u dA = w u ( y) dy = w
h y dy
0
2
0
2
m
4 s
Q
1
kg
m
m
N s
3
= 1.2 1000
9.81 sin( 15 deg) ( 0.007 m )
= 2.18 10
3
2
w
3
1.60 N s kg m
m
s
Q =
g sin( ) w h
3
mm
s
Q
= 217
w
mm
The average velocity is
V =
The gap Reynolds number is
Re =
Q
A
V = 217
w h
mm
V = 31.0
7 mm
mm
s
V h
Re = 1.2 1000
kg
3
m
The flow is definitely laminar
mm
s
31
mm
s
7 mm
m
1 m

1.60 N s 1000 mm
Re = 0.163
Problem 8.30
Given:
Data on flow of liquids down an incline
Find:
Velocity at interface; velocity at free surface; plot
[3]
Solution:
Given data
h = 2.5 mm
= 30 deg
1 = 2 10
4 m
2 = 2 1
(The lower fluid is designated fluid 1, the upper fluid 2)

From Example 5.9 (or Exanple 8.3 with g replaced with gsin), a free body analysis leads to (for either fluid)
2
u =
dy
g sin ( )
u1 =
g sin( ) 2
y + c1 y + c2
2 1
We need four BCs. Two are obvious
u2 =
g sin( ) 2
y + c3 y + c4
2 2
y=0
u1 = 0
(1)
y=h
u1 = u2
(2)
The third BC comes from the fact that there is no shear stress at the free surface
y = 2 h
du2
=0
dy
(3)
y=h
Using these four BCs c2 = 0
du1
du2
= 2
dy
dy
g sin ( ) 2
g sin ( ) 2
h + c1 h + c2 =
h + c3 h + c4
2 1
2 2
g sin ( ) 2 h + 2 c3 = 0
g sin ( ) h + 1 c1 = g sin ( ) h + 2 c3
(4)
c1 =
2 g sin ( ) h
1
c2 = 0
c3 =
2 g sin ( ) h
2
2 2 1
c4 = 3 g sin ( ) h
2 1 2
u1 =
g sin ( )
2
4 y h y
2 1
u2 =
g sin ( ) 2 2 1
2
3 h
+ 4 y h y
1
2 2
u2 =
g sin ( ) 2 2 1
2
3 h
+ 4 y h y
1
2 2
Rewriting in terms of 1 and 2 ( is constant and equal for both fluids)

u1 =
g sin ( )
2
4 y h y
2 1
(Note that these result in the same expression if 1 = 2, i.e., if we have one fluid)
Evaluating either velocity at y = h, gives the velocity at the interface
2
uinterface =
3 g h sin ( )
2 1
uinterface = 0.23
m
s
Evaluating u2 at y = 2h gives the velocity at the free surface

2
ufreesurface = g h sin ( )
(3 2 + 1)
The velocity distributions are plotted in the associated Excel workbook
2 1 2
ufreesurface = 0.268
m
s
h =
2.5
mm
=
30
deg
2
1 = 2.00E-04 m /s
2
2 = 4.00E-04 m /s
y (mm) u 1 (m/s) u 2 (m/s)

0.000
0.0299
0.0582
0.0851
0.110
0.134
0.156
0.177
0.196
0.214
0.230
Velocity Distributions down an Incline

5.0
4.0
y (mm)
0.000
0.250
0.500
0.750
1.000
1.250
1.500
1.750
2.000
2.250
2.500
2.750
3.000
3.250
3.500
3.750
4.000
4.250
4.500
4.750
5.000
0.230
0.237
0.244
0.249
0.254
0.259
0.262
0.265
0.267
0.268
0.268
Lower Velocity
Upper Velocity
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
u (m/s)
0.20
0.25
0.30
Problem 8.31
[3]
Given:
Flow between parallel plates
Find:
Shear stress on lower plate; Plot shear stress; Flow rate for pressure gradient; Pressure gradient for zero shear; Plot
Solution:
a dp y
y
U y
+

2 dx a
a
a
2
u ( y) =
From Section 8-2
u = U
For dp/dx = 0
y
a
Q
=
0
l
=
y
U a
u ( y) dy = w U dy =
a
2
0
du
U
=
dy
a
when dp/dx = 0
Q =
1
ft 0.1
5
ft
2
s 12
7 lbf s
= 3.79 10
Q = 0.0208
ft
s
ft
(Table A.9)
ft
The shear stress is constant - no need to plot!

ft
12
1 ft
7 lbf s
2
s 0.1 ft 12 in
= 3.79 10
= 1.58 10
ft
Q will decrease if dp/dx > 0; it will increase if dp/dx < 0.

du
U
dp y 1
=
+ a
dy
a
dx a 2
For non- zero dp/dx:
At y = 0.25a, we get
( y = 0.25 a) =
U
dp 1 1
U a dp
+ a =
a
dx 4 2
a 4 dx
lbf
2
Hence this stress is zero when
2
ft
dp
4 U
ft
12
7 lbf s
4 psi
=
= 4 3.79 10
5
= 0.109
= 7.58 10
2
2
dx
ft
s 0.1 ft
ft
a
ft
0.1
y (in)
0.075
0.05
0.025
110
110
Shear Stress (lbf/ft3)
210
310
psi
Problem 8.32
[3]
Given:
Flow between parallel plates
Find:
Location and magnitude of maximum velocity; Volume flow in 10 s; Plot velocity and shear stress
Solution:
b dp y
y
U y
+

2 dx b
b
b
2
From Section 8-2
u ( y) =
For umax set du/dx = 0
du
b dp 2 y 1
1 dp
U
U
=0=
+

=
+
( 2 y b)
2
dy
a
b 2 dx b
b 2 dx
Hence
u = umax
at
y=
U
b
2
dp
b
dx
m
0.0025 m
m
1
3 N s
1.14 10
0.25

2
2
s 0.0025 m 175 N
m
y = 1.90 10
b dp y
y
U y
+

2 dx b
b
b
2
umax =
Hence
y = 1.90 mm
with y = 1.90 mm
m 1.90 1
m
175 N 1.90
2
1.90
+ ( 0.0025 m)
3
3
s 2.5 2
2.5
1.14 10 N s m 2.5
2
umax = 0.25

b
2
2
Q
b dp y
U y
= u ( y) dy = w
+

w 0
2 dx b
b
0
umax = 0.278
Q
w
2
4 m
t = 5.12 10
10 s
Flow = 5.12 10
u
y
b
dp y
y
= +

U
b 2 U dx b
b
2
The graphs on the next page can be plotted in Excel
m
s
y
b dp
U b
dy =
b
12 dx
2
2
Q
1
m
1
m
175 N
3
= 0.25 0.0025 m
( 0.0025 m)

3
3
w
2
s
12
1.14 10 N s m
Flow =
3 N s
y =
= 1.14 10
Q
4 m
= 5.12 10
s
w
m = 5.12 10
3
3 m
m
du
dy
U
b
b dp y
2 1
2 dx b
y/b
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
u/U
1
0.8
y/b
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
Shear Stress (Pa)
0.2
0.3
0.4
Problem 8.33
[4] Part 1/2
Problem 8.33
[4] Part 2/2
Problem 8.34
[4]
Problem 8.35
[3]
Problem 8.36
Given:
Navier-Stokes Equations
Find:
[2]
Solution:
The Navier-Stokes equations are (using the coordinates of Example 8.3, so that x is vertical, y is horizontal)
u v w
+
+
=0
x y z
1
(5.1c)
2u 2u 2u
u
u
u
p
u
+ u + v + w = g x + 2 + 2 + 2
x
y
x
z
y
z
t
x
1
(5.27a)
v v v
v
v
v
p
v
+ u + v + w = g y
+ 2 + 2 + 2
x
y
y
z
y
z
t
x
2
(5.27b)
w w w
w
w
w
p
w
+u
+v
= g z
+w
+ 2 + 2 + 2
x
y
z
z
y
z
t
x
2
(5.27c)
The following assumptions have been applied:

(1) Steady flow (given).
(2) Incompressible flow; = constant.
(3) No flow or variation of properties in the z direction; w= 0 and /z = 0.
(4) Fully developed flow, so no properties except possibly pressure p vary in the x direction; /x = 0.
(5) See analysis below.
(6) No body force in the y direction; gy = 0
Assumption (1) eliminates time variations in any fluid property. Assumption (2) eliminates space variations in density. Assumption
(3) states that there is no z component of velocity and no property variations in the z direction. All terms in the z component of the
NavierStokes equation cancel. After assumption (4) is applied, the continuity equation reduces to v/y = 0. Assumptions (3) and (4)
also indicate that v/z = 0 and v/x = 0. Therefore v must be constant. Since v is zero at the solid surface, then v must be zero
everywhere. The fact that v = 0 reduces the NavierStokes equations further, as indicated by (5). Hence for the y direction
p
=0
y
which indicates the pressure is a constant across the layer. However, at the free surface p = patm = constant. Hence we conclude that p
= constant throughout the fluid, and so
p
=0
x
In the x direction, we obtain
2u
+ g = 0
y 2
Integrating twice
u=
c
1
gy 2 + 1 y + c2
2
To evaluate the constants, c1 and c2, we must apply the boundary conditions. At y = 0, u = 0. Consequently, c2 = 0. At y = a, du/dy =
0 (we assume air friction is negligible). Hence
(y = ) =
which gives
du
dy
=
y =
g +
c1
=0
c1 = g
and finally
u=
2
g
g 2 y 1 y
1
gy 2 +

y=
2
Problem 8.37
[4]
Problem 8.38
Using the result for average velocity from Example 8.3
[4]
Problem 8.39
[5]
Given: Expression for efficiency

Find: Plot; find flow rate for maximum efficiency; explain curve
Solution:
0.0%
7.30%
14.1%
20.3%
25.7%
30.0%
32.7%
33.2%
30.0%
20.8%
0.0%
Efficiency of a Viscous Pump

35%
30%
25%
q
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
For the maximum efficiency point we can use Solver (or alternatively differentiate)
q
0.333
33.3%
The efficiency is zero at zero flow rate because there is no output at all
The efficiency is zero at maximum flow rate p = 0 so there is no output
The efficiency must therefore peak somewhere between these extremes
0.50
Problem 8.41
[5]
Problem 8.42
[5] Part 1/2
Problem 8.42
[5] Part 2/2
Problem 8.43
Problem 2.59
[5]
Problem 8.44
Given:
Data on a journal bearing
Find:
Time for the bearing to slow to 10 rpm
[3]
Solution:
D = 50 mm
The given data is
= 0.1
N s
m
I = 0.055 kg m
i = 60 rpm
f = 10 rpm
I = Torque = A
The equation of motion for the slowing bearing is
L = 1 m
= 1 mm
D
2
where is the angular acceleration and is the viscous stress, and A = D L is the surface area of the bearing
=
As in Example 8.2 the stress is given by
U
D
=
where U and are the instantaneous linear and angular velocities.

3
d
D
D
D L
=
D L =
4
dt
2
2
Hence
I = I
Separating variables
d
D L
=
dt
4 I
Integrating and using IC = 0
( t) = i e
D L
t
4 I
3
The time to slow down to f
so
= 10 rpm is obtained from solving
t =
4 I
3
D L
ln
f = i e
t = 10 s
D L
t
4 I
Problem 8.45
[2]
Problem 8.46
[2]
Problem 8.47
[2]
p1 D
F
L
Given:
Hyperdermic needle
Find:
Volume flow rate of saline
Solution:
4
p d
128 L
Basic equation
Q =
For the system
F
4 F
p = p1 patm =
=
2
A
D
(Eq. 8.13c; we assume laminar flow and verify this is correct after solving)
12 in
4
1
7.5 lbf
1 ft
0.375
in
5 lbf s
H2O = 2.1 10
2
ft
p =
At 68oF, from Table A.7
p = 67.9 psi
= 5 H2O
V =
lbf 144 in
1 ft
ft
1
12 in
67.9
0.005 in

2
2
4
128
12
in
1
in
1 ft
1.05 10 lbf s
1 ft
in
Q = 8.27 10
Check Re:
4 lbf s
ft
Q =
= 1.05 10
7 ft
Q
Q
=
2
A
d
V d
Re =
Re = 1.94
Q = 1.43 10
s
3
3
3 in
1
4
7 ft
12 in
8.27 10

s .005 in
1 ft
V =
Q = 0.0857
V = 6.07
in
min
ft
s
= 1.94
slug
ft
slug
ft
6.07
ft
s
(assuming saline is close to water)
0.005 in
1 ft
12 in
ft
1.05 10
lbf s
slug ft
2
s lbf
Re = 46.7
Flow is laminar
Problem 8.48
[3]
Given:
Data on a tube
Find:
"Resistance" of tube; maximum flow rate and pressure difference for which electrical analogy
holds for (a) kerosine and (b) castor oil
Solution:
L = 100 mm
The given data is
D = 0.3 mm
From Fig. A.2 and Table A.2

Kerosene:
3 N s
= 1.1 10
= 0.82 990
Castor oil:
= 0.25
For an electrical resistor
N s
m
kg
= 2.11 990
kg
m
V = R I
= 812
kg
m
= 2090
kg
m
(1)
The governing equation for the flow rate for laminar flow in a tube is Eq. 8.13c
4
Q =
or
p D
128 L
128 L
p =
(2)
By analogy, current I is represented by flow rate Q, and voltage V by pressure drop p.

Comparing Eqs. (1) and (2), the "resistance" of the tube is
R=
128 L
D
The "resistance" of a tube is directly proportional to fluid viscosity and pipe length, and strongly dependent on the inverse of
diameter
The analogy is only valid for
Re < 2300
Writing this constraint in terms of flow rate
Q
2
D
4
or
V D
< 2300
or
Qmax =
D
< 2300
2300 D
4
The corresponding maximum pressure gradient is then obtained from Eq. (2)
pmax =
128 L
D
(a) For kerosine
Qmax = 7.34 10
(b) For castor oil
Qmax = 6.49 10
Qmax =
3
7m
3
5m
32 2300 L
D
pmax = 406 kPa
pmax = 8156 MPa
The analogy fails when Re > 2300 because the flow becomes turbulent, and "resistance" to flow is then no longer linear with
flow rate
Problem 8.49
[4]
Problem 8.50
[4]
Problem 8.51
[4] Part 1/2
Problem 8.51
[4] Part 2/2
Problem 8.52
[4] Part 1/2
Problem 8.52
[4] Part 2/2
Problem 8.53
Problem 8.52
[4]
Problem 8.54
Given:
Two-fluid flow in tube
Find:
Velocity distribution; Plot
[3]
Solution:
D = 0.2 in
Given data
L = 50 ft
p = 1 psi
1 = 0.02
lbf s
ft
2 = 0.03
lbf s
ft
From Section 8-3 for flow in a pipe, Eq. 8.11 can be applied to either fluid
u=
2
r c1
p + ln ( r) + c2
4 x
Applying this to fluid 1 (inner fluid) and fluid 2 (outer fluid)

u1 =
2
p c1
r
+
ln ( r) + c2
4 1 L
1
We need four BCs. Two are obvious
r=
u2 =
D
2
2
p c3
r
+
ln ( r) + c4
4 2 L
2
u2 = 0
(1)
r=
D
4
u1 = u2
(2)
The third BC comes from the fact that the axis is a line of symmetry
du1
r=0
dr
=0
(3)
r=
D
4
(4)
D

2 p + c3 ln D + c = 0
4
4 2 L
2 2
D
D

c1
4
p

D
4 p + c3 ln D + c
+
ln + c2 =
4
4 1 L
4 2 L
1 4
2 4
c1
=0
r 0 1 r
D p 4 c1
D p 4 c3
+
=
+
8 L
D
8 L
D
lim

c1 = 0
du1
du2
= 2
dr
dr
(To avoid singularity)
2
D p 2 + 3 1
c2 =
1 2
64 L
c3 = 0
2 D 2 (2 + 3 1)
u1 ( r) =
r
4 2
4 1 L
2
D p
c4 =
16 L 2
(Note that these result in the same expression if 1 = 2, i.e., if we have one fluid)
u2 ( r) =
2
D
4 2 L
Evaluating either velocity at r = D/4 gives the velocity at the interface

2
uinterface =
3 D p
64 2 L
uinterface =
3 0.2
ft
1
lbf 144 in
ft 1
2
2
0.03 lbf s 50 ft
64 12
in 1 ft
uinterface = 1.25 10
3 ft
Evaluating u1 at r = 0 gives the maximum velocity

2
D p 2 + 3 1
umax =
64 1 2 L
umax =
1 0.2
lbf 0.03 + 3 0.02 ft 1
ft 1
2
64 12
0.02 0.03 lbf s 50 ft
in
umax = 1.88 10
0.1
Inner fluid
Outer fluid
r (in)
0.075
0.05
0.025
510
110
Velocity (ft/s)
The velocity distributions can be plotted in Excel
1.510
210
3 ft
Problem 8.55
Given:
Turbulent pipe flow
Find:
Wall shear stress
[2]
Solution:
Basic equation
(Eq. 4.18a)
Assumptions 1) Horizontal pipe 2) Steady flow 3) Fully developed flow

With these assumptions the x momentum equation becomes
2
p1
D
D
+ w D L p2
=0
4
4
or
1
1 m
1
3 N
w = 35 10
150 mm
2
4
1000 mm 10 m
m
Since w is negative it acts to the left on the fluid, to the right on the pipe wall
w =
(p2 p1) D
4 L
w = 131 Pa
p D
4 L
Problem 8.56
Given:
Pipe glued to tank
Find:
Force glue must hold when cap is on and off
[3]
Solution:
Basic equation
(Eq. 4.18a)
First solve when the cap is on. In this static case

2
D
p1
4
Second, solve for when flow is occuring:
Fglue =
where p1 is the tank pressure

2
p1
D
D
+ w D L p2
=0
4
4
Here p1 is again the tank pressure and p2 is the pressure at the pipe exit; the pipe exit pressure is patm = 0 kPa gage. Hence
2
Fpipe = Fglue = w D L =
D
p1
4
We conclude that in each case the force on the glue is the same! When the cap is on the glue has to withstand the tank pressure;
when the cap is off, the glue has to hold the pipe in place against the friction of the fluid on the pipe, which is equal in magnitude to the
pressure drop.
2
Fglue =

1 m
3 N
2.5 cm
250 10 2
4
100 cm
m
Fglue = 123 N
Problem 8.57
Given:
Flow through channel
Find:
Average wall stress
[2]
Solution:
Basic equation
(Eq. 4.18a)

p1 W H + w 2 L ( W + H) p2 W H = 0
1
lbf 144 in
w = 1
2
2
2
ft
in
1 in
W H
w = p2 p1
2 ( W + H) L
or
w = p
H
L
2 1 +
1 ft
1 ft
9.5 in
12 in
1 +
30 ft
12 in
30 ft
Since w < 0, it acts to the left on the fluid, to the right on the channel wall
w = 0.195
lbf
ft
w = 1.35 10
W
psi
Problem 8.58
[2]
Given:
Data on pressure drops in flow in a tube
Find:
Which pressure drop is laminar flow, which turbulent
Solution:
Given data
p1 = 4.5
kPa
m
p2 = 11
kPa
m
D = 30 mm
From Section 8-4, a force balance on a section of fluid leads to

R
D
w = p = p
2 x
4 x
Hence for the two cases
w1 =
D
p
4 x 1
w1 = 33.8 Pa
w2 =
D
p
4 x 2
w2 = 82.5 Pa
Because both flows are at the same nominal flow rate, the higher pressure drop must correspond to the turbulent flow,
because, as indicated in Section 8-4, turbulent flows experience additional stresses. Also indicated in Section 8-4 is that
for both flows the shear stress varies from zero at the centerline to the maximums computed above at the walls.
The stress distributions are linear in both cases: Maximum at the walls and zero at the centerline.
Problem 8.59
[3]
Problem 8.60
[3]
Problem 8.61
[3]
Given: Data on mean velocity in fully developed turbulent flow

Find: Trendlines for each set; values of n for each set; plot
Solution:
y/R
0.898
0.794
0.691
0.588
0.486
0.383
0.280
0.216
0.154
0.093
0.062
0.041
0.024
u/U
0.996
0.981
0.963
0.937
0.907
0.866
0.831
0.792
0.742
0.700
0.650
0.619
0.551
y/R
0.898
0.794
0.691
0.588
0.486
0.383
0.280
0.216
0.154
0.093
0.062
0.037
u/U
0.997
0.998
0.975
0.959
0.934
0.908
0.874
0.847
0.818
0.771
0.736
0.690
Equation 8.22 is
Mean Velocity Distributions in a Pipe
u/U
1.0
0.1
0.01
0.10
1.00
y/R
Re = 50,000
Re = 500,000
Power (Re = 500,000)
Power (Re = 50,000)
Applying the Trendline analysis to each set of data:

At Re = 50,000
At Re = 500,000
u/U = 1.017(y/R )0.161

2
with R = 0.998 (high confidence)
u/U = 1.017(y/R )0.117

2
with R = 0.999 (high confidence)
Hence
1/n = 0.161
n = 6.21
Hence
Both sets of data tend to confirm the validity of Eq. 8.22
1/n = 0.117
n = 8.55
Problem 8.62
[3]
Problem 8.63
[3] Part 1/2
Problem 8.63
[3] Part 2/2
Problem 8.64
Given:
Laminar flow between parallel plates
Find:
Kinetic energy coefficient,
[3]
Solution:
Basic Equation: The kinetic energy coefficient, is given by
From Section 8-2, for flow between parallel plates
V 3dA
(8.26b)
m& V 2
2
2

y 3 y
u = umax 1
= V 1
a 2 a
2
2
since
3
umax = V .
2
Substituting
V 3dA
m& V 2
u 3dA
V AV 2
1 u
1
= dA =
A AV
wa
a
2
a
2
2 u
u
a V wdy = a 0 V dy
Then
3
3
31
1
3
2 a u umax y 3

=
= (1 2 ) d
d
a
a 2 0 umax V
2 0
2
where =
y
a
2
Evaluating,
(1 )
2 3
= 1 3 2 + 3 4 6
The integral is then
3
=
2
31
3
0 (1 3 + 3 )d = 2
2
3 5 1 7 27 16
3
+ 5 7 = 8 35 = 1.54
0
Problem 8.65
[3]
Problem 8.66
[3]
Given:
Definition of kinetic energy correction coefficient
Find:
for the power-law velocity profile; plot
Solution:
Equation 8.26b is
V dA
mrate Vav
where V is the velocity, mrate is the mass flow rate and Vav is the average velocity
1
n
For the power-law profile (Eq. 8.22)
V = U 1
For the mass flow rate
mrate = R Vav
Hence the denominator of Eq. 8.26b is
mrate Vav = R Vav
We next must evaluate the numerator of Eq. 8.26b
R
2.
r
3
3
V dA = 2 r U 1 dr
2 2 3
n
2 r U3 1 r dr = 2 R n U
( 3 + n) ( 3 + 2 n)
R
0
r
To integrate substitute
m = 1
Then
r = R ( 1 m)
R
dm =
dr
R
dr = R dm
0
3
n
2 r U3 1 r dr = 2 R ( 1 m) m n R dm
1
R
0
Hence
3
3
+1
3
n
n
V dA = 2 R m m
R dm
0
2 2
3
2 R n U
3
V
d
A
=
( 3 + n) ( 3 + 2 n)
Putting all these results together
V dA
2 2
2 R n U
( 3+ n) ( 3+ 2 n)
=
2
2
3
mrate Vav
R Vav
2 n
U
=
Vav ( 3 + n) ( 3 + 2 n)
To plot versus ReVav we use the following parametric relations
( )
n = 1.7 + 1.8 log Reu
Vav
U
(Eq. 8.23)
2 n
( n + 1) ( 2 n + 1)
ReVav =
Vav
U
3
(Eq. 8.24)
ReU
2
2 n
U
=
Vav ( 3 + n) ( 3 + 2 n)
(Eq. 8.27)
A value of ReU leads to a value for n; this leads to a value for Vav/U; these lead to a value for ReVav and
The plots of , and the error in assuming = 1, versus ReVav are shown in the associated Excel workbook
Re U
1.00E+04
2.50E+04
5.00E+04
7.50E+04
1.00E+05
2.50E+05
5.00E+05
7.50E+05
1.00E+06
2.50E+06
5.00E+06
7.50E+06
1.00E+07
A value of Re U leads to a value for n ;

this leads to a value for V av/U ;
these lead to a value for Re Vav and
n
5.50
6.22
6.76
7.08
7.30
8.02
8.56
8.88
9.10
9.82
10.4
10.7
10.9
V av/U
0.776
0.797
0.811
0.818
0.823
0.837
0.846
0.851
0.854
0.864
0.870
0.873
0.876
Re Vav
7.76E+03
1.99E+04
4.06E+04
6.14E+04
8.23E+04
2.09E+05
4.23E+05
6.38E+05
8.54E+05
2.16E+06
4.35E+06
6.55E+06
8.76E+06
1.09
1.07
1.06
1.06
1.05
1.05
1.04
1.04
1.04
1.03
1.03
1.03
1.03
Error
8.2%
6.7%
5.9%
5.4%
5.1%
4.4%
3.9%
3.7%
3.5%
3.1%
2.8%
2.6%
2.5%
Kinetic Energy Coefficient

vs Reynolds Number
1.10
1.08
1.05
1.03
1.00
1E+03
1E+04
1E+05
1E+06
1E+07
1E+06
1E+07
Re Vav
Error in assuming = 1
vs Reynolds Number
Error
10.0%
7.5%
5.0%
2.5%
0.0%
1E+03
1E+04
1E+05
Re Vav
Problem 8.67
Given:
Data on flow through elbow
Find:
Head loss
[2]
Solution:
2
2
p
V1
V2
p2
hlT
1
Basic equation
+
+ z1
+
+ z2 =
= HlT
2 g
2 g
g
g
g
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) at 1 and 2 is approximately 1

2
Then
p1 p2 V1 V2
HlT =
+
+ z1 z2
2 g
g
3
2
2
2
m
kg m
s
1
s
3 N
2
2 m
+ 1.75 3.5
+ ( 2.25 3) m
2 1000 kg
2
9.81 m 2
s 9.81 m
HlT = ( 70 45) 10
In terms of energy/mass
s N
hlT = g HlT
hlT = 9.81
m
2
HlT = 1.33 m
1.33 m
N s
kg m
hlT = 13.0
N m
kg
Problem 8.68
[2]
Given:
Data on flow in a pipe
Find:
Head loss for horizontal pipe; inlet pressure for different alignments; slope for gravity feed
Solution:
Given or available data
D = 50 mm
= 1000
kg
m
The governing equation between inlet (1) and exit (2) is
Horizontal pipe data
Equation 8.29 becomes
2
2
p
p
V1
V2
1
2
+ 1 2 + g z1 + 2 2 + g z2 = hlT
(8.29)
p1 = 588 kPa
p2 = 0 kPa
(Gage pressures)
z1 = z2
V1 = V2
hlT =
p1 p2
hlT = 588
J
kg
For an inclined pipe with the same flow rate, the head loss will be the same as above; in addition we have the following new data
z1 = 0 m
z2 = 25 m
p1 = p2 + g z2 z1 + hlT
p1 = 833 kPa
For a declining pipe with the same flow rate, the head loss will be the same as above; in addition we have the following new data
z1 = 0 m
z2 = 25 m
p1 = p2 + g z2 z1 + hlT
p1 = 343 kPa
For a gravity feed with the same flow rate, the head loss will be the same as above; in addition we have the following new data
p1 = 0 kPa
hlT
z2 = z1
g
(Gage)
z2 = 60 m
Problem 8.69
Given:
Data on flow through elbow
Find:
Inlet velocity
Solution:
Basic equation
[2]
2
2
p
p
h
V1
V2
1
2
lT
+
+
z
+
z
g
1 g
2 = g = HlT
2
g
2
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) at 1 and 2 is approximately 1
Then
V2 V1 = 2 V1
V1 = 3 V1 =
2 p1 p2
+ 2 g z1 z2 2 g HlT
V1 =
2 p1 p2
+ g z1 z2 g HlT
V1 =
2
m
kg m 9.81 m
m
3 N
50 10
+
( 2) m 9.81 1 m
2 1000 kg
2
2
2
3
m
s N
s
s
V1 = 3.70
m
s
Problem 8.70
Given:
Increased friction factor for water tower flow
Find:
How much flow is decreased
[2]
Solution:
Basic equation from Example 8.7
V2 =
2 g z1 z2
L + 8 + 1
where
L = 680 ft
With f = 0.0308, we obtain
V2 = 8.97
We need to recompute with f = 0.04
V2 =
D = 4 in
ft
s
2 32.2
z1 z2 = 80 ft
and Q = 351 gpm

ft
2
80 ft
0.04
680
4
12
+ 8 + 1
V2 = 7.88
ft
s
Hence
Q = V2 A = V2
D
4
Q = 7.88
ft 4
7.48 gal 60 s
ft
3
s 4 12
1 min
1 ft
Q = 309 gpm
(From Table G.2 1 ft3 = 7.48 gal)
Hence the flow is decreased by
( 351 309) gpm = 42 gpm
Problem 8.71
[2]
Given:
Increased friction factor for water tower flow, and reduced length
Find:
How much flow is decreased
Solution:
Basic equation from Example 8.7
V2 =
2 g z1 z2
L + 8 + 1
where now we have
L = 380 ft
We need to recompute with f = 0.04
V2 =
2 32.2
D = 4 in
ft
2
80 ft
z1 z2 = 80 ft
1
0.04
380
4
12
+ 8 + 1
V2 = 10.5
ft
s
Hence
Q = V2 A = V2
D
4
Q = 10.5
ft 4
7.48 gal 60 s
ft
3
s 4 12
1 min
1 ft
Q = 411 gpm
(From Table G.2 1 ft3 = 7.48 gal)
Problem 8.72
Given:
Data on flow through Alaskan pipeline
Find:
Head loss
Solution:
Basic equation
[2]
2
2
p
h
p
V1
V2
lT
1
2
+
+ z1
+
+ z2 =
= HlT
g
g
g
2
g
g
oil
oil
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) at 1 and 2 is approximately 1 4) SG = 0.9 (Table A.2)
Then
HlT =
p1 p2
SGoil H2O g
+ z1 z2
3
2
1
m
kg m
s
3 N
+ ( 45 115) m
2 0.9 1000 kg
2
9.81 m
HlT = ( 8250 350) 10
hlT = g HlT
HlT = 825 m
s N
hlT = 9.81
m
2
825 m
N s
kg m
hlT = 8.09
kN m
kg
Problem 8.73
[2]
Problem 8.74
[2]
Problem 8.75
[2]
Problem 8.76
Given:
Data on flow from reservoir
Find:
Head from pump; head loss
Solution:
Basic equations
[3]
2
2
p
p
h
V3
V4
3
4
lT
g + 2 g + z3 g + 2 g + z4 = g = HlT
for flow from 3 to 4
2
2
p
p
h
V3
V2
3
2
pump
= Hpump for flow from 2 to 3
g + 2 g + z3 g + 2 g + z2 =
g
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) at 1 and 2 is approximately 1 4) V2 = V3 = V4 (constant area pipe)
Then for the pump
Hpump =
p3 p2
g
3
2
m
kg m
s
3 N
2 1000 kg
2
9.81 m
Hpump = ( 450 150) 10

N s
kg m
hpump = 300
3
2
m
kg m
s
3 N
+ ( 0 35) m
2 1000 kg
2
9.81 m
HlT = 10.9 m
hpump = g Hpump
hpump = 9.81
m
2
30.6 m
s
For the head loss from 3 to 4
HlT =
p3 p4
g
hlT = g HlT
N m
kg
+ z3 z4
HlT = ( 450 0) 10
Hpump = 30.6 m
s N
s N
hlT = 9.81
m
2
10.9 m
N s
kg m
hlT = 107
N m
kg
Problem 8.77
[2]
Problem 8.78
[2]
Problem 8.79
[2]
Given:
Data on flow in a pipe
Find:
Friction factor; Reynolds number; if flow is laminar or turbulent
Solution:
Given data
D = 75 mm
From Appendix A
= 1000
p
Pa
= 0.075
L
m
kg
m
= 4 10
kg
mrate = 0.075
s
4 N s
The governing equations between inlet (1) and exit (2) are
2
2
p
p
V1
V2
1
2
+
+
g
+
g
z

1 2
1
2 2
2 = hl
(8.29)
hl = f
L V
D 2
For a constant area pipe
V1 = V2 = V
Hence Eqs. 8.29 and 8.34 become
f =
2 D
L V
(p1 p2)
mrate
For the velocity
V =
Hence
f =
The Reynolds number is
Re =
(8.34)
2
D
4
2 D p
2 L
V
V D
2 D p
2 L
V
V = 0.017
m
s
f = 0.0390
Re = 3183
This Reynolds number indicates the flow is turbulent.

(From Eq. 8.37, at this Reynolds number the friction factor for a smooth pipe is f = 0.043; the friction factor computed
above thus indicates that, within experimental error, the flow corresponds to turbulent flow in a smooth pipe)
Problem 8.80
[3]
Solution:
Using the add-in function Friction factor from the web site
e/D =
Re
500
1.00E+03
1.50E+03
2.30E+03
1.00E+04
1.50E+04
1.00E+05
1.50E+05
1.00E+06
1.50E+06
1.00E+07
1.50E+07
1.00E+08
0.0001
0.0002
0.0005
0.001
0.002
0.005
0.01
0.02
0.04
0.1280
0.0640
0.0427
0.0489
0.0338
0.0313
0.0251
0.0246
0.0236
0.0235
0.0234
0.0234
0.0234
0.1280
0.0640
0.0427
0.0512
0.0376
0.0356
0.0313
0.0310
0.0305
0.0304
0.0304
0.0304
0.0304
0.1280
0.0640
0.0427
0.0549
0.0431
0.0415
0.0385
0.0383
0.0380
0.0379
0.0379
0.0379
0.0379
0.1280
0.0640
0.0427
0.0619
0.0523
0.0511
0.0490
0.0489
0.0487
0.0487
0.0486
0.0486
0.0486
0.1280
0.0640
0.0427
0.0747
0.0672
0.0664
0.0649
0.0648
0.0647
0.0647
0.0647
0.0647
0.0647
f
0.1280
0.0640
0.0427
0.0473
0.0309
0.0278
0.0180
0.0166
0.0116
0.0109
0.0081
0.0076
0.0059
0.1280
0.0640
0.0427
0.0474
0.0310
0.0280
0.0185
0.0172
0.0134
0.0130
0.0122
0.0121
0.0120
0.1280
0.0640
0.0427
0.0474
0.0312
0.0282
0.0190
0.0178
0.0147
0.0144
0.0138
0.0138
0.0137
0.1280
0.0640
0.0427
0.0477
0.0316
0.0287
0.0203
0.0194
0.0172
0.0170
0.0168
0.0167
0.0167
0.1280
0.0640
0.0427
0.0481
0.0324
0.0296
0.0222
0.0214
0.0199
0.0198
0.0197
0.0197
0.0196
Friction Factor vs Reynolds Number

1.000
0.100
e/D =
0.010
0.001
1.0E+02
0.0001
0.0002
0.0005
0.001
0.002
0.005
0.01
0.02
0.04
Re
1.0E+03
1.0E+04
1.0E+05
1.0E+06
1.0E+07
1.0E+08
Problem 8.81
Using the above formula for f 0, and Eq. 8.37 for f 1

e/D =
0.0001
0.0002
0.0005
0.001
0.002
0.005
0.01
0.02
0.05
0.0327
0.0270
0.0242
0.0230
0.0223
0.0209
0.0204
0.0201
0.0200
0.0197
0.0197
0.0196
0.0196
0.0342
0.0291
0.0268
0.0258
0.0253
0.0243
0.0239
0.0238
0.0237
0.0235
0.0235
0.0234
0.0234
0.0383
0.0342
0.0325
0.0319
0.0316
0.0309
0.0307
0.0306
0.0305
0.0304
0.0304
0.0304
0.0304
0.0440
0.0407
0.0395
0.0390
0.0388
0.0383
0.0381
0.0380
0.0380
0.0379
0.0379
0.0379
0.0379
0.0534
0.0508
0.0498
0.0494
0.0493
0.0489
0.0488
0.0487
0.0487
0.0487
0.0486
0.0486
0.0486
0.0750
0.0731
0.0724
0.0721
0.0720
0.0717
0.0717
0.0716
0.0716
0.0716
0.0716
0.0716
0.0716
0.001
0.002
0.005
0.01
0.02
0.05
0.0338
0.0288
0.0265
0.0256
0.0251
0.0241
0.0238
0.0237
0.0236
0.0235
0.0234
0.0234
0.0234
0.0376
0.0337
0.0322
0.0316
0.0313
0.0308
0.0306
0.0305
0.0305
0.0304
0.0304
0.0304
0.0304
0.0431
0.0402
0.0391
0.0387
0.0385
0.0381
0.0380
0.0380
0.0380
0.0379
0.0379
0.0379
0.0379
0.0523
0.0502
0.0494
0.0492
0.0490
0.0488
0.0487
0.0487
0.0487
0.0486
0.0486
0.0486
0.0486
0.0738
0.0725
0.0720
0.0719
0.0718
0.0716
0.0716
0.0716
0.0716
0.0716
0.0716
0.0716
0.0716
f0
Re
1.00E+04
2.50E+04
5.00E+04
7.50E+04
1.00E+05
2.50E+05
5.00E+05
7.50E+05
1.00E+06
5.00E+06
1.00E+07
5.00E+07
1.00E+08
0.0310
0.0244
0.0208
0.0190
0.0179
0.0149
0.0131
0.0122
0.0116
0.0090
0.0081
0.0066
0.0060
0.0311
0.0247
0.0212
0.0195
0.0185
0.0158
0.0145
0.0139
0.0135
0.0124
0.0122
0.0120
0.0120
0.0313
0.0250
0.0216
0.0200
0.0190
0.0167
0.0155
0.0150
0.0148
0.0140
0.0139
0.0138
0.0137
0.0318
0.0258
0.0226
0.0212
0.0204
0.0186
0.0178
0.0175
0.0173
0.0168
0.0168
0.0167
0.0167
Using the add-in function Friction factor from the Web

e/D =
Re
1.00E+04
2.50E+04
5.00E+04
7.50E+04
1.00E+05
2.50E+05
5.00E+05
7.50E+05
1.00E+06
5.00E+06
1.00E+07
5.00E+07
1.00E+08
0.0001
0.0002
0.0005
f
0.0309
0.0245
0.0209
0.0191
0.0180
0.0150
0.0132
0.0122
0.0116
0.0090
0.0081
0.0065
0.0059
0.0310
0.0248
0.0212
0.0196
0.0185
0.0158
0.0144
0.0138
0.0134
0.0123
0.0122
0.0120
0.0120
0.0312
0.0250
0.0216
0.0200
0.0190
0.0166
0.0154
0.0150
0.0147
0.0139
0.0138
0.0138
0.0137
0.0316
0.0257
0.0226
0.0212
0.0203
0.0185
0.0177
0.0174
0.0172
0.0168
0.0168
0.0167
0.0167
0.0324
0.0268
0.0240
0.0228
0.0222
0.0208
0.0202
0.0200
0.0199
0.0197
0.0197
0.0196
0.0196
The error can now be computed

e/D =
0.0001
0.0002
0.0005
0.001
0.002
0.005
0.01
0.02
0.05
Re
1.00E+04
2.50E+04
5.00E+04
7.50E+04
1.00E+05
2.50E+05
5.00E+05
7.50E+05
1.00E+06
5.00E+06
1.00E+07
5.00E+07
1.00E+08
0.29%
0.39%
0.63%
0.69%
0.71%
0.65%
0.52%
0.41%
0.33%
0.22%
0.49%
1.15%
1.44%
0.36%
0.24%
0.39%
0.38%
0.33%
0.04%
0.26%
0.41%
0.49%
0.51%
0.39%
0.15%
0.09%
0.43%
0.11%
0.19%
0.13%
0.06%
0.28%
0.51%
0.58%
0.60%
0.39%
0.27%
0.09%
0.06%
0.61%
0.21%
0.25%
0.35%
0.43%
0.64%
0.64%
0.59%
0.54%
0.24%
0.15%
0.05%
0.03%
Error (%)
0.88%
1.27%
0.60%
1.04%
0.67%
1.00%
0.73%
0.95%
0.76%
0.90%
0.72%
0.66%
0.59%
0.47%
0.50%
0.37%
0.43%
0.31%
0.16%
0.10%
0.10%
0.06%
0.03%
0.02%
0.02%
0.01%
1.86%
1.42%
1.11%
0.93%
0.81%
0.48%
0.31%
0.23%
0.19%
0.06%
0.03%
0.01%
0.00%
2.12%
1.41%
0.98%
0.77%
0.64%
0.35%
0.21%
0.15%
0.12%
0.03%
0.02%
0.01%
0.00%
2.08%
1.21%
0.77%
0.58%
0.47%
0.24%
0.14%
0.10%
0.08%
0.02%
0.01%
0.00%
0.00%
1.68%
0.87%
0.52%
0.38%
0.30%
0.14%
0.08%
0.06%
0.05%
0.01%
0.01%
0.00%
0.00%
The maximum discrepancy is 2.12% at Re = 10,000 and e/D = 0.01
0.100
f0
0.010
0.001
1E+04
e/D = 0
e/D = 0.0001
e/D = 0.0002
e/D = 0.0005
e/D = 0.001
e/D = 0.002
e/D = 0.005
e/D = 0.01
e/D = 0.02
e/D = 0.05
1E+05
1E+06
Re
1E+07
1E+08
Problem 8.82
Using the above formula for f 0, and Eq. 8.37 for f 1

e/D =
0.0001
0.0002
0.0005
0.001
0.002
0.005
0.01
0.02
0.05
0.0322
0.0265
0.0237
0.0226
0.0220
0.0207
0.0202
0.0200
0.0199
0.0197
0.0197
0.0197
0.0197
0.0335
0.0285
0.0263
0.0254
0.0250
0.0241
0.0238
0.0237
0.0236
0.0235
0.0235
0.0235
0.0235
0.0374
0.0336
0.0321
0.0316
0.0313
0.0308
0.0306
0.0305
0.0305
0.0304
0.0304
0.0304
0.0304
0.0430
0.0401
0.0391
0.0387
0.0385
0.0382
0.0381
0.0381
0.0380
0.0380
0.0380
0.0380
0.0380
0.0524
0.0502
0.0495
0.0492
0.0491
0.0489
0.0488
0.0488
0.0488
0.0487
0.0487
0.0487
0.0487
0.0741
0.0727
0.0722
0.0720
0.0719
0.0718
0.0717
0.0717
0.0717
0.0717
0.0717
0.0717
0.0717
0.001
0.002
0.005
0.01
0.02
0.05
0.0338
0.0288
0.0265
0.0256
0.0251
0.0241
0.0238
0.0237
0.0236
0.0235
0.0234
0.0234
0.0234
0.0376
0.0337
0.0322
0.0316
0.0313
0.0308
0.0306
0.0305
0.0305
0.0304
0.0304
0.0304
0.0304
0.0431
0.0402
0.0391
0.0387
0.0385
0.0381
0.0380
0.0380
0.0380
0.0379
0.0379
0.0379
0.0379
0.0523
0.0502
0.0494
0.0492
0.0490
0.0488
0.0487
0.0487
0.0487
0.0486
0.0486
0.0486
0.0486
0.0738
0.0725
0.0720
0.0719
0.0718
0.0716
0.0716
0.0716
0.0716
0.0716
0.0716
0.0716
0.0716
f0
Re
1.00E+04
2.50E+04
5.00E+04
7.50E+04
1.00E+05
2.50E+05
5.00E+05
7.50E+05
1.00E+06
5.00E+06
1.00E+07
5.00E+07
1.00E+08
0.0309
0.0244
0.0207
0.0189
0.0178
0.0148
0.0131
0.0122
0.0116
0.0090
0.0081
0.0066
0.0060
0.0310
0.0245
0.0210
0.0193
0.0183
0.0156
0.0143
0.0137
0.0133
0.0123
0.0122
0.0120
0.0120
0.0311
0.0248
0.0213
0.0197
0.0187
0.0164
0.0153
0.0148
0.0146
0.0139
0.0139
0.0138
0.0138
0.0315
0.0254
0.0223
0.0209
0.0201
0.0183
0.0176
0.0173
0.0172
0.0168
0.0168
0.0167
0.0167
Using the add-in function Friction factor from the Web

e/D =
Re
1.00E+04
2.50E+04
5.00E+04
7.50E+04
1.00E+05
2.50E+05
5.00E+05
7.50E+05
1.00E+06
5.00E+06
1.00E+07
5.00E+07
1.00E+08
0.0001
0.0002
0.0005
f
0.0309
0.0245
0.0209
0.0191
0.0180
0.0150
0.0132
0.0122
0.0116
0.0090
0.0081
0.0065
0.0059
0.0310
0.0248
0.0212
0.0196
0.0185
0.0158
0.0144
0.0138
0.0134
0.0123
0.0122
0.0120
0.0120
0.0312
0.0250
0.0216
0.0200
0.0190
0.0166
0.0154
0.0150
0.0147
0.0139
0.0138
0.0138
0.0137
0.0316
0.0257
0.0226
0.0212
0.0203
0.0185
0.0177
0.0174
0.0172
0.0168
0.0168
0.0167
0.0167
0.0324
0.0268
0.0240
0.0228
0.0222
0.0208
0.0202
0.0200
0.0199
0.0197
0.0197
0.0196
0.0196
The error can now be computed

e/D =
0.0001
0.0002
0.0005
0.001
0.002
0.005
0.01
0.02
0.05
Re
1.00E+04
2.50E+04
5.00E+04
7.50E+04
1.00E+05
2.50E+05
5.00E+05
7.50E+05
1.00E+06
5.00E+06
1.00E+07
5.00E+07
1.00E+08
0.01%
0.63%
0.85%
0.90%
0.92%
0.84%
0.70%
0.59%
0.50%
0.07%
0.35%
1.02%
1.31%
0.15%
0.88%
1.19%
1.30%
1.34%
1.33%
1.16%
0.99%
0.86%
0.17%
0.00%
0.16%
0.18%
0.26%
1.02%
1.32%
1.40%
1.42%
1.25%
0.93%
0.72%
0.57%
0.01%
0.09%
0.18%
0.19%
0.46%
1.20%
1.38%
1.35%
1.28%
0.85%
0.48%
0.30%
0.20%
0.11%
0.15%
0.19%
0.20%
Error (%)
0.64%
0.73%
1.22%
1.03%
1.21%
0.84%
1.07%
0.65%
0.94%
0.52%
0.47%
0.16%
0.19%
0.00%
0.07%
0.07%
0.01%
0.10%
0.15%
0.18%
0.18%
0.19%
0.20%
0.20%
0.20%
0.20%
0.55%
0.51%
0.28%
0.16%
0.09%
0.07%
0.13%
0.16%
0.17%
0.19%
0.20%
0.20%
0.20%
0.19%
0.11%
0.00%
0.06%
0.09%
0.15%
0.18%
0.18%
0.19%
0.20%
0.20%
0.20%
0.20%
0.17%
0.14%
0.16%
0.17%
0.18%
0.19%
0.20%
0.20%
0.20%
0.20%
0.20%
0.20%
0.20%
0.43%
0.29%
0.24%
0.23%
0.22%
0.21%
0.20%
0.20%
0.20%
0.20%
0.20%
0.20%
0.20%
The maximum discrepancy is 1.42% at Re = 100,000 and e/D = 0.0002
0.100
f
0.010
0.001
1E+04
e/D = 0
e/D = 0.0001
e/D = 0.0002
e/D = 0.0005
e/D = 0.001
e/D = 0.002
e/D = 0.005
e/D = 0.01
e/D = 0.02
e/D = 0.05
1E+05
1E+06
Re
1E+07
1E+08
Problem 8.83
[2]
Problem 8.84
[2]
Problem 8.85
[2]
Given:
Flow through gradual contraction
Find:
Pressure after contraction; compare to sudden contraction
Solution:
2
2
p
p
V1
V2
1
2
+
+
g
+
g
1
2 = hlm
2
2
Basic equations
hlm = K
V2
Q = V A
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) at 1 and 2 is approximately 1 4) Horizontal

2
2
D2
2.5
=
For an included angle of 120 and an area ratio
= = 0.25 we find from Table 8.3K = 0.27
A1
5
D1
2
2
2
p
V2
1 V1 p2 V2
4 Q
Hence the energy equation becomes
with
+
V1 =
+ 2 = K 2
2
A2
V2 =
4 Q
2
D 2
8 Q ( 1 + K)
2
2
p2 = p1 ( 1 + K) V2 V1 = p2
2
4
4
2
D2
D1
2
3
3
8
kg 0.003 mm 1 m
3 N
p2 = 200 10
1000
( 1 + 0.27)
2
2
3
s
1000 mm
p2 = 200 kPa
1
( 0.025 m)
N s
4 kg m
( 0.05 m)
1
No change because the flow rate is miniscule!
Repeating the above analysis for an included angle of 180o (sudden contraction) K = 0.41
2
3
3
8
kg 0.003 mm 1 m
3 N
p2 = 200 10
1000
( 1 + 0.41)
2
2
3
s
1000 mm
p2 = 200 kPa
N s
4
4 kg m
( 0.025 m)
( 0.05 m)
1
No change because the flow rate is miniscule!

3
The flow rate has a typo: it is much too small, and should be Q = 0.003
2
3
8
kg 0.003 m
3 N
( 1 + 0.27)
p2 = 200 10
1000
2
2
3
s
m
s
Q = 0.003
not
1
( 0.025 m)
There is slightly more loss in the sudden contraction
p2 = 177 kPa
K = 0.41
1
( 0.025 m)
N s
4 kg m
( 0.05 m)
1
Repeating the above analysis for an included angle of 180o (sudden contraction)
2
3
8
kg 0.003 m
3 N
( 1 + 0.41)
p2 = 200 10
1000
2
2
3
s
mm
s
N s
4
kg m
( 0.05 m)
1
p2 = 175 kPa
Problem 8.86
Given:
Flow through sudden expansion
Find:
Inlet speed; Volume flow rate
[2]
Solution:
2
2
p
p
V1
V2
1
2
Basic equations
+
+ g z1
+
+ g z2 = hlm
2
2

hlm = K
V1
Q = V A
p = H2O g h

2
2
2
p
V1
1 V1 p2 V2
+ 2 + 2 = K 2
A1
From continuity V2 = V1
= V1 AR
A2
Hence
2
2
2
2
p
V1
1 V1 p2 V1 AR
+ 2 +
= K 2
2
2 p2 p1
2
D1
75 = 0.111
AR =
=

225
D2
Solving for V1
V1 =
Also
kg
m
5
N s
p2 p1 = H2O g h = 1000
9.81
m
= 49.1 Pa
3
2 1000
kg m
m
s
Hence
V1 =
1 AR K
K = 0.8
so from Fig. 8.14
2 49.1
1.23 kg
(1 0.111
Q = V1 A1 =
D 1
4
V1
Q =
0.8
kg m
2
N s
V1 = 20.6
m
s
75
m
m 20.6
s
1000
Q = 0.0910
m
s
Q = 5.46
m
min
Problem 8.87
Given:
Flow through sudden contraction
Find:
Volume flow rate
[2]
Solution:
2
2
p
p
V1
V2
1
2
Basic equations
+
+ g z1
+
+ g z2 = hlm
2
2
hlm = K
V2
Q = V A

2
2
2
p
V2
1 V1 p2 V2
+ 2 + 2 = K 2
A2
= V2 AR
A1
Hence
2
2
2
2
p
V2
1 V2 AR p2 V2
+
+ 2 = K 2
2
Solving for V2
V2 =
Hence
V2 =
2 p1 p2
1 AR + K
2 0.5
lbf
2
D 2
4
V2
V2 = 7.45
1
ft
Q =
ft 7.45
4 12
s
K = 0.4
so from Fig. 8.14
12 in
ft
1
slug ft

2
2
1.94
slug
1
ft
1 0.25 + 0.4
lbf s
in
Q = V2 A2 =
2
D2
1
AR =
= = 0.25
2
D1
ft
Q = 0.0406
s
ft
s
3
ft
Q = 2.44
min
Q = 18.2 gpm
Problem 8.88
Given:
Data on a pipe sudden contraction
Find:
Theoretical calibration constant; plot
[2]
Solution:
Given data
D1 = 400 mm
D2 = 200 mm
The governing equations between inlet (1) and exit (2) are
2
2
p
p
V1
V2
1
2
+
+
g
+
g
z

1 2
1
2 2
2 = hl
where
hl = K
V2
(8.40a)
Hence the pressure drop is (assuming = 1)

2
V 2 V 2
V2
1
2
p = p1 p2 =
+ K
2
2
2
2
2
D = V2 D2 = Q
4 1
4
For the sudden contraction
V1
or
D1
V 2 = V 1
D2
so
2
4
V1 D1
p =

(
1
+
K
)
1
D
2
2
For the pressure drop we can use the manometer equation

p = g h
Hence
(8.29)
2
4
V1 D1
g h =

(
1
+
K
)
1
D
2
2
In terms of flow rate Q
D1
g h =

( 1 + K) 1
2
2
D
D 2 2
1
4
or
D 4
1
g h =

( 1 + K) 1
2
4 D
D1 2
Hence for flow rate Q we find
Q = k h
8 Q
g D1
where
k=
For K, we need the aspect ratio AR
D2
AR =
D1
From Fig. 8.15
K = 0.4
D 4
1
(
1
+
K
)
1
8
D
AR = 0.25
Using this in the expression for k, with the other given values
2
k=
g D1
D
1
( 1 + K) 1
D2
5
2
= 0.12
m
s
For h in mm and Q in L/min
L
min
k = 228
1
2
mm
The plot of theoretical Q versus flow rate h is shown in the associated Excel workbook
D1 =
400
mm
D1 =
K =
200
0.4
mm
k =
228
L/min/mm1/2
it is not sensitive enough.

In addition, it is non-linear.
Calibration Curve for a

Sudden Contraction Flow Meter
1000
Q (L/mm)
h (mm) Q (L/min)
0.010
23
0.020
32
0.030
40
0.040
46
0.050
51
0.075
63
0.100
72
0.150
88
0.200
102
0.250
114
0.300
125
0.400
144
0.500
161
0.600
177
0.700
191
0.767
200
The values for h are quite low;

this would not be a good meter -
100
10
0.01
0.10
h (mm)
1.00
Problem 8.89
[3]
Given:
Contraction coefficient for sudden contraction
Find:
Expression for minor head loss; compare with Fig. 8.15; plot
Solution:
We analyse the loss at the "sudden expansion" at the vena contracta
The governing CV equations (mass, momentum, and energy) are
Assume:
1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) Uniform flow at each section 4) Horizontal: no body force
5) No shaft work 6) Neglect viscous friction 7) Neglect gravity
The mass equation becomes
Vc Ac = V2 A2
The momentum equation becomes
pc A2 p2 A2 = Vc Vc Ac + V2 V2 A2
or (using Eq. 1)
pc p2 = Vc
The energy equation becomes
pc
p2
2
2
Qrate = uc +
+ Vc Vc Ac + u2 +
+ V 2 V 2 A 2
or (using Eq. 1)
(1)
Ac
A2
V2 Vc
(2)
Qrate
hlm = u2 uc
=
mrate
Vc V2
2
pc p2
(3)
Combining Eqs. 2 and 3
hlm =
Vc V2
+ Vc
Ac
A2
V2 Vc
2
2
Vc V2
2 Ac V2
hlm =
1
+ Vc

2
A2 Vc
Vc
From Eq. 1
Cc =
Ac
V2
A2
Vc
Hence
hlm =
Vc
2
2
1 Cc + Vc Cc Cc 1
hlm =
Vc
1 Cc + 2 Cc 2 Cc
2
hlm =
But we have
Hence, comparing Eqs. 4 and 5
Vc
hlm = K
1 Cc
V2
(4)
2
Vc V2
Vc
2
= K
Cc
= K
2
2
Vc
(1 Cc)
K =
Cc
So, finally
K =
1
Cc
where
A2
Cc = 0.62 + 0.38
A1
This result, and the curve of Fig. 8.15, are shown in the associated Excel workbook. The agreement is reasonable.
(5)
The CV analysis leads to
A 2/A 1
K CV
K Fig. 8.15
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
0.376
0.374
0.366
0.344
0.305
0.248
0.180
0.111
0.052
0.013
0.000
0.50
Loss Coefficient for a

Sudden Contraction
0.40
1.0
0.30
0.20
0.8
Theoretical Curve
Fig. 8.15
0.10
0.5
0.01
0.00
0.3
(Data from Fig. 8.15

is "eyeballed")
Agreement is reasonable
0.0
0.00
0.25
0.50
Area Ratio AR
0.75
1.00
Problem 8.90
Given:
Flow through short pipe
Find:
Volume flow rate; How to improve flow rate
[2]
Solution:
2
2
p
p
V1
V2
1
2
Basic equations
+
+ g z1
+
+ g z2 = hlT
2
2

V2
L V2
hlT = hl + hlm = f
+ K
2
D 2
Q = V A
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) at 1 and 2 is approximately 1 4) L << so ignore hl 5) Reentrant
Hence between the free surface (Point 1) and the exit (2) the energy equation becomes
2
V1
2
+ g z1
V2
= K
V2
A2
A1
2
Hence
V2 A2
V2
V2
= K
+ g h
2
A1
2
2
Solving for V2
V2 =
Hence
V2 =
2 g h
2 9.81
m
2
Q = V2 A2
1 m
K = 0.78
and from Table 8.2
A2
1 + K A
350
1 + 0.78
3500
Q = 3.33
m
s
350 mm
2
1000 mm
1 m
Q = 1.17 10
3
3m
The flow rate could be increased by (1) rounding the entrance and/or (2) adding a diffuser (both somewhat expensive)
V2 = 3.33
m
s
Q = 0.070
m
min
Problem 8.91
[3]
Problem 8.92
[2]
Problem 8.93
[3]
Given:
Flow out of water tank
Find:
Volume flow rate using hole; Using short pipe section; Using rounded edge
Solution:
Basic equations
2
2
p
p
V1
V2
1
2
+
+
g
+
g
1
2 = hlT
2
2
V2
L V2
hlT = hl + hlm = f
+ K
2
D 2
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) at 1 and 2 is approximately 1 4) Vl << 5) L << so hl = 0

Hence for all three cases, between the free surface (Point 1) and the exit (2) the energy equation becomes
2
g z1
Solving for V2
V2 =
V2
2
= K
V2
2 g h
( 1 + K)
From Table 8.2 Khole = 0.5 for a hole (assumed to be square-edged)

r
0.01 in
Also, for a rounded edge
so from Table 8.2
=
= 0.02
D
0.5 in
Hence for the hole
V2 =
2 32.2
ft
2
10 ft
Kpipe = 0.78
for a short pipe (rentrant)
Kround = 0.28
1
( 1 + 0.5)
V2 = 20.7
ft
s
Hence for the pipe
Q = V2 A2
Q = 20.7
V2 =
ft
2 32.2
10 ft
s
Q = V2 A2
Q = 19.0
ft 0.5
7.48 gal 60 s

ft
3
s 4 12
1 min
1 ft
1
( 1 + 0.78)
ft
s
V2 = 19.0
2
ft
0.5
12
7.48 gal
1 ft
ft
s
60 s
Q = 12.7 gpm
1 min
Q = 11.6 gpm
Hence the change in flow rate is 11.6 12.7 = 1.1 gpm The pipe leads to a LOWER flow rate
Hence for the rounded
V2 =
2 32.2
ft
2
10 ft
s
Q = V2 A2
Q = 22.4
1
( 1 + 0.28)
ft
s
Hence the change in flow rate is 13.7 12.7 = 1.0 gpm
0.5
12
ft
V2 = 22.4
ft
7.48 gal
60 s
1 ft
1 min
Q = 13.7 gpm
The rounded edge leads to a HIGHER flow rate
Q = V A
Problem 8.94
Given:
Data on inlet and exit diameters of diffuser
Find:
Minimum lengths to satisfy requirements
[2]
Solution:
Given data
D1 = 100 mm
D2 = 150 mm
The governing equations for the diffuser are
hlm = K
V1
V1
= Cpi Cp
2
2
1
Cpi = 1
and
(8.44)
(8.42)
AR
Combining these we obtain an expression for the loss coefficient K

1
K = 1
Cp
(1)
AR
The area ratio AR is
D2
AR =
D1
AR = 2.25
The pressure recovery coefficient Cp is obtained from Eq. 1 above once we select K; then, with Cp and AR specified, the minimum value of
N/R1 (where N is the length and R1 is the inlet radius) can be read from Fig. 8.15
(a)
K = 0.2
Cp = 1
Cp = 0.602
AR
From Fig. 8.15
N
= 5.5
R1
R1 =
N = 5.5 R1
(b)
K = 0.35
Cp = 1
D1
2
R1 = 50 mm
N = 275 mm
1
2
Cp = 0.452
AR
From Fig. 8.15
N
=3
R1
N = 3 R 1
N = 150 mm
Problem 8.95
Given:
Data on geometry of conical diffuser; flow rate
Find:
Static pressure rise; loss coefficient
Solution:
Basic equations
Cp =
p2 p1
1
2
V 1
2
(8.41)
hlm = K
Given data
D1 = 2 in
From Eq. 8.41
1
2
p = p2 p1 = V1 Cp
2
V1
[3]
V1
= Cpi Cp
2
D2 = 3.5 in
Cpi = 1
(8.44)
(8.42)
AR
N = 6 in
(N = length)
Q = 750 gpm
(1)
Combining Eqs. 8.44 and 8.42 we obtain an expression for the loss coefficient K
K = 1
Cp
(2)
AR
The pressure recovery coefficient Cp for use in Eqs. 1 and 2 above is obtained from Fig. 8.15 once compute AR and the dimensionless
length N/R1 (where R1 is the inlet radius)
D2
The aspect ratio AR is AR =
D1
R1 =
AR =
R1 = 1 in
Hence
3.5
D1
2
AR = 3.06
N
=6
R1
From Fig. 8.15, with AR = 3.06 and the dimensionless length N/R1 = 6, we find Cp = 0.6
3
4
gal
1 ft
1 min 1
750
min 7.48 gal

60 s 2
2
D
ft
4 1
12
1
2
We can now compute the pressure rise and loss coefficient from Eqs. 1 and 2 p = V1 Cp
2
To complete the calculations we need V1
V1 =
V1 =
ft
lbf s
1 ft
76.6 0.6

3
slug ft 12 in
2
s
ft
1
1
K = 1
Cp
K = 1
0.6
2
2
AR
3.06
p =
1.94
slug
V1 = 76.6
ft
s
p = 23.7 psi
K = 0.293
Problem 8.96
[4]
Problem 8.97
[3]
Given:
Sudden expansion
Find:
Expression for minor head loss; compare with Fig. 8.15; plot
Solution:
The governing CV equations (mass, momentum, and energy) are
Assume:
1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) Uniform flow at each section 4) Horizontal: no body force
5) No shaft work 6) Neglect viscous friction 7) Neglect gravity
The mass equation becomes
V1 A1 = V2 A2
The momentum equation becomes
p1 A2 p2 A2 = V1 V1 A1 + V2 V2 A2
or (using Eq. 1)
p1 p2 = V1
The energy equation becomes
p1
p2
2
2
Qrate = u1 +
+ V1 V1 A1 + u2 +
+ V 2 V 2 A 2
or (using Eq. 1)
A1
A2
V2 V1
(2)
hlm = u2 u1
=
mrate
hlm =
V1 V2
+ V1
Qrate
A2
V1 V2
A1
Combining Eqs. 2 and 3
(1)
V2 V1
p1 p2
2
2
V1 V2
2 A1 V2
hlm =
1
+ V1

2
A2 V1
V1
(3)
From Eq. 1
AR =
A1
A2
Hence
hlm =
V1
V1
2
hlm = K
Finally
V1
1 AR
2
2
hlm =
V2
) + V12 AR (AR 1)
)
1 AR + 2 AR 2 AR
V1
= ( 1 AR)
K = ( 1 AR)
2 V1
This result, and the curve of Fig. 8.15, are shown in the associated Excel workbook. The agreement is excellent
From the CV analysis
AR
K CV
K Fig. 8.15
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.00
0.81
0.64
0.49
0.36
0.25
0.16
0.09
0.04
0.01
0.00
1.00
Loss Coefficient for a

Sudden Expansion
1.0
0.60
Theoretical Curve
0.8
0.38
0.25
Fig. 8.15
0.5
0.10
0.3
0.01
0.00
(Data from Fig. 8.15

is "eyeballed")
Agreement is excellent
0.0
0.00
0.25
0.50
Area Ratio AR
0.75
1.00
Problem 8.98
[3]
Problem 8.99
Given:
Sudden expansion
Find:
Expression for upstream average velocity
[2]
Solution:
The governing equation is
2
2
p
p
V1
V2
1
2
+
+
g
+
g
1 2
1
2 2
2 = hlT
(8.29)
V
hlT = hl + K
2
Assume:
1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) hl = 0 4) 1 = 2 = 1 5) Neglect gravity
The mass equation is
V1 A1 = V2 A2
so
V2 = AR V1
p1
V1
(1)
2
p1
V1
+ K
2
2
V1
2
or (using Eq. 1)
p2 p1
V1
p
2
=
=
1 AR K
Solving for V1
V1 =
If the flow were frictionless, K = 0, so
Vinviscid =
2 p
1 AR K
2 p
< V1
1 AR
Hence the flow rate indicated by a given p would be lower
If the flow were frictionless, K = 0, so
pinvscid =
2
compared to
p =
V1
2
A1
V 2 = V 1
A2
V1
2
1 AR
1 AR K
Hence a given flow rate would generate a larger p for inviscid flow
Problem 8.100
[4]
e
d
Flow
Nozzle
Short pipe
Given:
Flow out of water tank through a nozzle
Find:
Change in flow rate when short pipe section is added; Minimum pressure; Effect of frictionless flow
Solution:
Basic equations
2
2
p
p
V1
V2
1
2
+
+
g
+
g
1
2 = hlT
2
2
V2
L V2
hlT = hl + hlm = f
+ K
2
D 2
Q = V A
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) at 1 and 2 is approximately 1 4) Vl << 5) L << so hl = 0

Hence for the nozzle case, between the free surface (Point 1) and the exit (2) the energy equation becomes
2
g z1
Solving for V2
V2 =
V2
2
V2
= Knozzle
2
2 g z1
(1 + Knozzle)
Knozzle = 0.28
For a rounded edge, we choose the first value from Table 8.2
Hence
V2 =
2 32.2
ft
2
5 ft
1
( 1 + 0.28)
V2 = 15.9
ft
s
ft
0.5
7.48 gal
60 s
Q = 15.9
ft
3
s 4 12
1 min
1 ft
Q = V2 A2
Q = 9.73 gpm
When a small piece of pipe is added the energy equation between the free surface (Point 1) and the exit (3) becomes
2
g z1
V3
2
V2
V2
= Knozzle
+ Ke
2
2
From continuity
A2
V 3 = V 2
= V2 AR
A3
Solving for V2
V2 =
2 g z1
AR2 + K
nozzle + Ke
We need the AR for the sudden expansion
2
D2
1 = 0.25
AR =
=
=

A3
2
D3
From Fig. 8.14 for AR = 0.25
Ke = 0.6
A2
ft
Q = 0.0217
s
Hence
V2 =
2 32.2
ft
2
5 ft
(0.25
V2 = 18.5
+ 0.28 + 0.6
ft
s
Q = V2 A2
Q = 18.5
ft 0.5
7.48 gal
60 s

ft
3
s 4 12
1 min
1 ft
Q = 11.32 gpm
Q = 0.0252
ft
s
Q
0.0252 0.0217
=
= 16.1 %
Q
0.0217
Comparing results we see the flow increases from 0.0217 ft3/s to 0.0252 ft3/s
The flow increases because the effect of the pipe is to allow an exit pressure at the nozzle LESS than atmospheric!
The minimum pressure point will now be at Point 2 (it was atmospheric before adding the small pipe). The energy
equation between 1 and 2 is
2
2
p
V2
2 V2
g z1
+
= Knozzle
2
2
Solving for p2
V2
p2 = g z1
K
+ 1)
2 ( nozzle
Hence
p2 = 1.94
slug
ft
32.2
ft
2
lbf s
1
ft
18.5 ( 0.28 + 1)
slug ft
2
s
2
5 ft
p2 = 113
If the flow were frictionless the the two loss coeffcients would be zero. Instead of V2 =
We'd have
V2 =
ft
2 g z1
AR2 + K
nozzle + Ke
2 g z1
2
AR
If V2 is larger, then p2, through Bernoulli, would be lower (more negative)
lbf
which is larger
p2 = 0.782 psi
Problem 8.101
[2]
Problem 8.102
[4]
Given data:
Tabulated or graphical data:

= 1.00E-06 m2/s
3
=
998 kg/m
(Appendix A)
L = 15.3 m
D = 3.18 mm
K ent = 1.4
=
2
Computed results:
Re = 2300 (Transition Re )
V = 0.723 m/s
=
1
(Turbulent)
f = 0.0473 (Turbulent)
d = 6.13 m
Energy equation:
(Using Solver )
(Vary d to minimize error in energy equation)
Left (m2/s) Right (m2/s)

59.9
59.9
Error
0.00%
Note that we used = 1 (turbulent); using = 2 (laminar) gives d = 6.16 m
Problem 8.104
[2]
Problem 8.105
Given:
Data on a tube
Find:
"Resistance" of tube for flow of kerosine; plot
[3]
Solution:
The given data is
L = 100 mm
From Fig. A.2 and Table A.2
= 1.1 10
D = 0.3 mm
3 N s
= 0.82 990
For an electrical resistor
kg
3
= 812
kg
(Kerosene)
V = R I
(1)
The governing equations for turbulent flow are

2
2
p
p
V1
V2
1
2
+ 1 2 + g z1 + 2 2 + g z2 = hl
e
2
D
1
2.51
L V
(8.34)
hl = f
= 2.0 log
+
D 2
f
3.7 Re f
(8.29)
(8.37)
Simplifying Eqs. 8.29 and 8.34 for a horizontal, constant-area pipe
Q
2
D
2
p1 p2
L V
L 4
= f
= f
D 2
or
By analogy, current I is represented by flow rate Q, and voltage V by pressure drop p.

Comparing Eqs. (1) and (2), the "resistance" of the tube is
p =
8 f L
2
D
R=
p
Q
(2)
8 f L Q
2
The "resistance" of a tube is not constant, but is proportional to the "current" Q! Actually, the dependence is not quite linear,
because f decreases slightly (and nonlinearly) with Q. The analogy fails!
The analogy is hence invalid for
Re > 2300
Writing this constraint in terms of flow rate
Q
D
2
D
4
> 2300
or
V D
> 2300
or
Q >
Flow rate above which analogy fails

The plot of "resistance" versus flow rate is shown in the associated Excel workbook
2300 D
4
Q = 7.34 10
3
7m
Given data:
L =
D =

100
0.3
=
SG ker =
mm
mm
w =
1.01E-03
0.82
N.s/m2
990
kg/m3
=
kg/m3
812
(Appendix A)
Computed results:
Q (m3/s) V (m/s)
Re
"R" (109
Pa/m3/s)
1.0E-06 14.1
2.0E-06 28.3
4.0E-06 56.6
6.0E-06 84.9
8.0E-06 113.2
1.0E-05 141.5
2.0E-05 282.9
4.0E-05 565.9
6.0E-05 848.8
8.0E-05 1131.8
3.4E+03
6.8E+03
1.4E+04
2.0E+04
2.7E+04
3.4E+04
6.8E+04
1.4E+05
2.0E+05
2.7E+05
0.0419
0.0343
0.0285
0.0257
0.0240
0.0228
0.0195
0.0169
0.0156
0.0147
1133
1855
3085
4182
5202
6171
10568
18279
25292
31900
The "resistance" is not constant; the analogy is invalid for turbulent flow
"Resistance" of a Tube versus Flow Rate

1.E+06
1.E+04
"R"
(109 Pa/m3/s)
1.E+02
1.E+00
1.0E-06
1.0E-05
3
Q (m /s)
1.0E-04
Given data:
L =
D =
=

100
10
1
= 1.01E-03
m
=
mm
998
(All flows turbulent)
(Table A.8)
K ent =
0.5
(Table 8.2)
N.s/m2
kg/m3
(Square-edged)
Computed results:
Q (L/min) V (m/s)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.1
1.3
1.5
1.7
1.9
2.1
Re
2.1E+03
4.2E+03
6.3E+03
8.4E+03
1.0E+04
1.3E+04
1.5E+04
1.7E+04
1.9E+04
2.1E+04
f
0.0305
0.0394
0.0350
0.0324
0.0305
0.0291
0.0280
0.0270
0.0263
0.0256
d (m)
0.704
3.63
7.27
11.9
17.6
24.2
31.6
39.9
49.1
59.1
Required Reservoir Head versus Flow Rate

75
50
d (m)
25
0
0
6
Q (L/min)
10
12
Problem 8.107
Given:
Flow of oil in a pipe
Find:
Percentage change in loss if diameter is reduced
Solution:
Basic equations
L V
hl = f
D 2
Here
V =
Then
Re =
64
f =
Re
Q
4 Q
=
2
A
D
V D
hl = f
Laminar
4
m
1
0.003
0.04 m
Re = 2.39
hl =
Turbulent
V = 2.39
m
s
0.04 m
2
s
0.00005 m
64 L V

Re D 2
m
s
Re = 1912
2.39 m
25 m
64
s
hl =
2
1912 0.04 m
L V
D 2
e
D
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
V =
The flow is LAMINAR
[3]
hl = 643
ft
When the diameter is reduced

V =
Re =
Q
4 Q
=
2
A
D
V D
V =
4
m
1
0.003

0.01 m
Re = 38.2
The flow is TURBULENT For a steel pipe, from table 8.1
Given
e
D
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
L V
D 2
V = 38.2
m
s
0.01 m
2
s
0.00005 m
m
s
Re = 7640
e = 0.046 mm
f = 0.0389
38.2 m
25 m
s
hl = 0.0389
2
0.01 m
hl = f
2
5 ft
2
7.64 10
The increase in loss is

643
ft
= 1188
2
5 ft
2
hl = 7.64 10
This is a HUGH increase! As a percentage increase of

118800%. Hence choice of diameter is very important!
The increase is because the diameter reduces by a factor of
four and the velocity therefore increases by a factor of 16,
and is squared!
Problem 8.108
[2]
Problem 8.109
[2]
Problem 8.109
[3]
Given: Data on reservoir/pipe system
Find: Plot elevation as a function of flow rate; fraction due to minor losses
Solution:
L =
D =
e/D =
K ent =
K exit =
250
50
0.003
0.5
1.0
Required Head versus Flow Rate

m
mm
200
150
z (m)
= 1.01E-06 m2/s
3
Q (m /s) V (m/s)
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
0.0030
0.0035
0.0040
0.0045
0.0050
0.0055
0.0060
0.0065
0.0070
0.0075
0.0080
0.0085
0.0090
0.0095
0.0100
0.000
0.255
0.509
0.764
1.02
1.27
1.53
1.78
2.04
2.29
2.55
2.80
3.06
3.31
3.57
3.82
4.07
4.33
4.58
4.84
5.09
Re
0.00E+00
1.26E+04
2.52E+04
3.78E+04
5.04E+04
6.30E+04
7.56E+04
8.82E+04
1.01E+05
1.13E+05
1.26E+05
1.39E+05
1.51E+05
1.64E+05
1.76E+05
1.89E+05
2.02E+05
2.14E+05
2.27E+05
2.40E+05
2.52E+05
100
z (m) h lm /h lT
0.000
0.0337 0.562 0.882%
0.0306 2.04 0.972%
0.0293 4.40 1.01%
0.0286 7.64 1.04%
0.0282 11.8 1.05%
0.0279 16.7 1.07%
0.0276 22.6 1.07%
0.0275 29.4 1.08%
0.0273 37.0 1.09%
0.0272 45.5 1.09%
0.0271 54.8 1.09%
0.0270 65.1 1.10%
0.0270 76.2 1.10%
0.0269 88.2 1.10%
0.0269 101
1.10%
0.0268 115
1.11%
0.0268 129
1.11%
0.0268 145
1.11%
0.0267 161
1.11%
0.0267 179
1.11%
50
0
0.0000
0.0025
0.0050
3
Q (m /s)
0.0075
0.0100
Minor Loss Percentage versus Flow Rate

1.2%
1.1%
h lm /h lT
1.0%
0.9%
0.8%
0.0000
0.0025
0.0050
3
Q (m /s)
0.0075
0.0100
Problem 8.110
Given:
Flow from pump to reservoir
Find:
Pressure at pump discharge
Solution:
[2]
2
2
p
p
V1
V2
1
2
+
+
g
+
g
z

1
2 = hlT
2
2
Basic equations
V1
L V1
hlT = hl + hlm = f
+ Kexit
2
D 2
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) at 1 and 2 is approximately 1 4) V2 <<

Hence the energy equation between Point 1 and the free surface (Point 2) becomes
2
2
p1 V2
L V
V
+ ( g z2) = f + Kexit
2
2
D 2

2
2
2
V
L V
V
p1 = g z2
+ f
+ Kexit
2
2
D 2
Solving for p1
= 1.94
Re =
slug
V D
ft
For commercial steel pipe e = 0.00015 ft
Flow is turbulent:
Given
For the exit
Kexit = 1.0
p1 = 1.94
slug
ft
32.2
ft
2
50 ft + .0150
5 ft
= 1.08 10
Re = 10
ft
9
s
ft
5 2
s 12
1.08 10 ft
(Table 8.1)
Re = 6.94 10
Turbulent
e
= 0.0002
D
so
e
D
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f = 0.0150
f
3.7 Re f
2
L V
so we find
p1 = g z2 + f
D 2
4 mile
0.75 ft
5280 ft
1mile
ft lbf s
10
2
s slug ft
1
4 lbf
2
p1 = 4.41 10
ft
p1 = 306 psi
Problem 8.111
Given:
Flow through three different layouts
Find:
Which has minimum loss
Solution:
Basic equations
[3]
2
2
p
p
2
V1
V2
1
2
L V
+
+
g
+
g
z
=
h
h
=
h
+
h
=
f
+

1
2
lT lT
l
lm
2
2
D 2
Minor
Le V 2
f
D 2
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) is approximately 1 4) Ignore additional length of elbows
L
min
For a flow rate of
Q = 350
V =
For water at 20oC
= 1.01 10
2
6 m
For Case (a)
L =
p1
p2
m
s
0.05 m
6 2
s
1.01 10 m
V = 2.97
m
s
5
Re = 1.47 10
f = 0.0201
L = 5.81 m
2
= f
e
4
= 6.56 10
D
4
L
0.001 m
1 min 1
350
1 L
min
60 s 0.05 m
Re = 2.97
5.25 + 2.5 m
Two 45o miter bends (Fig. 8.16), for each
Le
D
= 13
Le V
L V
+ 2 f
D 2
D 2
2
Le
V L
p = p1 p2 = f
+ 2
2 D
D
kg
3
.0201 2.97
p1
p2
5.81 + 2 13 N s

s
0.05
kg m
L = ( 5.25 + 2.5) m
Hence the energy equation is
Solving for p
V D
e
D
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
p = 1000
For Case (b)
Re =
Solving for p
V =
e = 0.15 mm
Flow is turbulent. From Table 8.1
Given
Q
4 Q
=
2
A
D
L = 7.75 m
2
Le V
L V
= f
+ f
D 2
D 2
2
V L Le
p = p1 p2 = f
+
2 D D
One standard 90o elbow (Table 8.4)
p = 25.2 kPa
Le
D
= 30
p = 1000
kg
3
m
For Case (c)
Solving for p
L = ( 5.25 + 2.5) m
p1
p2
L = 7.75 m
= f
m
7.75 + 30 N s

s
0.05
kg m
.0201 2.97
p = 32.8 kPa
Three standard 90o elbows, for each
Le
D
= 30
Le V
L V
+ 3 f
D 2
D 2
2
Le
V L
p = p1 p2 = f + 3
2 D
D
p = 1000
kg
3
.0201 2.97
Hence we conclude Case (a) is the best and Case (c) is the worst
m
7.75 + 3 30 N s

s
0.05
kg m
p = 43.4 kPa
Problem 8.112
[2]
Problem 8.113
[3]
c
h
LA
d
LB
Given:
Pipe friction experiment
Find:
Required average speed; Estimate feasibility of constant head tank; Pressure drop over 5 m
Solution:
Basic equations
2
2
p
p
V1
V2
1
2
+ 2 + g z1 + 2 + g z2 = hlT
LA V A
LB V B
hlT = hA + hB = fA
+ fB
DA 2
DB 2
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) is approximately 1 4) Ignore minor losses

5
We wish to have
ReB = 10
Hence, from
ReB =
V B D B
VB =
2
6 m
VB = 10 1.01 10
We will also need
DB
V A = V B
DA
ReA =
VA DA
ReB
and for water at 20oC
DB
1
0.025 m
VA = 4.04
m 2.5
s 5
ReA = 1.01
2
6 m
= 1.01 10
VB = 4.04
m
s
VA = 1.01
m
s
m
s
0.05 m
6 2
s
1.01 10 m
ReA = 5 10
Both tubes have turbulent flow

For PVC pipe (from Googling!)
For tube A
For tube B
e = 0.0015 mm
Given
DA
1
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
3.7 ReA fA
fA
Given
D
1
B
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
3.7
fB
ReB fB
Applying the energy equation between Points 1 and 3

2
g LA + h
VB
2
LA V A
LB V B
= fA
+ fB
DA 2
DB 2
fA = 0.0210
fB = 0.0183
Solving for LA
LA =
VB
LB
1 + fB
g h
2
DB
2
fA VA
DA 2
LA =
1
m
20
m
4.04 1 + 0.0183
9.81 2 0.5 m
2
s
0.025
s
1
0.0210
m
9.81
1.01
2
0.05 m
2
s
s
m
LA = 12.8 m
Most ceilings are about 3.5 m or 4 m, so this height is IMPRACTICAL

Applying the energy equation between Points 2 and 3
2
2
2
p
2 VB p3 VB
L VB
+ 2 + 2 = fB D 2
p = 1000
kg
3
or
2
L VB
p = fB
DB 2
2
0.0183
5 m
m
N s
4.04
kg m
2
0.025 m
s
p = 29.9 kPa
Given data:
L =
D =

20
75
m
mm
e =
0.26
mm
(Table 8.1)
= 1.00E-03 N.s/m2
=
kg/m3
999
(Appendix A)
Gate valve L e/D =
8
Elbow L e/D =
30
(Table 8.4)
Computed results:
0.010
0.015
0.020
0.025
0.030
0.035
0.040
0.045
0.050
0.055
0.060
2.26
3.40
4.53
5.66
6.79
7.92
9.05
10.2
11.3
12.4
13.6
Re
1.70E+05
2.54E+05
3.39E+05
4.24E+05
5.09E+05
5.94E+05
6.78E+05
7.63E+05
8.48E+05
9.33E+05
1.02E+06
p (kPa)
f
0.0280 28.3
0.0277 63.1
0.0276
112
0.0276
174
0.0275
250
0.0275
340
0.0274
444
0.0274
561
0.0274
692
0.0274
837
0.0274
996
Required Pressure Head for a Circuit

1200
1000
p (kPa)
Q (m /s) V (m/s)
800
600
400
200
0
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
3
Q (m /s)
0.05
0.06
0.07
Problem 8.115
Given:
Same flow rate in various ducts
Find:
Pressure drops of each compared to round duct
Solution:
Basic equations
[3]
2
2
p
p
V1
V2
1
2
+
+
g
+
g
1
2 = hl
2
2
Dh =
4 A
Pw
e = 0
(Smooth)
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) is approximately 1 4) Ignore minor losses

The energy equation simplifies to
2
L V
p = p1 p2 = f
Dh 2
or
p
f V
=
L
Dh 2
Q
A
But we have
V =
V = 1250
From Table A.9
= 1.62 10
4 ft
V Dh
Hence
Re =
For a round duct
Dh = D =
For a rectangular duct
Dh =
But
h=
ft
1 min
1
2
min
60 s
1 ft
= 0.00234
ft
Re = 20.8
4 A
so
Dh =
ar
h =
ft
s
at 68oF
ft
s
5
Dh = 1.284 10 Dh
4
2
s 1.62 10 ft
4
2
1 ft
4 A
4 b h
2 h ar
=
=
Pw
2 ( b + h)
1 + ar
slug
V = 20.8
b h
A
=
ar
ar
(Dh in ft)
Dh = 1.13 ft
where
ar =
or
h=
b
h
A
ar
and
Dh =
2 ar
A
1 + ar
The results are:

Round
Given
Dh = 1.13 ft
5 1
Re = 1.284 10 Dh
ft
e
Dh
1
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
2 ar
A
1 + ar
ar = 1
Dh =
Given
D
1
h
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
Re = 1.45 10
f = 0.0167
p
f V
=
L
Dh 2
p
3 lbf
= 7.51 10
3
L
ft
Dh = 1 ft
5 1
Re = 1.284 10 Dh
ft
Re = 1.28 10
f = 0.0171
p
f V
=
L
Dh 2
p
3 lbf
= 8.68 10
3
L
ft
8.68 10
Hence the square duct experiences a percentage increase in pressure drop of
7.51 10
= 15.6 %
7.51 10
ar = 2
Given
Dh =
2 ar
A
1 + ar
Dh = 0.943 ft
e
Dh
1
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
5 1
Re = 1.284 10 Dh
ft
Re = 1.21 10
f = 0.0173
p
3 lbf
= 9.32 10
3
L
ft
p
f V
=
L
Dh 2
9.32 10
Hence the 2 x 1 duct experiences a percentage increase in pressure drop of
7.51 10
3
= 24.1 %
7.51 10
ar = 3
Given
Dh =
2 ar
A
1 + ar
Dh = 0.866 ft
D
1
h
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
5 1
Re = 1.284 10 Dh
ft
Re = 1.11 10
f = 0.0176
p
f V
=
L
Dh 2
Hence the 3 x 1 duct experiences a percentage increase in pressure drop of
0.01 7.51 10
7.51 10
Note that f varies only about 7%; the large change in p/L is primarily due to the 1/Dh factor
p
lbf
= 0.01
3
L
ft
= 33.2 %
Problem 8.116
[3] Part 1/2
Problem 8.116
[3] Part 2/2
Problem 8.117
Given:
Flow through fire hose and nozzle
Find:
Supply pressure
Solution:
Basic equations
[3]
2
2
p
p
V1
V2
1
2
+
+
g
+
g
z

1
2 = hlT
2
2
L V
hlT = hl + hlm = f
+
D 2
Minor
V2
K
2
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) is approximately 1 4) p2 = patm so p2 = 0 gage

Hence the energy equation between Point 1 at the supply and the nozzle exit (Point n); let the velocity in the hose be V
p1
Vn
Vn
V
L V
= f
+ Ke + 4 Kc
+ Kn
2
2
D 2
From continuity
D
Vn =
V
D2
V
2
Solving for p1
p1 =
= 1.94
For the hose
Flow is turbulent:
5 ft
slug
= 1.08 10
V D
Re = 15.3
1 ft
V = 15.3
ft
3
s
ft
5 2
s 12
1.08 10 ft
e
D
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
Given
4
ft
0.75
4
L
D
+ Ke + 4 Kc +
(1 + Kn)
D2
e
= 0.004
D
p1 =
V =
ft
Re =
Q
4 Q
=
2
A
D
V =
and
1.94
Re = 3.54 10
Turbulent
f = 0.0287
lbf s
ft
250
3
15.3 0.0287
+ 0.5 + 4 0.5 + ( 1 + 0.02)
3
1
s
slug ft
ft
slug
4 lbf
2
p1 = 2.58 10
ft
p1 = 179 psi
ft
s
Problem 8.118
Given:
Flow down corroded iron pipe
Find:
Pipe roughness; Power savings with new pipe
Solution:
Basic equations
[3]
2
2
p
p
V1
V2
1
2
+
+
g
+
g
1
2 = hl
2
2
hl = f
L V
D 2
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) is approximately 1 4) No minor losses

2
p2
p1
L V
+ g z1 + g z2 = f
D 2
and
V =
Q
4 Q
=
2
A
D
V =
4
m
1 min
1
0.2
2
min
60 s
( 0.025 m)
V = 6.79
m
s
In this problem we can compute directly f and Re, and hnece obtain e/D
2 D p1 p2
Solving for f
f =
+ g z1 z2
2
L V
0.025 s
m
kg m
m
3 N
+ 9.81 6 m
( 700 525) 10 2
2
2
1000 kg
6
6.79 m
m
s N
s
f = 2
2
6 m
From Table A.8 (20oF) = 1.01 10
Flow is turbulent:
Given
New pipe (Table 8.1)
e = 0.15 mm
Re =
V D
Re = 6.79
e
D
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
Re = 1.68 10
e
= 0.0134
D
e
= 0.006
D
e
D
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
Given
In this problem
L V
p = p1 p2 = g z2 z1 + f
D 2
Hence
pnew = 1000
kg
3
m
Compared to pold = 175 kPa we find
m
s
0.025 m
6 2
s
1.01 10 m
f = 0.0423
9.81
f = 0.0326
( 6 m) +
0.0326
2
2
2
6
m N s
6.79
0.025
s kg m
pnew = 121 kPa

pold pnew
pold
= 30.6 %
Choose data:
L =
D =
e =
=
=

1.0
3.0
0.0
2
1
m
mm
mm
(Laminar)
(Turbulent)
= 1.00E-03 N.s/m
3
= 999 kg/m
(Appendix A)
K ent =
0.5
(Square-edged)
(Table 8.2)
2
Required Reservoir Head versus Reynolds Number
Computed results:
Q (L/min) V (m/s) Re
0.200
0.472 1413
0.225
0.531 1590
0.250
0.589 1767
0.275
0.648 1943
0.300
0.707 2120
0.325
0.766 2297
0.350
0.825 2473
0.375
0.884 2650
0.400
0.943 2827
0.425
1.002 3003
0.450
1.061 3180
Regime
Laminar
Laminar
Laminar
Laminar
Laminar
Laminar
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
f
0.0453
0.0403
0.0362
0.0329
0.0302
0.0279
0.0462
0.0452
0.0443
0.0435
0.0428
1.00
H (m)
0.199
0.228
0.258
0.289
0.320
0.353
0.587
0.660
0.738
0.819
0.904
0.75
H (m)
Laminar
Turbulent
0.50
0.25
0.00
1000
The flow rates are realistic, and could easily be measured using a tank/timer system
The head required is also realistic for a small-scale laboratory experiment
Around Re = 2300 the flow may oscillate between laminar and turbulent:
Once turbulence is triggered (when H > 0.353 m), the resistance to flow increases
requiring H >0.587 m to maintain; hence the flow reverts to laminar, only to trip over
again to turbulent! This behavior will be visible: the exit flow will switch back and
forth between smooth (laminar) and chaotic (turbulent)
1500
2000
Re
2500
3000
3500
Problem 8.120
[4]
Problem 8.121
[2]
Problem 8.122
Given:
Flow in horizontal pipe
Find:
Flow rate
Solution:
Basic equations
[3]
2
2
p
p
V1
V2
1
2
+
+
g
+
g
z

1
2 = hl
2
2
hl = f
L V
D 2

p1
Solving for V
p2
p
L V
= f
D 2
2 D p
L f
V =
V =
V D
We also have
Re =
= 1.08 10
(1)
2 D p
L
k=
k =
1
3
300
lbf
2
5 ft
c =
e
D
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
(2)
where
1
s
ft
5 2
3
1.08 10 ft
In addition
12 in
ft
slugft

2
1 ft 1.94 slug s lbf
in
Re = c V
or
40
k = 2.57
c =
ft
s
4 s
c = 3.09 10
ft
(3)
Equations 1, 2 and 3 form a set of simultaneous equations for V, Re and f

Make a guess for f
f = 0.1
V =
then
V = 8.12
ft
s
Re = c V
Re = 2.51 10
V = 10.7
ft
Re = c V
Re = 3.31 10
V = 10.7
ft
Re = c V
Re = 3.31 10
f
Given
Given
e
D
1
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
f = 0.0573
e
D
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
f = 0.0573
Q = V
D
4
V =
k
f
V =
k
f
Q = 10.7
Note that we could use Excel's Solver for this problem
ft
s
1
7.48 gal
60 s
ft
3
4 3
1 min
1 ft
Q = 419 gpm
Problem 8.123
Given:
Drinking of a beverage
Find:
Fraction of effort of drinking of friction and gravity
Solution:
[3]
2
2
p
p
V1
V2
1
2
+
+
g
+
g
1
2 = hl
2
2
Basic equations
L V
D 2
hl = f

Hence the energy equation becomes, between the bottom of the straw (Point 1) and top (Point 2)
p2
g z1
+ g z2 = f
L V
D 2
where p2 is the gage pressure in the mouth
The negative gage pressure the mouth must create is therefore due to two parts
pgrav = g z2 z1
pfric = f
12
gal
128
Assuming a person can drink 12 fluid ounces in 5 s
Q =
Assuming a straw is 6 in long diameter 0.2 in, with roughness
e = 5 10
V =
From Table A.7
(68oF)
Given
Then
V =
2
5 ft
= 1.08 10
Re =
V D
Q = 2.51 10
1
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
e
D
slug
pfric = 1.94
slug
ft
V = 11.5
ft
32.2
ft
2
0.0272
pfric
pfric + pgrav
0.2
12
ft
ft
s
1.08 10
Re = 1.775 10
5 2
ft
f = 0.0272
1
2
ft
6
0.2
= 77 %
lbf s
slugft
pgrav = 31.2
ft
2
ft
lbf s
11.5
slug ft
2
s
1
lbf
and gravity is
These results will vary depending on assumptions, but it seems friction is significant!
pfric = 105
lbf
ft
pgrav
pfric + pgrav
= 23 %
(from Googling!)
in
1
12 in
4
3 ft
2.51 10

s 0.2 in
1 ft
Re = 11.5
pgrav = 1.94
3 ft
(for water, but close enough)
Hence the fraction due to friction is
1 ft
7.48 gal
ft
and
5 s
4 Q
D
L V
D 2
pgrav = 0.217 psi

pfric = 0.727 psi
Problem 8.124
[2]
Problem 8.125
[2]
Problem 8.126
[2]
Problem 8.127
[2]
Problem 8.128
[2]
Problem 8.129
Given:
Galvanized drainpipe
Find:
Maximum downpour it can handle
Solution:
[3]
2
2
p
p
V1
V2
1
2
+
+
g
+
g
1
2 = hl
2
2
Basic equations
hl = f
L V
D 2
L V
Hence the energy equation becomes g z1 g z2 = g z1 z2 = g h = f
D 2
V =
Solving for V
k=
2 D g h
=
L f
2 D g
2 D g
f
k =
V =
h=L
(1)
2 0.075 m 9.81
k = 1.21
s
V D
We also have
Re =
From Table A.7 (20oC)
= 1.01 10
Re = c V
or
6 m
where
c = 0.075 m
1.01 10
e
D
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
In addition
(2)
c=
m
s
4 s
e = 0.15 mm
(3)
c = 7.43 10
(Table 8.1)

Make a guess for f
f = 0.01
V =
then
V = 12.13
f
Given
Given
Given
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
f = 0.0236
e
D
1
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
f = 0.0237
e
D
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
f = 0.0237
e
D
V =
V = 7.90
V = 7.88
V = 7.88
V =
k
f
V =
k
f
Re = c V
Re = 9.01 10
Re = c V
Re = 5.86 10
Re = c V
Re = 5.85 10
Re = c V
Re = 5.85 10
Q = V
D
4
Q = 7.88
m
2
( 0.075 m)
s 4
Q = 0.0348
m
s
The downpour rate is then
Q
=
Aroof
m
0.0348
s
2
500 m
100 cm
60 s
cm
= 0.418
1 m
1 min
min
The drain can handle 0.418 cm/min
Problem 8.130
[3] Part 1/2
Problem 8.130
[3] Part 2/2
Fluid is not specified: use water

Given data:
p =
D =
L =
100
25
100

= 1.00E-03 N.s/m
3
=
999 kg/m
(Water - Appendix A)
2
kPa
mm
m
Computed results:
3
4
e/D V (m/s) Q (m /s) x 10
0.000 1.50
7.35
0.005 1.23
6.03
0.010 1.12
5.49
0.015 1.05
5.15
0.020 0.999
4.90
0.025 0.959
4.71
0.030 0.925
4.54
0.035 0.897
4.40
0.040 0.872
4.28
0.045 0.850
4.17
0.050 0.830
4.07
Re
37408
30670
27953
26221
24947
23939
23105
22396
21774
21224
20730
Regime
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
p (kPa)
f
0.0223
100
0.0332
100
0.0400
100
0.0454
100
0.0502
100
0.0545
100
0.0585
100
0.0623
100
0.0659
100
0.0693
100
0.0727
100
Error
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
It is not possible to roughen the tube sufficiently to slow the flow down to
a laminar flow for this p . Even a relative roughness of 0.5 (a physical
impossibility!) would not work.
Flow Rate versus Tube Relative Roughness

for fixed p
8
6
Q (m3/s)
x 104 4
2
0
0.00
0.01
0.02
e/D
0.03
0.04
0.05
Fluid is not specified: use water

Given data:
p =
D =
100
25
Flow Rate vs Tube Length for Fixed p
= 1.00E-03 N.s/m
3
=
999 kg/m
2
m
mm
10.0
Computed results:
L (km) V (m/s) Q (m3/s) x 104
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
5.0
10
15
19
21
25
30
0.40
0.319
0.270
0.237
0.158
0.105
0.092
0.092
0.092
0.078
0.065
1.98
1.56
1.32
1.16
0.776
0.516
0.452
0.452
0.452
0.383
0.320
Re
10063
7962
6739
5919
3948
2623
2300
2300
2300
1951
1626
Regime
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Laminar
Laminar
Laminar
Laminar
p (kPa)
f
0.0308
100
0.0328
100
0.0344
100
0.0356
100
0.0401
100
0.0454
100
0.0473
120
0.0278
90
0.0278
99
0.0328
100
0.0394
100
Error
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
20.2%
10.4%
1.0%
0.0%
0.0%
Laminar
Turbulent
Q (m3/s)
x 104
1.0
The "critical" length of tube is between 15 and 20 km.

For this range, the fluid is making a transition between laminar
and turbulent flow, and is quite unstable. In this range the flow oscillates
between laminar and turbulent; no consistent solution is found
(i.e., an Re corresponding to turbulent flow needs an f assuming laminar to produce
the p required, and vice versa!)
More realistic numbers (e.g., tube length) are obtained for a fluid such as SAE 10W oil
(The graph will remain the same except for scale)
0.1
0
10
20
L (km)
30
40
Given data:
p =
D =
L =
153
75
100

= 1.00E-03 N.s/m2
3
=
999 kg/m
kPa
mm
m
Computed results:
e/D V (m/s)
0.000 3.98
0.005 2.73
0.010 2.45
0.015 2.29
0.020 2.168
0.025 2.076
0.030 2.001
0.035 1.937
0.040 1.882
0.045 1.833
0.050 1.790
Q (m3/s)
0.0176
0.0121
0.0108
0.0101
0.00958
0.00917
0.00884
0.00856
0.00832
0.00810
0.00791
Re
2.98E+05
2.05E+05
1.84E+05
1.71E+05
1.62E+05
1.56E+05
1.50E+05
1.45E+05
1.41E+05
1.37E+05
1.34E+05
Regime
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
p (kPa)
f
0.0145
153
0.0308
153
0.0382
153
0.0440
153
0.0489
153
0.0533
153
0.0574
153
0.0612
153
0.0649
153
0.0683
153
0.0717
153
It is not possible to roughen the tube sufficiently to slow the flow down to
a laminar flow for this p.
Error
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
Computed results:
L (m) V (m/s)
Q (m3/s)
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
0.00606
0.00519
0.00467
0.00431
0.004036
0.003821
0.003645
0.003496
0.003368
0.003257
1.37
1.175
1.056
0.975
0.913
0.865
0.825
0.791
0.762
0.737
Re
1.03E+05
8.80E+04
7.92E+04
7.30E+04
6.84E+04
6.48E+04
6.18E+04
5.93E+04
5.71E+04
5.52E+04
Regime
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
p (kPa)
f
0.1219
153
0.0833
153
0.0686
153
0.0604
153
0.0551
153
0.0512
153
0.0482
153
0.0459
153
0.0439
153
0.0423
153
Error
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
Flow Rate versus Tube Relative Roughness for fixed p

0.020
0.015
3
Q (m /s)
0.010
0.005
0.000
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.05
0.05
e/D
Flow Rate versus Tube Relative Roughness for fixed p

0.010
Q (m3/s)
0.005
0.000
0
200
400
600
L (m)
800
1000
1200
Given data:
p2 =
600
(Closed)
D = 150
L = 200
Q = 0.75
(Open)

e = 0.26 mm
kPa
(Table 8.1)
= 1.00E-03 N.s/m2
= 999 kg/m3
mm
m
m3/min
Computed results:
Closed:
Fully open:
H =
61.2
(Eq. 1)
V =
Re =
f =
Partially open:
5.91
m/s
8.85E+05
0.0228
Eq. 2, solved by varying V using Solver :

Left (m2/s) Right (m2/s)
601
601
Q =
0.104
Error
0%
m3/s
3
Q =
0.75 m /min
V =
0.71 m/s
Re = 1.06E+05
f = 0.0243
p2 =
591
kPa
(Eq. 3)
Problem 8.135
Given:
Syphon system
Find:
Flow rate; Minimum pressure
Solution:
[3]
2
2
p
p
V1
V2
1
2
+
+
g
+
g
z

1
2 = hlT
2
2
Basic equations
hlT = f
L V
+ hlm
D 2
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) is approximately 1

Hence the energy equation applied between the tank free surface (Point 1) and the tube exit (Point 2, z = 0) becomes
2
g z1
V2
2
R
=9
D
Le
so from Fig. 8.16
= 28
V =
The two lengths are
Le = 56 D
We also have
Re =
= 1.14 10
(1)
L Le
1 + Kent + f +
D D
Le = 2.8 m
V D
or
2
6 m
= 56
h = 2.5 m
and
L = ( 0.6 + 0.45 + 2.5) m
L = 4.51 m
Re = c V (2)
where
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
c=
c = 0.05 m
e
D
Le
for a 90o bend so for a 180o bend
2 g h
Solving for V
In addition
Kent = 0.78
From Table 8.2 for reentrant entrance

For the bend
Le V
V
L V
V
= g z1
= f
+ Kent
+ f
2
2
D 2
D 2
1.14 10
4 s
c = 4.39 10
e = 0.0015 mm
(3)
(Table 8.1)

Make a guess for f
f = 0.01
V =
then
2 g h
L Le
1 + Kent + f +
D D
V = 3.89
m
s
Re = c V
Re = 1.71 10

e
D
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
Given
2 g h
V =
Le
L
1 + Kent + f +
D D
e
D
1
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
Given
2 g h
V =
L Le
1 + Kent + f +
D D
e
D
1
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
Given
V =
2 g h
L Le
1 + Kent + f +
D D
f = 0.0164
V = 3.43
m
s
Re = c V
Re = 1.50 10
Re = c V
Re = 1.49 10
Re = c V
Re = 1.49 10
f = 0.0168
V = 3.40
m
s
f = 0.0168
V = 3.40
m
s

The minimum pressure occurs at the top of the curve (Point 3). Applying the energy equation between Points 1 and 3
2
p
2
2
Le V 2
p3 V2
3 V3
L V
V
g z1
+
+ g z3 = g z1
+
+ g z3 = f
+ Kent
+ f
2
2
2
D 2
D 2
where we have
Le
D
= 28
0.45
L = 0.6 +
m
2
for the first 90o of the bend, and
L = 1.31 m
L Le
V
p3 = g (z1 z3)
1 + Kent + f +
D D
p3 = 1000
kg
3
9.81
( 0.45 m) 3.4
m
1.31 + 28 N s
1 + 0.78 + 0.0168
s
0.05
kg m
2
p3 = 35.5 kPa
Problem 8.136
[4]
Given:
Tank with drainpipe
Find:
Flow rate for rentrant, square-edged, and rounded entrances
Solution:
2
2
p
p
V1
V2
1
2
+
+
g
+
g
z

1
2 = hlT
2
2
Basic equations
hlT = f
L V
V
+ Kent
2
D 2
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) is approximately 1

Hence the energy equation applied between the tank free surface (Point 1) and the pipe exit (Point 2, z = 0) becomes
2
V2
g z1
V
L V
V
= g z1
= f
+ Kent
2
2
D 2
2 g h
Solving for V
V =
We also have
Re =
= 1.01 10
(1)
1 + K + f L
ent
D
V D
Re = c V (2)
or
6 m
where
c = 0.025 m
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
e
D
In addition
h = ( 1.5 + 3.5) m
and
1.01 10
4 s
c = 2.48 10
e = 0.26 mm
(3)
c =
h = 5m
(Table 8.1)

Kent = 0.78
For a reentrant entrance, from Table 8.2
Make a guess for f
f = 0.01
V =
Given
Given
2 g h
1 + K + f L
ent
D
e
D
1
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
V =
2 g h
1 + K + f L
ent
D
e
D
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
then
V = 6.42
m
s
Re = c V
Re = 1.59 10
f = 0.0388
V = 4.89
m
s
f = 0.0389
Re = c V
Re = 1.21 10
V =
Given
2 g h
V = 4.88
1 + K + f L
ent
D
e
D
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
V =
m
s
Re = c V
Re = 1.21 10
Re = c V
Re = 1.21 10
f = 0.0389
2 g h
V = 4.88
1 + K + f L
ent
D
m
s

Q = V
D
4
Q = 4.88
For a square-edged entrance, from Table 8.2
Make a guess for f
f = 0.01
Given
1 + K + f L
ent
D
2 g h
V = 5.06
1 + K + f
ent
D
e
D
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
V = 5.06
1 + K + f L
ent
D
D
4
f = 0.01
V =
V = 6.83
m
s
m
s
Q = 5.06
r
3.75
=
= 0.15
D
25
For a rounded entrance, from Table 8.2
Make a guess for f
m
hr
m
s
Re = c V
Re = 1.69 10
Re = c V
Re = 1.25 10
Re = c V
Re = 1.25 10
f = 0.0389
2 g h
Q = V
Q = 8.62
f = 0.0388
then
e
D
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
V =
3
3 m
Kent = 0.5
V =
Q = 2.4 10
2 g h
V =
Given
m
2
( 0.025 m)
s 4
m
s
( 0.025 m)
Q = 2.48 10
3
3 m
Q = 8.94
m
hr
Kent = 0.04
then
2 g h
1 + K + f L
ent
D
V = 7.73
m
s
Re = c V
Re = 1.91 10
Given
D
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
V =
Given
2 g h
V = 5.40
1 + K + f L
ent
D
e
D
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
V =
Given
f = 0.0387
Re = c V
Re = 1.34 10
Re = c V
Re = 1.34 10
Re = c V
Re = 1.34 10
f = 0.0389
2 g h
V = 5.39
1 + K + f L
ent
D
e
D
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
V =
m
s
m
s
f = 0.0389
2 g h
V = 5.39
1 + K + f L
ent
D
m
s

Q = V
D
4
Q = 5.39
m
2
( 0.025 m)
s 4
In summary:
Renentrant: Q = 8.62
m
hr
Q = 2.65 10
Square-edged:
m
Q = 8.94
hr
3
3 m
Q = 9.52
3
Rounded:
m
Q = 9.52
hr
m
hr
Problem 8.137
[4]
Problem 8.138
[5]
Given:
Tank with drain hose
Find:
Flow rate at different instants; Estimate of drain time
Solution:
Basic equations
2
2
p
p
V1
V2
1
2
+
+
g
+
g
1
2 = hl
2
2
hl = f
L V
D 2
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) is approximately 1 4) Ignore minor loss at entrance (L >>; verify later)
Hence the energy equation applied between the tank free surface (Point 1) and the hose exit (Point 2, z = 0) becomes
2
g z1
Solving for V
V =
We also have
Re =
From Fig. A.2 (20oC)
V2
2
2 g h
(1)
1 + f L
V D
h = 10 ft
initially
where
c=
2
6 m
10.8
ft
s
= 1.94 10
5 ft
1
s
ft
5 2
12
1.94 10 ft
m
s
3 s
c = 4.30 10
e
D
1
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
In addition
and
Re = c V (2)
or
= 1.8 10
c =
V
L V
= g z1
= f
2
D 2
(3)
with
ft
e = 0.01 in
D = 1 in

Make a guess for f
f = 0.01
V =
Given
then
2 g h
1 + f L
e
D
1
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
f = 0.0393
V = 9.59
V =
ft
s
2 g h
1 + f L
V = 5.12
ft
s
Re = c V
Re = 4.12 10
Re = c V
Re = 2.20 10
Given
Given
e
D
1
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
f = 0.0405
V =
e
D
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
f = 0.0405
V =
2 g h
1 + f L
2 g h
1 + f L

Q = V
D
4
V = 5.04
ft
s
Re = c V
Re = 2.17 10
V = 5.04
ft
s
Re = c V
Re = 2.17 10
Note:
Q = 5.04
ft 1
ft
s 4 12
L
= 24.3
D
Ke = 0.5
hlm < hl
Q = 0.0275
ft
s
Q = 12.3 gpm
Next we recompute everything for h = 5 ft
Given
Given
Given
e
D
1
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
f = 0.0405
V =
e
D
1
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
f = 0.0415
V =
e
D
1
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
f = 0.0415
V =
Q = V
D
4
Q = 3.52
2 g h
1 + f L
2 g h
1 + f
2 g h
1 + f
ft 1
ft
s 4 12
V = 3.57
ft
s
Re = c V
Re = 1.53 10
V = 3.52
ft
s
Re = c V
Re = 1.51 10
V = 3.52
ft
s
Re = c V
Re = 1.51 10
Q = 0.0192
ft
s
Q = 8.62 gpm
Next we recompute everything for h = 1 ft
Given
Given
Given
e
D
1
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
f = 0.0415
V =
e
D
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
f = 0.0452
V =
e
D
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
f = 0.0454
V =
Q = V
D
4
Q = 1.51
ft
s
2 g h
1 + f
2 g h
1 + f L
2 g h
1 + f L
ft
V = 1.58
ft
s
Re = c V
Re = 6.77 10
V = 1.51
ft
s
Re = c V
Re = 6.50 10
V = 1.51
ft
Re = c V
Re = 6.48 10
12
Q = 0.00824
ft
s
Q = 3.70 gpm
Initially we have dQ/dt = -12.3 gpm, then -8.62 gpm, then -3.70 gpm. These occur at h = 10 ft, 5 ft and 1 ft. The corresponding
volumes in the tank are then Q = 7500 gal, 3750 gal, and 750 gal. Using Excel we can fit a power trendline to the dQ/dt versus
Q data to find, approximately
1
dQ
2
= 0.12 Q
dt
t=
1
0.06
( 7500
where dQ/dt is in gpm and t is min. Solving this with initial condition Q = 7500 gpm when t = 0 gives
Q)
Hence, when Q = 750 gal (h = 1 ft)
t =
1
0.06
( 7500
750) min
t = 987 min
t = 16.4 hr
Problem 8.139
[4] Part 1/2
Problem 8.139
[4] Part 2/2
Problem 8.140
[5] Part 1/2
Problem 8.140
[5] Part 2/2
Problem 8.141
Applying the energy equation between inlet and exit:
= f
L V 2
D 2
"Old school":
or
p f V 2
=
L
D 2
p p Q0
=

L L 0 Q
Q (gpm)
20
18
16
Flow (gpm)
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0.00
Your boss was wrong!
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
2.25
2.50
Flow
2.75
3.00
3.25
3.50
3.75
4.00
4.25
4.50
4.75
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.75
6.00
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
7.25
7.50
7.75
0.02
8.00
8.25
8.50
8.75
9.00
Q (ft3/s)
D=
e=
=
=
V (ft/s)
Re
0.00279
0.511
3940
0.00334
0.613
4728
0.00390
0.715
5516
0.00446
0.817
6304
0.00501
0.919
7092
0.00557
1.021
7881
Rate versus Pressure
0.00613
1.123
8669
0.00668
1.226
9457
0.00724
1.328
10245
0.00780
1.430
11033
0.00836
1.532
11821
0.00891
1.634
12609
0.00947
1.736
13397
0.01003
1.838
14185
0.01058
1.940
14973
0.01114
2.043
15761
0.01170
2.145
16549
0.01225
2.247
17337
0.01281
2.349
18125
0.01337
2.451
18913
0.01393
2.553
19701
0.01448
2.655
20489
0.01504
2.758
21277
0.01560
2.860
22065
0.01615
2.962
22854
0.01671
3.064
23642
0.017270.04 3.166
24430
0.06
0.01783
3.268
25218
Pressure
Drop (psi/ft)
0.01838
3.370
26006
0.01894
3.472
26794
0.01950
3.575
27582
0.02005
3.677
28370
1
0.00015
1.08E-05
1.94
in
ft
ft2/s
slug/ft3
p (old
p (psi/ft)
school) (psi)
0.0401
0.00085
0.00085
0.0380
0.00122
0.00115
0.0364
0.00166
0.00150
0.0350
0.00216
0.00189
0.0339
0.00274
0.00232
0.0329
0.00338
0.00278
Drop
0.0321
0.00409
0.00328
0.0314
0.00487
0.00381
0.0307
0.00571
0.00438
0.0301
0.00663
0.00498
0.0296
0.00761
0.00561
0.0291
0.00865
0.00628
0.0286
0.00977
0.00698
0.0282
0.01095
0.00771
0.0278
0.01220
0.00847
0.0275
0.01352
0.00927
0.0272
0.01491
0.01010
0.0268
0.01636
0.01095
0.0265
0.01788
0.01184
0.0263
0.01947
0.01276
0.0260
0.02113
0.01370
0.0258
0.02285
0.01468
School" 0.01569
0.0255"Old 0.02465
0.0253Exact0.02651
0.01672
0.0251
0.02843
0.01779
0.0249
0.03043
0.01888
0.0247
0.03249
0.02000
0.08
0.10
0.0245
0.03462
0.02115
0.0243
0.03682
0.02233
0.0242
0.03908
0.02354
0.0240
0.04142
0.02477
0.0238
0.04382
0.02604
Problem 8.142
Given:
Hydraulic press system
Find:
Minimum required diameter of tubing
Solution:
Basic equations
[3]
2
2
p
p
V1
V2
1
2
+
+
g
+
g
z

1
2 = hl
2
2
L V2
hl = f
D 2
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) at 1 and 2 is approximately 1 4) Ignore minor losses
The flow rate is low and it's oil, so try assuming laminar flow. Then, from Eq. 8.13c
p =
128 Q L
D
128 Q L
D =
or
lbf s
0.0209
For SAE 10W oil at 100oF (Fig. A.2, 38oC)
2 N s
= 3.5 10
ft
N s
m
= 7.32 10
Check Re to assure flow is laminar
From Table A.2
SGoil = 0.92
Re = 0.92 1.94
ft
1
4
Q
4 Q
V =
=
2
A
D
4
ft
12 1
V =
0.02

s 0.488 ft
so
Re =
slug
ft
15.4
ft
s
0.488
12
ft
4 lbf s
2
128
ft
in
1 ft
4 lbf s
D =
7.32 10
0.02
165 ft

s
( 3000 2750) lbf 12 in
ft
Hence
1
4
D = 0.0407 ft
D = 0.488 in
V = 15.4
ft
s
SGoil H2O V D
ft
7.32 10
lbf s
lbf s
slug ft
Hence the flow is laminar, Re < 2300. The minimum diameter is 0.488 in, so 0.5 in ID tube should be chosen
Re = 1527
Problem 8.143
Given:
Flow out of reservoir by pump
Find:
Smallest pipe needed
Solution:
[4]
2
2
p
p
V1
V2
1
2
+
+
g
+
g
1
2 = hlT
2
2
Basic equations
V2
Le V 2
L V2
hlT = hl + hlm = f
+ Kent
+ f
2
D 2
D 2
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) at 1 and 2 is approximately 1 4) Vl <<

Hence for flow between the free surface (Point 1) and the pump inlet (2) the energy equation becomes
Solving for h2 = p2/g
p2
g z2
p2
6 m
We also have
e = 0.046 mm (Table 8.1) = 1.51 10
and we are given
Q = 6
3
3m
Q = 6 10
p = g h
and
(1)
for rentrant, and from Table 8.4 two standard elbows lead to
L
s
Le V
V
L V
V
= f
+ Kent
+ f
2
2
D 2
D 2
g z2
V L Le
h2 = z2
f +
+ Kent
2 g D D
Kent = 0.78
From Table 8.2
V2
Le
D
= 2 30 = 60
(Table A.8)
z2 = 3.5 m L = ( 3.5 + 4.5) m
L = 8m
h2 = 6 m
Equation 1 is tricky because D is unknown, so V is unknown (even though Q is known), L/D and Le/D are unknown, and Re
and hence f are unknown! We COULD set up Excel to solve Eq 1, the Reynolds number, and f, simultaneously by varying D,
but here we try guesses:
D = 2.5 cm
V =
4 Q
D
Given
e
D
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
V L Le
h2 = z2
f +
+ Kent
2 g D D
V = 12.2
m
s
Re =
V D
Re = 2.02 10
f = 0.0238
D = 5 cm V =
4 Q
D
Given
e
D
1
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
h2 = 78.45 m
V = 3.06
m
s
f = 0.0219
but we need -6 m!
Re =
V D
Re = 1.01 10
V L Le
h2 = z2
f +
+ Kent
2 g D D
D = 5.1 cm
V =
4 Q
D
Given
e
D
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
V L Le
h2 = z2
f +
+ Kent
2 g D D
h2 = 6.16 m
V = 2.94
m
s
but we need -6 m!
Re =
f = 0.0219
h2 = 5.93 m
To within 1%, we can use 5-5.1 cm tubing; this corresponds to standard 2 in pipe.
V D
Re = 9.92 10
Problem 8.144
Given:
Flow of air in rectangular duct
Find:
Minimum required size
Solution:
Basic equations
[4]
2
2
p
p
V1
V2
1
2
+
+
g
+
g
1
2 = hl
2
2
hl = f
L V
Dh 2
Dh =
4 A
Pw
Hence for flow between the inlet (Point 1) and the exit (2) the energy equation becomes
p1
p2
p
L V
= f
Dh 2
and
4 b h
2 h ar
2 h ar
For a rectangular duct Dh =
=
=
h ( 1 + ar)
2 ( b + h)
1 + ar
2
p = f L
Hence
= h ar
V ( 1 + ar)
Q ( 1 + ar)
f L Q ( 1 + ar) 1
= f L
2 2 h ar
3
5
2 2 h ar
4
2 A
ar
h
Solving for h
2 b
A = b h = h
and also
p = H2O g h
f L Q ( 1 + ar)
h=
3
4 p
ar
1
5
(1)
ft
min
We are given
Q = 2850
L = 100 ft
and also
p = H2O g h
p = 1.94
e = 0 ft
slug
ft
= 0.00234
= 1.62 10
ft
2
4 ft
slug
ft
32.2
ar = 2
1.25
lbf s
ft
12
slug ft
p = 6.51
lbf
ft
(Table A.9)
Equation 1 is tricky because h is unknown, so Dh is unknown, hence V is unknown (even though Q is known), and Re and
hence f are unknown! We COULD set up Excel to solve Eq 1, the Reynolds number, and f, simmultaneously by varying h, but
here we try guesses:
f = 0.01
Dh =
Given
2 h ar
1 + ar
f L Q ( 1 + ar)
h =
3
4 p
ar
1
5
Dh = 0.796 ft
e
Dh
1
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
h = 0.597 ft
V =
V = 66.6
h ar
Re =
V Dh
f = 0.0142
Re = 3.27 10
ft
s
f L Q ( 1 + ar)
h =
3
4 p
ar
Dh =
1
5
h = 0.641 ft
Dh = 0.855 ft
e
Dh
1
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
Given
Dh =
h = 0.643 ft
Dh = 0.857 ft
Given
Dh =
Re =
ft
s
5
Re = 3.05 10
f = 0.0144
V =
Re =
Q
2
V = 57.5
V Dh
ft
s
Re = 3.04 10
f = 0.0144
1
5
h = 0.643 ft
V =
2 h ar
1 + ar
V Dh
h ar
e
Dh
1
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
V = 57.8
1
5
2 h ar
1 + ar
f L Q ( 1 + ar)
h =
3
4 p
ar
Q
2
h ar
2 h ar
1 + ar
f L Q ( 1 + ar)
h =
3
4 p
ar
V =
Q
2
h ar
Dh = 0.857 ft
Re =
V Dh
V = 57.5
ft
s
5
Re = 3.04 10
In this process h and f have converged to a solution. The minimum dimensions are 0.642 ft by 1.28 ft, or 7.71 in by 15.4 in
Problem 8.145
[3]
Problem 8.146
Given:
Flow of air in square duct
Find:
Minimum required size
Solution:
Basic equations
[4]
2
2
p
p
V1
V2
1
2
+
+
g
+
g
1
2 = hl
2
2
hl = f
L V
Dh 2
Dh =
4 A
Pw
p1
p2
p
L V
= f
Dh 2
4 h h
=h
2 ( h + h)
For a square duct
Dh =
Hence
p = f L
p = H2O g h
and also
A = h h = h
V
Q
f L Q
= f L
=
2
5
2 h
2 h A
2 h
f L Q 2
2 p
and
1
5
Solving for h
h=
We are given
Q = 2
and also
p = H2O g h
(1)
m
s
L = 25 m
p = 1000
kg
3
e = 0.046 mm
(Table 8.1)
N s
kg m
9.81
m
= 1.21
5 m
kg
= 1.50 10
0.015 m
p = 147 Pa
(Table A.10)
Equation 1 is tricky because h is unknown, so Dh is unknown, hence V is unknown (even though Q is known), and Re and
hence f are unknown! We COULD set up Excel to solve Eq 1, the Reynolds number, and f, simmultaneously by varying h, but
here we try guesses:
f = 0.01
Dh = h
Given
f L Q 2
2 p
1
5
h =
Dh = 0.333 m
e
Dh
1
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
h = 0.333 m
V =
Q
h
Re =
V Dh
f = 0.0152
V = 18.0
2
5
Re = 4.00 10
m
s
f L Q 2
2 p
1
5
h =
h = 0.362 m
Dh = h
Dh = 0.362 m
D
h
1
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
Given
f L Q 2
2 p
h =
V =
Re =
V = 15.2
h
V Dh
m
s
5
Re = 3.68 10
f = 0.0153
1
5
h = 0.363 m
V =
Q
2
V = 15.2
m
s
In this process h and f have converged to a solution. The minimum dimensions are 0.363 m by 0.363 m, or 36.3 cm by 36.3 cm
Fluid is not specified: use water (basic trends in plot apply to any fluid)
Given data:
p =
100
kPa
L =
100
= 1.00E-03 N.s/m2
3
=
999 kg/m
Flow Rate versus Tube Diameter for Fixed

p
0.8
Computed results:
D (mm) V (m/s) Q (m3/s) x 104 Re
0.5
0.00781 0.0000153
4
1.0
0.0312
0.000245
31
2.0
0.125
0.00393
250
3.0
0.281
0.0199
843
4.0
0.500
0.0628
1998
5.0
0.460
0.0904
2300
6.0
0.530
0.150
3177
7.0
0.596
0.229
4169
8.0
0.659
0.331
5270
9.0
0.720
0.458
6474
10.0
0.778
0.611
7776
Regime
Laminar
Laminar
Laminar
Laminar
Laminar
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
Turbulent
p (kPa)
f
16.4
100
2.05
100
0.256
100
0.0759
100
0.0320
100
0.0473
100
0.0428
100
0.0394
100
0.0368
100
0.0348
100
0.0330
100
Error
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.2%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.6
3
Q (m /s)
x 104 0.4
Laminar
Turbulent
0.2
0.0
0.0
2.5
5.0
D (mm)
7.5
10.0
Problem 8.148
Given:
Flow of water in circular pipe
Find:
Minimum required diameter
Solution:
[4]
2
2
p
p
V1
V2
1
2
+
+
g
+
g
1
2 = hl
2
2
Basic equations
hl = f
L V
D 2
A =
and also
D
4
p1
p2
p
L V
= f
D 2
p = f
Hence
L V
L Q
8 f L Q
= f
=
2
2 5
D 2
D 2 A
D
Solving for D
8 f L Q
D =
2 p
We are given
Q = 1200 gpm
and also
= 1.94
1
5
(1)
L = 500 ft
e = 0.01 ft
5 ft
slug
ft
= 1.08 10
p = 50 psi
(Table A.7)
Equation 1 is tricky because D is unknown, hence V is unknown (even though Q is known), and Re and hence f are unknown!
We COULD set up Excel to solve Eq 1, the Reynolds number, and f, simultaneously by varying D, but here we try guesses:
f = 0.01
V =
4 Q
D
V = 12.1
ft
V = 23.7
ft
s
Re =
V D
Re = 8.32 10
e
D
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f = 0.0543
f
3.7 Re f
8 f L Q
D =
2 p
Given
D = 0.379 ft
Given
8 f L Q
D =
2 p
1
5
1
5
D = 0.531 ft
V =
4 Q
D
e
D
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
f = 0.0476
Re =
V D
Re = 5.93 10
8 f L Q
D =
2 p
1
5
D = 0.518 ft
e
D
1
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
2
8 f L Q
D =
2 p
1
5
D = 0.519 ft
V =
4 Q
D
e
D
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
Given
4 Q
D
Given
V =
8 f L Q
D =
2 p
1
5
D = 0.519 ft
V =
4 Q
D
V = 12.7
ft
s
Re =
V D
Re = 6.09 10
Re =
V D
Re = 6.08 10
Re =
V D
Re = 6.08 10
f = 0.0481
V = 12.7
ft
s
f = 0.0480
V = 12.7
ft
s
In this process D and f have converged to a solution. The minimum diameter is 0.519 ft or 6.22 in
Problem 8.149
[3] Part 1/2
Problem 8.149
[3] Part 2/2
Problem 8.150
[3]
Problem *8.151
[4]
Problem *8.152
Problem 8.151
[5] Part 1/2
Problem *8.152
[5] Part 2/2
Problem 8.153
Given:
Flow through water pump
Find:
Power required
Solution:
Basic equations
[2]
2
2
p
ps Vs
d Vd
hpump =
+
+ g zd +
+ g zs
2
2
V =
Q
4 Q
=
2
A
D
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) Uniform flow

3
Hence for the inlet
Vs =
4
lbm
1 slug
ft
12 1
25
s
32.2 lbm 1.94 slug 3 ft
For the outlet
Vd =
4
lbm
1 slug
ft
12 1
25
s
32.2 lbm 1.94 slug 2 ft
Then
pd ps Vd Vs
hpump =
+
2
Vs = 8.15
ft
s
ps = 2.5 psi
Vd = 18.3
ft
s
pd = 50 psi
Wpump = mpump hpump
and
p p V 2 V 2
d
s
d
s
Wpump = mpump
+
Note that the software cannot render a dot, so the power is Wpump and mass flow rate is mpump!
lbm
1 slug
lbf 12 in
ft
1
2
2
Wpump = 25
( 50 2.5)
+ 18.3 8.15

2 1 ft
1.94 slug 2
s
32.2 lbm
in
2
) ft
Wpump = 5.69 hp
For an efficiency of = 70 %
Wrequired =
Wpump
lbf s
slug ft
2
1 hp
550
ft lbf
s
Wrequired = 8.13 hp
Problem 8.154
Given:
Flow through water pump
Find:
Power required
Solution:
Basic equations
[1]
2
2
p
ps Vs
d Vd
hpump =
+
+ g zd +
+ g zs
2
2
V =
Q
4 Q
=
2
A
D
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) Uniform flow

In this case we assume Ds = Dd
Then
hpump =
so
Vs = Vd
pd ps
p
=
and
Wpump = mpump hpump
p
p
Wpump = mpump
= Q
= Q p
Note that the software cannot render a dot, so the power is Wpump and mass flow rate is mpump!
3
L 0.001 m
3 N
Wpump = 25
75 10
2
1 L
s
m
Wpump = 1.88 kW
For an efficiency of = 80 %
Wrequired =
Wpump
Wrequired = 2.34 kW
Problem 8.155
[3]
Problem 8.156
[4]
Problem 8.157
[3]
Problem 8.158
[4]
Problem 8.159
[4]
Given:
Fire nozzle/pump system
Find:
Design flow rate; nozzle exit velocity; pump power needed
Solution:
Basic equations
2
2
p
p
V2
V3
2
3
+
+
g
+
g
2
3 = hl
2
2
L V2
hl = f
D 2
for the hose
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) at 2 and 3 is approximately 1 4) No minor loss

p3
V3
2
+ g z3 =
p4
V4
2
+ g z4
for the nozzle (assuming Bernoulli applies)
2
2
p
p
V2
V1
2
1
+ 2 + g z2 + 2 + g z1 = hpump
for the pump

Hence for the hose
2
p2 p3
p
L V
=
= f
D 2
or
2 p D
f L
V =
We need to iterate to solve this for V because f is unknown until Re is known. This can be done using Excel's Solver, but here:
p = 750 kPa
L = 100 m
e = 0
D = 3.5 cm
2
6 m
kg
= 1000
= 1.01 10
m
Make a guess for f f = 0.01
Given
2 p D
V = 5.92
f L
m
s
e
D
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
2 p D
V = 5.81
f L
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
e
D
V = 7.25
m
s
Re =
V D
Re = 2.51 10
f = 0.0150
V =
Given
2 p D
f L
e
D
1
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
V =
Given
V =
Re =
V D
Re = 2.05 10
f = 0.0156
m
s
Re =
f = 0.0156
V D
Re = 2.01 10
V =
2 p D
f L
V = 5.80
2
Q = V A =
p3
For the nozzle
D
V
4
V4 =
V3
+ g z3 =
Q =
p4
m
s
m
2
( 0.035 m) 5.80
4
s
V4
2
+ g z4
so
3
2
m
kg m
m
3 N
+ 5.80
2 1000 kg
2
s
Ppump = mpump hpump
(p2 p1)
Ppump
p2 = 700 kPa + 750 kPa
= Q p2 p1
so
3
3m
Q = 0.335
m
min
2 p3 p4
2
+ V3
p1 = 350 kPa
Ppump = Q
V4 =
V4 = 37.9
s N
p
p
V2
V1
2
1
+
+
g
+
g
2
1 = hpump
2
2
The pump power is
Re = 2.01 10
Q = 5.58 10
2 700 10
For the pump
V D
Prequired =
Re =
hpump =
m
s
p2 p1
p2 = 1450 kPa
where Ppump and mpump are the pump power and mass flow rate
(software cannot render a dot!)
Ppump = 5.58 10
Prequired =
3
3 m
6.14 kW
70 %
3 N
2
( 1450 350) 10
Ppump = 6.14 kW
Prequired = 8.77 kW
Problem 8.160
[4] Part 1/2
Problem 8.160
[4] Part 2/2
Problem 8.161
[4]
Problem 8.162
[5]
Given data:
L =
D =
pump =

20
75
e =
m
mm
0.26 mm
(Table 8.1)
2
= 1.00E-03 N.s/m
70%
= 999 kg/m
(Appendix A)
Gate valve L e/D =
8
Elbow L e/D =
30
(Table 8.4)
Computed results:
Re
f
0.0280
0.0277
0.0276
0.0276
0.0275
0.0275
0.0274
0.0274
0.0274
0.0274
0.0274
0.010
0.015
0.020
0.025
0.030
0.035
0.040
0.045
0.050
0.055
0.060
2.26
3.40
4.53
5.66
6.79
7.92
9.05
10.2
11.3
12.4
13.6
1.70E+05
2.54E+05
3.39E+05
4.24E+05
5.09E+05
5.94E+05
6.78E+05
7.63E+05
8.48E+05
9.33E+05
1.02E+06
0.0419
9.48
7.11E+05 0.0274
Power =
29.1
kW
(Eq. 3)
p (kPa)
(Eq 1)
28.3
63.1
112
174
250
340
444
561
692
837
996
p (kPa)
(Eq 2)
735
716
690
656
615
566
510
446
375
296
210
487
487
Circuit and Pump Pressure Heads
1200
1000
p (kPa)
Q (m3/s) V (m/s)
800
600
Circuit
400
Pump
200
0
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
Q (m3/s)
Error
Using Solver !
0
0.05
0.06
0.07

=
=
Given data:
2
e =
Computed results:
0.5
Q (ft3/s)
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
V (ft/s)
4.58
5.50
6.42
7.33
8.25
9.17
10.08
11.00
11.92
12.83
13.75
Re
7.06E+05
8.47E+05
9.88E+05
1.13E+06
1.27E+06
1.41E+06
1.55E+06
1.69E+06
1.83E+06
1.98E+06
2.12E+06
f
0.0531
0.0531
0.0531
0.0531
0.0531
0.0531
0.0531
0.0531
0.0531
0.0531
0.0531
26.1
12.0
1.84E+06
0.0531
Power =
750
L =
D =
pump =
lbfs/ft
2.10E-05
slug/ft3
1.94
(Appendix A)
hp
(Eq. 3)
2500
20
70%
ft
in
in
p (psi) (Eq 1) p (psi) (Eq 2)
11.3
135.0
16.2
130.6
22.1
125.4
28.9
119.4
36.5
112.6
45.1
105.0
54.6
96.6
64.9
87.4
76.2
77.4
88.4
66.6
101.4
55.0
76.8
76.8
Error
0.00
Using Solver !
Repeating, with smoother pipe

e =
Computed results:
3
0.25
Q (ft /s)
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
V (ft/s)
4.58
5.50
6.42
7.33
8.25
9.17
10.08
11.00
11.92
12.83
13.75
Re
7.06E+05
8.47E+05
9.88E+05
1.13E+06
1.27E+06
1.41E+06
1.55E+06
1.69E+06
1.83E+06
1.98E+06
2.12E+06
f
0.0410
0.0410
0.0410
0.0410
0.0410
0.0410
0.0410
0.0410
0.0410
0.0410
0.0410
27.8
12.8
1.97E+06
0.0410
Power =
702
hp
in
p (psi) (Eq 1) p (psi) (Eq 2)
8.71
135.0
12.5
130.6
17.1
125.4
22.3
119.4
28.2
112.6
34.8
105.0
42.1
96.6
50.1
87.4
58.8
77.4
68.2
66.6
78.3
55.0
67.4
Error
0.00
67.4
Using Solver !
(Eq. 3)
Pump and Pipe Pressure Heads

160
140
p (psi)
120
Pipe (e = 0.5 in)
Pipe (e = 0.25 in)
Pump
100
80
60
40
20
0
10
15
20
Q (ft3/s)
25
30
Given data:
Computed results:
L =
30
0.5
12
0.03
1.1
Dh =
K =
f =
=
m
m
kg/m3
Q (m /s)
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
2.25
2.50
2.75
3.00
V (m/s)
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
11.00
12.00
2.51
10.06
p (Pa) (Eq 1) p (Pa) (Eq 2)

0
1020
8
1012
30
1000
68
984
121
965
190
942
273
915
372
884
486
850
615
812
759
770
918
724
1093
675
768
768
Error
0.00
Fan and Duct Pressure Heads

1200
p (Pa)
1000
800
600
Duct
Fan
400
200
0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
3
Q (m /s)
2.0
2.5
3.0
Using Solver !
Problem 8.166
[5] Part 1/2
Problem 8.166
[5] Part 2/2
The workbook for Example 8.11 is modified for use in this problem
Pipe Data:
Pipe
0
1
2
3
4
L (m)
D (mm)
e (mm)
300
400
100
100
75
75
75
75
75
75
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
Fluid Properties:
=
999
kg/m3
0.001
N.s/m2
Available Head:
p =
Flows:
Heads:
Constraints:
250
kPa
Q 0 (m3/s)
0.00928
Q 1 (m3/s)
0.00306
Q 2 (m3/s)
0.00311
Q 3 (m3/s)
0.00311
Q 4 (m3/s)
0.00623
V 0 (m/s)
2.10
V 1 (m/s)
0.692
V 2 (m/s)
0.705
V 3 (m/s)
0.705
V 4 (m/s)
1.41
Re 0
1.57E+05
Re 1
5.18E+04
Re 2
5.28E+04
Re 3
5.28E+04
Re 4
1.06E+05
f0
0.0245
f1
0.0264
f2
0.0264
f3
0.0264
f4
0.0250
p 0 (kPa)
216.4
p 1 (kPa)
33.7
p 2 (kPa)
8.7
p 3 (kPa)
8.7
p 4 (kPa)
24.8
(1) Q 0 = Q 1 + Q4
0.00%
(2) Q 4 = Q 2 + Q 3
0.01%
(3) p = p 0 + p 1
0.03%
(4) p = p 0 + p 4 + p 2
0.01%
(5) p 2 = p 3
0.00%
Error:
0.05%
Vary Q 0, Q 1, Q 2, Q 3 and Q 4
using Solver to minimize total error
The workbook for Example Problem 8.11 is modified for use in this problem
Pipe Data:
Pipe
A
B
C
D
L (ft)
D (in)
e (ft)
150
150
150
150
1.5
1.5
1
1.5
0.00085
0.00085
0.00085
0.00085
Fluid Properties:
=
1.94
slug/ft3
2.10E-05
lbfs/ft2
Available Head:
p =
Flows:
Heads:
Constraints:
50
psi
Q A (ft3/s)
0.103
Q B (ft3/s)
0.077
Q C (ft3/s)
0.026
Q D (ft3/s)
0.103
V A (ft/s)
8.41
V B (ft/s)
6.28
V C (ft/s)
4.78
V D (ft/s)
8.41
Re A
9.71E+04
Re B
7.25E+04
Re C
3.68E+04
Re D
9.71E+04
fA
0.0342
fB
0.0345
fC
0.0397
fD
0.0342
p A (psi)
19.5
p B (psi)
11.0
p C (psi)
11.0
p D (psi)
19.5
(5) Q A = Q D
0.00%
(6) Q A = Q B + Q C
0.05%
(7) p = p A + p B + p D
0.00%
(8) p B = p C
0.00%
Error:
0.05%
Vary Q A, Q B, Q C, and Q D
Problem *8.169
[4]
Problem 8.170
[5] Part 1/2
Problem 8.170
[5] Part 2/2
Problem 8.171
Given:
Flow through an orifice
Find:
Pressure drop
[2]
Solution:
Basic equation
Dt
D1
For the flow coefficient K = K ReD1 ,

At 65oC,(Table A.8)
mactual = K At 2 p1 p2 = K At 2 p
= 980
7 m
kg
= 4.40 10
m
V =
s
3
1
4
L 0.001 m
20
2
1 L
( 0.15 m )
s
m
s
ReD1 = 1.13 0.15 m
7 2
s
4.40 10 m
Q
A
ReD1 =
Note that mactual is mass flow rate (the

software cannot render a dot!)
V =
V D
Dt
D1
75
150
V = 1.13
m
s
5
ReD1 = 3.85 10
= 0.5
From Fig. 8.20
K = 0.624
Then
2
2
mactual 1
Q 1 = Q
p =
K At 2 K At 2 2 K At
1
kg L 0.001 m
1
4
1
p = 980
20

3
2
1 L
2
s
0.624
m
( 0.075 m)
p = 25.8 kPa
Problem 8.172
[2]
Problem 8.173
[2]
Given:
Flow through a venturi meter (NOTE: Throat is obviously 3 in not 30 in!)
Find:
Flow rate
Solution:
Basic equation
C A t
mactual =
C A t
2 p1 p2 =
4
1
2 p

For ReD1 > 2 x 105, 0.980 < C < 0.995. Assume C = 0.99, then check Re
=
Dt
D1
3
6
Also
p = Hg g h = SGHg g h
Then
mactual
Q =
=
4
Hence
V =
C D t
2 p =
4
4 1
2 SGHg g h =
1 0.5
1
0.99 ft
4
4
Q
4 Q
=
2
A
D 1
V =
6 ft
At 75oF,(Table A.7) = 9.96 10

ReD1 =
C A t
Q =
= 0.5
2 13.6 32.2
ft
2
C D t
Q = 1.49
ft
s
V = 7.59
ft
s
1 ft

2
1.49
2 SGHg g h
1 ft
s
1
4 1
ft
s
V D1
ReD1 = 7.59
3
Thus ReD1 > 2 x 105. The volume flow rate is
Q = 1.49
ft
s
ft 1
s
ft
6 2
s 2
9.96 10 ft
ReD1 = 3.81 10
Given data:
H =
L =
D =
Dt =
30
200
100
40
0.40
m
m
mm
mm

K ent =
0.50
K exit =
1.00
Loss at orifice =
80%
=
0.001
(Fig. 8.14)
(Fig. 8.14)
(Fig. 8.23)
2
N.s/m
=
kg/m3
999
Computed results:
Orifice loss coefficient:
K =
Flow system:
V
Q
Re
f
0.61
(Fig. 8.20
Assuming high Re )
Orifice pressure drop

=
=
=
=
2.25
m/s
3
m /s
0.0176
2.24E+05
0.0153
p =
265
kPa
Eq. 1, solved by varying V AND p , using Solver :

Left (m2/s)
Right (m /s)
294
293
Eq. 2 and m rate = Q compared, varying V AND p

(From Q )
(From Eq. 2)
m rate (kg/s) =
17.6
Error
0.5%
17.6
Error
0.0%
Total Error
0.5%
Procedure using Solver :

a) Guess at V and p
b) Compute error in Eq. 1
c) Compute error in mass flow rate
d) Minimize total error
e) Minimize total error by varying V and p
Problem 8.175
[2]
Problem 8.176
Given:
Flow through an venturi meter
Find:
Flow rate
Solution:
Basic equation
mactual =
C A t
[2]
C A t
2 p1 p2 =
4
1
2 p

=
Then
Dt
mactual
Q =
=
4
V =
25
50
= 0.5
2
C A t
C D t
2 p =
4
4 1
2 p
3
m
kg m
3 N
2 1000 kg
2
0.99 ( 0.025 m )
1 0.5
Q =
Hence
D1
2 150 10
Q = 8.69 10
V =
1
4
3m
8.69 10
s
( 0.05 m ) 2
V = 4.43
m
s
2
6 m
At 20oC (Table A.8) = 1.01 10

ReD1 =
V D
Thus ReD1 > 2 x 105. The volume flow rate is
ReD1 = 4.43
Q = 8.69 10
m
s
0.05 m
6 2
s
1.01 10 m
3
3m
ReD1 = 2.19 10
3
Q = 0.522
m
min
s N
Q
4 Q
=
2
A
D 1
3m
Problem 8.177
[3]
Problem 8.178
[4]
Given:
Flow through a venturi meter (NOTE: Throat is obviously 3 in not 30 in!)
Find:
Maximum flow rate for incompressible flow; Pressure reading
Solution:
Basic equation
C A t
mactual =
C A t
2 p1 p2 =
4
1
2 p

Assumptions: 1) Neglect density change 2) Use ideal gas equation for density
=
Then
= 60
Rair T
lbf
2
in
12 in
lbm R
1 slug
1

1 ft 53.33 ft lbf 32.2 lbm ( 68 + 460) R
= 9.53 10
3 slug
ft
For incompressible flow V must be less than about 100 m/s or 330 ft/s at the throat. Hence
mactual = V2 A2
mactual = 9.53 10
ft
1
3 slug
330 ft
3
s 4 4
slug
mactual = 0.154
s
ft
Dt
D1
3
6
Also
p = Hg g h
and in addition
1 mactual
4
p =
1
C A t
2
= 0.5
h =
p
Hg g
(1 4)
mactual
h =
2 Hg g
C A t
so
h =
Hence
(1 0.54)
2
3
2
2
1
ft
s
slug
4 4
0.154
3
13.6 1.94 slug 32.2 ft
0.99 1 ft
s
9.53 10 slug
ft
V =
Q
A
4 mactual
D 1
5 ft
At 68oF,(Table A.7) = 1.08 10

ReD1 =
V =
ft
9.53 10
slug
1 ft

2
0.154
h = 0.581 ft
h = 6.98 in
slug
V = 82.3
V D1
Thus ReD1 > 2 x 105. The mass flow rate is
ReD1 = 82.3
ft
s
1
2
ft
slug
mactual = 0.154
s
s
1.08 10
5 2
ft
and pressure
ReD1 = 3.81 10
h = 6.98 in
Hg
ft
s
Problem 8.179
[4]
Problem 8.180
[5] Part 1/2
Problem 8.180
[5] Part 2/2
Problem 8.181
[1]
V 1, A 1
Given:
Flow through a diffuser
Find:
Solution:
Basic equations
Cp =
p2 p1
p1
1
2
V 1
2
V1
2
+ g z1 =
V 2, A 2
p2
V2
2
+ g z2
Q = V A
Assumptions: 1) All the assumptions of the Bernoulli equation 2) Horizontal flow 3) No flow separation
2
From Bernoulli
p2 p1
V1
V2
V1 A1
V1
=
2
2
2
2
A2
Hence
V
p2 p1
1
1 V1 A1
Cp =
=
2
1
1
2
2 2
A2
V 1
V1
2
2
Finally
Cp = 1
1
2
using continuity
2
A1
= 1
A2
which is Eq. 8.42.
AR
This result is not realistic as a real diffuser is very likely to have flow separation
Problem 8.182
[5] Part 1/2
Problem 8.182
[5] Part 2/2
Problem 8.183
[4]
Problem 8.184
[4] Part 1/2
Problem 8.184
[4] Part 2/2
Problem 8.185
[5] Part 1/3

Problem 8.158
Problem 8.158
8.158
Problem 8.158
Problem 8.158
Problem 8.185
[5] Part 2/3
Problem 8.185
[5] Part 1/3
Problem 9.1
Given:
Model of riverboat
Find:
Distance at which transition occurs
[2]
Solution:
U x
U x
=
Basic equation
Rex =
For water at 10oC
= 1.30 10
Hence
xp =
For the model
xm =
2
6 m
Rex
U
xp
18
and transition occurs at about Rex = 5 10
(Table A.8)
and we are given
xp = 0.186 m
xp = 18.6 cm
xm = 0.0103 m
xm = 10.3 mm
U = 3.5
m
s
Problem 9.2
Given:
Minivan traveling at various speeds
Find:
Plot of boundary layer length as function of speed
[2]
Solution:
Governing equations:
The critical Reynolds number for transition to turbulence is
VL crit/ =500000
Re crit =
The critical length is then
L crit = 500000/V
=
3.79E-07
=
0.00234
(Table A.9, 68oF)
lbf.s/ft2
slug/ft3
Computed results:
V (mph)
L crit (ft)
10
13
15
18
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
5.52
4.42
3.68
3.16
2.76
1.84
1.38
1.10
0.920
0.789
0.690
0.614
Length of Laminar Boundary Layer

on the Roof of a Minivan
6
5
4
L crit (ft)
3
2
1
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
V (mph)
60
70
80
90
100
Problem 9.3
[3]
Given:
Boeing 757
Find:
Point at which transition occurs; Same point at 10,000 m
Solution:
U x
U x
=
Basic equation
Rex =
For air at 20oC
= 1.50 10
Hence
xp =
At 10,000 m
T = 223.3 K
2
5 m
Rex
U
and transition occurs at about
Rex = 5 10
(Table A.10)
and we are given
xp = 0.104 m
xp = 10.4 cm
(Table A.3)
T = 49.8 C
U = 260
km
hr
= 0.414
kg
We need to estimate or at this temperature. From Appendix A-3

=
b T
S
T
1+
Hence
b T
1+
S
T
b = 1.458 10
kg
m s K
= 1.458 10
1
2
S = 110.4 K
5 N s
2
For air at 10,000 m (Table A.3)
SL
= 0.3376
xp =
= 0.3376 SL
Hence
kg
SL = 1.225
= 3.53 10
Rex
U
2
5m
xp = 0.0747 m
m
s
and we are given
xp = 7.47 cm
U = 850
km
hr
Problem 9.4
[2]
Given:
Flow around American and British golf balls, and soccer ball
Find:
Speed at which boundary layer becomes turbulent
Solution:
U D
U D
=
Basic equation
ReD =
For air
= 1.62 10
4 ft
For the American golf ball D = 1.68 in
ReD = 2.5 10
(Table A.9)
Hence
U =
For the British golf ball
D = 41.1 mm
Hence
U =
For soccer ball
D = 8.75 in
Hence
U =
ReD
D
ReD
D
ReD
D
U = 289
ft
s
U = 197 mph
U = 88.2
m
s
U = 300
ft
s
U = 205 mph
U = 91.5
m
s
ft
s
U = 37.9 mph
U = 16.9
m
s
U = 55.5
Problem 9.5
[2]
Given:
Experiment with 1 cm diameter sphere in SAE 10 oil
Find:
Reasonableness of two flow extremes
Solution:
U D
U D
=
Basic equation
ReD =
For SAE 10
= 1.1 10
For
ReD = 1
For
ReD = 2.5 10
Note that for
ReD = 2.5 10
For water
= 1.01 10
For
ReD = 2.5 10
2
4 m
(Fig. A.3 at 20oC)

we find
U =
ReD
D
ReD
D
U = 0.011
U = 2750
m
s
m
s
U = 1.10
cm
s
which is reasonable
which is much too high!
we need to increase the sphere diameter D by a factor of about 1000, or reduce the viscosity b
the same factor, or some combination of these. One possible solution is
2
6 m
U =
D = 1 cm
and
(Table A.8 at 20oC)

we find
U =
D = 10 cm
and
ReD
D
Hence one solution is to use a 10 cm diameter sphere in a water tank.
U = 2.52
m
s
which is reasonable
Problem 9.6
[2]
Given:
Sheet of plywood attached to the roof of a car
Find:
Speed at which boundary layer becomes turbulent; Speed at which 90% is turbulent
Solution:
U x
U x
=
Basic equation
Rex =
For air
= 1.62 10
For the plywood
x = 8 ft
4 ft
Rex = 5 10
(Table A.9)
Hence
When 90% of the boundary layer is turbulent x = 0.1 8 ft
U =
Rex
Hence
ft
s
Rex
U = 10.1
U = 6.90 mph
U =
U = 101
ft
s
U = 69.0 mph
Problem 9.7
Given:
Aircraft or missile at various altitudes
Find:
Plot of boundary layer length as function of altitude
Solution:
Re crit =
UL crit/ = 500000

L crit = 500000/U
Let L 0 be the length at sea level (density 0 and viscosity 0). Then
L crit/L 0 = (/0)/(/0)
The viscosity of air increases with temperature so generally decreases with elevation;
the density also decreases with elevation, but much more rapidly.
Hence we expect that the length ratio increases with elevation
For the density , we use data from Table A.3.
For the viscosity , we use the Sutherland correlation (Eq. A.1)
= bT 1/2/(1+S /T )
b =
S =
1.46E-06
110.4
kg/m.s.K1/2
K
[2]
Computed results:
z (km)
T (K)
/0
/0
L crit/L 0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
6.0
288.2
284.9
281.7
278.4
275.2
271.9
268.7
265.4
262.2
258.9
255.7
249.2
1.0000
0.9529
0.9075
0.8638
0.8217
0.7812
0.7423
0.7048
0.6689
0.6343
0.6012
0.5389
1.000
0.991
0.982
0.973
0.965
0.955
0.947
0.937
0.928
0.919
0.910
0.891
1.000
1.04
1.08
1.13
1.17
1.22
1.28
1.33
1.39
1.45
1.51
1.65
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0
16.0
17.0
18.0
19.0
20.0
22.0
24.0
26.0
28.0
30.0
242.7
236.2
229.7
223.3
216.8
216.7
216.7
216.7
216.7
216.7
216.7
216.7
216.7
216.7
218.6
220.6
222.5
224.5
226.5
0.4817
0.4292
0.3813
0.3376
0.2978
0.2546
0.2176
0.1860
0.1590
0.1359
0.1162
0.0993
0.0849
0.0726
0.0527
0.0383
0.0280
0.0205
0.0150
0.872
0.853
0.834
0.815
0.795
0.795
0.795
0.795
0.795
0.795
0.795
0.795
0.795
0.795
0.800
0.806
0.812
0.818
0.824
1.81
1.99
2.19
2.41
2.67
3.12
3.65
4.27
5.00
5.85
6.84
8.00
9.36
10.9
15.2
21.0
29.0
40.0
54.8

versus Elevation
60
50
40
L/L 0
30
20
10
0
0
10
20
z (m)
30
Problem 9.8
[2]
Given: Laminar boundary layer (air & water)

Find: Plot of boundary layer length as function of speed (at various altitudes for air)
Solution:
Re crit = UL crit/ = 500000
L crit = 500000/U
For air at sea level and 10 km, we can use tabulated data for density from Table A.3.
For the viscosity , use the Sutherland correlation (Eq. A.1)
= bT 1/2/(1+S /T )
b = 1.46E-06 kg/m.s.K1/2
S = 110.4 K
Air (sea level, T = 288.2 K):
=
1.225
kg/m3
(Table A.3)
= 1.79E-05 N.s/m2
(Sutherland)
Water (20 oC):
Air (10 K, T = 223.3 K):

=
0.414
kg/m3 =
998
slug/ft3
= 1.01E-03 N.s/m2
= 1.46E-05 N.s/m
(Table A.8)
(Sutherland)
(Table A.3)
Computed results:
0.05
0.10
0.5
1.0
5.0
15
20
25
30
50
100
200
Water Air (Sea level) Air (10 km)

L crit (m)
L crit (m)
L crit (m)
10.12
146.09
352.53
5.06
73.05
176.26
1.01
14.61
35.25
0.506
7.30
17.63
0.101
1.46
3.53
0.0337
0.487
1.18
0.0253
0.365
0.881
0.0202
0.292
0.705
0.0169
0.243
0.588
0.0101
0.146
0.353
0.00506
0.0730
0.176
0.00253
0.0365
0.0881
1000
0.00051
U (m/s)
0.0073
0.0176

for Water and Air
100.0
1.0
L crit (m)
0.0
0.0
1.E-02
Water
Air (Sea level)
Air (10 km)
1.E+00
1.E+02
U (m/s)
1.E+04
Problem 9.9
[2]
Problem 9.10
[2]
Problem 9.11
Given:
Laminar boundary layer profile
Find:
If it satisfies BCs; Evaluate */ and /
[2]
Solution:
3
u 3 y 1 y
=
for which u = U at y =
U 2 2
du
u (0) = 0
=0
dy y =
The boundary layer equation is
The BCs are
u 3
1 3
= (0) (0) = 0
U 2
2
3 1 3 y2
3 1 32
du
=0
= U
=
U
3
3
dy
2 2 y =
2 2
At y = 0
At y =
u
u
dy = 1 dy
U
U
0
For *:
* = 1
Then
1
1
* 1 u
u y
u
= 1 dy = 1 d = 1 d
0 U
U 0 U
0
1
u 3
= 3
2
U 2
1
1
1
*
u
1 3
3 2 1 4 3
= 1 d = 1 + d = + = = 0.375
0 U
2
2
4
8 0 8
with
Hence
u
U
0
u
u
1 dy =
U
U
0
1 dy
U
For :
Then
1
1
1 u u
u
u
u
u y
= 1 dy = 1 d = 1 d
0U U
U U 0 U U
0
Hence
1u
=
0 U
1 3 3
1 3
9 2 1 3 3 4 1 6
u
3
3
1 d = 1 + d = + d
2
2 2
2
2
4
2
2
4
U
0
0
3 2 3 3 1 4 3 5 1 7
39
= 0.139
= + =
4
4
8
10
28 0 280
1
Problem 9.12
Given:
Find:
[2]
Solution:
3
u
y
y y
= 2 2 + for which u = U at y =
U
The BCs are
u (0) = 0
du
dy
=0
y =
u
3
4
= 2(0) 2(0) + (0) = 0
U
1
1
du
y2
y3
2
3
= U 2 6 3 + 4 4
= U 2 6 3 + 4 4 = 0
dy
y =
At y = 0
At y =
u
u
dy = 1 dy
U
U
0
For *:
* = 1
Then
1
1
u y
* 1 u
u
= 1 dy = 1 d = 1 d
U 0 U
0 U
0
with
u
= 2 2 3 + 4
U
*
u
1
1
3
= 1 d = (1 2 + 2 3 4 )d = 2 + 4 5 =
= 0.3
U
2
5 0 10
0
0
1
Hence
u
u
u
u
1 dy = 1 dy
U U
U U
0
0
For :
Then
1
1
u
u y
1 u u
u
u
= 1 dy = 1 d = 1 d
U U 0 U U
0U U
0
Hence
u
u
= 1 d = (2 3 + 4 )(1 2 + 3 4 )d = (2 4 2 2 3 + 9 4 4 5 4 6 + 4 7 8 )d
0U U
0
0
1
2 4 3 1 4 9 5 4 7 1 8 1 9
37
= + + =
= 0.117

3
2
5
7
2
9 0 315
1
Problem 9.13
Given:
Find:
[3]
Solution:
u
y
= 2
U
u
y
= 2 2 +
U
u (0) = 0
The BCs are
du
dy
) (
0< y<
2 1
< y < for which u = U at y =
=0
y =
u
= 2 (0) = 0
U
du
1
=U 2 2
0 so it fails the outer BC.
dy
y =
At y = 0
At y =
This simplistic distribution is a piecewise linear profile: The first half of the layer has velocity gradient
second half has velocity gradient 2
= 1.414
, and the
)U = 0.586 U . At y = , we make another transition to zero velocity gradient.
For *:
u
u
* = 1 dy = 1 dy
U
U
0
0
Then
1
1
* 1 u
u
u y
= 1 dy = 1 d = 1 d
0 U
U 0 U
0
u
1
= 2
0 < <
U
2
u
= 2 2 + 2 1
U
with
) (
1
< <1
2
Hence
*
u
= 1 d =
U
0
1
(1
12
2 d +
[1 (2 2 ) (
1
12
)]
1
2 1 d =
2 2
12
1
2
2 1 + ( 1)
2
0
2
2 2
1 2
* 1
2 1
2 3
2
= 0.396
=
=
+
2
8
4
8
4
4
For :
u
u
u
u
= 1 dy = 1 dy
U U
U U
0
0
Then
1 u
=
0 U
u
u
1 dy =
U
U
0
u y
u
1 d =
U 0 U
1 d
U
Hence, after a LOT of work
u
u
= 1 d =
0U U
1
12
2 1 2 d +
12
2 1

1
= 2 2
+

2
3
3
0
[((2 2 ) + (
))( (
) (
2 1 1 2 2
))]
2 1 d
12
1
2 1
2
2 1
2
2 2 ( 1) 2 2 ( 1) =
+
=
= 0.152
2
8 12 24
6 12
1 2
Problem 9.14
[2]
Problem 9.15
[3]
Problem 9.16
[2]
Problem 9.17
[2]
Problem 9.18
Given:
Data on fluid and boundary layer geometry
Find:
Mass flow rate across ab; Drag
[3]
Solution:
= 800
The given data is
kg
U = 3
m
s
L = 3 m
= 25 mm
b = 1 m
Mass
Momentum
Assumptions:
(1) Steady flow (2) No pressure force (3) No body force in x direction (4) Uniform flow at a
Applying these to the CV abcd
Mass
( U b ) + u b dy + mab = 0
0
For the boundary layer
u
y
=
=
U
Hence
1
mab = U b U dy = U b U b
0
2
dy
= d
1
mab = U b
2
kg
mab = 30
s
Momentum
Rx = U ( U ) + mab uab + u u b dy
0
uab = U
Note that
and
2
2
u u b dy = U b d
0
0
2
2
Rx = U b + U b U + U b dy
2
0
2
R x = U b +
U +
1
3
1
2
R x = U b
6
Rx = 30 N
We are able to compute the boundary layer drag even though we do not know the viscosity because it is the viscosity that creates the
boundary layer in the first place
Problem 9.19
[3]
Given:
Find:
Mass flow rate across ab; Drag; Compare to Problem 9.18
Solution:
The given data is
= 800
kg
U = 3
m
s
L = 1 m
= 14 mm
b = 3 m
Mass
Momentum
Assumptions: (1) Steady flow (2) No pressure force (3) No body force in x direction (4) Uniform flow at a
Applying these to the CV abcd
Mass
( U b ) + u b dy + mab = 0
0
For the boundary layer
u
y
=
=
U
Hence
1
mab = U b U dy = U b U b
0
2
dy
= d
1
mab = U b
2
kg
mab = 50.4
s
Momentum
Rx = U ( U ) + mab uab + u u b dy
0
uab = U
Note that
R x = U b +
2
2
u u b dy = U b d
0
0
2
2
U b U + U b dy
0
2
R x = U b +
and
1
2
R x = U b
6
U +
1
3
Rx = 50.4 N
We should expect the drag to be larger than for Problem 9.18 because the viscous friction is mostly
concentrated near the leading edge (which is only 1 m wide in Problem 9.18 but 3 m here). The reason viscous
stress is highest at the front region is that the boundary layer is very small ( <<) so = du/dy ~ U/ >>
Problem 9.20
[3]
Problem 9.21
[2]
Given:
Data on wind tunnel and boundary layers
Find:
Displacement thickness at exit; Percent change in uniform velocity through test section
Solution:
The solution involves using mass conservation in the inviscid core, allowing for the fact that as the boundary layer grows it
reduces the size of the core. One approach would be to integrate the 1/7 law velocity profile to compute the mass flow in
the boundary layer; an easier approach is to simply use the displacement thickness!
Basic equations
disp =
(4.12)
1 u dy
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible 3) No friction outside boundary layer 4) Flow along streamline 5) Horizontal
1
7
and
u
y
=
U
w = 20 cm
h = 20 cm
For this flow
U A = const
The design data is
Udesign = 50
The volume flow rate is
Q = Udesign Adesign
Q =2
We also have
in = 10 mm
exit = 25 mm
m
s
Adesign = w h
Adesign = 0.04 m
disp =
1 dy =

U
0
0
Hence
m
s
1
1
1 dy = 1 7 d
where
Hence at the inlet and exit

dispin =
in
8
dispin = 1.25 mm
dispexit =
exit
8
dispexit = 3.125 mm
disp =
Hence the areas are
)(
Ain = w 2 dispin h 2 dispin
)(
Ain = 0.0390 m
Aexit = w 2 dispexit h 2 dispexit
Aexit = 0.0375 m
Applying mass conservation between "design" conditions and the inlet
( Udesign Adesign) + ( Uin Ain) = 0

Adesign
or
Uin = Udesign
Also
Adesign
Uexit = Udesign
Aexit
Ain
The percent change in uniform velocity is then
Uin = 51.3
m
s
Uexit = 53.3
Uexit Uin
Uin
m
s
= 3.91 %
The exit displacement thickness is dispexit = 3.125 mm
Problem 9.22
[2]
Given:
Find:
Uniform velocity at exit; Change in static pressure through the test section
Solution:
Basic equations
u
disp = 1 dy

U
0
(4.12)
p V
+
+ g z = const
For this flow
U A = const
and
u
y
=
U
The given data is
U1 = 25
m
s
1 = 20 mm
h = 25 cm
A = h
We also have
A = 625 cm
2 = 30 mm
Hence
1
7
u
disp = 1 dy =

U
0
0
1
1
1 y dy = 1 7 d
0

where
disp =

disp1 =
1
8
Hence the areas are
disp1 = 2.5 mm
disp2 =
disp2 = 3.75 mm
(
)
2
A2 = (h 2 disp2)
A1 = h 2 disp1
A1 = 600 cm
A2 = 588 cm
Applying mass conservation between Points 1 and 2
( U1 A1) + ( U2 A2) = 0
The pressure change is found from Bernoulli
Hence
p =
2
2
U1 U2
A1
U2 = U1
A2
or
p1
U1
2
p2
p = 15.8 Pa
U2 = 25.52
U2
2
with
= 1.21
kg
3
The pressure drops slightly through the test section
Problem 9.23
[2]
Given:
Data on boundary layer in a cylindrical duct
Find:
Velocity U2 in the inviscid core at location 2; Pressure drop
Solution:
The solution involves using mass conservation in the inviscid core, allowing for the fact that as the boundary layer grows it reduces the size
the core. One approach would be to integrate the 1/7 law velocity profile to compute the mass flow in the boundary layer; an easier approa
is to simply use the displacement thickness!
The given or available data (from Appendix A) is
= 1.23
kg
U1 = 12.5
m
s
D = 100 mm
1 = 5.25 mm
2 = 24 mm
Mass
2
p V
+
+ g z = constant
Bernoulli
(4.24)
The displacement thicknesses can be computed from boundary layer thicknesses using Eq. 9.1
1
u
7
disp = 1 dy = 1 d =

8
U
0
0
Hence at locations 1 and 2
disp1 =
1
8
Applying mass conservation at locations 1 and 2
disp1 = 0.656 mm
disp2 =
disp2 = 3 mm
( U1 A1) + ( U2 A2) = 0
A1
U 2 = U 1
A2
or
The two areas are given by the duct cross section area minus the displacement boundary layer
A1 =
Hence
D 2 disp1
A1 = 7.65 10
3 2
A2 =
D 2 disp2
A1
U2 = U1
A2
For the pressure drop we can apply Bernoulli to locations 1 and 2 to find
A2 = 6.94 10
U2 = 13.8
p1 p2 = p =
2
2
U U1
2 2
m
s
p = 20.6 Pa
3 2
Problem 9.24
[2]
Given:
Find:
Uniform velocity at Point 2; Change in static pressure through the test section
Solution:
Basic equations
(4.12)
u
disp = 1 dy

U
0
p V
+
+ g z = const
For this flow
U A = const
and
u
y
=
U
The given data is
U1 = 60
ft
s
1 = 0.4 in
W = 12 in
A = W
We also have
A = 144 in
2 = 0.5 in
Hence
1
7
u
disp = 1 dy =

U
0
0
1
1
1 y dy = 1 7 d
0

where
disp =

disp1 =
1
8
Hence the areas are
disp1 = 0.050 in
disp2 =
2
8
(
)
2
A2 = (W 2 disp2)
A1 = W 2 disp1
disp2 = 0.0625 in
2
A1 = 142 in
A2 = 141 in
( U1 A1) + ( U2 A2) = 0
Hence
p =
In terms of inches of water
p1
or
2
U1
2
p2
A1
U2 = U1
A2
U2 = 60.25
with
= 0.00234
ft
s
U2
2
ft
4
2
2
U1 U2
slug
p = 2.47 10
psi
p = 0.0356
lbf
ft
H2O = 1.94
slug
ft
h =
p
H2O g
h = 0.00684 in
Problem 9.25
Given:
Find:
Pressure change between points 1 and 2
[2]
Solution:
2
Basic equations
(4.12)
p V
+
+ g z = const
For this flow
U A = const
The given data is
U0 = 100
We also have
disp2 = 0.035 in
Hence at the Point 2
A2 = h 2 disp2
ft
s
U1 = U0
h = 3 in
A1 = h
A1 = 9 in
A2 = 8.58 in
( U1 A1 ) + ( U2 A2 ) = 0
Hence
p =
p1
or
2
U1
2
2
2
U U2
2 1
The pressure drops by a small amount as the air accelerates
p2
A1
U2 = U1
A2
U2 = 105
with
= 0.00234
ft
s
U2
2
slug
ft
p = 8.05 10
psi
p = 1.16
lbf
ft
Problem 9.26
[3]
Problem 9.27
[3]
Problem 9.28
Given:
Find:
Gage pressure at location 2; average wall stress
[3]
Solution:
The solution involves using mass conservation in the inviscid core, allowing for the fact that as the boundary layer grows it reduces the size
core. One approach would be to integrate the 1/7 law velocity profile to compute the mass flow in the boundary layer; an easier approach i
simply use the displacement thickness!
The average wall stress can be estimated using the momentum equation for a CV
The given and available (from Appendix A) data is
= 1.23
kg
3
m
s
U1 = 15
L = 6 m
D = 400 mm
2 = 100 mm
Mass
Momentum
2
Bernoulli
p V
+
+ g z = constant
(4.24)
Assumptions: (1) Steady flow (2) No pressure force (3) No body force in x direction
The displacement thickness at location 2 can be computed from boundary layer thickness using Eq. 9.1
1
disp2 =
0
Hence
disp2 =
disp2 = 12.5 mm
Applying mass conservation at locations 1 and 2
A1 =
1

1 u dy = 1 7 d = 2
2
8
U
0
( U1 A1) + ( U2 A2) = 0
A1
U 2 = U 1
A2
or
2
A1 = 0.126 m
The area at location 2 is given by the duct cross section area minus the displacement boundary layer
A2 =
D 2 disp2
A2 = 0.11 m
Hence
A1
U2 = U1
A2
U2 = 17.1
m
s
For the pressure change we can apply Bernoulli to locations 1 and 2 to find
p1 p2 = p =
Hence
2
2
U U1
2 2
p = 40.8 Pa
p2 ( gage) = p1 ( gage) p
p2 = p
p2 = 40.8 Pa
For the average wall shear stress we use the momentum equation, simplified for this problem
D
2
2
2
2
2
p A1 D L = U1 A1 + U2 D 2 2 +
2 r u dr
4
D
1
7
where
y
u ( r) = U2
2

The integral is
7
y
D
2
2

2 r u dr = 2 U2 y dy
2
2
D
r=
and
D
y
2
dr = dy
D
2
2
D 2
2
2

2 r u dr = 7 U2 2
9 8
D
2
Hence
p A1 + U1 A1 U2
= 0.461 Pa
D 2 2
D L
7 U2 2
Problem 9.29
[5] Part 1/2
Problem 9.29
[5] Part 1/2
Problem *9.30
[2]
Problem *9.31
[3]
Problem *9.32
[3]
Problem *9.33
[3]
Problem *9.34
[4]
Problem 9.35
[4]
Given:
Blasius solution for laminar boundary layer
Find:
Point at which u = 0.95U; Slope of streamline; expression for skin friction coefficient and total drag; Momentum thicknes
Solution:
Basic equation: Use results of Blasius solution (Table 9.1 on the web), and = y
f' =
u
= 0.9130
U
at
= 3.5
f' =
u
= 0.9555
U
at
= 4.0
Hence by linear interpolation, when f' = 0.95
x
U
= 3.5 +
4 ft
= 1.62 10
Hence
y =
The streamline slope is given by
dy
v
=
dx
u
U = 15
and
x
U
( 4 3.5)
( 0.95 0.9310)
( 0.9555 0.9310)
ft
s
= 3.89
x = 7.5 in
y = 0.121 in
u = U f'
where
and
v=
1 U
( f' f )
x
2
dy
1 U
( f' f )
( f' f )
1
1
1
=
( f' f )
=
dx
2
x
f'
U f'
2 U x
f'
2 Rex
We have
Rex =
U x
Rex = 5.79 10
From the Blasius solution (Table 9.1 on the web)
Hence by linear interpolation
f = 1.8377
at
= 3.5
f = 2.3057
at
= 4.0
f = 1.8377 +
( 2.3057 1.8377)
( 4.0 3.5)
( 3.89 3.5)
f = 2.2027
dy
1
( f' f )
=
= 0.00326
dx
f'
2 Rex
The shear stress is
w =
u+
v =
at y = 0 (v = 0 at the wall for all x, so the derivative is zero there)
w = U
U d f
x d2
and at = 0
d f
2
= 0.3321
(from Table 9.1)
w = 0.3321 U
The friction drag is
U
x
w = 0.3321 U
F D = w dA = w b dx
where b is the plate width
U
1
2
dx
FD = 0.3321
b dx = 0.3321 U
1
U
Rex
0
2
x
0
2
FD = 0.3321 U
For the momentum integral
w
U
L =
We have
d
dx
or
F D = U b L
d =
w
U
0.6642
ReL
dx
1 FD
0.6642 L
w dx =
=
2
2 b
ReL
U 0
U
1
L = 3 ft
L =
b 2 L
U
1
2
ReL =
0.6642 L
ReL
U L
ReL = 2.78 10
L = 0.0454 in
U
= 0.3321
U x
Rex
Problem *9.36
Given:
Blasius nonlinear equation
Find:
Blasius solution using Excel
[5]
Solution:
The equation to be solved is
d3 f
d 3
+ f
d2 f
d 2
=0
(9.11)
The boundary conditions are

f = 0 and
df
= 0 at = 0
d
df
= 1 at
d
Recall that these somewhat abstract variables are related to physically meaningful variables:
f=
(9.12)
u
= f
U
and
=y
Using Eulers numerical method
f n+1 f n + f n
(1)
f n+1 f n + f n
(2)
f n+1 f n + f n
th
In these equations, the subscripts refer to the nth discrete value of the variables, and = 10/N is the step
size for (N is the total number of steps).
But from Eq. 9.11
f =
1
f f
2
so the last of the three equations is

1
f n+1 f n + f n f n
2
(3)
Equations 1 through 3 form a complete set for computing f , f , f . All we need is the starting condition
for each. From Eqs. 9.12
f 0 = 0 and f 0 = 0
We do NOT have a starting condition for f ! Instead we must choose (using Solver) f 0 so that the last
condition of Eqs. 9.12 is met:
f N = 1
Computations (only the first few lines of 1000 are shown):

=
0.01
Make a guess for the first f ''; use Solver to vary it until f 'N = 1
Count
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
10
9
10
8
11
12
6
13
14
4
15
16
2
17
18
0
19
0.0 20
21
22
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.2
0.20
0.21
0.22
f
f'
f''
0.0000
0.0000
0.3303
0.0000
0.0033
0.3303
0.0000
0.0066
0.3303
0.0001
0.0099
0.3303
0.0002
0.0132
0.3303
0.0003
0.0165
0.3303
0.0005
0.0198
0.3303
Blasius
0.0007 Velocity
0.0231 Profile
0.3303
0.0009
0.0264
0.3303
0.0012
0.0297
0.3303
0.0015
0.0330
0.3303
0.0018
0.0363
0.3303
0.0022
0.0396
0.3303
0.0026
0.0429
0.3303
0.0030
0.0462
0.3303
0.0035
0.0495
0.3303
0.0040
0.0528
0.3303
0.0045
0.0562
0.3303
0.0051
0.0595
0.3303
0.0056
0.0628
0.3303
0.4
0.6
0.0063
0.0661
0.3302
0.0069
0.0694
u/U = f '0.3302
0.0076
0.0727
0.3302
0.8
1.0
Problem 9.37
Given:
Data on flow over flat plate
Find:
Plot of laminar thickness at various speeds
[2]
Solution:

=
m /s
1.50E-05
(Table A.10, 20oC)
Computed results:
U (m/s)
x crit (m)
1
7.5
2
3.8
3
2.5
4
1.9
5
1.5
10
0.75
x (m)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
0.000
0.025
0.050
0.075
0.100
0.2
0.5
1.5
1.9
2.5
3.8
5.0
0.00
3.36
4.75
5.81
6.71
9.49
15.01
25.99
29.26
33.56
41.37
47.46
0.00
2.37
3.36
4.11
4.75
6.71
10.61
18.38
20.69
23.73
29.26
0.00
1.94
2.74
3.36
3.87
5.48
8.66
15.01
16.89
19.37
0.00
1.68
2.37
2.91
3.36
4.75
7.50
13.00
14.63
0.00
1.50
2.12
2.60
3.00
4.24
6.71
11.62
0.00
1.06
1.50
1.84
6.0
7.5
51.99
58.12
Laminar Boundary Layer Profiles

70
U = 1 m/s
U = 2 m/s
U = 3 m/s
U = 4 m/s
U = 5 m/s
U = 10 m/s
60
50
(mm)
40
30
20
10
0
0
4
x (m)
1
u
u y
* = 1 dy = 1 d = (1 2 + 2 )d = 2 + 3 =
3 0 3
U
U
0
0
0
Hence
Tabulated or graphical data: Given data:

= 1.01E-06 m2/s
(Table A.8, 20 oC)
L =
0.25 m
U =
1.75 m/s
Computed results:
0.0000
0.0125
0.0250
0.0375
0.0500
0.0625
0.0750
0.0875
0.1000
0.1125
0.1250
0.1375
0.1500
0.1625
0.1750
0.1875
0.2000
0.2125
0.2250
0.2375
0.2500
0.00.E+00
2.17.E+04
4.33.E+04
6.50.E+04
8.66.E+04
1.08.E+05
1.30.E+05
1.52.E+05
1.73.E+05
1.95.E+05
2.17.E+05
2.38.E+05
2.60.E+05
2.82.E+05
3.03.E+05
3.25.E+05
3.47.E+05
3.68.E+05
3.90.E+05
4.12.E+05
4.33.E+05
Laminar Boundary Layer Profiles
(mm) * (mm) w (Pa)

0.000
0.465
0.658
0.806
0.931
1.041
1.140
1.231
1.317
1.396
1.472
1.544
1.612
1.678
1.742
1.803
1.862
1.919
1.975
2.029
2.082
0.000
0.155
0.219
0.269
0.310
0.347
0.380
0.410
0.439
0.465
0.491
0.515
0.537
0.559
0.581
0.601
0.621
0.640
0.658
0.676
0.694
10.40
7.36
6.01
5.20
4.65
4.25
3.93
3.68
3.47
3.29
3.14
3.00
2.89
2.78
2.69
2.60
2.52
2.45
2.39
2.33
2.5
10
2.0
1.5
w (Pa)
Re x
and * (mm)
x (m)
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.00
0
0.05
0.10
x (m)
0.15
0.20
0.25
Problem 9.39
Given:
Parabolic solution for laminar boundary layer
Find:
Derivation of FD; Evaluate FD and L
[2]
Solution:
u
y y
= 2
U

Basic equations:
L = 0.25 m
Assumptions: 1) Flat plate so
5.48
=
x
Rex
b = 1 m
U = 1.75
m
s
= 1000
kg
3
p = 0, and U = const 2) is a function of x only 3) Incompressible
d
2
=
U
dx
The momentum integral equation then simplifies to
u
u
=
1 dy
U
U
0
where
2 d
For U = const
w = U
The drag force is then
L
L
2 d
2
FD = w dA = w b dx = U b dx = U b 1 d
0
dx
0
For the given profile
1
1

2
u
u
2
2
2
3
4
=
1 d = 2 1 2 + d = 2 5 + 4 d =
15
U
U
0
0
0
dx
=
From Table A.8 at
20oC
)(
FD = U b L
15
2
6 m
= 1.01 10
L = L
5.48
ReL
2
L =
15 L
2
FD = U b L
ReL =
U L
L = 2.08 mm
L = 0.278 mm
FD = 0.850 N
ReL = 4.332 10
Problem 9.40
[2]
Problem 9.41
[2]
Given:
Data on fluid and plate geometry
Find:
Drag at both orientations using boundary layer equation
Solution:
The given data is
= 800
kg
= 0.02
N s
m
ReL =
First determine the nature of the boundary layer
U L
U = 3
m
s
L = 3 m
b = 1 m
ReL = 3.6 10
The maximum Reynolds number is less than the critical value of 5 x 105
Hence:
w
cf =
1
2
U
2
cf =
(9.22)
0.730
(9.23)
Rex
The drag (one side) is
F D = w b dx
0
L
Using Eqs. 9.22 and 9.23
1
2
F D = U b
2
0.73
U x
FD = 0.73 b L U
Repeating for
L = 1 m
FD = 0.73 b L U
dx
FD = 26.3 N
(Compare to 30 N for Problem 9.18)
b = 3 m
3
FD = 45.5 N
(Compare to 50.4 N for Problem 9.19)
Problem 9.42
Given:
Triangular plate
Find:
Drag
[3]
Solution:
Basic equations:
w
cf =
1
2
U
2
cf =
3
2
L = 0.50 cm
= 1.21
ReL =
U = 5
U L
ReL = 1443
so definitely laminar
F D = w dA
We also have
1
1
2
2 0.730
w = cf U = U
2
2
Rex
FD = w w( x) dx
0
FD =
m
s
W = 50 cm
kg
m
Hence
Rex
L = 0.433 cm
5 m
= 1.50 10
0.730
1
2 W
U
2
L
w ( x) = W
x
L
0.730
0.730 x
2
dx =
U x dx
2
L
U x
0
3
2 W
The integral is
1
3
2
2
x dx = L 2
0
3
so
FD = 0.243 W L U
FD = 4.19 10
Note: For two-sided solution
2 FD = 8.38 10
Problem 9.43
[3]
Plate is reversed from this!
Given:
Triangular plate
Find:
Drag
Solution:
Basic equations:
w
cf =
1
2
U
2
cf =
3
2
L = 0.50 cm
Rex
L = 0.433 cm
5 m
= 1.50 10
0.730
= 1.21
ReL =
U = 5
ReL = 1443
kg
m
U L
F D = w dA
We also have
1
1
2
2 0.730
w = cf U = U
2
2
Rex
Hence
3
0.730 1 x
0.730
1
L
2
2
dx =
FD = U W
U W
2
2
U x
0
L
The integral is
m
s
W = 50 cm
FD = w w( x) dx
0
w( x) = W 1
1
1

2
x 2 x dx
L
1
3
1
1

2
2
x 2 x dx = 2 L 2 2 L = 4 L
L
3 L
3
FD = 0.487 W L U
FD = 8.40 10
The drag is much higher (twice as much) compared to Problem 9.42. This is because w is largest near the
leading edge and falls off rapidly; in this problem the widest area is also at the front
2 FD = 1.68 10
Problem 9.44
Given:
Parabolic plate
Find:
Drag
[3]
Solution:
Basic equations:
w
cf =
1
2
U
2
cf =
0.730
Rex
W

2
L =
W = 25 cm
L = 6.25 cm
25 cm
U = 7.5
m
s
Note: "y" is the equation of the upper and lower surfaces, so y = W/2 at x = L
5 m
= 1.50 10
= 1.21
kg
m
ReL =
U L
ReL = 3.12 10
so just laminar
F D = w dA
We also have
1
1
2
2 0.730
w = cf U = U
2
2
Rex
Hence
3
0.730 x
L
0.730
1
L

2
2
dx =
FD = U W
U W
1 dx
2
2
L 0
U x
FD = w w( x) dx
0
w ( x) = W
x
L
FD = 0.365 W L U
FD = 2.20 10
2 FD = 4.39 10
Problem 9.45
[4]
Note: Plate is now reversed!
Given:
Parabolic plate
Find:
Drag
Solution:
Basic equations:
w
cf =
1
2
U
2
0.730
cf =
Rex
W

2
L =
W = 25 cm
L = 6.25 cm
25 cm
U = 7.5
m
s
Note: "y" is the equation of the upper and lower surfaces, so y = W/2 at x = 0
5 m
= 1.50 10
= 1.21
kg
m
U L
ReL =
3
4
ReL = 3.12 10
so just laminar
F D = w dA
We also have
1
1
2
2 0.730
w = cf U = U
2
2
Rex
Hence
3
0.730 1 x
L
0.730
1
L
2
2
dx =
FD = U W
U W
2
2
U
The tricky integral is (this

might be easier to do
numerically!)
FD = w w( x) dx
0
w( x) = W 1
x
L
FD =
i
L x
x
L ln
L
2
L x +
x
1
dx =
x L
1
0.730
2
3
2
1
x
1
dx
L
so
1
x
1
dx = 0.393 m
L
U W
1
x
1
dx
L
The drag is much higher compared to Problem 9.44. This is because w is largest near the leading edge
and falls off rapidly; in this problem the widest area is also at the front
FD = 3.45 10
2 FD = 6.9 10
Problem 9.46
Given:
Pattern of flat plates
Find:
Drag on separate and composite plates
[3]
Solution:
Basic equations:
w
cf =
1
2
U
2
0.730
cf =
For separate plates
L = 7.5 cm
= 1.01 10
W = 7.5 cm
6 m
= 998
ReL =
m
s
U L
ReL = 7.43 10
F D = w dA
We also have
1
1
2
2 0.730
w = cf U = U
2
2
Rex
F D = w W dx
0
FD =
U = 1
kg
m
Hence
Rex
1
2
U W
2
1

0.730
0.730
2
dx =
dx
U W x
2
U x
0
3
2
The integral is
1
1

2
2
x
dx = 2 L
0
This is the drag on one plate. The total drag is then
so
FD = 0.730 W L U
FTotal = 4 FD
FTotal = 0.0602 N
For both sides:
For the composite plate
L = 4 7.5 cm
FD = 0.0150 N
2 FTotal = 0.120 N
L = 0.30 m
FComposite = 0.730 W L U
FComposite = 0.0301 N
For both sides:
2 FComposite = 0.0602 N
The drag is much lower on the composite compared to the separate plates. This is because w is largest near the
leading edges and falls off rapidly; in this problem the separate plates experience leading edges four times!
Problem 9.47
[2]
Problem 9.48
[3]
Problem 9.49
[3]
Problem 9.50
[3]
Problem 9.51
Given:
Water flow over flat plate
Find:
Drag on plate for linear boundary layer
[3]
Solution:
Basic equations:
FD = 2 w dA
du
w =
dy
at y = 0, and also
L = 0.35 m
W = 1 m
U = 0.8
2
6 m
= 1.30 10
= 1000

Hence
We also have
y
= U
du
U
w =
=
dy
2 d
w = U
1
dx
0
(1)
m
s
3
5
ReL = 2.15 10
so laminar
Comparing Eqs 1 and 2
w =
d =
Hence
but we need (x)

1
u
u
2 d
1 d = U ( 1 ) d
U
U
dx 0
1
2
dx =
0
6
so
2 d
w = U
dx
1
2 d
U (2)
6
dx
U
1
2 d
= U
6
dx
2
dx
or
6
=
x + c
2
U
or
=
x
6
U
12
U
but (0) = 0 so c = 0
12
3.46
=
Rex
Rex
L
FD = 2 w dA = 2 W
1
1
U
U
U
U
2
2
dx =
dx
dx = 2 W U
x
12
3
0
0
The integral is
u
u
1 d
U
U
u = U
The integral is
Then
kg
m
U L
ReL =
2 d
w = U
dx
1

x 2 dx = 2 L
0
FD =
2
3
W L U
so
3
FD =
2 W U
3
FD = 0.557 N
U L
Problem 9.52
Given:
Data on flow in a channel
Find:
Static pressures; plot of stagnation pressure
[3]
Solution:
The given data is
h = 30 mm
Appendix A
= 1.23
2 = 10 mm
U2 = 22.5
m
s
w = 1 m
(Arbitrary)
kg
3
Governing equations
Mass
Before entering the duct, and in the the inviscid core, the Bernoulli equation holds
2
p V
+
+ g z = constant
2
(4.24)
Assumptions: (1) Steady flow (2) No body force in x direction

For a linear velocity profile, from Table 9.2 the displacement thickness at location 2 is
2
disp2 =
disp2 = 5 mm
From the definition of the displacement thickness, to compute the flow rate, the uniform flow at location 2 is assumed to
take place in the entire duct, minus the displacement thicknesses at top and bottom
A2 = w h 2 disp2
A2 = 0.02 m
Then
Q = A2 U2
Q = 0.45
m
s
Mass conservation (Eq. 4.12) leads to U2

U1 A1 = U2 A2
U1 =
A2
A1
where
A1 = w h
U2
A1 = 0.03 m
U1 = 15
m
s
The Bernoull equation applied between atmosphere and location 1 is

patm
p1
U1
2
or, working in gage pressures

1
2
p1 = U1
2
p1 = 138 Pa
(Static pressure)
Similarly, between atmosphere and location 2 (gage pressures)

1
2
p2 = U2
2
p2 = 311 Pa
(Static pressure)
The static pressure falls continuously in the entrance region as the fluid in the central core accelerates into a
decreasing core
The stagnation pressure at location 2 (measured, e.g., with a Pitot tube as in Eq. 6.12), is indicated by an application
of the Bernoulli equation at a point
pt
p u
+
where pt is the total or stagnation pressure, p = p2 is the static pressure, and u is the local velocity, given by
u
y
=
U2
2
y 2
u = U2
2 < y
h
2
(Flow and pressure distibutions are symmetric about centerline)

Hence
1
2
pt = p2 + u
2
The plot of stagnation pressure is shown in the associated Excel workbook
[3]
Given: Data on flow in a channel

Find: Static pressures; plot of stagnation pressure
Solution:
Given data:
The relevant equations are:
h =
U2 =
2 =
30
22.5
10
mm
m/s
mm
=
p2 =
1.23
-311
kg/m3
Pa
Stagnation Pressure Distibution in a Duct
y (mm) u (m/s) p t (Pa)

0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0
0.00
2.25
4.50
6.75
9.00
11.25
13.50
15.75
18.00
20.25
22.50
22.50
22.50
22.50
22.50
22.50
-311.00
-307.89
-298.55
-282.98
-261.19
-233.16
-198.92
-158.44
-111.74
-58.81
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.34
15
10
y (mm)
5
0
-400
-300
-200
-100
p t (Pa gage)
The stagnation pressure indicates total mechanical energy - the curve indicates significant loss close to the walls
and no loss of energy in the central core.
Problem 9.53
Given: Data on flow over a flat plate

Find: Plot of laminar and turbulent boundary layer; Speeds for transition at trailing edge
Solution:
Given data:
U =
L =
10
5
m/s
m
Tabulated data:
= 1.45E-05 m2/s
(Table A.10)
[3]
Computed results:
x (m)
Re x
0.00
0.125
0.250
0.375
0.500
0.700
0.75
1.00
1.50
2.00
3.00
4.00
0.00E+00
8.62E+04
1.72E+05
2.59E+05
3.45E+05
4.83E+05
5.17E+05
6.90E+05
1.03E+06
1.38E+06
2.07E+06
2.76E+06
5.00
3.45E+06
(a) Laminar (b) Turbulent (c) Transition

(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
0.00
0.00
0.00
2.33
4.92
2.33
3.30
8.56
3.30
4.04
11.8
4.04
4.67
14.9
4.67
5.52
19.5
5.5
5.71
20.6
20.6
6.60
26.0
26.0
8.08
35.9
35.9
9.3
45.2
45.2
11.4
62.5
62.5
13.2
78.7
78.7
14.8
94.1
94.1
Boundary Layer Profiles on a Flat Plate

100
75
(mm)
Laminar
Turbulent
Transitional
50
25
0
0
3
x (m)
The speeds U at which transition occurs at specific points are shown below
x trans
(m)
5
4
3
2
1
U (m/s)
1.45
1.81
2.42
3.63
7.25
Problem 9.54
[3]
Note: Figure data applies to problem 9.18 only
Given:
Data on fluid and turbulent boundary layer
Find:
Mass flow rate across ab; Momentum flux across bc; Distance at which turbulence occurs
Solution:
Basic equations: Mass
Momentum
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) No pressure force 3) No body force in x direction 4) Uniform flow at ab
The given or available data (Table A.9) is
U = 165
ft
s
Consider CV abcd
= 0.75 in
b = 10 ft
= 0.00234
slug
ft
slug
mad = 0.241
s
mad = U b
Mass
mad + u b dy + mab = 0
0
and in the boundary layer
4 ft
= 1.62 10
(Note: Software cannot render a dot)
u
y
=
U
1
7
1
7
dy = d
Hence
7
7
m.ab = U b U d = U b U b
0
8
1
mab = U b
8
slug
mab = 0.0302
s
The momentum flux

across bc is
mfbc =
0
mfbc =
7
9

7
2
2
7
u V dA = u u b dy = U b d = U b
0
0
9
2
U b
mfbc = 31
slug ft
2
From momentum
Rx = U ( U ) + mab uab + mfbc
Transition occurs at
Rex = 5 10
and
Rx = U b mab U mfbc
Rex =
U x
xtrans =
Rx = 3.87 lbf
Rex
U
xtrans = 0.491 ft
Problem 9.55
[3]
Problem 9.56
[3]
Problem 9.57
Given:
Triangular plate
Find:
Drag
[3]
Solution:
Basic equations:
w
cf =
1
2
U
2
cf =
Rex
3
2
L = 0.50 cm
0.0594
L = 0.433 cm
5 m
= 1.50 10
= 1.21
ReL =
U = 25
U L
ReL = 7217
so definitely still laminar, but we are

told to assume turbulent!
F D = w dA
We also have
1
1
2
2 0.0594
w = cf U = U
1
2
2
FD = w w( x) dx
0
Rex
L
1
2 W
F D = U
2
L
0.0594 x
w( x) = W
The integral is
x
L
5
9
5 W
0.0594
5
dx =
U
x dx
1
2
L
0
U x
4
9
5
x 5 dx = L 5
0
9
m
s
W = 50 cm
kg
m
Hence
1
5
so
FD = 0.0165 W L U
1
5
FD = 4.57 10
2 FD = 9.14 10
Problem 9.58
Given:
Parabolic plate
Find:
Drag
[3]
Solution:
Basic equations:
w
cf =
1
2
U
2
cf =
0.0594
Rex
1
5
W

2
L =
W = 25 cm
L = 6.25 cm
25 cm
U = 25
m
s
Note: "y" is the equation of the upper and lower surfaces, so y = W/2 at x = L
5 m
= 1.50 10
= 1.21
kg
m
ReL =
U L
ReL = 1.04 10
so still laminar, but we are

told to assume turbulent!
F D = w dA
We also have
1
1
2
2 0.0594
w = cf U = U
1
2
2
FD = w w ( x) dx
0
Rex
w ( x) = W
x
L
Hence
x
9
1 1
3
0.0594
0.0594
1
L
2
5
2 5
10
dx =
FD = U W
U W L x dx
1
2
2
5
U x
FD = 0.0228 W L U
1
5
FD = 0.0267 N
2 FD = 0.0534 N
Problem 9.59
Given:
Find:
[3]
Solution:
Basic equations:
w
cf =
1
2
U
2
cf =
0.0594
Rex
For separate plates
L = 7.5 cm
= 1.01 10
1
5
W = 7.5 cm
2
6 m
= 998
ReL =
kg
3
U L
ReL = 7.43 10
so turbulent
F D = w dA
We also have
1
1
2
2 0.0594
w = cf U = U
1
2
2
F D = w W dx
0
Rex
5
1
9
5
0.0594
0.0594
1
2
5
dx =
dx
FD = U W
U W
x
1
0
2
5
U x

0
L
The integral is
m
s
Hence
U = 10
1
4

5
x 5 dx = L 5
0
4
so
FD = 0.371 W L U
1
5
FTotal = 4 FD
FD = 13.9 N
FTotal = 55.8 N
For both sides:
2 FTotal = 112 N
L = 4 7.5 cm
L = 0.30 m
FComposite = 0.371 W L U
1
5
FComposite = 42.3 N
For both sides:
2 FComposite = 84.6 N
Problem 9.60
[3]
Problem 9.61
[3]
Problem 9.62
[3]
Problem 9.63
[3]
Problem 9.64
[3]
Problem 9.65
[3]
Problem 9.66
[3]
Problem 9.67
[3]
Problem 9.68
[3]
Given:
Data on flow in a duct
Find:
Velocity at location 2; pressure drop; length of duct; position at which boundary layer is 20 mm
Solution:
The given data is
D = 150 mm
Table A.10
= 1.23
1 = 10 mm
2 = 30 mm
U1 = 25
m
s
2
5 m
kg
= 1.45 10
Governing equations
Mass
In the boundary layer
0.382
=
1
x
Rex
(9.26)
In the the inviscid core, the Bernoulli equation holds

2
p V
+
+ g z = constant
(4.24)
Assumptions: (1) Steady flow (2) No body force (gravity) in x direction

For a 1/7-power law profile, from Example 9.4 the displacement thickness is
Hence
disp1 =
disp2 =
disp =
disp1 = 1.25 mm
8
2
disp2 = 3.75 mm
From the definition of the displacement thickness, to compute the flow rate, the uniform flow at locations 1 and 2 is
assumed to take place in the entire duct, minus the displacement thicknesses
A1 =
D 2 disp1
A1 = 0.0171 m
A2 =
2
D 2 disp2
4
A2 = 0.0159 m
Mass conservation (Eq. 4.12) leads to U2
( U1 A1) + ( U2 A2) = 0
or
A1
U2 = U1
A2
U2 = 26.8
m
s
The Bernoulli equation applied between locations 1 and 2 is

p1
or the pressure drop is
U1
p2 U2
=
+
2
p1 p2 = p =
2
2
U U1
2 2
p = 56.9 Pa
(Depends on value selected)
The static pressure falls continuously in the entrance region as the fluid in the central core accelerates into a decreasing core.
If we assume the stagnation pressure is atmospheric, a change in pressure of about 60 Pa is not significant; in addition, the velocity changes
about 5%, again not a large change to within engineering accuracy
To compute distances corresponding to boundary layer thicknesses, rearrange Eq.9.26
0.382

=
= 0.382
1
x
U x
Rex
1
5
so
5
4
x =
U

0.382
Applying this equation to locations 1 and 2 (using U = U1 or U2 as approximations)

5
4
1 U 1

0.382
1
4
x1 =
5
4
2 U 2

0.382
x1 = 0.382 m
1
4
x2 =
For location 3
x2 = 1.533 m
x2 x1 = 1.15 m
3 = 20 mm
disp3 =
A3 =
D 2 disp3
A1
U3 = U1
A3
3
8
disp3 = 2.5 mm
2
A3 = 0.017 m
U3 = 25.9
5
4
3 U 2

0.382
x3 =
x3 x1 = 0.542 m
m
s
1
4
x3 = 0.923 m
1
4
Problem 9.69
[3]
Given:
Data on a large tanker
Find:
Cost effectiveness of tanker; compare to Alaska pipeline
Solution:
The given data is
L = 360 m
B = 70 m
D = 25 m
kg
= 1020
m
s
U = 6.69
m
P = 9.7 MW
P = 1.30 10 hp
P
70 %
The power to the propeller is
Pprop =
The shaft power is
Ps = 120% Pprop
The efficiency of the engines is
= 40 %
Hence the heat supplied to the engines is
Q =
The journey time is
t =
The total energy consumed is
Qtotal = Q t
Ps
(Power consumed by drag)

4
Pprop = 1.86 10 hp
4
Ps = 2.23 10 hp
Q = 1.42 10
x
U
x = 2000 mi
8 BTU
hr
t = 134 hr
10
Qtotal = 1.9 10
BTU
From buoyancy the total ship weight equals the displaced seawater volume
Mship g = g L B D
Mship = L B D
Mship = 1.42 10 lb
Hence the mass of oil is
Moil = 75% Mship
Moil = 1.06 10 lb
The chemical energy stored in the petroleum is
q = 20000
The total chemical energy is
E = q Moil
BTU
lb
The equivalent percentage of petroleum cargo used is then
The Alaska pipeline uses
BTU
but for the ship
epipeline = 120
ton mi
The ship uses only about 15% of the energy of the pipeline!
13
E = 2.13 10
Qtotal
E
BTU
= 0.089 %
Qtotal
eship =
Moil x
BTU
eship = 17.8
ton mi
Problem 9.70
Given:
Linear, sinusoidal and parabolic velocity profiles
Find:
Momentum fluxes
[3]
Solution:
The momentum flux is given by
2
mf = u w dy
0
where w is the width of the boundary layer

For a linear velocity profile
u
y
=
=
U
(1)
For a sinusoidal velocity profile
u
y
= sin = sin
U
2
2
(2)
For a parabolic velocity profile
u
y
y
2
= 2 = 2 ( )
U
For each of these
u = U f ( )
Using these in the momentum flux equation
2
2
mf = U w f ( ) d
0
For the linear profile Eqs. 1 and 4 give
2
mf = U w d
0
For the sinusoidal profile Eqs. 2 and 4 give
mf = U w sin d
2
0
For the parabolic profile Eqs. 3 and 4 give
2
mf = U w 2 ( ) d
0
(3)
y =
1
(4)
mf =
1
2
U w
3
mf =
1
2
U w
2
The linear profile has the smallest momentum, so would be most likely to separate
mf =
8
15
U w
Problem *9.71
Given: Laminar (Blasius) and turbulent (1/7 - power) velocity distributions

Find: Plot of distributions; momentum fluxes
Solution:
[4]
Computed results:
(Table 9.1) (Simpsons Rule)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
Laminar Weight Weight x

u/U
w
(u/U )2
0.000
1
0.00
0.166
4
0.11
0.330
2
0.22
0.487
4
0.95
0.630
2
0.79
0.751
4
2.26
0.846
2
1.43
0.913
4
3.33
0.956
2
1.83
0.980
4
3.84
0.992
1
0.98
Simpsons': 0.525
y / =
0.0
0.0125
0.025
0.050
0.10
0.15
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Turbulent
u/U
0.00
0.53
0.59
0.65
0.72
0.76
0.79
0.88
0.93
0.97
1.00
Laminar and Turbulent Boundary Layer

Velocity Profiles
1.0
0.8
y /
Laminar
0.5
Turbulent
0.3
0.0
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
u/U
Problem 9.72
[2]
Problem 9.73
[3] Part 1/2
Problem 9.73
[3] Part 2/2
Problem 9.74
[4]
Problem 9.75
[5]
Given:
Channel flow with laminar boundary layers
Find:
Maximum inlet speed for laminar exit; Pressure drop for parabolic velocity in boundary layers
Solution:
Basic equations:
5.48
=
x
Rex
Retrans = 5 10
p V
+
+ g z = const
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible 3) z = constant

2
5 m
= 1.50 10
Retrans =
For
Retrans = 5 10
Umax =
disp
2 = L
kg
L = 3 m
m
Retrans
L
5.48
Retrans
Umax = 2.50
3 2
h = 15 cm
m
s
U1 = Umax
U1 = 2.50
where trans is the displacement thickness
disp2 = 0.00775 m
U1 w h = U2 w h 2 disp2
h
U2 = U1
h 2 disp2
U2 = 2.79
m
s
Since the boundary layers do not meet Bernoulli applies in the core
p1
p =
From hydrostatics
U1
2
p2
U2
2
2
2
U U1
2 2
p = H2O g h
with
2
2
p = p1 p2 = U2 U1
2
p = 0.922 Pa
H2O = 1000
kg
3
m
h =
p
H2O g
h = 0.0940 mm
m
s
2 = 0.0232 m
1
u
2
=
1 d = 1 2 + d =

3
U
0
0
disp2 =
From continuity
Umax L
Then
For a parabolic profile
= 1.21
h = 0.00370 in
Problem 9.76
[5] Part 1/2
Problem 9.76
[5] Part 2/2
Problem 9.77
[5] Part 1/2
Problem 9.77
[5] Part 2/2
Problem 9.78
[2]
Problem 9.79
Given:
Find:
[3]
Solution:
FD
Basic equations:
CD =
For separate plates
L = 7.5 cm
= 1.01 10
1
2
V A
2
W = 7.5 cm
6 m
0.0742
ReL
1
5
V L
FTotal = 4 FD
CD =
0.0742
ReL
L = 0.300 m
ReL =
First determine the Reylolds number
1
5
1
2
The drag (one side) is then FD = CD V A
2
ReL = 7.43 10
so use Eq. 9.34
CD = 0.00497
FD = 1.39 N
L = 4 7.5 cm
3 2
1
2
The drag (one side) is then FD = CD V A
2
A = 5.625 10
kg
m
ReL =
First determine the Reynolds number

CD =
= 998
A = W L
V L
FTotal = 5.58 N
For both sides:
2 FTotal = 11.2 N
A = W L
A = 0.0225 m
ReL = 2.97 10
so use Eq. 9.34
CD = 0.00377
FD = 4.23 N
For both sides:
2 FD = 8.46 N
V = 10
m
s
Problem 9.80
[3]
Problem 9.81
Given:
Aircraft cruising at 40,000 ft
Find:
Skin friction drag force; Power required
[3]
Solution:
Basic equations:
FD
CD =
1
2
V A
2
We "unwrap" the cylinder to obtain an equivalent flat plate
From Table A.3, with

For
Hence at
L = 125 ft
D = 12 ft
z = 40000 ft
z = 12192 m
z = 12000 m
SL
= 0.2546
Hence
A = 4712 ft
V = 500 mph
with
SL = 0.002377
slug
ft
z = 13000 m
= 0.2176
SL
z = 12192 m
( 0.2176 0.2546)
= 0.2546 +
( 12192 12000) = 0.255
SL
( 1300 12000)
= 0.255 SL
= 0.000606
slug
ft
From Appendix A-3
A = L D
b T
1
2
with
S
1+
T
b T
1+
kg
m s K
1
2
= 1.42 10
S = 110.4 K
1
2
5 N s
= 2.97 10
7 lbf s
ft
T
ReL =
Next we need the Reynolds number

CD =
b = 1.458 10
T = 216.7 K
and also
0.455
V L
ReL = 1.87 10
2.58
CD = 0.00195
The drag is then
1
2
F D = C D V A
2
FD = 1500 lbf
The power consumed is
P = FD V
P = 1.100 10
log ReL
6 ft lbf
so use Eq. 9.35
P = 1999 hp
Problem 9.82
[3]
Given data:
L =
B =
D =
80
35
5
1.21E-05
ft
ft
ft
ft2/s
(Table A.7)
1.94
slug/ft
A =
3600
ft2
(Table A.7)
Computed results:
U (mph)
Re L
CD
P (hp)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
9.70E+06
1.94E+07
2.91E+07
3.88E+07
4.85E+07
5.82E+07
6.79E+07
7.76E+07
8.73E+07
9.70E+07
1.07E+08
1.16E+08
1.26E+08
1.36E+08
1.45E+08
0.00285
0.00262
0.00249
0.00240
0.00233
0.00227
0.00222
0.00219
0.00215
0.00212
0.00209
0.00207
0.00205
0.00203
0.00201
0.0571
0.421
1.35
3.1
5.8
9.8
15
22
31
42
56
72
90
111
136
Power Consumed by Friction on a Barge

150
120
P (hp) 90
60
30
0
0
9
U (mph)
12
15
Problem 9.84
[3]
Problem 9.85
[4]
Problem 9.86
Given:
Plastic sheet falling in water
Find:
Terminal speed both ways
[3]
Solution:
Basic equations:
Fy = 0
for terminal speed
h = 10 mm
Hence
Also
Solving for V
2
6 m
= 1.01 10
= 998
0.0742
CD =
ReL
L = 0.5 m
kg
(9.34) (assuming 5 x 105 < ReL < 107)
1
5
A = W L
SG = 1.5
for water
FD + Fbuoyancy W = 0
FD = W Fbuoyancy = g h A ( SG 1)
4
5
1
5 1
1
0.0742
1
0.0742
2
2
2
FD = 2 CD A V = 2
A V =
W L V = 0.0742 W L V
1
1
2
2
2
5
V L

4
5
1
5 1
H2O g h W L ( SG 1) = 0.0742 W L V
2
1
5
g h ( SG 1) L
V =

0.0742
Check the Reynolds numberReL =
Repeating for
1
2
V A
2
W = 1 m
ReL
Hence
FD
CD =
Check the Reynolds numberReL =
5
g h ( SG 1) L
V =

0.0742
V L
Note that we double FD because

we have two sides!
9
5
5
9
V = 3.41
V L
L = 1 m
9
5
5
9
m
s
ReL = 1.69 10
V = 3.68
Hence Eq. 9.34 is reasonable
m
s
ReL = 3.65 10
Eq. 9.34 is still reasonable
The short side vertical orientation falls more slowly because the largest friction is at the region of the leading edge ( tails off as the
boundary layer progresses); its leading edge area is larger. Note that neither orientation is likely - the plate will flip around in a chaotic
manner
Problem 9.87
[4]
Problem 9.88
[4]
Problem 9.89
Given: "Resistance" data on a ship

Find: Plot of wave, viscous and total drag (protoype and model); Power required by prototype
Solution:
[4]
Given data:
Lp =
409
Ap =
Lm =
19500
5.11
Am =
SG =
=
=
3.05
1.025
2.26E-05
1023
ft
ft2
ft (1/80 scale)
ft2
(Table A.2)
(Table A.2)
lbf.s/ft2
slug/ft3
Computed results:
Model
Fr
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.60
Wave
"Resistance"
0.00050
0.00075
0.00120
0.00150
0.00200
0.00300
0.00350
0.00320
Viscous
Total
Wave
U (ft/s)
"Resistance" "Resistance"
Drag (lbf)
0.0052
0.0057
1.28
0.641
0.0045
0.0053
2.57
3.85
0.0040
0.0052
3.85
13.9
0.0038
0.0053
4.49
23.6
0.0038
0.0058
5.13
41.0
0.0036
0.0066
5.77
77.9
0.0035
0.0070
6.42
112
0.0035
0.0067
7.70
148
Viscous
Drag (lbf)
6.67
23.1
46.2
59.7
78.0
93.5
112
162
Total
Drag (lbf)
7.31
26.9
60.0
83.3
119
171
224
309
Drag on a Model Ship

350
300
Total
Wave
Viscous
250
F (lbf)
200
150
100
50
0
0
6
U (ft/s)
Prototype
Fr
Wave
"Resistance"
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.60
0.00050
0.00075
0.00120
0.00150
0.00200
0.00300
0.00350
0.00320
Wave
Viscous
Total
Viscous
Total
Drag
Drag
(lbf
Drag (lbf x
U (ft/s)
"Resistance" "Resistance"
6
6
x 10 )
(lbf x 106)
10 )
0.0017
0.0022
11.5
0.328
1.12
1.44
0.0016
0.0024
23.0
1.97
4.20
6.17
0.0015
0.0027
34.4
7.09
8.87
16.0
0.0015
0.0030
40.2
12.1
12.1
24.1
0.0013
0.0033
45.9
21.0
13.7
34.7
0.0013
0.0043
51.6
39.9
17.3
57.2
0.0013
0.0048
57.4
57.5
21.3
78.8
0.0013
0.0045
68.9
75.7
30.7
106
Drag on a Prototype Ship

120
100
Total
Wave
80
F (lbf x 10 )
60
6
Viscous
40
20
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
U (ft/s)
For the prototype wave resistance is a much more significant factor at high speeds!
60
70
80
Problem 9.90
[1]
Problem 9.91
Given:
Fishing net
Find:
Drag; Power to maintain motion
[3]
Solution:
Basic equations:
FD
CD =
1
2
V A
2
We convert the net into an equivalent cylinder (we assume each segment does not interfere with its neighbors)
d =
1
in
32
Total number of threads of length L is
n1 =
Total number of threads of length W is
n2 =
L = 40 ft
Total length of thread
W = 5 ft
LT = L1 + L2
The frontal area is then A = LT d

From Table A.7
= 1.94
V = 7 knot
V = 11.8
W
D
n1 = 160
Total length
L1 = n1 L
L1 = 6400 ft
L
D
n2 = 1280
Total length
L2 = n2 W
L2 = 6400 ft
LT = 12800 ft
LT = 2.42 mile A lot!
A = 33.3 ft
slug
ft
The Reynolds number is Red =
3
in
8
Spacing: D =
V d
Note that L W = 200 ft

5 ft
= 1.21 10
Red = 2543
For a cylinder in a crossflow at this Reynolds number, from Fig. 9.13, approximately
Hence
1
2
F D = C D V A
2
FD = 3611 lbf
P = FD V
P = 42658
ft lbf
s
CD = 0.8
P = 77.6 hp
ft
s
Problem 9.92
[2]
Problem 9.93
Given:
Data on a rotary mixer
Find:
New design dimensions
[3]
Solution:
The given data or available data is
R = 0.6 m
P = 350 W
= 60 rpm
= 1099
kg
3
m
For a ring, from Table 9.3
CD = 1.2
The torque at the specified power and speed is

T =
T = 55.7 N m
1 T
2 R
The drag on each ring is then
FD =
The linear velocity of each ring is
V = R
FD = 46.4 N
V = 3.77
m
s
The drag and velocity of each ring are related using the definition of drag coefficient
CD =
FD
1
2
A V
2
FD
Solving for the ring area
A =
But
A =
The outer diameter is
do = 125 mm
Hence the inner diameter is
di =
1
2
V C D
2
A = 4.95 10
2
2
d di
4 o
2 4 A
do
di = 96.5 mm
3 2
Problem 9.94
[2]
Problem 9.95
Given: Data on airplane and parachute

Find: Time and distance to slow down; plot speed against distance and time; maximum "g"'s
Solution:
Given data:
M =
Vi =
Vf =
CD =
8500
400
100
1.42
kg
km/hr
km/hr
(Table 9.3)
= 1.23 kg/m
Single: D = 6 m
Triple: D = 3.75 m
[3]
Computed results:
A = 28.3 m2
A = 11.0 m2
t (s) x (m) V (km/hr)
0.0 0.0
1.0 96.3
2.0 171
3.0 233
4.0 285
5.0 331
6.0 371
7.0 407
8.0 439
9.0 469
9.29 477
0.0 0.0
1.0 94.2
2.0 165
3.0 223
4.0 271
5.0 312
6.0 348
7.0 380
7.93 407
9.0 436
9.3 443
400
302
243
203
175
153
136
123
112
102
100
400
290
228
187
159
138
122
110
100
91
89
"g "'s = -3.66 Max
Aircraft Velocity versus Time
V (km/hr)
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
One Parachute
Three Parachutes
6
t (s)
10
Aircraft Velocity versus Distance

400
350
One Parachute
Three Parachutes
300
V (km/hr)
250
200
150
100
50
0
0
100
200
300
x (m)
400
500
Problem 9.96
[3]
Given: Data on airplane landing

Find: Single and three-parachute sizes; plot speed against distance and time; maximum "g''s
Solution:
Given data:
M = 9500 kg
V i = 350 km/hr
V f = 100 km/hr
x f = 1200 m
C D = 1.42 (Table 9.3)
= 1.23 kg/m
Computed results:
Single:
A = 11.4 m2
D = 3.80 m
Triple:
A = 3.8 m2
D = 2.20 m
"g "'s = -1.01 Max

0.00
2.50
5.00
7.50
10.0
12.5
15.0
17.5
20.0
22.5
24.6
0.0
216.6
393.2
542.2
671.1
784.7
886.3
978.1
1061.9
1138.9
1200.0
350
279
232
199
174
154
139
126
116
107
100
Aircraft Velocity versus Time
350
300
250
V (km/hr)
200
150
100
50
0
0
10
15
t (s)
20
25
Aircraft Velocity versus Distance

350
300
250
V (km/hr) 200
150
100
50
0
0
200
400
600
800
x (m)
1000
1200
Problem 9.97
[2]
Problem 9.98
[2]
Problem 9.99
[2]
Problem 9.100
Given:
Data on cyclist performance on a calm day
Find:
Performance hindered and aided by wind
[2]
Solution:
FR = 7.5 N
M = 65 kg
CD = 1.2
= 1.23
A = 0.25 m
kg
m
FD =
V = 30
1
2
A V C D
2
km
hr
FD = 12.8 N
The power steady power generated by the cyclist is
P = FD + FR V
Now, with a headwind we have
Vw = 10
P = 169 W
km
hr
V = 24
km
hr
The aerodynamic drag is greater because of the greater effective wind speed
FD =
1
2
A V + V w C D
2
FD = 16.5 N
The power required is that needed to overcome the total force FD + FR, moving at the cyclist's speed
P = V FD + FR
P = 160 W
This is less than the power she can generate
She wins the bet!
With the wind supporting her the effective wind speed is substantially lower
VW = 10
FD =
1
2
km
V = 40
hr
A V V W C D
km
hr
FD = 12.8 N
The power required is that needed to overcome the total force FD + FR, moving at the cyclist's speed
P = V FD + FR
This is more than the power she can generate
P = 226 W
She loses the bet
P = 0.227 hp
Problem 9.101
[3]
Given:
Find:
Performance hindered and aided by wind; repeat with high-tech tires; with fairing
Solution:
FR = 7.5 N
M = 65 kg
CD = 1.2
= 1.23
A = 0.25 m
kg
m
V = 30
1
2
A V C D
2
FD =
Power steady power generated by the cyclist is
P = FD + FR V
Vw = 10
km
hr
FD = 12.8 N
P = 169 W
P = 0.227 hp
km
hr
FD =
1
2
A V + V w C D
2
(1)
The power required is that needed to overcome the total force FD + FR, moving at the cyclist's speed is
P = V FD + FR
(2)
Combining Eqs 1 and 2 we obtain an expression for the cyclist's maximum speed V cycling into a
headwind (where P = 169 W is the cyclist's power)
Cycling into the wind:
P = FR +
1
2
A V + Vw CD V
(3)
This is a cubic equation for V; it can be solved analytically, or by iterating. It is convenient to use Excel's Goal Seek (or
Solver). From the associated Excel workbook
V = 24.7
From Solver
km
hr
By a similar reasoning:
Cycling with the wind:
P = FR +
1
2
A V Vw CD V
(4)
km
hr
From Solver
V = 35.8
With improved tires
FR = 3.5 N
Maximum speed on a calm day is obtained from
1
2
P = FR + A V CD V
2
This is a again a cubic equation for V; it can be solved analytically, or by iterating. It is convenient to use Excel's Goal
Seek (or Solver). From the associated Excel workbook
V = 32.6
From Solver
km
hr
Equations 3 and 4 are repeated for the case of improved tires

From Solver
Against the wind
V = 26.8
km
hr
With the wind
V = 39.1
km
hr
V = 29.8
km
hr
With the wind
V = 42.1
km
hr
For improved tires and fairing, from Solver

V = 35.7
km
hr
Against the wind
Given: Data on cyclist performance on a calm day

Find: Performance hindered and aided by wind; repeat with high-tech tires; with fairing
Solution:
Given data:
FR =
M =
A =
CD =
7.5
65
0.25
1.2
N
kg
m2
=
V =
Vw =
1.23
30
10
kg/m3
km/hr
km/hr
Computed results:
F D = 12.8 N
P = 169 W
Using Solver :
Left (W) Right (W) Error V (km/hr)

169
169
0%
24.7

Using Solver : 169
169
0%
35.8
[3]
With improved tires:

FR =
3.5

Using Solver : 169
169
0%
32.6

Using Solver : 169
169
0%
26.8
Using Solver :

169
169
0%
39.1
With improved tires and fairing:

FR =
CD =
3.5
0.9

Using Solver : 169
169
0%
35.7

Using Solver : 169
169
0%
29.8

Using Solver : 169
169
0%
42.1
Problem 9.102
Given:
Find:
Performance on a hill with and without wind
[3]
Solution:
FR = 7.5 N
M = 65 kg
CD = 1.2
= 1.23
A = 0.25 m
kg
m
V = 30
1
2
A V C D
2
FD =
Power steady power generated by the cyclist is
P = FD + FR V
Riding up the hill (no wind)
= 5 deg
km
hr
FD = 12.8 N
P = 169 W
P = 0.227 hp
For steady speed the cyclist's power is consumed by working against the net force (rolling resistance, darg, and gravity)
Cycling up the hill:
P = FR +
1
2
A V CD + M g sin( ) V
2
This is a cubic equation for the speed which can be solved analytically, or by iteration, or using Excel's Goal Seek
or Solver. The solution is obtained from the associated Excel workbook
V = 9.47
Vw = 10
km
hr
From Solver
km
hr
FD =
1
2
A V + V w C D
The power required is that needed to overcome the total force (rolling resistance, drag, and gravity) moving at the cyclist's speed is
Uphill against the wind:
P = FR +
A V + Vw CD + M g sin ( ) V
V = 8.94
km
This is again a cubic equation for V

From Solver
hr
Pedalling downhill (no wind) gravity helps increase the speed; the maximum speed is obtained from
Cycling down the hill:
1
2
A V CD M g sin ( ) V
2
P = FR +
This cubic equation for V is solved in the associated Excel workbook

V = 63.6
From Solver
km
hr
Pedalling downhill (wind assisted) gravity helps increase the speed; the maximum speed is obtained from
Wind-assisted downhill:
1
2
P = FR + A V Vw CD M g sin ( ) V
2
This cubic equation for V is solved in the associated Excel workbook

V = 73.0
From Solver
km
hr
Freewheeling downhill, the maximum speed is obtained from the fact that the net force is zero
Freewheeling downhill:
FR +
V =
Wind assisted:
FR +
1
2
A V CD M g sin ( ) = 0
2
M g sin ( ) FR
1
A C D
2
V = 58.1
km
hr
V = 68.1
km
hr
1
2
A V Vw CD M g sin ( ) = 0
2
V = Vw +
M g sin ( ) FR
1
A C D
2
[3]
Given: Data on cyclist performance on a calm day

Find: Performance on a hill with and without wind
Solution:
Given data:
FR =
M =
A =
CD =
7.5
65
0.25
1.2
N
kg
m2
=
V =
Vw =
=
1.23
30
10
5
kg/m
km/hr
km/hr
deg
Computed results:
1
2
FD = A V CD
2
P = FD + FR V
Cycling up the hill:
Using Solver :
Uphill against the wind:
Using Solver :
Cycling down the hill:
Using Solver :
Wind-assisted downhill:
Using Solver :
P = FR +
Left (W)
169
1
2
FD =
12.8
P =
169
AV CD + M gsin( ) V
2
Right (W)
169
Error
0%
V (km/hr)
9.47
P = FR + A V + Vw CD + M gsin( ) V
2
Left (W)
169
Right (W)
169
Error
0%
V (km/hr)
8.94
P = FR + A V CD M gsin( ) V
2
Left (W)
169
Right (W)
169
Error
0%
V (km/hr)
63.6
P = FR + A V Vw CD M gsin( ) V
2
Left (W)
169
Right (W)
169
Error
0%
V (km/hr)
73.0
Problem *9.103
[3]
FBnet
FD
y
x
Given:
Series of party balloons
Find:
Wind velocity profile; Plot
Wlatex
Note: Flagpole is actually 27 ft tall, not 63 ft!
Solution:
Basic equations:
FD
CD =
FB = air g Vol
1
2
V A
2
The above figure applies to each balloon
For the horizontal forces FD T sin ( ) = 0
(1)
For the vertical forces
T cos ( ) + FBnet Wlatex = 0
Here
D
FBnet = FB W = air He g
6
RHe = 386.1
Rair = 53.33
(2)
1
Mlatex =
oz
10
Wlatex = Mlatex g
ft lbf
lbm R
pHe = 16.2 psi
THe = 530 R
ft lbf
lbm R
pair = 14.7 psi
D = 9 in
We have (Table A.6)
FBnet = air He g
D
6
FD = T sin ( ) =
FD = FBnet Wlatex tan( )
But we have
1
1
2
2 D
FD = CD air V A = CD air V
4
2
2
CD air D
From Table A.9
4 ft
= 1.63 10
Rair Tair
slug
ft
air = 0.00233
ft
V = 9.00
CD = 0.4
with
from Fig. 9.11 (we will

check Re later)
ft
s
V D
Red = 4.14 10
We are okay!
slug
FD = 0.0167 lbf
pair
He = 0.000354
sin ( )
Hence
RHe THe
FBnet = 0.0140 lbf
cos ( )
8 FD
air =
pHe
FBnet Wlatex
Tair = 530 R
He =
Wlatex = 0.00625 lbf
= 65 deg
Applying Eqs 1 and 2 to the top balloon, for which
V =
F = 0
For the next balloon
= 60 deg
8 FD
V =
CD air D
V D
V D
V D
V D
8 FD
2
V D
V = 2.58
CD air D
V = 1.82
FD = 0.00449 lbf
with
CD = 0.4
FD = 0.00283 lbf
with
CD = 0.4
FD = 0.00137 lbf
with
CD = 0.4
with
CD = 0.4
ft
s
4
We are okay!

8 FD
CD = 0.4
We are okay!
= 5 deg
with
ft
s
Red = 1.19 10
FD = 0.00544 lbf
We are okay!
CD air D
V =
V = 3.71
= 10 deg
Red = 1.71 10
V =
CD = 0.4
ft
s
8 FD
with
We are okay!
CD air D
Red = 2.15 10
= 20 deg
V =
V = 4.67
FD = 0.00777 lbf
ft
s
8 FD
CD = 0.4
We are okay!
CD air D
Red = 2.37 10
= 30 deg
V = 5.14
with
ft
s
FD = 0.00927 lbf
We are okay!

8 FD
V =
Red = 2.83 10
= 35 deg
CD air D
V = 6.15
CD = 0.4
ft
s
V D
V =
Red = 3.09 10
8 FD
with
We are okay!
CD air D
= 45 deg
V = 6.71
FD = 0.0135 lbf
ft
s

8 FD
V =
V = 8.09
Red = 3.72 10
= 50 deg
CD air D
V D
V =
ft
s
FD = 0.000680 lbf
V D
Red = 8367.80
We are okay!
V = ( 1.82 2.58 3.71 4.67 5.14 6.15 6.71 8.09 9.00 )
In summary we have
ft
s
h = ( 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 ) ft
30
h (ft)
20
10
V (ft/s)
This problem is ideal for computing and plotting in Excel
10
Problem 9.104
[2]
FB
FD
Given:
Sphere dragged through river
Find:
Relative velocity of sphere
Solution:
Basic equations:
FD
CD =
F = 0
FB = g Vol
1
2
V A
2
The above figure applies to the sphere
For the horizontal forces FD T sin ( ) = 0
(1)
For the vertical forces
T cos ( ) + FB W = 0
Here
D = 1 ft
(2)
5 ft
SG = 0.25
= 1.94
= 45 deg
Applying Eqs 1 and 2 to the sphere, for which

FD = T sin ( ) =
and from Table A.7 = 1.41 10
FB W
cos ( )
slug
ft
sin ( ) = g Vol ( 1 SG) tan( )
D
( 1 SG) tan( )
6
Hence
F D = g
But we have
1
1
2
2 D
F D = C D V A = C D V
4
2
2
8 FD
V =
C D D
Try
V D
CD = 0.15
V D
V = 8.97
FD = 24.5 lbf
with
CD = 0.4
from Fig. 9.11 (we will

check Re later)
ft
s
Red = 6.36 10
V =
A bit off from Fig 9.11
8 FD
C D D
Red = 1.04 10
V = 14.65
ft
s
A good fit with Fig 9.11 (extreme right of graph)
Problem 9.105
[2]
Fn
W
Given:
Circular disk in wind
Find:
Mass of disk; Plot versus V
Solution:
CD =
Basic equations:
M = 0
FD
1
2
V A
2
Summing moments at the pivotW L sin ( ) Fn L = 0
Fn =
and
1
2
V n A C D
2
Hence
M g sin ( ) =
The data is
= 1.225
1
2 D
( V cos ( ) )
CD
4
2
kg
V = 15
m
s
D = 25 mm
8 M g
V =
D C D
CD = 1.17
V cos ( ) D CD
M =
8 g sin ( )
Rearranging
= 10 deg
M = 0.0451 kg
tan( )
cos ( )
V = 35.5
m tan( )
s cos ( )
We can plot this by choosing and computing V

80
V (m/s)
60
40
20
10
20
30
40
Angle (deg)
This graph can be easily plotted in Excel
50
60
70
(Table 9.3)
Problem 9.106
Given:
Data on dimensions of anemometer
Find:
Calibration constant; compare to actual with friction
[3]
Solution:
D = 50 mm
R = 80 mm
= 1.23
kg
3
The drag coefficients for a cup with open end facing the airflow and a cup with open end facing downstream are, respectively, from Table 9
CDopen = 1.42
CDnotopen = 0.38
1
2
The equation for computing drag is FD = A V CD
2
A =
where
D
4
(1)
A = 1.96 10
3 2
Assuming steady speed at steady wind speed V the sum of moments will be zero. The two cups that are momentarily parallel to the flow
will exert no moment; the two cups with open end facing and not facing the flow will exert a moment beacuse of their drag forces. For eac
the drag is based on Eq. 1 (with the relative velocity used!). In addition, friction of the anemometer is neglected
1
1
2
2
M = 0 = A ( V R ) CDopen R A ( V + R ) CDnotopen R
2
2
or
( V R ) CDopen = ( V + R ) CDnotopen
This indicates that the anemometer reaches a steady speed even in the abscence of friction because it is the relative
velocity on each cup that matters: the cup that has a higher drag coefficient has a lower relative velocity
Rearranging for
k=
V R C
V
Dopen = + R CDnotopen
Hence
CDnotopen
1+
CDopen
R
k =
CDnotopen
CDopen
k = 0.251 m
k = 0.0948
km
hr
rpm
For the actual anemometer (with friction), we first need to determine the torque produced when the anemometer is stationary but
about to rotate
Minimum wind for rotation is
Vmin = 1
km
hr
The torque produced at this wind speed is

2
2
1
1
Tf = A Vmin CDopen R A Vmin CDnotopen R
2
2
Tf = 7.75 10
N m
A moment balance at wind speed V, including this friction, is

1
1
2
2
M = 0 = A ( V R ) CDopen R A ( V + R ) CDnotopen R Tf
2
2
or
2 Tf
2
2
( V R ) CDopen ( V + R ) CDnotopen =
R A
km
hr
This quadratic equation is to be solved for when
V = 10
After considerable calculations
= 104 rpm
This must be compared to the rotation for a frictionless model, given by

V
frictionless =
k
The error in neglecting friction is
frictionless = 105 rpm

frictionless
= 1.12 %
Problem 9.107
[2]
Problem 9.108
[2]
Problem 9.109
[3]
Problem 9.110
[3]
W =
CD =
A =
=
1970's Sedan
4500
lbf
0.5
24
0.00234
ft2
slug/ft3
Current Sedan
3500
lbf
0.3
20
(Table A.9)
ft2
Computed results:
V (mph)
F D (lbf)
1970's Sedan
F T (lbf)
P (hp)
F D (lbf)
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
12.1
18.9
27.2
37.0
48.3
61.2
75.5
91.4
109
128
148
170
193
218
245
273
302
79.6
86.4
94.7
104
116
129
143
159
176
195
215
237
261
286
312
340
370
4.24
5.76
7.57
9.75
12.4
15.4
19.1
23.3
28.2
33.8
40.2
47.5
55.6
64.8
74.9
86.2
98.5
6.04
9.44
13.6
18.5
24.2
30.6
37.8
45.7
54.4
63.8
74.0
84.9
96.6
109
122
136
151
Current Sedan
F T (lbf)
58.5
61.9
66.1
71.0
76.7
83.1
90.3
98.2
107
116
126
137
149
162
175
189
204
P (hp)
3.12
4.13
5.29
6.63
8.18
10.0
12.0
14.4
17.1
20.2
23.6
27.5
31.8
36.6
42.0
47.8
54.3
V (mph)
F D (lbf)
F R (lbf)
V (mph)
F D (lbf)
F R (lbf)
47.3
67.5
67.5
59.0
52.5
52.5
The two speeds above were obtained using Solver
Power Consumed by Old and New Sedans

150
1970's Sedan
Current Sedan
120
P (hp)
90
60
30
0
20
30
40
50
60
V (mph)
70
80
90
100
Problem 9.112
[3]
Given:
Data on a bus
Find:
Power to overcome drag; Maximum speed; Recompute with new fairing; Time for fairing to pay for itself
Solution:
1
2
Basic equation: FD = A V CD
2
P = FD V
V = 50 mph
FD =
The power available is
1
2
A V C D
2
V = 73.3
FD = 478 lbf
ft
s
A = 80 ft
CD = 0.95
P = 3.51 10
slug
ft
4 ft lbf
P = FD V
= 0.00234
P = 63.8 hp
Pmax = 450 hp
The maximum speed corresponding to this maximum power is obtained from
1
2
Pmax = A Vmax CD Vmax
2
1 A C D
2
Vmax =
or
We repeat these calculations with the new fairing, for which

FD =
1
2
A V C D
2
FD = 428 lbf
Pmax
1 A C D
2
Pmax
Vmax =
The initial cost of the fairing is
Cost = 4500 dollars
Vmax = 141
ft
s
Pnew = 3.14 10
4 ft lbf
Vmax = 146
ft
Vmax = 99.5 mph
dollars
Costday = 200
day
The fuel cost is

Gain =
Pnew
Gain = 89.5 %
The new cost per day is then
Costdaynew = Gain Costday
dollars
Costdaynew = 179
day
Hence the savings per day is
Saving = Costday Costdaynew
Saving = 21.1
The initial cost will be paid for in
Saving
Pnew = 57.0 hp
1
3
The cost per day is reduced by improvement in the bus performance at 50 mph
Cost
Vmax = 95.9 mph
CD = 0.85
Pnew = FD V
The maximum speed is now
1
3
dollars
= 7.02 month
day
Problem 9.113
[3]
Problem 9.114
[4]
Given:
Data on a sports car
Find:
Speed for aerodynamic drag to exceed rolling resistance; maximum speed & acceleration at 55 mph;
Redesign change that has greatest effect
Solution:
1
2
Basic equation: FD = A V CD
2
P = FD V
M = 2750 lbm
A = 18.5 ft
Pengine = 165 hp
FR = 0.01 M g
CD = 0.32
= 0.00234
slug
ft
The rolling resistance is then
FR = 27.5 lbf
To find the speed at which aerodynamic drag first equals rolling resistance, set the two forces equal
Hence
V =
2 FR
A C D
V = 63.0
ft
s
FD =
V = 80.7
1
2
V A C D
2
The power consumed by drag and rolling resistance at this speed is

Hence the drive train efficiency is
1
2
V A C D = F R
2
V = 43.0 mph
To find the drive train efficiency we use the data at a speed of 55 mph V = 55 mph
The aerodynamic drag at this speed is
ft
s
Pengine = 12 hp
FD = 45.1 lbf
Pused = FD + FR V
Pused
Pused = 10.6 hp
= 88.7 %
Pengine
The acceleration is obtained from Newton's second lawM a = F = T FR FD

T=
where T is the thrust produced by the engine, given by
P
V
The maximum acceleration at 55 mph is when we have maximum thrust, when full engine power is used.
Because of drive train inefficiencies the maximum power at the wheels isPmax = Pengine
Hence the maximum thrust is
Tmax =
The maximum acceleration at 55 mph is then
amax =
Pmax
Pmax = 146 hp
Tmax = 998 lbf
Tmax FD FR
M
ft
amax = 10.8
2
s
Pengine = 165 hp
The maximum speed is obtained when the maximum engine power is just balanced by power consumed by drag and rolling
resistance
2
1
Pmax = Vmax A CD + FR Vmax
2
For maximum speed:
This is a cubic equation that can be solved by iteration or by using Excel's Goal Seek or Solver
Vmax = 150 mph
We are to evaluate several possible improvements:

For improved drive train
= + 5 %
= 93.7 %
Pmax = Pengine
Pmax = 155 hp
2
1
Pmax = Vmax A CD + FR Vmax
2
Solving the cubic (using Solver)
Vmax = 153 mph
Improved drag coefficient:
CDnew = 0.29
1
2
Pmax = Vmax A CDnew + FR Vmax
2
Vmax = 158 mph
This is the best option!
Reduced rolling resistance:
FRnew = 0.93 % M g
FRnew = 25.6 lbf
1
2
Pmax = Vmax A CD + FRnew Vmax
2
Vmax = 154 mph
Problem 9.115
[4]
Problem 9.116
Given:
Data on dimensions of anemometer
Find:
Calibration constant
[5]
Solution:
D = 50 mm
R = 80 mm
= 1.23
kg
3
The drag coefficients for a cup with open end facing the airflow and a cup with open end facing downstream are, respectively, from Table 9
CDopen = 1.42
CDnotopen = 0.38
Assume the anemometer achieves steady speed due to steady wind speed V
k=
The goal is to find the calibration constant k, defined by
We will analyse each cup separately, with the following assumptions

1) Drag is based on the instantaneous normal component of velocity (we ignore possible effects on drag coefficient of
velocity component parallel to the cup)
2) Each cup is assumed unaffected by the others - as if it were the only object present
3) Swirl is neglected
4) Effects of struts is neglected
R
Relative velocity
= Vcos - R
V
Vcos
In this more sophisticated analysis we need to compute the instantaneous normal relative velocity.
From the sketch, when a cup is at angle , the normal component of relative velocity is
Vn = V cos ( ) R
(1)
The relative velocity is sometimes positive sometimes negatiive. From Eq. 1, this is determined by
R
c = acos
V
For
0 < < c
Vn > 0
c < < 2 c
Vn < 0
c < < 2
Vn > 0
90
(2)
180
270
360
Vn ( )
The equation for computing drag is
FD =
where
A =
1
2
A V n C D
2
D
4
(3)
A = 1.96 10
3 2
In Eq. 3, the drag coefficient, and whether the drag is postive or negative, depend on the sign of the relative velocity
For
0 < < c
CD = CDopen
FD > 0
c < < 2 c
CD = CDnotopen
FD < 0
c < < 2
CD = CDopen
FD > 0
The torque is
1
2
T = F D R = A V n C D R
2
The average torque is
1
Tav =
1
T d = T d

where we have taken advantage of symmetry

c
Evaluating this, allowing for changes when = c
1
Tav =

1 1
2
A Vn CDopen R d
A Vn CDnotopen R d
2
2
Using Eq. 1
A R
2
2
Tav =
CDopen ( V cos ( ) R) d CDnotopen ( V cos ( ) R) d
2
2
A R
V
V
Tav =
CDopen
cos ( ) R d CDnotopen cos ( ) R d

2
and note that
V
=k
The integral is
1
2
2 1
2
( k cos ( ) R) d = k 2 cos ( ) sin ( ) + 2 2 k R sin ( ) + R
For convenience define
1
2 1
2
f ( ) = k cos ( ) sin ( ) + 2 k R sin ( ) + R
2
2
Hence
Tav =
A R
C
f c CDnotopen f ( ) f c
2 Dopen
( )
( ))
For steady state conditions the torque (of each cup, and of all the cups) is zero. Hence
( )
( )) = 0
CDopen f c CDnotopen f ( ) f c
or
CDnotopen
f c =
f ( )
CDopen + CDnotopen
Hence
CDnotopen
1
2 1
2
2
2
k cos c sin c + c 2 k R sin c + R c =
k + R
2
2
2
C
+
C
Dopen
Dnotopen
Recall from Eq 2 that
R
c = acos
Hence
( )
( ) ( )
( )
or
R
c = acos
k
CDnotopen
R
1
R
R
R
2 1 R
2
2
2
k sin acos + acos 2 k R sin acos + R acos =
k + R
2 k
k 2
k
k
k CDopen + CDnotopen 2
This equation is to be solved for the coefficient k. The equation is highly nonlinear; it can be solved by iteration or
using Excel's Goal Seek or Solver
From the associated Excel workbook
k = 0.316 m
k = 0.119
km
hr
rpm
Given: Data on dimensions of anemometer

Find: Calibration constant
Solution:
Given data:
D =
R =
C Dopen =
50
80
1.42
C Dnotopen =
0.38
Use Solver to find k to make the error zero!

k (mm)
Left
Right
315.85
37325.8
37326
k =
k =
0.316
0.119
m
km/hr/rpm
mm
mm
Error
0%
[5]
Problem 9.117
[4]
Problem 9.118
[4]
Problem 9.119
[5]
Problem 9.120
[2]
Given:
Data on advertising banner
Find:
Power to tow banner; Compare to flat plate; Explain discrepancy
Solution:
Basic equation:
FD =
1
2
A V C D
2
P = FD V
V = 55 mph
FD =
1
2
A V C D
2
CD =
A = 180 ft
FD = 771 lbf
P = FD V
4 ft
V L
0.455
2.58
log ReL
1
2
F D = A V C D
2
ft
s
A = L h
= 1.62 10
For a flate plate, check Re

ReL =
V = 80.7
L = 45 ft
h = 4 ft
slug
ft
CD = 0.05
L
h
CD = 0.563
4 ft lbf
P = 6.22 10
(Table A.9, 69oF)
= 0.00234
ReL = 2.241 10
so flow is fully turbulent. Hence use Eq 9.37b
1610
ReL
CD = 0.00258
FD = 3.53 lbf
This is the drag on one side. The total drag is then 2 FD = 7.06 lbf . This is VERY much less than the banner
drag. The banner drag allows for banner flutter and other secondary motion which induces significant form drag.
P = 113 hp
Problem 9.121
Given:
Data on car antenna
Find:
Bending moment
[1]
Solution:
1
2
A V C D
2
Basic equation:
FD =
The given or available data is
V = 120
km
hr
V = 33.3
A = L D
= 1.225
m
s
A = 0.018 m
kg
3
L = 1.8 m
2
5 m
= 1.50 10
m
V D
D = 10 mm
(Table A.10, 20oC)
For a cylinder, check Re
Re =
Re = 2.22 10
From Fig. 9.13
CD = 1.0
FD =
The bending moment is then
L
M = FD
2
M = 11.0 N m
1
2
A V C D
2
FD = 12.3 N
Problem 9.122
Given:
Data on wind turbine blade
Find:
Bending moment
[1]
Solution:
1
2
A V C D
2
Basic equation:
FD =
V = 45
m
s
L = 0.45 m
2
A = L W
= 1.225
W = 35 m
A = 15.75 m
2
5 m
kg
3
= 1.50 10
ReL = 1.35 10
m
For a flat plate, check Re
ReL =
CD =
V L
0.0742
ReL
FD =
1
5
1740
ReL
1
2
A V C D
2
W
M = FD
2
CD = 0.00312
FD = 61.0 N
M = 1067 N m
(Table A.10, 20oC)
so use Eq. 9.37a
Problem 9.123
Given:
Data on wind turbine blade
Find:
Power required to maintain operating speed
[4]
Solution:
1
2
A V C D
2
Basic equation:
FD =
= 20 rpm
= 1.225
L = 0.45 m
5 m
kg
m
w = 35 m
= 1.50 10
(Table A.10, 20oC)
The velocity is a function of radial position, V ( r) = r , so Re varies from 0 to Remax =
V ( w) L
Remax = 2.20 10
The transition Reynolds number is 500,000 which therefore occurs at about 1/4 of the maximum radial distance; the boundary layer is
laminar for the first quarter of the blade. We approximate the entire blade as turbulent - the first 1/4 of the blade will not exert much
moment in any event
L
L
V( r ) =
r
Re( r ) =
Hence
CD =
Using Eq. 9.37a
0.0742
ReL
The drag on a differential area is
dFD =
1
5
1740
=
ReL
0.0742
L r
1
5
1
1
5

5
1740
= 0.0742
r
L
L
r
1
2
2
dA V CD = L V CD dr
2
2
1740
1
r
L
dM = dFD r
Hence
1
2
M =
1 dM =
L V CD r dr
0
w
1
2
M = L
2
0
M = 1.43 kN m
5
1

2 3
5
r 1 dr
M =
L r 0.0742
r 1740
L
L
14
5
0.0742 r 5 1740 r 2 dr
L
L
Hence the power is
P = M
19
5
1
1740 3
2 5 0.0742
5
M = L
w
w
2
3 L
19 L
P = 3.00 kW
Problem 9.124
[2]
Problem 9.125
[2]
Problem 9.126
[2]
Problem 9.127
[2]
Problem 9.128
Given:
3 mm raindrop
Find:
Terminal speed
[2]
Solution:
1
2
A V C D
2
Basic equation:
FD =
Given or available data is
D = 3 mm
H2O = 1000
F = 0
kg
3
air = 1.225
m
Summing vertical forces
M g FD = M g
M = H2O
D
6
1
2
A V CD = 0
2 air
M = 1.41 10
Check Re
Re =
V D
V = 8.95
(Table A.10, 20oC)
Buoyancy is negligible
2 M g
CD air A
= 1.50 10
kg
A =
D
4
A = 7.07 10
6 2
CD = 0.4
Assume the drag coefficient is in the flat region of Fig. 9.11 and verify Re later
V =
2
5 m
kg
m
s
3
Re = 1.79 10
which does place us in the flat region of the curve
Actual raindrops are not quite spherical, so their speed will only be approximated by this result
Problem 9.129
[3]
Problem 9.130
[3]
Problem 9.131
[3]
F n2
Fn1
W
Given:
Circular disk in wind
Find:
Mass of disk; Plot versus V
Solution:
Basic equations:
CD =
M = 0
FD
1
2
V A
2
1
D
Summing moments at the pivotW L sin( ) Fn1 L L Fn2 = 0
2
2
(1) and for each normal drag
Fn =
1
2
V n A C D
2
Assume 1) No pivot friction 2) CD is valid for Vn = Vcos()

The data is
= 1.225
5 N s
kg
= 1.8 10
D = 25 mm
d = 3 mm
CD1 = 1.17 (Table 9.3)
Red =
V d
V = 15
m
s
L = 40 mm
= 10 deg
Red = 3063
so from Fig. 9.13
CD2 = 0.9
Hence
Fn1 =
Fn2 =
1
2 D
( V cos ( ) )
CD1
4
2
1
2
Fn1 = 0.077 N
D
2
( V cos ( ) ) L d CD2
2
Fn2 = 0.00992 N
The drag on the support is much less than on the disk (and moment even less), so results will not be much different from those of Problem 9
2
Hence Eq. 1 becomes
1
1
D 1
D
2 D
2
M L g sin ( ) = L ( V cos ( ) )
CD1 + L ( V cos ( ) ) L d CD2
4
2
2
2 2
2
V cos ( ) 1
D
D
2
M =
D CD1 + 1
L d CD2
4 g sin ( ) 2
2
2 L
M = 0.0471 kg
4 M g tan( )
1
cos ( ) 1
D
D
2
D CD1 + 1
L d CD2
2
2
L
2
We can plot this by choosing and computing V

V =
Rearranging
V = 35.5
80
V (m/s)
60
40
20
10
20
30
40
Angle (deg)
This graph can be easily plotted in Excel
50
60
70
m tan( )
s cos ( )
Problem 9.132
[3]
Given:
Data on a tennis ball
Find:
Terminal speed time and distance to reach 95% of terminal speed
Solution:
The given data or available data is M = 57 gm
Then
A =
D
4
D = 64 mm
= 1.45 10
CD = 0.5
At terminal speed drag equals weight
FD = M g
The drag at speed V is given by
FD =
Hence the terminal speed is
Vt =
Check the Reynolds number
Re =
= 1.23
kg
3
3 2
A = 3.22 10
Assuming high Reynolds number
2
5 m
(from Fig. 9.11)
1
2
A V C D
2
M g
1
A C D
2
Vt D
Vt = 23.8
m
s
Re = 1.05 10
Check!
For motion before terminal speed Newton's second law applies

M a = M
dV
1
2
= M g V A CD
dt
2
2
d
V = g k V
dt
or
dV = t
g k V2
0
g
Hence
V ( t) =
Evaluating at V = 0.95Vt
0.95 Vt =
For distance x versus time, integrate
dx
=
dt
k =
where
A C D
k = 0.0174
2 M
dV =
g
k
V
1
g k
k
V
g
atanh
tanh( g k t)
g
k
tanh( g k t)
g
tanh( g k t)
k
t =
1
g k
atanh 0.95 Vt
x=
g
k
tanh( g k t) dt
t = 4.44 s
1
m
Note that
tanh( a t) dt = a ln ( cosh ( a t) )
Hence
x ( t) =
Evaluating at V = 0.95Vt
t = 4.44 s
1
ln (cosh ( g k t))
k
so
x ( t) = 67.1 m
Problem 9.133
Given:
Data on model airfoil
Find:
Lift and drag coefficients
[3]
Solution:
Basic equation:
FD
CD =
1
2
A V
2
Given or available data is D = 2 cm
V = 30
m
s
CL =
FL
where A is plan area for airfoil, frontal area for rod
1
2
A V
2
(Rod)
L = 25 cm
FL = 50 N
b = 60 cm
c = 15 cm
FH = 6 N
Note that the horizontal force FH is due to drag on the airfoil AND on the rod
= 1.225
kg
3
2
5 m
= 1.50 10
m
For the rod
Rerod =
V D
Arod = L D
Rerod = 4 10
Arod = 5 10
1
2
FDrod = CDrod Arod V
2
Hence for the airfoil
A = b c
CD =
(Table A.10, 20oC)
so from Fig. 9.13
3 2
FDrod = 2.76 N
FD = FH FDrod
FD
1
2
A V
2
CD = 0.0654
CDrod = 1.0
CL =
FD = 3.24 N
FL
1
2
A V
2
CL = 1.01
CL
CD
= 15.4
(Airfoil)
Problem 9.134
[3]
Problem 9.135
[4]
Problem 9.136
[3]
Problem 9.137
[4]
Problem 9.138
[4]
Problem 9.139
[4]
Given:
Find:
Terminal speed time and distance to reach 95% of terminal speed
Solution:
M = 57 gm
Then
A =
D
4
From Problem 9.130
CD =
24
Re
D = 64 mm
A = 3.22 10
Re
3 2
Re 1
24
CD =
= 1.45 10
1 < Re 400
0.646
CD = 0.5
400 < Re 3 10
CD = 0.000366 Re
0.4275
3 10 < Re 2 10
6
CD = 0.18
Re > 2 10
At terminal speed drag equals weight FD = M g

1
2
A V C D
2
FD =
Assume
CD = 0.5
Hence the terminal speed is
Vt =
Check the Reynolds number
Re =
M g
1
A C D
2
Vt D
This is consistent with the tabulated CD values!
Vt = 23.8
m
s
Re = 1.05 10
2
5 m
= 1.23
kg
3
For motion before terminal speed, Newton's second law is
M a = M
dV
1
2
= M g V A CD
dt
2
Hence the time to reach 95% of terminal speed is obtained by separating variables and integrating
0.95 Vt
t=
1
g
A C D
2 M
dV
V
For the distance to reach terminal speed Newton's second law is written in the form
M a = M V
dV
1
2
= M g V A CD
dx
2
Hence the distance to reach 95% of terminal speed is obtained by separating variables and integrating
0.95 Vt
x=
V
g
A C D
2 M
dV
V
These integrals are quite difficult because the drag coefficient varies with Reynolds number, which varies with
speed. They are best evaluated numerically. A form of Simpson's Rule is
f ( V) dV = 3 f V0 + 4 f V1 + 2 f V2 + 4 f V3 + f VN
(( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ))
where V is the step size, and V0, V1 etc., are the velocities at points 0, 1, ... N.
Here
V0 = 0
0.95 Vt
VN = 0.95 Vt
V =
t = 4.69 s
x = 70.9 m
These results compare to 4.44 s and 67.1 m from Problem 9.132, which assumed the drag coefficient was constant and analytically
integrated. Note that the drag coefficient IS essentially constant, so numerical integration was not really necessary!
[4]
Given: Data on a tennis ball

Find: Terminal speed time and distance to reach 95% of terminal speed
Solution:
Given data:
M =
=
D =
CD =
57
1.23
64
0.5
gm
kg/m3
mm
(Fig. 9.11)
= 1.45E-05 m2/s
Computed results:
A = 0.00322 m2
V t = 23.8 m/s
N =
20
V = 1.19 m/s
For the time:
V (m/s)
Re
0
1.13
2.26
3.39
4.52
5.65
6.78
7.91
9.03
10.2
11.3
12.4
0
4985
9969
14954
19938
24923
29908
34892
39877
44861
49846
54831
CD
5438
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
13.6
14.7
15.8
16.9
18.1
19.2
20.3
21.5
22.6
59815
64800
69784
74769
79754
84738
89723
94707
99692
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
W
1
4
2
4
2
4
2
4
2
4
2
4
f (V ) W xf (V )
For the distance:

f (V ) W xf (V )
0.102
0.102
0.103
0.104
0.106
0.108
0.111
0.115
0.119
0.125
0.132
0.140
0.102
0.409
0.206
0.416
0.212
0.432
0.222
0.458
0.238
0.499
0.263
0.561
0.00
0.115
0.232
0.353
0.478
0.610
0.752
0.906
1.08
1.27
1.49
1.74
0.000
0.462
0.465
1.41
0.955
2.44
1.50
3.62
2.15
5.07
2.97
6.97
2
4
2
4
2
4
2
4
1
0.151
0.165
0.183
0.207
0.241
0.293
0.379
0.550
1.05
0.302
0.659
0.366
0.828
0.483
1.17
0.758
2.20
1.05
2.05
2.42
2.89
3.51
4.36
5.62
7.70
11.8
23.6
4.09
9.68
5.78
14.03
8.72
22.5
15.4
47.2
23.6
Total time: 4.69 s

Total distance: 70.9 m
(This compares to 4.44s for the exact result)
(This compares to 67.1 m for the exact result)
Note that C D is basically constant, so analytical result of Problem 9.132 is accurate!
Problem 9.140
[4]
Given:
Data on an air bubble
Find:
Time to reach surface; plot depth as function of time; repeat for different sizes
Solution:
d0 = 0.3 in
h = 100 ft
w = 1000
kg
SG = 1.025
(Table A.2)
m
2
7 m
= SG w
= 1.05 8.03 10
(Tables A.2 & A.8)
patm = 101 kPa
The density of air is negligible compared to that of water, so Newton's second law is applicable with negligible MdV/dt
M
dV
= 0 = F = FB FD
dt
or
FB = FD
(1)
where FB is the buoyancy force and FD is the drag (upwards is positive x)

FB = Vol g
FD =
1
2
A V C D
2
(2)
For a sphere, assuming high Reynolds number, from Fig. 9.11 CD = 0.5
The volume of the sphere increases as the bubble rises and experiences decreased pressure. Assuming the air is an isothermal
idea gas
p0 Vol0 = p Vol
where p0 and Vol0 are the initial pressure and volume (at depth h), and p and Vol are the pressure and
volume at any depth
p0 = patm + g h p = patm + g ( h x)
Hence
(patm + g h) 6 d0
3
= patm + g ( h x) d
(patm + g h)
d = d0
patm + g ( h x)
(3)
For example, at the free surface (x = h) d = 12.1 mm

Combining Eqs. 1, 2 and 3
3 1 2 2
d = d V C D
6
2 4
V =
4 g d
3 CD
V =
patm + g h
4 g d0
3 CD patm + g ( h x)
Strictly speaking, to obtain x as a function of t we would have to integrate this expression (V = dx/dt).
1
6
However, evaluating V at depth h (x = 0) and at the free surface (x = h)
x = 0
V0 = 0.446
x = h
V = 0.563
m
s
m
s
we see that the velocity varies slightly. Hence, instead of integrating we use the approximation dx = Vdt where dx is an increment of
displacement and dt is an increment of time. (This amounts to numerically integrating)
Note that the Reynolds number at the initial depth (the smallest Re) is
Re0 =
V0 d0
so our use of CD = 0.5 from Fig. 9.11 is reasonable

The plots of depth versus time are shown in the associated Excel workbook
The results are
d0 = 0.3 in
t = 63.4 s
d0 = 5 mm
t = 77.8 s
d0 = 15 mm
t = 45.1 s
Re0 = 4034
[4]
Given: Data on an air bubble

Find: Time to reach surface; plot depth as function of time; repeat for different sizes
Solution:
The equation is
where
Given data:
h = 100 ft
h = 30.5 m
3
w = 1000 kg/m
SG = 1.025 Table A.2)
C D = 0.5 (Fig. 9.11)
= 1025 kg/m3
p atm = 101 kPa
Computed results:
d 0 = 0.3 in
d 0 = 7.62 mm
d0 =
d0 =
mm
15
mm
t (s) x (m) V (m/s)
t (s) x (m) V (m/s)
t (s) x (m) V (m/s)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
63.4
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
77.8
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.1
0
2.23
4.49
6.76
9.1
11.4
13.8
16.1
18.6
21.0
23.6
30.5
0.446
0.451
0.455
0.460
0.466
0.472
0.478
0.486
0.494
0.504
0.516
0.563
0
1.81
3.63
5.47
7.32
9.19
11.1
13.0
14.9
16.9
18.8
20.8
22.9
25.0
27.1
29.3
30.5
0.362
0.364
0.367
0.371
0.374
0.377
0.381
0.386
0.390
0.396
0.401
0.408
0.415
0.424
0.435
0.448
0.456
0
3.13
6.31
9.53
12.8
16.1
19.5
23.0
26.6
30.5
0.626
0.635
0.644
0.655
0.667
0.682
0.699
0.721
0.749
0.790
Use Goal Seek for the last time step to make x = h !
Depth of Air Bubbles versus Time
30
25
20
x (m)
15
10
Initial Diameter = 5 mm
Initial Diameter = 0.3 in
Initial Diameter = 15 mm
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
t (s)
60
70
80
Problem 9.141
Given:
Find:
Maximum height
[4]
Solution:
The given data or available data is M = 57 gm
Then
A =
D
4
From Problem 9.130
CD =
24
Re
CD =
D = 64 mm
Vi = 50
m
s
= 1.45 10
A = 3.22 10
5 m
3 2
Re 1
24
1 < Re 400
0.646
Re
CD = 0.5
400 < Re 3 10
0.4275
CD = 0.000366 Re
3 10 < Re 2 10
CD = 0.18
Re > 2 10
FD =
1
2
A V C D
2
dV
1
2
= V A CD M g
dt
2
For motion before terminal speed, Newton's second law (x upwards) is
M a = M
For the maximum height Newton's second law is written in the form
M a = M V
Hence the maximum height is
dV
1
2
= V A CD M g
dx
2
Vi
0
V
V
dV
dV =
xmax =
A C D 2
A C D 2

V g
V + g
2 M
2 M
V
0
i
This integral is quite difficult because the drag coefficient varies with Reynolds number, which varies with
speed. It is best evaluated numerically. A form of Simpson's Rule is
f ( V) dV =
f V0 + 4 f V1 + 2 f V2 + 4 f V3 + f VN
(( )
( )
where V is the step size, and V0, V1 etc., are the velocities at points 0, 1, ... N.
( )
( ) ( ))
= 1.23
kg
m
Here
V0 = 0
VN = Vi
becomes
CD = 0.5
Vi
the integral
Vi
xmax = 48.7 m

If we assume
V =
xmax =
0
xmax =
V
dV
A C D 2
V + g
2 M
A C D 2
M
ln
Vi + 1
A CD 2 M g
xmax = 48.7 m
The two results agree very closely! This is because the integrand does not vary much after the first few steps so the numerical
integral is accurate, and the analytic solution assumes CD = 0.5, which it essentially does!
Given: Data on a tennis ball

Find: Maximum height
Solution:
The equation is
Given data:
M =
V0 =
57
50.0
= 1.23
D =
64
CD =
0.5
gm
m/s
kg/m3
mm
(Fig. 9.11)
= 1.45E-05 m2/s
Computed results:
A = 0.00322 m2
N =
20
V = 2.50 m/s
V (m/s)
0.0
2.5
5.0
7.5
10.0
12.5
15.0
17.5
20.0
22.5
25.0
27.5
30.0
32.5
35.0
37.5
40.0
42.5
45.0
47.5
50.0
Re
0
11034
22069
33103
44138
55172
66207
77241
88276
99310
110345
121379
132414
143448
154483
165517
176552
187586
198621
209655
220690
CD
0.000
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500
W
1
4
2
4
2
4
2
4
2
4
2
4
2
4
2
4
2
4
2
4
1
f (V ) W xf (V )
0.000
0.252
0.488
0.695
0.866
1.00
1.09
1.16
1.19
1.21
1.21
1.20
1.18
1.15
1.13
1.10
1.06
1.03
1.00
0.970
0.940
0.000
1.01
0.976
2.78
1.73
3.99
2.19
4.63
2.39
4.84
2.42
4.80
2.36
4.62
2.25
4.38
2.13
4.13
2.00
3.88
0.940
Maximum height: 48.7 m

(This is the same as the exact result)
Note that C D is basically constant, so analytical result of Problem 9.132 is accurate!
[4]
Problem 9.142
[3]
Given:
Data on rooftop carrier
Find:
Drag on carrier; Additional fuel used; Effect on economy; Effect of "cheaper" carrier
Solution:
Basic equation:
FD
CD =
1
2
A V
2
w = 1 m
V = 100
h = 50 cm
km
hr
V = 27.8
H2O = 1000
kg
3
r = 10 cm
m
s
d = 85 %
FE = 12.75
A = w h
A = 0.5 m
km
L
FE = 30.0
mi
gal
BSFC = 0.3
m
= 1.225
5 m
kg
= 1.50 10
m
From the diagram
Additional power is
Additional fuel is
r
= 0.2
h
FD V
P =
d
so
kg
kW hr
(Table A.10, 20oF)
s
1
2
FD = CD A V
2
CD = 0.25
FD = 59.1 N
P = 1.93 kW
FC = BSFC P
FC = 1.61 10
4 kg
FC = 0.00965
kg
min
Fuel consumption of the car only is (with SGgas = 0.72 from Table A.2)
FC =
V
FE
SGgas H2O
The total fuel consumption is then
FCT = FC + FC
Fuel economy with the carrier is
FE =
For the square-edged:
r
=0
h
Additional power is
P =
so
FD V
d
V
FCT
SGgas H2O
CD = 0.9
P = 6.95 kW
FC = 1.57 10
3 kg
FCT = 1.73 10
FE = 11.6
s
3 kg
km
L
1
2
FD = CD A V
2
FC = 0.0941
FCT = 0.104
FE = 27.2
kg
min
kg
min
mi
gal
FD = 213 N
Additional fuel is
FC = BSFC P
FC = 5.79 10
4 kg
The total fuel consumption is then
FCT = FC + FC
Fuel economy withy the carrier is now
FE =
Cost =
The cost of the trip of with the rounded carrier ( FE = 11.6
V
SGgas H2O
FCT
The cost of the trip of distance d = 750 km for fuel costing p =
FC = 0.0348
FCT = 2.148 10
FE = 9.3
km
L
3 kg
FCT = 0.129
FE = 21.9
kg
min
mi
gal
$ 3.50
with a rental discount = $ 5 less than the rounded carrier is then
gal
d
p discount
FE
Cost = 69.47 $
plus the rental fee
Cost = 59.78 $
plus the rental fee
km
) is then
L
Cost =
kg
min
d
p
FE
Hence the "cheaper" carrier is more expensive (AND the environment is significantly more damaged!)
Problem 9.143
[4]
Problem 9.144
[4]
Problem 9.145
[4]
Problem 9.146
[4]
Given: Data on a rocket

Find: Plot of rocket speed with and without drag
Solution:
From Example 4.12, with the addition of drag the momentum equation becomes
FB y + FS y
CV
a rf y dV =
CV
v xyz dV +
CV
r
r
v xyz V xyz dA
where the surface force is

FS y =
1
AV 2 C D
2
Following the analysis of the example problem, we end up with

2
dVCV Ve m& e 12 AVCV C D
=
g
dt
M 0 m& e t
This can be written (dropping the subscript for convenience)

dV
= f (V , t )
dt
(1)
where
f (V , t ) =
Ve m& e 12 AV 2 C D
M 0 m& e t
(2)
Equation 1 is a differential equation for speed V.

It can be solved using Eulers numerical method
Vn +1 Vn + t f n
where Vn+1 and Vn are the n + 1th and nth values of V, fn is the function given by Eq. 2 evaluated at the nth
step, and t is the time step.
The initial condition is
V0 = 0 at t = 0
Given or available data:

M 0 = 400 kg
m e = 5 kg/s
V e = 3500 m/s
= 1.23 kg/m3
D = 700 mm
C D = 0.3
Computed results:
A = 0.385 m2
N = 20
t = 0.50 s
With drag:
n t n (s) V n (m/s) f n V n+1 (m/s)
0 0.0
1 0.5
2 1.0
3 1.5
4 2.0
5 2.5
6 3.0
7 3.5
8 4.0
9 4.5
10 5.0
11 5.5
12 6.0
13 6.5
14 7.0
15 7.5
16 8.0
17 8.5
18 9.0
19 9.5
20 10.0
0.0
17.0
34.1
51.2
68.3
85.5
102
119
136
152
168
184
200
214
229
243
256
269
282
293
305
33.9
34.2
34.3
34.3
34.2
34.0
33.7
33.3
32.8
32.2
31.5
30.7
29.8
28.9
27.9
26.9
25.8
24.7
23.6
22.5
21.4
17.0
34.1
51.2
68.3
85.5
102
119
136
152
168
184
200
214
229
243
256
269
282
293
305
315
Without drag:
V n (m/s) f n V n+1 (m/s)
0.0
17.0
34.1
51.3
68.7
86.2
104
122
140
158
176
195
213
232
251
270
289
308
328
348
368
33.9
34.2
34.5
34.8
35.1
35.4
35.6
35.9
36.2
36.5
36.9
37.2
37.5
37.8
38.1
38.5
38.8
39.1
39.5
39.8
40.2
17.0
34.1
51.3
68.7
86.2
104
122
140
158
176
195
213
232
251
270
289
308
328
348
368
388
Trajectory of a Rocket
400
300
V (m/s)
200
Without Drag
100
With Drag
0
0
8
t (s)
10
12
Problem 9.147
[5]
Problem 9.148
[5]
Problem 9.149
[5] Part 1/2
Problem 9.149
[5] Part 2/2
Problem 9.150
[5] Part 1/2
Problem 9.150
[5] Part 2/2
Problem 9.151
[2]
Given:
Antique airplane guy wires
Find:
Maximum power saving using optimum streamlining
Solution:
Basic equation:
CD =
FD
1
2
A V
2
L = 50 m
A = L D
= 1.21
P = FD V
D = 5 mm
A = 0.25 m
kg
3
V = 175
5 m
The Reynolds number is
Hence
1
2
P = CD A V V
2
V = 48.6
m
s
= 1.50 10
m
V D
Re =
km
hr
Re = 1.62 10
(Table A.10, 20oC)

so from Fig. 9.13
CD = 1.0
P = 17.4 kW
with standard wires
Figure 9.19 suggests we could reduce the drag coefficient to CD = 0.06

Hence
1
2
Pfaired = CD A V V
2
Pfaired = 1.04 kW
The maximum power saving is then
P = P Pfaired
P = 16.3 kW
Thus
P
= 94 %
P
which is a HUGE savings! It's amazing the antique planes flew!
Problem 9.152
[4]
Problem 9.153
[4]
Problem 9.154
[1]
Problem 9.155
[5]
Problem 9.156
Given:
Aircraft in level flight
Find:
Effective lift area; Engine thrust and power
[1]
Solution:
Basic equation:
For level, constant speed

FD
CD =
1
2
A V
2
FD = T
km
V = 225
hr
= 1.21
kg
3
CL =
FL
1
2
A V
2
FL = W
m
V = 62.5
s
P = T V
CL = 0.45
CD = 0.065
M = 900 kg
(Table A.10, 20oC)
m
Hence
Also
The power required is then
1
2
FL = CL A V = M g
2
FL
FD
CL
CD
FL = M g
T = FD
T = 1275 N
P = T V
P = 79.7 kW
A =
2 M g
C L V
FL = 8826 N
A = 8.30 m
CD
FD = FL
CL
FD = 1275 N
Problem 9.157
[2]
Problem 9.158
Given:
Data on an airfoil
Find:
Maximum payload; power required
[2]
Solution:
= 1.23
kg
m
L = 1.5 m
w = 2 m
V = 12
m
s
CL = 0.72
CD = 0.17
Then
A = w L
A = 3m
The governing equations for steady flight are
W = FL
and
T = FD
FL = 191 N
FL = 43 lbf
where W is the model total weight and T is the thrust

The lift is given by
FL =
1
2
A V C L
2
W = M g = FL
The payload is then given by

FL
or
M =
The drag is given by
FD =
Engine thrust required
T = FD
T = 45.2 N
P = T V
P = 542 W
g
1
2
A V C D
2
M = 19.5 kg
M = 43 lb
FD = 45.2 N
FD = 10.2 lbf
P = 0.727 hp
The model ultralight is just feasible: it is possible to find an engine that can produce about 1 hp that weighs less than about 45 lb
Problem 9.159
[3]
Problem 9.160
[3]
Given:
Data on a light airplane
Find:
Angle of attack of wing; power required; maximum "g" force
Solution:
= 1.23
kg
m
m
V = 63
s
M = 1000 kg
A = 10 m
CL = 0.72
CD = 0.17
W = M g = FL
T = FD
where W is the weight T is the engine thrust

1
2
A V C d
2
The lift coeffcient is given by
FL =
Hence the required lift coefficient is
CL =
From Fig 9.17, for at this lift coefficient
= 3 deg
and the drag coefficient at this angle of attack is
CD = 0.0065
M g
CL = 0.402
1
2
A V
2
(Note that this does NOT allow for aspect ratio effects on lift and drag!)
1
2
A V C D
2
Hence the drag is
FD =
FD = 159 N
and
T = FD
T = 159 N
The power required is then
P = T V
P = 10 kW
The maximum "g"'s occur when the angle of attack is suddenly increased to produce the maximum lift
From Fig. 9.17
CL.max = 1.72
FLmax =
The maximum "g"s are given by application of Newton's second law

M aperp = FLmax
where aperp is the acceleration perpendicular to the flight direction
A V CL.max
2
FLmax = 42 kN
FLmax
Hence
aperp =
In terms of "g"s
aperp
= 4.28
g
m
aperp = 42
2
s
Note that this result occurs when the airplane is banking at 90o, i.e, when the airplane is flying momentarily in a circular
flight path in the horizontal plane. For a straight horizontal flight path Newton's second law is
M aperp = FLmax M g
FLmax
Hence
aperp =
In terms of "g"s
aperp
= 3.28
g
m
aperp = 32.2
2
s
Problem 9.161
Given:
Data on an airfoil
Find:
[3]
Solution:
m
s
The given data or available data is V = 12
Then the area is
A = b c
and the aspect ratio is
ar =
= 1.23
kg
m
A = 3m
b
c
c = 1.5 m
b = 2 m
ar = 1.33

W = FL
and
T = FD
where W is the model total weight and T is the thrust

CL = 1.4
At a 12o angle of attack, from Fig. 9.17
CDi = 0.012
where CDi is the section drag coefficient

CL
The wing drag coefficient is given by Eq. 9.42
The lift is given by
FL =
1
2
A V C L
2
CD = CDi +
ar
CD = 0.48
FL = 372 N
FL = 83.6 lbf
W = M g = FL
The payload is then given by

FL
or
M =
The drag is given by
FD =
Engine thrust required
T = FD
T = 127.5 N
P = T V
P = 1.53 kW
g
1
2
A V C D
M = 37.9 kg
M = 83.6 lb
FD = 127.5 N
FD = 28.7 lbf
P = 2.05 hp
NOTE: Strictly speaking we have TWO extremely stubby wings, so a recalculation of drag effects (lift is unaffected) gives
b = 1 m
c = 1.5 m
and
A = b c
A = 1.5 m
ar =
b
c
ar = 0.667
CL
so the wing drag coefficient is
CD = CDi +
ar
CD = 0.948
FD = 56.6 lbf
The drag is
1
2
F D = 2 A V C D
2
FD = 252 N
Engine thrust is
T = FD
T = 252 N
P = T V
P = 3.02 kW
P = 4.05 hp
Problem 9.162
[3]
Problem 9.163
[3]
Problem 9.164
Given:
Data on an airfoil
Find:
[3]
Solution:
Vold = 225
m
s
= 1.23
kg
m
Assuming the old airfoil operates at close to design lift, from Fig. 9.19
A = 180 m
CL = 0.3
10
arold =
1.8
arold = 5.56
CDi = 0.0062
(CDi is the old airfoil's

section drag coefficient)
CL
Then
CDold = CDi +
arold
The new wing aspect ratio is
arnew = 8
CDold = 0.0114
CL
Hence
CDnew = CDi +
arnew
1
2
P = T V = FD V = A V CD V
2
CDnew = 0.00978
If the old and new designs have the same available power, then
1
1
2
2
A Vnew CDnew Vnew = A Vold CDold Vold
2
2
3
or
CDold
Vnew = Vold
CDnew
Vnew = 236
m
s
Problem 9.165
Given:
Aircraft in circular flight
Find:
Drag and power
[3]
Solution:
Basic equations:
FD
CD =
CL =
1
2
A V
2
The given data or available data are
= 0.002377
slug
ft
FL
1
2
A V
2
R = 3250 ft
V = 150 mph
V = 220
ft
s
P = FD V
F = M a
M = 10000 lbm
M = 311 slug
A = 225 ft
ar = 7
Assuming the aircraft is flying banked at angle , the vertical force balance is
FL cos ( ) M g = 0
or
1
2
A V CL cos ( ) = M g
2
or
1
M V
2
A V CL sin ( ) =
2
R
(1)
The horizontal force balance is

M V
FL sin ( ) = M ar =
R
Then from Eq 1
FL =
Hence
CL =
M g
cos ( )
FL
1
2
A V
2
tan( ) =
V
R g
= atan
P = FD V
= 24.8 deg
FL = 1.10 10 lbf
CL = 0.851
CL
For the section, CDinf = 0.0075 at CL = 0.851 (from Fig. 9.19),

so
CD
Hence
FD = FL
FD = 524 lbf
CL
The power is
(2)
V2
R g
Equations 1 and 2 enable the bank angle to be found
CD = CDinf +
ar
5 ft lbf
P = 1.15 10
P = 209 hp
CD = 0.040
Problem 9.166
[4]
Given:
Aircraft in circular flight
Find:
Maximum and minimum speeds; Drag and power at these extremes
Solution:
Basic equations:
FD
CD =
1
2
A V
2
The given data or available data are
= 0.002377
slug
ft
A = 225 ft
FL
CL =
1
2
A V
2
R = 3250 ft
P = FD V
F = M a
M = 10000 lbm
M = 311 slug
ar = 7
The minimum velocity will be when the wing is at its maximum lift condition. From Fig . 9. 17 or Fig. 9.19
CL = 1.72
CDinf = 0.02
where CDinf is the section drag coefficient

2
CL
CD = CDinf +
ar
The wing drag coefficient is then
CD = 0.155
Assuming the aircraft is flying banked at angle , the vertical force balance is
FL cos ( ) M g = 0
or
1
2
A V CL cos ( ) = M g
2
or
1
M V
2
A V CL sin ( ) =
2
R
(1)
The horizontal force balance is

M V
FL sin ( ) = M ar =
R
(2)
Equations 1 and 2 enable the bank angle and the velocity V to be determined
2
M V
2
M g
R
2
2
+
=1
sin ( ) + cos ( ) =
1
1
2
2
2
L
L
or
M V
R
A V CL
+ M g =
4
2 2
2 2
M g
V =
A CL
4
2
tan( ) =
V
R g
V = 149
M
R
ft
s
V = 102 mph
V2
R g
= atan
= 12.0 deg
The drag is then
FD =
1
2
A V C D
2
P = FD V
The power required to overcome drag is
FD = 918 lbf
5 ft lbf
P = 1.37 10
P = 249 hp
The analysis is repeated for the maximum speed case, when the lift/drag coefficient is at its minimum
value. From Fig. 9.19, reasonable values are
CL = 0.3
CDinf =
corresponding to = 2o (Fig. 9.17)
47.6
CL
CD = CDinf +
ar

4
From Eqs. 1 and 2
CL
2 2
M g
V =
V = ( 309.9 + 309.9i)
2
A CL
M
2
4
R
CD = 0.0104
ft
s
Obviously unrealistic (lift is just too low,

and angle of attack is too low to
generate sufficient lift)
We try instead a larger, more reasonable, angle of attack

CL = 0.55
CDinf = 0.0065
CL

4
From Eqs. 1 and 2
2
A CL
M
2
4
R
2
tan( ) =
The drag is then
FD =
V
R g
1
2
A V C D
2
The power required to overcome drag is
CD = CDinf +
ar
CD = 0.0203
m
s
V = 204 mph
V2
R g
= 40.6 deg
2 2
M g
V =
corresponding to = 4o (Fig. 9.17)
V = 91.2
= atan
FD = 485 lbf
P = FD V
5 ft lbf
P = 1.45 10
P = 264 hp
Problem 9.167
[4]
Problem 9.168
[3]
Problem 9.169
Given:
Car spoiler
Find:
Whether they are effective
[4]
Solution:
To perform the investigation, consider some typical data
For the spoiler, assume
b = 4 ft
c = 6 in
kg
= 1.23
A = b c
m
From Fig. 9.17 a reasonable lift coefficient for a conventional airfoil section is
Assume the car speed is
V = 55 mph
Hence the "negative lift" is
FL =
1
2
A V C L
2
CL = 1.4
FL = 21.7 lbf
This is a relatively minor negative lift force (about four bags of sugar); it is not likely to produce a noticeable
difference in car traction
The picture gets worse at 30 mph:
FL = 6.5 lbf
For a race car, such as that shown on the cover of the text, typical data might be
b = 5 ft
In this case:
c = 18 in
A = b c
FL = 1078 lbf
Hence, for a race car, a spoiler can generate very significant negative lift!
A = 7.5 ft
V = 200 mph
A = 2 ft
Problem 9.170
[5] Part 1/2
Problem 9.170
[5] Part 2/2
Problem 9.171
[5]
Problem 9.172
[5]
Problem 9.173
[5]
Problem 9.174
[2]
Problem 9.175
[2]
Problem 9.176
[2]
Problem 9.177
[2]
Problem 9.178
[3]
Problem 9.179
[4]
Given:
Baseball pitch
Find:
Spin on the ball
Solution:
Basic equations:
M = 5 oz
Compute the Reynolds number
F = M a
FL
CL =
1
2
A V
2
slug
= 0.00234
3
ft
C = 9 in
D =
4 ft
= 1.62 10
C
V D
Re =
L = 60 ft
s
2
D = 2.86 in
A =
D
4
A = 6.45 in
V = 80 mph
Re = 1.73 10
This Reynolds number is slightly beyond the range of Fig. 9.27; we use Fig. 9.27 as a rough estimate
The ball follows a trajectory defined by Newton's second law. In the horizontal plane (x coordinate)
2
V
FL = M aR = M ax = M
R
FL =
and
1
2
A V C L
2
where R is the instantaneous radius of curvature of the trajectory

From Eq 1 we see the ball trajectory has the smallest radius (i.e. it curves the most) when CL is as large as possible.
From Fig. 9.27 we see this is when CL = 0.4
2 M
Solving for R
R =
Also, from Fig. 9.27
D
= 1.5
2 V
Hence
= 1.5
From the trajectory geometry
x + R cos ( ) = R
C L A
2 V
D
(1)
R = 463.6 ft
to
D
= 1.8
2 V
= 14080 rpm
= 1.8
where
sin ( ) =
Hence
L
x + R 1 = R
R
Solving for x
L
x = R R 1
R
x = 3.90 ft
2 V
D
L
R
defines the best range
= 16896 rpm
Problem 9.180
[4]
Given:
Soccer free kick
Find:
Spin on the ball
Solution:
1
2
A V
2
kg
= 1.21
3
m
M = 420 gm
F = M a
FL
CL =
Basic equations:
C = 70 cm
Compute the Reynolds number
D =
= 1.50 10
D = 22.3 cm
V D
Re =
2
5 m
L = 10 m
A =
D
4
This Reynolds number is beyond the range of Fig. 9.27; however, we use Fig. 9.27 as a rough estimate
The ball follows a trajectory defined by Newton's second law. In the horizontal plane (x coordinate)
2
and
FL =
where R is the instantaneous radius of curvature of the trajectory

2 M
C L A
Hence, solving for R
R=
From the trajectory geometry
x + R cos ( ) = R
(1)
where
sin ( ) =
Hence
L
x + R 1 = R
R
Solving for R
R =
Hence, from Eq 1
CL =
For this lift coefficient, from Fig. 9.27
D
= 1.2
2 V
Hence
= 1.2
(And of course, Beckham still kind of rules!)
(L2 + x2)
2 x
2 M
R A
2 V
D
R = 50.5 m
CL = 0.353
= 3086 rpm
L
R
A = 0.0390 m
Re = 4.46 10
V
FL = M aR = M ax = M
R
x = 1 m
1
2
A V C L
2
V = 30
m
s
Problem 10.1
[2]
Problem 10.2
Given:
Geometry of centrifugal pump
Find:
Estimate discharge for axial entry; Head
[2]
Solution:
Basic equations:
(Eq. 10.2b)
(Eq. 10.2c)

= 1.94
slug
ft
= 1500 rpm
r1 = 4 in
r2 = 7.5 in
1 = 30 deg
2 = 20 deg
Q
= Vrb sin ( )
2 r b
From continuity
Vn =
From geometry
Vt = U Vrb cos ( ) = U
For an axial entry
Vt1 = 0
Using given data
U1 = r1
Hence
b1 = 1.5 in
Vrb =
Vn
sin ( )
U1
so
cos ( ) = U
b2 = 1.5 in
Vn
sin ( )
Q
cot( )
2 r b
( )
Q
cot 1 = 0
2 r1 b1
U1 = 52.4
ft
s
3
( )
ft
Q = 7.91
s
Q = 2 r1 b1 U1 tan 1
Q = 3552 gpm
To find the power we need U2, Vt2, and mrate

The mass flow rate is
slug
mrate = 15.4
s
mrate = Q
U2 = r2
U2 = 98.2
( )
Q
Vt2 = U2
cot 2
2 r2 b2
Hence
Wm = U2 Vt2 U1 Vt1 mrate
The head is
H =
Wm
mrate g
ft
s
Vt2 = 53.9
ft
s
Wm = 81212
ft lbf
s
Wm = 148 hp
H = 164 ft
Problem 10.3
Given:
Data on centrifugal pump
Find:
Estimate basic dimensions
[2]
Solution:
Basic equations:
(Eq. 10.2b, directly derived from the Euler turbomachine equation)

= 1.94
slug
ft
= 3500 rpm
Q = 150 gpm
Vrb2 = 17.5
Q = 0.334
ft
s
ft
s
Win = 6.75 hp
= 67 %
and
U2 = r2
2 = 90 deg
For an axial inlet
Vt1 = 0
From the outlet geometry
Vt2 = U2 Vrb2 cos 2 = U2
Hence, in Eq. 10.2b
Wm = U2 mrate = r2 mrate
with
Wm = Win
Wm = 4.52 hp
and
mrate = Q
slug
mrate = 0.648
s
Hence
r2 =
Also
From continuity
Hence
( )
Wm
2
mrate
( )
Vn2 = Vrb2 sin 2

Q
Vn2 =
2 r2 b2
Q
b2 =
2 r2 Vn2
r2 = 0.169 ft
Vn2 = 17.5
r2 = 2.03 in
ft
s
b2 = 0.0180 ft
b2 = 0.216 in
Problem 10.4
[2]
Problem 10.5
[2]
Given:
Find:
Theoretical head; Power input for given flow rate
Solution:
Basic equations:
(Eq. 10.2b)
(Eq. 10.2c)

= 1.94
slug
ft
= 1250 rpm
r1 = 3 in
r2 = 9.75 in
b1 = 1.5 in
b2 = 1.125 in
1 = 60 deg
2 = 70 deg
Q = 1500 gpm
Q = 3.34
Q
= Vrb sin( )
2 r b
From continuity
Vn =
From geometry
Using given data
U1 = r1
Vrb =
Vn
sin ( )
cos ( ) = U
U1 = 32.7
ft
s
Vn
sin( )
Q
cot( )
2 r b
U2 = r2
U2 = 106.4
( )
Vt1 = 22.9
Q
Vt2 = U2
cot 2
2 r2 b2
( )
Vt2 = 104
mrate = Q
slug
mrate = 6.48
s
Hence
The head is
H =
Q
Vt1 = U1
cot 1
2 r1 b1
Wm
mrate g
ft
s
ft
s
ft
s
ft
s
Wm = 66728
ft lbf
s
Wm = 121 hp
H = 320 ft
Problem 10.6
[2]
Given:
Find:
Solution:
Basic equations:
(Eq. 10.2b)
(Eq. 10.2c)

= 1.94
slug
ft
= 575 rpm
r1 = 15 in
r2 = 45 in
b1 = 4.75 in
b2 = 3.25 in
1 = 40 deg
2 = 60 deg
Q = 80000 gpm
Q = 178
Q
= Vrb sin( )
2 r b
From continuity
Vn =
From geometry
Using given data
U1 = r1
Vrb =
Vn
sin ( )
cos ( ) = U
U1 = 75.3
ft
s
Vn
sin( )
Q
cot( )
2 r b
U2 = r2
U2 = 226
( )
Vt1 = 6.94
Q
Vt2 = U2
cot 2
2 r2 b2
( )
Vt2 = 210
mrate = Q
slug
mrate = 346
s
Hence
The head is
H =
Q
Vt1 = U1
cot 1
2 r1 b1
Wm
mrate g
ft
s
ft
s
ft
s
ft
s
7 ft lbf
Wm = 1.62 10
Wm = 2.94 10 hp
H = 1455 ft
Problem 10.7
Given:
Find:
[2]
Solution:
Basic equations:
(Eq. 10.2b)
(Eq. 10.2c)

= 1000
kg
3
r2 = 7.5 cm
= 1750 rpm
b2 = 2 cm
2 = 65 deg
Q = 225
m
hr
Q
2 r2 b2
Q = 0.0625
m
s
Vn2 = 6.63
m
s
From continuity
Vn2 =
From geometry
Vn2
cos 2
sin 2
Using given data
U2 = r2
Hence
Q
Vt2 = U2
cot 2
2 r2 b2
Vt2 = 10.7
mrate = Q
kg
mrate = 62.5
s
Hence
Wm = U2 Vt2 mrate
The head is
H =
( )
( )
U2 = 13.7
( )
Wm
mrate g
( )
m
s
m
s
Vt1 = 0
(axial inlet)
Wm = 9.15 kW
H = 14.9 m
Problem 10.8
[2]
Given:
Find:
Rotational speed for zero inlet velocity; Theoretical head; Power input
Solution:
Basic equations:
(Eq. 10.2b)
(Eq. 10.2c)

= 1.94
slug
ft
r1 = 3 in
r2 = 9.75 in
b1 = 1.5 in
b2 = 1.125 in
1 = 60 deg
2 = 70 deg
Q = 4000 gpm
Q = 8.91
Q
= Vrb sin( )
2 r b
From continuity
Vn =
From geometry
For Vt1 = 0 we get
U1
Hence, solving for
Vn
sin( )
( )
Q
cot 1 = 0
2 r1 b1
Q
2
2 r1 b1
We can now find U2
Vrb =
sin( )
Q
cot ( )
2 r b
or
r1
( )
U2 = r2
Vn
cos ( ) = U
cot 1
( )
( )
Q
cot 1 = 0
2 r1 b1
= 105
U2 = 85.2
rad
s
= 1001 rpm
ft
s
Q
Vt2 = U2
cot 2
2 r2 b2
Vt2 = 78.4
mrate = Q
slug
mrate = 17.3
s
Hence Eq 10.2b becomes
Wm = U2 Vt2 mrate
Wm = 1.15 10
The head is
H =
Wm
mrate g
ft
s
ft
s
5 ft lbf
Wm = 210 hp
H = 208 ft
Problem 10.9
[2]
Given:
Find:
Draw inlet and exit velocity diagrams; Inlet blade angle; Power
Solution:
Vn =
Basic equations:
Q
2 r b

R1 = 1 in
= 1.94
U1 = R1
Velocity diagrams:
Q = 800 gpm
Q = 1.8
U1 = 17.5
Q
2 R2 b2
Vn2 =
b2 = 0.375 in
= 2000 rpm
slug
ft
R2 = 7.5 in
ft
s
Vn2 = 14.5
ft
s
2 = 75 deg
U2 = R2
ft
s
Vn1 =
R2
R1
U2 = 131
Vn2
ft
s
Vn1 = 109
ft
s
Vt2
Vrb1
V n1 = V1 (Vt1 = 0)
Vrb2
V2
Vn2
U2
U1
Then
Vn1
1 = atan
U1
From geometry
Vt1 = U1 Vn1 cos 1
Then
Wm = U2 Vt2 U1 Vt1 Q
1 = 80.9 deg
( )
Vt1 = 0.2198
(Essentially radial entry)

ft
s
( )
Vt2 = U2 Vn2 cos 2

4 ft lbf
Wm = 5.75 10
Vt2 = 127.1
ft
s
Wm = 105 hp
Note: In earlier printings the flow rate was given as 8000 gpm not 800 gpm; water at 1089 ft/s would be quite dangerous!
Problem 10.10
[2]
Problem 10.11
[3]
Note: Earlier printings had 8000 gpm; it is actually 800 gpm!
Given:
Find:
Shutoff head; Absolute and relative exit velocitiesTheoretical head; Power input
Solution:
Basic equations:
(Eq. 10.2b)
(Eq. 10.2c)

= 1.94
slug
R1 = 1 in
R2 = 7.5 in
b2 = 0.375 in
2 = 75 deg
Q = 800 gpm
Q = 1.8
At the exit
U2 = R2
U2 = 131
At shutoff
Vt2 = U2
Vt2 = 131
At design. from continuity
Vn2 =
From the velocity diagram
Vn2 = Vrb2 sin 2
ft
= 2000 rpm
Vn2 = 15
2 R2 b2
( )
Vrb2 =
( )
Vt2 = U2 Vn2 cot 2

Hence we obtain
V2 =
ft
s
ft
s
ft
s
H0 =
1
U2 Vt2
g
H0 = 533 ft
ft
s
Vn2
Vrb2 = 15.0
( )
sin 2
Vt2 = 127.0
V2 = 128
Vt2
2 = atan
Vn2
For Vt1 = 0 we get
Wm = U2 Vt2 Q
H =
Wm
Q g
ft
Vn2 + Vt2
with (see sketch above)
ft
ft
s
2 = 83.5 deg
4 ft lbf
Wm = 5.75 10
Wm = 105 hp
H = 517 ft
Problem 10.12
[2]
Given:
Find:
Inlet blade angle for no tangential inlet velocity at 125,000 gpm; Head; Power
Solution:
Basic equations:
(Eq. 10.2b)
(Eq. 10.2c)

= 1.94
slug
ft
= 575 rpm
r1 = 15 in
r2 = 45 in
b1 = 4.75 in
2 = 60 deg
Q = 125000 gpm
Q = 279
b2 = 3.25 in
Q
= Vrb sin( )
2 r b
From continuity
Vn =
From geometry
For Vt1 = 0 we obtain
U1
Using given data
U1 = r1
Hence
1 = acot
Also
U2 = r2
Vrb =
Vn
sin( )
( )
Q
cot 1 = 0
2 r1 b1
cos ( ) = U
or
U1 = 75.3
ft
s
Vn
sin( )
Q
cot ( )
2 r b
2 r1 b1 U1
( )
cot 1 =
ft
s
2 r1 b1 U1
1 = 50 deg
U2 = 226
( )
ft
s
Q
Vt2 = U2
cot 2
2 r2 b2
Vt2 = 201
mrate = Q
slug
mrate = 540
s
Hence
The head is
H =
Wm
mrate g
ft
s
7 ft lbf
Wm = 2.45 10
Wm = 44497 hp
H = 1408 ft
Problem 10.13
[3]
Problem 10.14
Given:
Data on a centrifugal pump
Find:
Estimate exit angle of impeller blades
[3]
Solution:
= 999
kg
3
Q = 50
= 1750 rpm
L
s
Win = 45 kW
b2 = 10 mm
= 75 %
D = 300 mm
The governing equation (derived directly from the Euler turbomachine equation) is
Vt2 =
Wm
U2 Q
For an axial inlet
Vt1 = 0
We have
U2 =
Hence
Vt2 =
Wm
U2 Q
Vt2 = 24.6
m
s
From continuity
Vn2 =
Q
D b2
Vn2 = 5.31
m
s
hence
U2 = 27.5
m
s
and
Wm = Win
Wm = 33.8 kW
With the exit velocities determined, can be determined from exit geometry
tan( ) =
Vn2
U2 Vt2
or
Vn2
U2 Vt2
= atan
= 61.3 deg
Problem 10.15
[3]
Problem 10.16
Given:
Impulse turbibe
Find:
Optimum speed using the Euler turbomachine equation
[1]
Solution:
The governing equation is the Euler turbomachine equation
In terms of the notation of Example 10.5, for a stationary CV
r1 = r2 = R
U1 = U2 = U
Vt1 = V U
Vt2 = ( V U) cos ( )
and
mflow = Q
Hence
Tshaft = [ R ( V U) cos ( ) R ( V U) ] Q
Tout = Tshaft = Q R ( V U) ( 1 cos ( ) )
The power is
Wout = Tout = Q R ( V U) ( 1 cos ( ) )
Wout = Q U ( V U) ( 1 cos ( ) )
These results are identical to those of Example 10.5. The proof that maximum power is when U = V/2 is hence also
the same and will not be repeated here.
Problem 10.17
[3]
Given:
Data on a centrifugal pump
Find:
Flow rate for zero inlet tangential velocity; outlet flow angle; power; head
developed
Solution:
= 999
kg
3
= 1200 rpm
= 70 %
1 = 25 deg
r2 = 150 mm
m
r1 = 90 mm
b1 = 10 mm
b2 = 7.5 mm
2 = 45 deg
The governing equations (derived directly from the Euler turbomachine equation) are
We also have from geometry
Vt2
2 = atan
Vn2
From geometry
Vn1
Vt1 = 0 = U1 Vrb1 cos 1 = r1
cos 1
sin 1
and from continuity
Vn1 =
Hence
(1)
( )
( )
( )
Q
2 r1 b1
Q
r1
=0
2 r1 b1 tan 1
( )
Q = 2 r1 b1 tan 1
( )
Q = 29.8
Q = 0.0298
The power, head and absolute angle at the exit are obtained from direct computation using Eqs. 10.2b, 10.2c, and 1 above
U1 = r1
U1 = 11.3
U2 = r2
U2 = 18.8
From geometry
Vn2
Vt2 = U2 Vrb2 cos 2 = r2
cos 2
sin 2
and from continuity
Vn2 =
( )
Q
2 r2 b2
( )
Vn2 = 4.22
m
s
( )
m
s
Vt1 = 0
m
s
m
s
Hence
Vn2
Vt2 = r2
tan 2
Vt2 = 14.6
Using these results in Eq. 1
Vt2
2 = atan
Vn2
2 = 73.9 deg
Using them in Eq. 10.2b
Wm = U2 Vt2 U1 Vt1 Q
Using them in Eq. 10.2c
H =
( )
m
s
Wm = 8.22 kW
H = 28.1 m
1
U2 Vt2 U1 Vt1
g
This is the power and head assuming no inefficiency; with = 70%, we have (from Eq. 10.8c)
Wh = Wm
Wh = 5.75 kW
Hp = H
Hp = 19.7 m
(This last result can also be obtained from Eq. 10.8a Wh = Q g Hp)
Problem 10.18
Given:
Find:
Pressure rise; Express as ft of water and gasoline
[1]
Solution:
Q g H
Wm
Basic equations:
w = 1000
kg
m
Wm
Solving for H
H =
For gasoline, from Table A.2
SG = 0.72
w Q g
Q = 0.025
m
s
H = 52.0 m
Hg =
Wm
SG w Q g
Wm = 15 kW
= 85 %
H = 171 ft
Hg = 72.2 m
Hg = 237 ft
Problem 10.19
[3]
Given:
Find:
Draw inlet velocity diagram; Design speed for no inlet tangential velocity; Outlet angle; Head; Power
Solution:
Basic equations:
(Eq. 10.2b)
(Eq. 10.2c)

r1 = 75 mm
= 1000
r2 = 150 mm
kg
Q = 30
Velocity diagrams:
b1 = 7.5 mm
b2 = 6.25 mm
Q = 0.030
m
s
Vt2
Vrb1
V n1 = V1 (Vt1 = 0)
Vrb2
Vrb =
From geometry
For Vt1 = 0 we obtain
U1
Solving for
= Vrb sin ( )
2 r b
Vn
sin ( )
( )
cot 1 = 0
2 r1 b1
Q
2
2 r1 b1
U1 = r1
2 r2 b2
Vn2
U2
Vn =
V2
U1
From continuity
Vn2 =
2 = 40 deg
L
s
Hence
1 = 25 deg
Vn2 = 5.09
m
s
or
( )
cot 1
U1 = 18.2
cos ( ) = U
Vn
Vn1
sin ( )
Vn2
Q
2 r b
r1
m
s
2 r1 b1
rad
s
U2 = r2
( )
Q
Vt2 = U2
cot 2
2 r2 b2
A1
A2
cot( )
Q
= 243
( )
cot 1 = 0
= 2318 rpm
U2 = 36.4
Vt2 = 30.3
s
m
s
r1 b1
r2 b2
From the sketch
Vt2
2 = atan
Vn2
2 = 80.5 deg
Hence
Wm = U2 Vt2 Q
The head is
H =
Wm
Q g
Wm = 33.1 kW
H = 113 m
Problem 10.20
[4]
Problem 10.21
[4]
Given:
Geometry of centrifugal pump with diffuser casing
Find:
Flow rate; Theoretical head; Power; Pump efficiency at maximum efficiency point
Solution:
Basic equations:
(Eq. 10.2b)
(Eq. 10.2c)

= 1000
kg
3
r2 = 7.5 cm
b2 = 2 cm
2 = 65 deg
= 1750 rpm
= 183
rad
s
U2 = 13.7
m
s
Vn2 = 6.9
m
s
Using given data
U2 = r2
Illustrate the procedure with
Q = 0.065
From continuity
Vn2 =
From geometry
Vn2
cos 2
sin 2
Hence
Q
Vt2 = U2
cot 2
2 r2 b2
m
s
Q
2 r2 b2
( )
( )
( )
( )
V2 =
Vt2 = 10.5
Vn2 + Vt2
Hideal =
V2 = 12.6
U2 Vt2
m
s
Hideal = 14.8 m
Tfriction = 10 %
Wmideal
Tfriction = 10 %
= 10 %
Q g Hideal
Q Hideal
Tfriction = 5.13 N m
Vt1 = 0
(axial inlet)
Hactual = 60 %
V2
2 g
0.75
Vn2
2 g
Q g Hactual
Q g Hideal + Tfriction
Hactual = 3.03 m
= 18.7 %
25
Efficiency (%)
20
15
10
5
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
Q (cubic meter/s)
The above graph can be plotted in Excel. In addition, Solver can be used to vary Q to maximize . The results are
3
Q = 0.0282
m
s
Wm = Q g Hideal + Tfriction
= 22.2 %
Hideal = 17.3 m
Wm = 5.72 kW
Hactual = 4.60 m
Problem 10.22
[2]
Problem 10.23
[2]
= 1000 kg/m3
Fitting a 2nd order polynomial to each set of data we find

2
H =-8440Q + 167Q + 59.9
2
=-302Q + 26.9Q + 0.170
Q (m /s) H (m) Pm (kW) Ph (kW) (%)

3
0.017
0.026
0.038
60
59
54
19
22
26
10.0
15.0
20.1
52.7%
68.4%
77.4%
0.045
0.063
50
37
30
34
22.1
22.9
73.6%
67.3%
Finally, we use Solver to maximize by varying Q :

Q (m3/s)
H (m)
(%)
0.045
50.6
76.9%
Pump Performance Curve

70
100%
H
60
H (m)
40
50%
30
20
25%
10
0
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
3
Q (m /s)
0.05
0.06
0%
0.07
(%)
75%
50
= 1000 kg/m3

H =-5404Q 2 + 194Q + 60.5
=-197Q 2 + 23.0Q + 0.150
Q (m3/s) H (m) Pm (kW) Ph (kW) (%)

0.018
0.028
0.035
62
62
61
22
26
30
10.9
17.0
20.9
49.8%
65.5%
69.8%
0.050
0.058
0.081
57
53
41
34
37
45
28.0
30.2
32.6
82.2%
81.5%
72.4%

Q (m3/s)
H (m)
(%)
0.058
53.4
82.1%
Pump Performance Curve

100%
70
60
H (m)
40
50%
30
20
25%
10
0
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
Q (m3/s)
0.06
0.07
0.08
0%
0.09
(%)
75%
50
Problem 10.26
[3]
Given:
Find:
Dynamic head at inlet and exit; Hydraulic power input; Pump efficiency; Motor size; Electric power required
Solution:
Basic equations:
(Eq. 10.8a)
(Eq. 10.8b)
(Eq. 10.8c)

= 1.94
slug
ft
p1 = 17.5 psi
Then
Hp1 =
p1
g
= 2750 rpm
e = 85 %
z1 = 8.25 ft
V1 = 9
ft
s
Q = 65 gpm
Q = 0.145
p2 = 75 psi
z2 = 30 ft
V1
2 g
+ z1
Hp1 = 49.9 ft
Hp2 =
p2
g
ft
s
T = 6.25 lbf ft
V2 = 12
ft
s
V2
2 g
+ z2
ft lbf
Also, from Eq. 10.8a
Wh = g Q Hp2 Hp1
Wh = 1405
The mechanical power in is
Wm = T
Wm = 1800
Hp2 = 205 ft
Wh = 2.55 hp
s
ft lbf
Wm = 3.27 hp
We need a 3.5 hp motor

From Eq. 10.8c
Wh
p =
Wm
p = 78.0 %
The input power is then
Wm
We =
e
We = 2117
ft lbf
s
We = 3.85 hp
We = 2.87 kW
Problem 10.27
Given:
Find:
Electric power required; gage pressure at exit
[3]
Solution:
Basic equations:
(Eq. 10.8a)
(Eq. 10.8b)
(Eq. 10.8c)

= 1.94
slug
ft
T = 4.75 lbf ft
= 3000 rpm
p = 75 %
e = 85 %
p1 = 12.5 psi
z1 = 6.5 ft
V1 = 6.5
ft
s
T p
Q = 65 gpm
Q = 0.145
z2 = 32.5 ft
V2 = 15
From Eq. 10.8c
Hp =
Hence, from Eq. 10.8b
2
2
p2 = p1 + V1 V2 + g z1 z2 + g Hp
p2 = 53.7 psi
Also
Wh = g Q Hp
Wh = 1119
The shaft work is then
Wh
Wm =
p
Wm = 1492
Hence, electrical input is
Wm
We =
e
We = 1756
ft
s
ft
s
Hp = 124 ft
Q g
ft lbf
s
ft lbf
s
ft lbf
s
Wh = 2.03 hp
Wm = 2.71 hp
We = 2.38 kW
Problem 10.28
[2]
Problem 10.29
[2]
Problem 10.30
[2]
Problem 10.31
[2]
Problem 10.32
[2]
Given:
Data on small centrifugal pump
Find:
Specific speed; Sketch impeller shape; Required power input
Solution:
Basic equation:
(Eq. 10.22b)
(Eq. 10.8c)

= 1000
kg
3
= 2875 rpm
p = 70 %
Q = 0.016
m
s
Hence
Then
h = g H
NS =
h = 392
Q
h
1
2
3
4
(H is energy/weight. h is energy/mass)
NS = 0.432
From the figure we see the impeller will be centrifugal
The power input is (from Eq. 10.8c)
Wh
Wm =
p
Wm =
Q g H
p
Wm = 8.97 kW
H = 40 m
Problem 10.33
[3]
Given:
Data on a pump
Find:
Shutoff head; best efficiency; type of pump; flow rate, head, shutoff head and power at 900 rpm
Solution:
= 999
kg
Ns = 1.74
D = 500 mm
Q = 0.725
The governing equations are
m
s
H = 10 m
Wh = Q g H
Wm = 90 kW
' = 900 rpm
(10.8a)
1 3
2 4
Ns = Q h
(7.16a)
2
H 0 = C1 =
U2
(From Eq. 10.7b)
Similarity rules
Q1
1 D1
Q2
2 D2
h1
(10.19a)
h = g H
Hence from Eq. 7.16a
The shutoff head is given by
h2
2
P1
(10.19b)
2 D2
= 608 rpm
Wh = 71 kW
Wh
p =
Wm
p = 78.9 %
(From Eq. 10.7b)
2 2 D2
J
kg
Wh = Q g H
H0 =
P2
3
4
1
2
U2
1 1 D1
h = 98.1
Ns h
Q
From Eq. 10.8a
1 D1
= 63.7
rad
s
(10.19a)
U2 =
m
s
U2 = 15.9
Hence
From Eq. 10.19a (with D1 = D2)
From Eq. 10.19b (with D1 = D2)
U2
H0 =
Q1
1
Q2
h1
h2
H0
2
or
Also
or
H0 = 25.8 m
'
Q' = Q
H' = H
Q
Q'
=
'
H'0
'
H'
'
'
H'0 = H0
'
m
Q' = 1.07
s
H' = 21.9 m
H'0 = 56.6 m
U'2
(Alternatively, we could have used H'0 =
)
g
From Eq. 10.19c (with D1 = D2)
P1
1
P2
2
or
Wm
3
W'm
3
'
'
W'm = Wm
W'm = 292 kW
Problem 10.34
[3]
Problem 10.35
Given:
Find:
Head at 1150 rpm
[2]
Solution:
Basic equation:
(Eq. 10.2c)

= 1000
kg
3
Q = 0.025
= 1750 rpm
m
s
2 = 60 deg
' = 1150 rpm
Vn2 = 3.5
b2 = 1.25 cm
m
s
Q
2 r2 b2
From continuity
Vn2 =
Hence
Q
r2 =
2 b2 Vn2
r2 = 0.0909 m
Then
'
V'n2 =
V
n2
m
V'n2 = 2.30
s
Also
U'2 = ' r2
m
U'2 = 11.0
s
From the outlet geometry
V't2 = U'2 V'n2 cos 2
Finally
H' =
( )
U'2 V't2
g
m
V't2 = 9.80
s
H' = 10.9 m
r2 = 9.09 cm
Problem 10.36
Given:
Data on pumping system
Find:
Number of pumps needed; Operating speed
[3]
Solution:
Wh
p =
Wm
Wh = Q g H
Basic equations:
= 1000
kg
3
6 L
Qtotal = 110 10
day
Qtotal = 1.273
Then for the system
Wh = Qtotal g H
Wh = 125 kW
The required total power is
Wm =
Wh
Wm = 192 kW
Hence the total number of pumps must be
192
= 5.12 , or at least six pumps
37.5
Qtotal
The flow rate per pump will then be Q =
From Fig. 10.15 the peak effiiciency is at a

specific speed of about
NScu = 2000
We also need
Hence
H = 32.8 ft
N = NScu
Q = 3363 gpm
H
Q
3
4
1
2
N = 473
The nearest standard speed to N = 473 rpm should be used
m
s
H = 10 m
Q = 0.212
m
s
Q = 212
L
s
= 65 %
Problem 10.37
Given:
Data on pumping system
Find:
Total delivery; Operating speed
[3]
Solution:
Wh = Q g H
Basic equations:
Wh
p =
Wm

= 1000
kg
3
Wm = 35 hp
H = 50 ft
= 60 %
Then for the system
WmTotal = 7 Wm
WmTotal
The hydraulic total power is WhTotal =

The total flow rate will then be QTotal =
The flow rate per pump is
Q =
WmTotal = 245 hp
WhTotal = 304 kW
3
WhTotal
g H
QTotal
6
QTotal = 71.95
NScu = 2500
N = NScu
H
Q
3
4
1
2
QTotal = 32293 gpm
Q = 12.0
From Fig. 10.15 the peak effiiciency is at a

specific speed of about
Hence
ft
s
N = 641
The nearest standard speed to N = 641 rpm should be used
ft
s
Q = 5382 gpm
Problem 10.38
Given:
Data on Peerless Type 10AE12 pump at 1760 rpm
Find:
Data at speeds of 1000, 1200, 1400, and 1600 rpm
[3]
Solution:
The governing equations are the similarity rules
Speed (rpm) =
2
Q (gal/min)
Q
0
0
500
250000
1000
1000000
1500
2250000
2000
4000000
2500
6250000
3000
9000000
3500
12250000
4000
16000000
1760
Speed (rpm) = 1000 Speed (rpm) = 1200 Speed (rpm) = 1400 Speed (rpm) = 1600
H (ft) H (fit)
Q (gal/min) H (ft)
Q (gal/min) H (ft)
Q (gal/min) H (ft)
Q (gal/min) H (ft)
170
161
0
52.0
0
74.9
0
102.0
0
133.2
160
160
284
51.7
341
74.5
398
101.3
455
132.4
155
157
568
50.7
682
73.0
795
99.3
909
129.7
148
152
852
49.0
1023
70.5
1193
96.0
1364
125.4
140
144
1136
46.6
1364
67.1
1591
91.3
1818
119.2
135
135
1420
43.5
1705
62.6
1989
85.3
2273
111.4
123
123
1705
39.7
2045
57.2
2386
77.9
2727
101.7
110
109
1989
35.3
2386
50.8
2784
69.2
3182
90.4
95
93
2273
30.2
2727
43.5
3182
59.1
3636
77.2
Data from Fig. D.8 is "eyeballed"

The fit to data is obtained from a least squares fit to H = H 0 - AQ 2
H0 =
161
ft
A = 4.23E-06 ft/(gal/min)
Performance Curves for Pump at various Speeds

Fig. D.8 Data
180
1000 rpm
160
1200 rpm
1400 rpm
140
H (ft)
1600 rpm
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Q (gal/min)
3000
3500
4000
4500
Problem 10.39
[2]
Problem 10.40
[3]
Problem 10.41
[3]
Problem 10.42
[3]
Problem 10.43
[3]
Problem 10.44
10.20
10-4
10.20
[3] Part 1/2
Problem 10.44
[3] Part 2/2
Problem 10.45
[4]
Problem 10.46
Given:
Data on turbine system
Find:
Model test speed; Scale; Volume flow rate
[3]
Solution:
Wh = Q g H
Basic equations:
Wmech
Wh
NS =
kg
3
1
2

= 1000
1
2
Wp = 17.5 MW
5
4
Hp = 45 m
p = 120 rpm
hp = Hp g
hp = 441
Hm = 10 m
Wm = 35 kW
hm = Hm g
hm = 98.1
where sub p stands for prototype and sub m stands for model
2
Note that we need h (energy/mass), not H (energy/weight)
Hence for the prototype
p Wp
NS =
1
2
hp
Then for the model
NS =
1
2
For dynamically similar conditions
Hp
2
p Dp
Also
Qp
p Dp
1
2
1
2
m = NS
5
4
hm
Wm
Hm
2
so
m Dm
Qm
so
m Dm
5
4
rad
m = 42.9
s
1
2
Dm
Dp
p Hm
= 0.138
m Hp
m Dm
Qm = Qp
p Dp

To find Qp we need efficiency. At Wp = 17.5 MW or Wp = 23468 hp and Hp = 45 m or Hp = 148 ft

from F ig. 10.17 we find (see below), for
NScu =
NS = 0.822
5
4
hm
1
2
m Wm
N ( rpm) P ( hp)
H ( ft)
5.4
1
2
= 35.7
= 93 %
m = 409 rpm
Wmech
Wmech
=
Wh
Q g H
Hence from
and also
Qm =
Wm
g Hm
Qp =
Wp
g H p
3
Qm = 0.384
m
s
Qp = 42.6
m
s
Problem 10.47
Given:
Data on a model pump
Find:
Prototype flow rate, head, and power at 125 rpm
[3]
Solution:
Wh = Q g H
Basic equation:
Q1
1 D1
Q2
2 D2
and similarity rules

h1
(10.19a)
1 D1
h2
2
P1
(10.19b)
2 D2
Nm = 100 rpm
1 1 D1
Np = 125 rpm
= 1000
P2
2 2 D2
(10.19a)
kg
3
m
3
Qm = 1
From Eq. 10.8a
From Eq. 10.19a (with Dm/Dp = 1/3)
m
s
Hm = 4.5 m
Whm = Qm g Hm
Qp
p Dp
p Dp
p
3
Qp = Qm
= 3 Qm
m Dm
m

or
m Dm
hp
2
Qm
Qp = 27 Qm
From Eq. 10.19b (with Dm/Dp = 1/3)
Whm = 44.1 kW
Qp = 33.8
Nm
hm
p Dp
Np
m
s
g Hp
or
m Dm
2
p Dp
p
2
Hp = Hm
= 3 Hm
m Dm
m
From Eq. 10.19c (with Dm/Dp = 1/3)
Pp
3
p Dp
m Dm
Np
Whp = 243 Whm
Nm
g Hm
2
m Dpm
Np
Hp = 9 Hm
Nm
3
Pm
3
p Dp
or
Hp = 63.3 m
5
p Dp
p
5
Whp = Whm
= 3 Whm
m Dm
m
Whp = 20.9 MW
Problem 10.48
[4]
Problem 10.49
[5]
Problem 10.50
[2]
Given:
Data on a model pump
Find:
Temperature for dynamically similar operation at 1750 rpm; Flow rate and head; Comment on NPSH
Solution:
Basic equation:
Re1 = Re2
1 D1
1 = 3500 rpm
1 = 1.23 10
For D = constant
V1 D
Re1 =
From Table A.7, at 2 = 6.15 10
Q1
1 D
and also
H1
2
1 D
2 D2
5 ft
H1
3
H2
1 D1
2 D2
Q1 = 20 gpm
H1 = 60 ft
2
2 = 1
1
2 = 6.15 10
s
or
6 ft
, we find, by linear interpolation
( 120 110)
( 6.15 6.68)
( 6.05 6.68)
Q2
2 D
Q2
2 = 1750 rpm
1 D D
2 D D
= Re2 =
1
2
6 ft
T2 = 110 +
From similar operation
Q1
and similarity rules
H2
2
2 D
T2 = 118 degrees F
or
2
Q2 = Q1
1
or
2
H2 = H1
1
Q2 = 10 gpm
H2 = 15 ft
The water at 118oF is closer to boiling. The inlet pressure would have to be changed to avoid cavitation. The increase between runs
1 and 2 would have to be p = pv2 pv1 where pv2 and pv1 are the vapor pressures at T2 and T1. From the steam tables (find them
by Googling!)
pv1 = 0.247 psi
pv2 = 1.603 psi
p = pv2 pv1
p = 1.36 psi
Problem 10.51
[3]
Given:
Data on a boiler feed pump
Find:
NPSHA at inlet for field temperature water; Suction head to duplicate field conditions
Solution:
Basic equation:
1
2
NPSHA = pt pv = pg + patm + V pv
2
Ds = 10 cm
Dd = 7.5 cm
H = 125 m
Q = 0.025
pinlet = 150 kPa
patm = 101 kPa
zinlet = 50 cm
= 1000
m
s
kg
m
For field conditions
pg = pinlet + g zinlet
From continuity
Vs =
4 Q
2
D s
From steam tables (try Googling!) at 115oC
Hence
= 3500 rpm
pg = 145 kPa
Vs = 3.18
m
s
pv = 169 kPa
1
2
NPSHA = pg + patm + Vs pv
2
NPSHA = 82.2 kPa

NPSHA
= 8.38 m
g
Expressed in meters or feet of water
In the laboratory we must have the same NPSHA. From Table A.8 (or steam tables - try Googling!) at 27oC
Hence
pg = NPSHA patm
The absolute pressure is
pg + patm = 80.7 kPa
Vs + pv
2
pg = 20.3 kPa
NPSHA
= 27.5 ft
g
pv = 3.57 kPa
Q (m3/s x 103)
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Q2
1.00E+02
4.00E+02
9.00E+02
1.60E+03
2.50E+03
3.60E+03
4.90E+03
NPSHR (m)
2.2
2.4
2.6
3.1
3.6
4.1
5.1
NPSHR (fit)
2.2
2.4
2.7
3.1
3.6
4.2
5.0
The fit to data is obtained from a least squares fit to NPSHR = a + bQ 2

a =
b =
2.12
m
3
Q (m3/s x 103)
NPSHR (m)
81.2
6.00
3 2
5.88E-04 m/(m /s x 10 )
Use Goal Seek to find Q !
NPSHR Curve for a Pump
NPSHR (m)
5
4
Data at 1500 rpm
Curve Fit
2
1
0
0
15
30
3
3
Q (m /s x 10 )
45
60
75
Problem 10.53
[4]
Given data:
L =
e =
D =
K ent =
Computed results:
6
0.26
15
0.5
L e /D =
30
H0 =
Re
f
NPSHA (m) NPSHR (m)
Q (m3/s) V (m/s)
0.010
0.566 8.40E+04 0.0247
16.0
3.30
0.015
0.849 1.26E+05 0.0241
16.0
3.68
0.020
1.13 1.68E+05 0.0237
15.9
4.20
m
mm
cm
0.025
1.41
2.10E+05 0.0235
15.8
4.88
0.030
1.70
2.52E+05 0.0233
15.7
5.70
0.035
0.040
0.045
1.98
2.26
2.55
2.94E+05 0.0232
3.36E+05 0.0232
3.78E+05 0.0231
15.6
15.5
15.4
6.68
7.80
9.08
0.050
2.83
4.20E+05 0.0230
15.2
10.5
kg/m
0.055
3.11
4.62E+05 0.0230
15.0
12.1
= 1.01E-06 m /s
0.060
0.065
0.070
3.40
3.68
3.96
5.04E+05 0.0230
5.46E+05 0.0229
5.88E+05 0.0229
14.8
14.6
14.4
13.8
15.7
17.7
0.0625
3.54
5.25E+05 0.0229
14.7
14.7
m
3
A =
H =
p atm =
3000
6
101
m/(m /s)
m
kPa
pv =
2.34
kPa
1000
Error
0.00
NPSHA and NPSHR

20
Head (m)
15
NPSHA
NPSHR
10
5
0
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
Q (m3/s)
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
Given data:
Computed results:
T (oC) p v (kPa) (kg/m3) (m3/s)
0
0.661
1000
1.76E-06
5
0.872
1000
1.51E-06
10
1.23
1000
1.30E-06
15
1.71
999
1.14E-06
20
2.34
998
1.01E-06
L =
e =
D =
K ent =
L e /D =
H0 =
6
0.26
15
0.5
30
3
m
mm
cm
A =
H =
p atm =
3000
6
101
3
2
m/(m /s)
m
kPa
= 1000 kg/m
= 1.01E-06 m2/s
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
Use Solver
3.17
4.25
5.63
997
996
994
Q (m3/s) V (m/s)
0.06290 3.56
0.06286 3.56
0.06278 3.55
0.06269 3.55
0.06257 3.54
8.96E-07 0.06240
8.03E-07 0.06216
7.25E-07 0.06187
3.53
3.52
3.50
Re
3.03E+05
3.53E+05
4.10E+05
4.67E+05
5.26E+05
f
NPSHA (m) NPSHR (m)
0.0232
14.87
14.87
0.0231
14.85
14.85
0.0230
14.82
14.82
0.0230
14.79
14.79
0.0229
14.75
14.75
5.91E+05 0.0229
6.57E+05 0.0229
7.24E+05 0.0228
14.68
14.59
14.48
14.68
14.59
14.48
7.38
992
6.59E-07 0.06148 3.48 7.92E+05 0.0228
14.34
14.34
9.59
990
6.02E-07 0.06097 3.45 8.60E+05 0.0228
14.15
14.15
12.4
988
5.52E-07 0.06031 3.41 9.27E+05 0.0228
13.91
13.91
15.8
986
5.09E-07 0.05948 3.37 9.92E+05 0.0228
13.61
13.61
19.9
983
4.72E-07 0.05846 3.31 1.05E+06 0.0228
13.25
13.25
25.0
980
4.40E-07 0.05716 3.23 1.10E+06 0.0227
12.80
12.80
31.2
978
4.10E-07 0.05548 3.14 1.15E+06 0.0227
12.24
12.24
38.6
975
3.85E-07 0.05342 3.02 1.18E+06 0.0227
11.56
11.56
47.4
972
3.62E-07 0.05082 2.88 1.19E+06 0.0227
10.75
10.75
57.8
969
3.41E-07 0.04754 2.69 1.18E+06 0.0227
9.78
9.78
70.1
965
3.23E-07 0.04332 2.45 1.14E+06 0.0227
8.63
8.63
84.6
962
3.06E-07 0.03767 2.13 1.05E+06 0.0228
7.26
7.26
101
958
2.92E-07 0.02998 1.70 8.71E+05 0.0228
5.70
5.70
to make the sum of absolute errors between NPSHA and NPSHR zero by varying the Q 's
Error
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
NPSHR increases with temperature because the p v increases; NPHSA decreases because decreases and p v increases
Maximum Flow Rate Versus Water temperature

0.07
0.06
Q (m3/s)
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00
0
10
20
30
40
50
T (oC)
60
70
80
90
100
Problem 10.56
[2]
Problem 10.57
[2]
Problem 10.58
[3]
Given:
Pump and reservoir system
Find:
System head curve; Flow rate when pump off; Loss, Power required and cost for 1 m3/s flow rate
Solution:
Basic equations:
2
2
p
p
V1
V2
1
2
+ 1 2 + g z1 + 2 2 + g z2 = hlT hp
hlT = f
L V
V
(K for the exit)
+ K
2
D 2
where points 1 and 2 are the reservoir free surfaces, and hp is the pump head
H =
Note also
h
g
Wh
p =
Wm
Pump efficiency:
Assumptions: 1) p1 = p2 = patm 2) V1 = V2 = 0 3) 2 = 0 4) z1 = 0, z2 = 15 m 4) K = Kent + Kent = 1.5

2
From the energy equationg z2 = f
L V
V
hp + K
2
D 2
Given or available data L = 300 m
= 1000
D = 40 cm
e = 0.26 mm
2
6 m
kg
= 1.01 10
L V
V
hp = g z2 + f
+ K
2
D 2
(Table 8.1)
(Table A.8)
The set of equations to solve for each flow rate Q are
V =
4 Q
D
Re =
V D
e
D
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
For example, for
Q = 1
m
s
V = 7.96
L V
V
Hp = z2 + f
+ K
2 g
D 2 g
Re = 3.15 10
f = 0.0179
Hp = 33.1 m
40
Head (m)
30
20
10
10
0.2
0.4
0.6
20
Q (cubic meter/s)
0.8
L V
V
Hp = z2 + f
+ K
2 g
D 2 g
The above graph can be plotted in Excel. In Excel, Solver can be used to find Q for Hp = 0
3
At
Q = 1
m
s
we saw that
Hp = 33.1 m
4
Assuming optimum efficiency at Q = 1.59 10 gpm from Fig.

10.15
p = 92 %
Then the hydraulic power is
Wh = g Hp Q
Wh = 325 kW
The pump power is then
Wh
Wm =
p
Wm 2 = 706 kW
If electricity is 10 cents per kW-hr then the hourly cost is about $35
Q = 0.557
m
s
(Zero power rate)
Problem 10.59
[3] Part 1/2
Problem 10.59
[3] Part 2/2
Problem 10.60
Given:
Data on pump and pipe system
Find:
Delivery through system
Solution:
L1 =
D1 =
L2 =
D2 =
e =
3000
9
1000
6
0.00085
ft
in
ft
in
ft (Table 8.1)
=
K ent =
K exp =
Q loss =
1.23E-05
0.5
1
75
2
ft /s (Table A.7)
(Fig. 8.14)
gpm
[3]
The system and pump heads are computed and plotted below.
To find the operating condition, Goal Seek is used to vary Q 1
so that the error between the two heads is zero.
Q 1 (gpm)
Q 2 (gpm)
V 1 (ft/s)
V 2 (ft/s)
Re 1
Re 2
f1
f2
H lT (ft)
H pump (ft)
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
25
125
225
325
425
525
625
0.504
1.01
1.51
2.02
2.52
3.03
3.53
0.284
1.42
2.55
3.69
4.82
5.96
7.09
30753
61506
92260
123013
153766
184519
215273
11532
57662
103792
149922
196052
242182
288312
0.0262
0.0238
0.0228
0.0222
0.0219
0.0216
0.0215
0.0324
0.0254
0.0242
0.0237
0.0234
0.0233
0.0231
0.498
3.13
8.27
15.9
26.0
38.6
53.6
55.6
54.5
52.8
50.4
47.3
43.5
39.0
Q 1 (gpm)
Q 2 (gpm)
V 1 (ft/s)
V 2 (ft/s)
Re 1
Re 2
f1
f2
H lT (ft)
H pump (ft)
627
552
3.162
6.263
192785
254580
0.0216
0.0232
42.4
42.4
Error)
0%
600
700
800
Pump and System Heads

60
50
H (ft)
40
30
20
Pump
System
10
0
0
100
200
300
400
Q (gal/min)
500
Given or available data (Note: final results will vary depending on fluid data selected) :
L =
500
e =
0.046
D =
20
K ent =
mm (Table 8.1)
K exp =
L e/D elbow =
60
(Two)
L e/D valve =
(Table 8.4)
cm
= 1.01E-06 m2/s (Table A.8)
z2 =
7.5
m
0.5
(Fig. 8.14)
The pump data is curve-fitted to H pump = H 0 - AQ 2.

To find the operating condition, Solver is used to vary Q
so that the error between the two heads is minimized.
Q (m3/s)
Q2
H p (m)
V (m/s)
Re
0.000
0.025
0.050
0.075
0.100
0.125
0.150
0.00000
0.00063
0.00250
0.00563
0.01000
0.01563
0.02250
27.5
27.0
25.0
22.0
18.0
13.0
6.5
0.00
0.80
1.59
2.39
3.18
3.98
4.77
0
157579
315158
472737
630317
787896
945475
0.0000
0.0179
0.0164
0.0158
0.0154
0.0152
0.0150
H0 =
27
H p (fit) H lT + z 2 (m)
27
27
25
22
18
12.9
6.5
7.5
9.0
13.1
19.7
28.7
40.2
54.1
A = 9.30E+02 /(m3/s)2
Q (m3/s) V (m/s)
0.0803
2.56
Re
506221 0.0157
H p (fit) H lT + z 2 (m) Error)

21.4
21.4
0.00%
Repeating for:
D =
30
cm
Q (m3/s) V (m/s)
Re
0.1284
1.82
539344 0.0149
12.1
12.1
0.00%
Repeating for:
D =
40
cm
Q (m3/s) V (m/s)
Re
0.1413
1.12
445179 0.0148
8.9
8.9
0.00%
Pump and System Heads (20 cm pipe)

50
Pump Curve Fit

Pump Data
Total Head Loss
40
H (m) 30
20
10
0
0.00
0.03
0.06
Q (m3/s)
0.09
0.12
0.15
Problem 10.62
[3]
Given: Data on pump and pipe system

Find: Delivery through system; valve position to reduce delivery by half
Solution:
Given or available data (Note: final results will vary depending on fluid data selected):
L = 1200
D =
12
e = 0.00015
= 1.23E-05
ft
in
ft (Table 8.1)
ft2/s (Table A.7)
z =
ft
-50
K ent =
K exp =
L e/D elbow =
0.5
1
30
(Fig. 8.14)
L e/D valve =
(Table 8.4)

Q (gpm) Q 2 (gpm) H pump (ft)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
0
250000
1000000
2250000
4000000
6250000
9000000
H0 =
180
V (ft/s)
179
176
165
145
119
84
43
0.00
1.42
2.84
4.26
5.67
7.09
8.51
Re
0
115325
230649
345974
461299
576623
691948
H pump (fit) H lT + z (ft)
f
0.0000
0.0183
0.0164
0.0156
0.0151
0.0147
0.0145
180
176
164
145
119
84.5
42.7
50.0
50.8
52.8
56.0
60.3
65.8
72.4
ft
A = 1.52E-05 ft/(gpm)2
H pump (fit) H lT + z (ft) Error)
Re
f
623829 0.0146
68.3
68.3
0%
Q (gpm) V (ft/s)
2705
7.67

200
Pump Curve Fit

Pump Data
150
Total Head Loss
H (ft)
100
50
0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
Q (gal/min)
For the valve setting to reduce the flow by half, use Solver to vary the value below to minimize the error.
L e/D valve =
Q (gpm) V (ft/s)
1352
3.84
26858
H pump (fit) H lT + z (ft) Error)
Re
f
311914 0.0158 151.7
151.7
0%
Problem 10.63
[3]
Given:
Find:
Delivery through series pump system; valve position to reduce delivery by half
Solution:
L =
1200
D =
12
e =
0.00015
1.23E-05
-50
z =
ft
K ent =
0.5
in
K exp =
L e/D elbow =
30
L e/D valve =
ft (Table 8.1)
ft2/s (Table A.7)
ft
(Fig. 8.14)
(Table 8.4)

Q (gpm)
Q 2 (gpm)
H pump (ft)
H pump (fit)
V (ft/s)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3250
0
250000
1000000
2250000
4000000
6250000
9000000
179
176
165
145
119
84
43
180
176
164
145
119
85
43
0.00
1.42
2.84
4.26
5.67
7.09
8.51
9.22
Re
0
115325
230649
345974
461299
576623
691948
749610
f
0.0000
0.0183
0.0164
0.0156
0.0151
0.0147
0.0145
0.0144
f
0.0145
H pumps (par)
H lT + z (ft)
73.3
73.3
Error)
0%
H0 =
180
A =
1.52E-05
Q (gpm)
V (ft/s)
3066
8.70
H pumps (par)
H lT + z (ft)
359
351
329
291
237
169
85
38
50.0
50.8
52.8
56.0
60.3
65.8
72.4
76.1
ft
ft/(gpm)2
Re
707124

Pump Curve Fit
Pump Data
Total Head Loss
Pumps in Series
400
350
300
H (ft) 250
200
150
100
50
0
0
1000
2000
Q (gal/min)
3000
L e/D valve =
50723
Q (gpm)
V (ft/s)
1533
4.35
Re
353562
f
0.0155
H pumps (par)
H lT + z (ft)
287.7
287.7
Error)
0%
4000
Problem 10.64
[3]
Given:
Find:
Delivery through parallel pump system; valve position to reduce delivery by half
Solution:
L =
1200
D =
12
e =
0.00015
1.23E-05
-50
z =
ft
K ent =
0.5
in
K exp =
L e/D elbow =
30
L e/D valve =
ft (Table 8.1)
ft2/s (Table A.7)
ft
(Fig. 8.14)
(Table 8.4)

Q (gpm)
Q 2 (gpm)
H pump (ft)
H pump (fit)
V (ft/s)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
0
250000
1000000
2250000
4000000
6250000
9000000
179
176
165
145
119
84
43
180
176
164
145
119
85
43
0.00
1.42
2.84
4.26
5.67
7.09
8.51
9.93
11.35
12.77
14.18
Re
0
115325
230649
345974
461299
576623
691948
807273
922597
1037922
1153247
f
0.0000
0.0183
0.0164
0.0156
0.0151
0.0147
0.0145
0.0143
0.0142
0.0141
0.0140
f
0.0141
H pumps (par)
H lT + z (ft)
100.3
100.3
Error)
0%
H0 =
180
A =
1.52E-05
Q (gpm)
V (ft/s)
4565
12.95
H pumps (par)
H lT + z (ft)
180
179
176
171
164
156
145
133
119
103
85
50.0
50.8
52.8
56.0
60.3
65.8
72.4
80.1
89.0
98.9
110.1
ft
ft/(gpm)2
Re
1053006

Pump Curve Fit
Pump Data
Total Head Loss
Pumps in Parallel
200
150
H (ft)
100
50
0
0
1000
2000
Q (gal/min)
3000
L e/D valve =
Q (gpm)
V (ft/s)
2283
6.48
9965
Re
526503
f
0.0149
H pumps (par)
H lT + z (ft)
159.7
159.7
Error)
0%
4000
5000
Problem 10.65
[4]
Given:
Data on pump and pipe system, and their aging
Find:
Reduction in delivery through system after 20 and 40 years (aging and non-aging pumps)
Solution:
L =
D =
e =
1200
12
0.00015
1.23E-05
-50
z =
ft
in
ft (Table 8.1)
ft2/s (Table A.7)
ft

K ent =
K exp =
L e/D elbow =
0.5
1
30
(Fig. 8.14)
L e/D valve =
(Table 8.4)
New System:
Q (gpm)
Q 2 (gpm)
H pump (ft)
V (ft/s)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
0
250000
1000000
2250000
4000000
6250000
9000000
179
176
165
145
119
84
43
0.00
1.42
2.84
4.26
5.67
7.09
8.51
Re
0
115325
230649
345974
461299
576623
691948
f
0.0000
0.0183
0.0164
0.0156
0.0151
0.0147
0.0145
H pump (fit)
H lT + z (ft)
68.3
68.3
Error)
0%
H0 =
180
A =
1.52E-05
H pump (fit)
H lT + z (ft)
180
176
164
145
119
84.5
42.7
50.0
50.8
52.8
56.0
60.3
65.8
72.4
ft
Q (gpm)
V (ft/s)
2705
7.67
ft/(gpm)2
Re
623829
f
0.0146
Pump and System Heads -When New

200
Pump Curve Fit

Pump Data
Total Head Loss
150
H (ft)
100
50
0
0
500
1000
1500
Q (gal/min)
2000
2500
3000
20-Year Old System:

f = 2.00 f new
Q (gpm)
V (ft/s)
2541
7.21
Re
586192
f
0.0295
H pump (fit)
H lT + z (ft)
81.4
81.4
Re
572843
f
0.0354
H pump (fit)
H lT + z (ft)
85.8
85.8
H pump (fit)
H lT + z (ft)
79.3
79.3
H pump (fit)
H lT + z (ft)
78.8
78.8
Error)
0%
Flow reduction:
163 gpm
6.0% Loss
Error)
0%
Flow reduction:
221 gpm
8.2% Loss
Error)
0%
Flow reduction:
252 gpm
9.3% Loss
Error)
0%
Flow reduction:
490 gpm
18.1% Loss
40-Year Old System:

f = 2.40 f new
Q (gpm)
V (ft/s)
2484
7.05
20-Year Old System and Pump:

f = 2.00 f new
H pump = 0.90 H new
Q (gpm)
V (ft/s)
2453
6.96
Re
565685
f
0.0296
40-Year Old System and Pump:

f = 2.40 f new
H pump = 0.75 H new
Q (gpm)
V (ft/s)
2214
6.28
Re
510754
f
0.0358
3500
Problem 10.66
Given:
Find:
Delivery through series pump system; reduction after 20 and 40 years
[4]
Solution:
L =
D =
e =
1200
12
0.00015
1.23E-05
-50
z =
ft
in
ft (Table 8.1)
ft2/s (Table A.7)
K ent =
K exp =
L e/D elbow =
0.5
1
30
(Fig. 8.14)
L e/D valve =
(Table 8.4)
ft

Q (gpm)
Q 2 (gpm)
H pump (ft)
H pump (fit)
V (ft/s)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3250
0
250000
1000000
2250000
4000000
6250000
9000000
179
176
165
145
119
84
43
180
176
164
145
119
85
43
0.00
1.42
2.84
4.26
5.67
7.09
8.51
9.22
Re
0
115325
230649
345974
461299
576623
691948
749610
f
0.0000
0.0183
0.0164
0.0156
0.0151
0.0147
0.0145
0.0144
H pumps (par)
H lT + z (ft)
359
351
329
291
237
169
85
38
50.0
50.8
52.8
56.0
60.3
65.8
72.4
76.1
H0 =
180
A =
1.52E-05
ft
Q (gpm)
V (ft/s)
3066
8.70
ft/(gpm)2
Re
707124
f
0.0145
H pumps (par)
H lT + z (ft)
73.3
73.3
Error)
0%

Pump Curve Fit
Pump Data
Total Head Loss
Pumps in Series
400
350
300
H (ft) 250
200
150
100
50
0
0
1000
2000
Q (gal/min)
3000
20-Year Old System:

f = 2.00 f new
Q (gpm)
V (ft/s)
2964
8.41
Re
683540
f
0.0291
H pumps (par)
H lT + z (ft)
92.1
92.1
Re
674713
f
0.0349
H pump (fit)
H lT + z (ft)
98.9
98.9
f
0.0291
H pump (fit)
H lT + z (ft)
90.8
90.8
f
0.0351
H pump (fit)
H lT + z (ft)
94.1
94.1
Error)
0%
Flow reduction:
102 gpm
3.3% Loss
Error)
0%
Flow reduction:
141 gpm
4.6% Loss
Error)
0%
Flow reduction:
151 gpm
4.9% Loss
Error)
0%
Flow reduction:
294 gpm
9.6% Loss
40-Year Old System:

f = 2.40 f new
Q (gpm)
V (ft/s)
2925
8.30
20-Year Old System and Pumps:

f = 2.00 f new
H pump = 0.90 H new
Q (gpm)
V (ft/s)
2915
8.27
Re
672235

f = 2.40 f new
H pump = 0.75 H new
Q (gpm)
V (ft/s)
2772
7.86
Re
639318
4000
Problem 10.67
[4]
Given:
Find:
Delivery through parallel pump system; reduction in delivery after 20 and 40 years
Solution:
L =
D =
e =
1200
12
0.00015
1.23E-05
-50
z =
ft
in
ft (Table 8.1)
ft2/s (Table A.7)
ft
The pump data is curve-fitted to H pump = H 0 - AQ .

K ent =
K exp =
L e/D elbow =
0.5
1
30
(Fig. 8.14)
L e/D valve =
(Table 8.4)
Q (gpm)
Q (gpm)
H pump (ft)
H pump (fit)
V (ft/s)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
0
250000
1000000
2250000
4000000
6250000
9000000
179
176
165
145
119
84
43
180
176
164
145
119
85
43
0.00
1.42
2.84
4.26
5.67
7.09
8.51
9.93
11.35
12.77
14.18
Re
0
115325
230649
345974
461299
576623
691948
807273
922597
1037922
1153247
f
0.0000
0.0183
0.0164
0.0156
0.0151
0.0147
0.0145
0.0143
0.0142
0.0141
0.0140
f
0.0141
H pumps (par)
H lT + z (ft)
100.3
100.3
Error)
0%
H0 =
180
A =
1.52E-05
Q (gpm)
V (ft/s)
4565
12.95
H pumps (par)
H lT + z (ft)
180
179
176
171
164
156
145
133
119
103
85
50.0
50.8
52.8
56.0
60.3
65.8
72.4
80.1
89.0
98.9
110.1
ft
ft/(gpm)2
Re
1053006

Pump Curve Fit
Pump Data
Total Head Loss
Pumps in Parallel
200
150
H (ft)
100
50
0
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
Q (gal/min)
20-Year Old System:

f = 2.00 f new
Q (gpm)
V (ft/s)
3906
11.08
Re
900891
f
0.0284
H pumps (par)
H lT + z (ft)
121.6
121.6
Error)
0%
Flow reduction:
660 gpm
14.4% Loss
Re
855662
f
0.0342
H pump (fit)
H lT + z (ft)
Error)
Flow reduction:
127.2
127.2
0%
f
0.0285
H pump (fit)
H lT + z (ft)
114.6
114.6
Error)
0%
Flow reduction:
860 gpm
18.8% Loss
f
0.0347
H pump (fit)
H lT + z (ft)
106.4
106.4
Error)
0%
Flow reduction:
1416
31.0%
40-Year Old System:

f = 2.40 f new
Q (gpm)
V (ft/s)
3710
10.52
856
18.7%

f = 2.00 f new
H pump = 0.90 H new
Q (gpm)
V (ft/s)
3705
10.51
Re
854566

f = 2.40 f new
H pump = 0.75 H new
Q (gpm)
V (ft/s)
3150
8.94
Re
726482
Problem 10.68
[3]
Problem 10.69
[3]
Problem 10.70
[3]
10.69
10.65
10.69
Problem 10.71
8.155
[3]
Problem 10.72
[3]
Given:
Flow from pump to reservoir
Find:
Select a pump to satisfy NPSHR
Solution:
Basic equations
2
2
p
p
V1
V2
1
2
+
+
g
+
g
z

1
2 = hlT hp
2
2
V1
L V1
hlT = hl + hlm = f
+ Kexit
2
D 2
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) at 1 is approximately 1 4) V2 <<

2
2
p1 V2
L V
V
( z2) = f
+
+ Kexit
Hp
2 g
D 2 g
g 2 g
Note that we compute head per unit weight, H, not head per unit mass, h, so the
energy equation between Point 1 and the free surface (Point 2) becomes
Solving for Hp
2
2
2
p1
V
L V
V
Hp = z2
+ f
+ Kexit
2 g
g 2 g
D 2 g
= 1.94
slug
ft
For commercial steel pipe
e = 0.00015 ft
5 ft
= 1.08 10
(Table 8.1)
Given
For the exit
Kexit = 1.0
Note that for an NPSHR of 15 ft this means
Re =
V D
Re = 6.94 10
e
= 0.0002
D
so
p1
g
D
V
4
f = 0.0150
2
p1
L V
Hp = z2
+ f
g
D 2 g
so we find
2
p1
L V
Hp = z2
+ f
g
D 2 g
= 15 ft
Q =
e
D
1
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
Flow is turbulent:
Note that
Hp = 691 ft
Q = 4.42
ft
s
Q = 1983 gpm
For this combination of Q and Hp, from Fig. D.11 the best pump appears to be a Peerless two-stage 10TU22C operating at 1750 rpm
After 10 years, from Problem 10.65, the friction factor will have increased by a factor of 2.2 f = 2.2 0.150
We now need to solve
2
p1
L V
Hp = z2
+ f
g
D 2 g
V =
for the new velocity V
p1
2 D g
Hp z2 +
f L
g
V = 2.13
Q =
D
V
4
f = 0.330
ft
s
and f will still be 2.2 0.150
Q = 0.94
ft
s
Q = 423 gpm
Much less!
Problem 10.73
8.156
[3]
Problem 10.74
[3]
Pipe Data:
Pipe
A
B
C
D
L (ft)
D (in)
e (ft)
150
150
150
150
1.5
1.5
1
1.5
0.00085
0.00085
0.00085
0.00085
Fluid Properties:
=
1.94
slug/ft3
2.10E-05
lbfs/ft2
Q =
300
Flow Rate:
=
Flows:
Heads:
Constraints:
0.668
gpm
ft3/s
Q A (ft3/s)
0.668
Q B (ft3/s)
0.499
Q C (ft3/s)
0.169
Q D (ft3/s)
0.668
V A (ft/s)
54.47
V B (ft/s)
40.67
V C (ft/s)
31.04
V D (ft/s)
54.47
Re A
6.29E+05
Re B
4.70E+05
Re C
2.39E+05
Re D
6.29E+05
fA
0.0335
fB
0.0336
fC
0.0384
fD
0.0335
p A (psi)
804.0
p B (psi)
448.8
p C (psi)
448.8
p D (psi)
804.0
(8) p B = p C
0.00%
(6) Q = Q B + Q C
0.00%
Error:
0.00%
Vary Q B and Q C
P (hp)
Q (gpm)
p (psi)
2057
300
360
This is a very high pressure; a sequence of pumps would be needed
For the pump:
Given data:
L
e
D
K
L ea /D
=
=
=
=
=
Computed results: Set up Solver so that it varies all flow rates to make the total head error zero
300
0.26
20
1.5
90
m
mm
cm
H pump (m) Q (m3/s) Q a (m3/s) V a (m/s)

24.0
0.070
0.000
0.000
24.5
0.088
0.016
0.506
25.0
0.097
0.023
0.72
25.5
0.104
0.028
0.89
Re a
8.62E+00
1.00E+05
1.44E+05
1.77E+05
f a H pump (Eq. 1) Q b (m3/s) V b (m/s)

7.4264
24.0
0.070
2.230
0.0231
24.5
0.072
2.292
0.0225
25.0
0.074
2.35
0.0223
25.5
0.076
2.41
Re b
4.42E+05
4.54E+05
4.66E+05
4.78E+05
f b H pump (Eq. 2) H (Errors)

0.0215
24.0
0.00
0.0215
24.5
0.00
0.0215
25.0
0.00
0.0215
25.5
0.00
L eb /D =
80
26.0
0.110
0.033
1.03
2.05E+05 0.0221
26.0
0.078
2.47
4.89E+05 0.0215
26.0
0.00
Ha =
24
26.5
0.116
0.036
1.16
2.30E+05 0.0220
26.5
0.079
2.52
5.00E+05 0.0215
26.5
0.00
Hb =
15
27.0
0.121
0.040
1.27
2.52E+05 0.0219
27.0
0.081
2.58
5.11E+05 0.0214
27.0
0.00
27.5
0.126
0.043
1.38
2.73E+05 0.0218
27.5
0.083
2.63
5.21E+05 0.0214
27.5
0.00
28.0
28.5
29.0
29.5
30.0
0.131
0.135
0.139
0.144
0.148
0.046
0.049
0.052
0.054
0.057
1.47
1.56
1.65
1.73
1.81
2.92E+05
3.10E+05
3.27E+05
3.43E+05
3.59E+05
28.0
28.5
29.0
29.5
30.0
0.084
0.086
0.088
0.089
0.091
2.69
2.74
2.79
2.84
2.89
5.32E+05
5.42E+05
5.52E+05
5.62E+05
5.72E+05
28.0
28.5
29.0
29.5
30.0
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
= 1000 kg/m3
= 1.01E-06 m2/s
0.0218
0.0217
0.0217
0.0217
0.0216
For the pump head less than the upper reservoir head flow will be out of the reservoir (into the lower one)
Total Error:
Head Versus Flow Rate

35
30
Head (m)
25
20
15
10
5
0
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.10
0.11
3
Q (m /s)
0.12
0.13
0.0214
0.0214
0.0214
0.0214
0.0214
0.14
0.15
0.00
Problem 10.77
[4]
8.158
Problem 10.78
Given:
Data on flow from reservoir/pump
Find:
Appropriate pump; Reduction in flow after 10 years
Solution:
Basic equation:
[4]
2
2
p
p
V1
V4
1
4
g + 2 g + z1 g + 2 g + z4 = HlT Hp
HlT = f
for flow from 1 to 4
Le V
L V
V
+ f
+ K
2 g
D 2 g
D 2 g
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) at 1 and 2 is approximately 1 4) V2 = V3 = V4 (constant area pipe)
= 1000
6 m
kg
m
= 1.01 10
pv = 2.34 kPa
(Table A.8)
Q = 0.075
p2 = 150 kPa
For minor losses we have
At the pump inlet
p3 = 450 kPa
D = 15 cm
e = 0.046 mm
z1 = 20 m
z4 = 35 m
V =
Le
Four elbows:
NPSHA =
The head rise through the pump is Hp =
p2 +
p3 p2
g
4 Q
V = 4.24
= 4 12 = 48
1
2
V pv
2
(Fig. 8.16)
Square inlet:
m
s
m
s
Kent = 0.5
NPSHA = 16.0 m
g
Hp = 30.6 m
m
or Q = 1189 gpm and Hp = 30.6 m or Hp = 100 ft, from Appendix
s
D. Fig. D3 a Peerless4AE11 would suffice
2
2
Le V 2
L V
V
We do not know the pipe length L! Solving the energy equation for it:z1 z4 = HlT Hp = f
+ f
+ Kent
Hp
2 g
D 2 g
D 2 g
Hence for a flow rate of Q = 0.075
For f
Given
Re =
V D
e
D
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
Re = 6.303 10
and
f = 0.0161
e
4
= 3.07 10
D
L =
Hence, substituting values
Le Kent D
z1 z4 + Hp D
2
f
D
f V
2 g D
From Problem 10.65, for a pipe D = 0.15 m or D = 5.91 in, the aging over 10 years leads to
L = 146 m
fworn = 2.2 f
We need to solve the energy equation for a new V
Vworn =
Hence
Qworn =
D
Vworn
4
2 g z1 z4 + Hp
m
Vworn = 2.88
L
s
L
e
+ Kent
fworn +
D D
Qworn = 0.0510
m
s
3
Q = Qworn Q
Check f
Reworn =
Vworn D
Q = 0.0240
Given
Hence using 2.2 x 0.0161 is close enough to using 2.2 x 0.0165
Q
= 32.0 %
Q
m
s
e
D
1
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
3.7
f
Reworn f
f = 0.0165
Problem 10.79
8.124
[4] Part 1/2
Problem 10.79
[4] Part 2/2
Problem 10.80
[4] Part 1/2
Problem 10.80
[4] Part 2/2
Problem 10.81
[4] Part 1/2
Problem 10.81
[4] Part 2/2
Problem 10.82
[4]
Problem 10.83
[4]
8.169
Problem 10.84
[4]
Given:
Fire nozzle/pump system
Find:
Appropriate pump; Impeller diameter; Pump power input needed
Solution:
Basic equations
2
2
p
p
V2
V3
2
3
+
+
g
+
g
2
3 = hl
2
2
L V2
hl = f
D 2
for the hose

2
2
p
p
V2
V1
2
1
+ 2 + g z2 + 2 + g z1 = hpump
for the pump

The first thing we need is the flow rate. Below we repeat Problem 8.159 calculations
Hence for the hose
2
p2 p3
p
L V
=
= f
D 2
or
2 p D
f L
V =
We need to iterate to solve this for V because f is unknown until Re is known. This can be done using Excel's Solver, but here:
p = 750 kPa
L = 100 m
e = 0
Make a guess for f f = 0.01
Given
V = 7.25
e
D
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
2 p D
V = 5.92
f L
Re =
e
D
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
2 p D
V = 5.81
f L
2.51
= 2.0 log
+
f
3.7 Re f
e
D
V =
2 p D
f L
m
s
= 1000
2
6 m
kg
= 1.01 10
m
V D
Re =
Re = 2.51 10
f = 0.0150
V =
Given
2 p D
f L
V =
Given
V =
D = 3.5 cm
V D
Re = 2.05 10
f = 0.0156
m
Re =
V D
Re = 2.01 10
f = 0.0156
V = 5.80
m
s
Re =
V D
Re = 2.01 10
Q =
D
V
4
Q = 5.578 10
3
3m
We have
p1 = 350 kPa
For the pump
2
2
p
p
V2
V1
2
1
+ 2 + g z2 + 2 + g z1 = hpump
so
hpump =
p2 p1
Q = 0.335
p2 = 700 kPa + 750 kPa
or
Hpump =
m
min
p2 = 1450 kPa
p2 p1
Hpump = 112 m
m
We need a pump that can provide a flow of Q = 0.335
or Q = 88.4 gpm, with a head of Hpump = 112 m or Hpump = 368 ft
min
From Appendix D, Fig. D.1 we see that a Peerless 2AE11 can provide this kind of flow/head combination; it could also
handle four such hoses (the flow rate would be 4 Q = 354 gpm). An impeller diameter could be chosen from
proprietary curves.
Wh
The required power input is
where we choose p = 75 % from Fig. 10.15
Wm =
p
Wm =
Prequired =
Ppump
Q g Hpump
Prequired =
p
6.14 kW
70 %
Wm = 8.18 kW
for one hose or
Prequired = 8.77 kW
or
4 Wm = 32.7 kW
for four
4 Prequired = 35.1 kW
for four
w = 1000
kg/m3

p =-1.32Q 2 + 5.85Q + 48.0
=-0.0426Q 2 + 0.389Q -0.0267
Q (m /s) p (mm) Pm (kW) Ph (kW) (%)

3
3
4
5
53
51
45
2.05
2.37
2.60
1.56
2.00
2.21
76.1%
84.4%
84.9%
6
7
8
35
23
11
2.62
2.61
2.40
2.06
1.58
0.86
78.6%
60.5%
36.0%

Q (m3/s)
p (mm)
(%)
4.57
47.2
86.1%
Fan Performance Curve

60
100%
50
75%
30
50%
20
25%
10
0%
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
Q (m3/s)
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
(%)
p (mm)
40
w = 1000
kg/m3
air = 1.225
kg/m3

p =-1.32Q 2 + 5.85Q + 48.0
2
air = 1.50.E-05 m /s
L=
15
m
Assume smooth ducting
User Solver to vary H so the error in p is zero

Fan
Q (m3/s) p (mm)
Note: Efficiency curve not needed for this problem

Q (m3/s) p (mm) Pm (kW) Ph (kW) (%)
3
4
5
6
7
8
53
51
45
35
23
11
2.05
2.37
2.60
2.62
2.61
2.40
1.56
2.00
2.21
2.06
1.58
0.86
7.08
76.1%
84.4%
84.9%
78.6%
60.5%
36.0%
H (m)
V (m/s)
0.472
31.73
Answers:
Q (m3/s)
5.75
Re
9.99.E+05
f
0.0116
H (m)
Q (m3/s)
H (m)
0.394
7.08
0.472
100%
50
30
50%
20
25%
10
0
0%
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
Q (m3/s)
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
(%)
p (mm)
75%
3.5
23.3
0.00%
60
3.0
Duct
p (mm)
Error in p
40
23.3
At Q =
h dyn =
5.75
4
m3/s
mm
w = 1000
kg/m3
air = 1.225
kg/m3
V =
Hence
8.00
m/s
A = 0.71838 m2
h t = -0.12Q 2 + 0.585Q + 4.7986
Q (m3/s) p (mm) Pm (kW) h dyn (mm) h t (cm) Ph (kW) (%)

3
4
5
6
53
51
45
35
2.05
2.37
2.60
2.62
1.09
1.94
3.02
4.36
5.41
5.29
4.80
3.94
1.59
2.08
2.36
2.32
7
8
23
11
2.61
2.40
5.93
7.74
2.89
1.87
1.99
1.47
Ph = -0.133Q 2 + 1.43Q - 1.5202
= -0.0331Q 2 + 0.330Q+ 0.0857

77.7%
87.6%
90.6%Finally, we use Solver to maximize by varying Q :
88.4%
Q (m3/s)
h t (cm)
Ph (kW)
76.1%
(%)
61.3%
90.8%
4.98
4.73
2.30

6
100%
75%
50%
Ph
2
25%
1
0%
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
Q (m3/s)
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
(%)
h t (cm), Ph (kW)
ht
Problem 10.88
Given:
Data on centrifugal fan and various sizes
Find:
Suitable fan; Fan speed and input power
[3]
Solution:
Basic equations:
Q' ' D'

=
Q
D
h' '
=
h
D'
P' '
=
P
D'
We choose data from the middle of the table above as being in the region of the best efficiency
3
Q = 5
m
s
h = 45 mm
P = 2.62 kW
and
= 650 rpm
D = 1 m
Q' = 14
The flow and head are
m
s
h' = 25 mm
These equations are the scaling laws for scaling from the table data to the new fan. Solving for scaled fan speed, and
diameter using the first two equations
1
2
' =
Q h'

Q'
h
3
4
' = 250 rpm
D' = D
1
2
Q' h

Q h'
1
4
D' = 1.938 m
This size is too large; choose (by trial and error)

3
Q = 7
m
s
' =
h = 23 mm
1
2
Q h'

Q' h
3
4
' = 489 rpm
P = 2.61 kW
D' = D
1
2
Q' h

Q h'
1
4
D' = 1.385 m
Hence it looks like the largest fan (1.375 m) will be the only fit; it must run at about 500 rpm. Note that it will NOT be running at
best efficiency. The power will be
P' = P
' D'

D
P' = 5.67 kW
Problem 10.89
[4]
Problem 10.90
[4]
10.89
10.89
10.89
Problem 10.91
[3]
Problem 10.92
[3]
V1
V2 = V3 = V
d e
y
2h
x
CS
V4
Given:
Data on boat and propeller
Find:
Propeller diameter; Thrust at rest; Thrust at 30 mph
Solution:
Basic equation:
(4.26)
Assumption: 1) Atmospheric pressure on CS 2) Horizontal 3) Steady w.r.t. the CV 4) Use velocities relative to CV
The x-momentum is then
) (
T = u1 mrate + u4 mrate = V4 V1 mrate

V =
It can be shown (see Example 10.13) that

For the static case
V1 = 0 mph
From continuity
D
mrate = V A = V
4
1
V4 + V1
2
lbm
where mrate = 90
is the mass flow rate
s
V4 = 90 mph
so
V =
1
V4 + V1
2
4 mrate
Hence
D =
For V1 = 0
T = mrate V4 V1
When in motion
V1 = 30 mph
Hence for V1 = 30 mph
T = mrate V4 V1
V = 45 mph
slug
ft
D = 4.76 ft
= 0.002377
with
T = 369 lbf
and
V =
1
V4 + V1
2
T = 123 lbf
so
V4 = 2 V V1
V4 = 60 mph
Problem 10.93
Given:
Data on air boat and propeller
Find:
Thrust at rest; Thrust at 12.5 m/s
[3]
Solution:
Assume the aircraft propeller coefficients in Fi.g 10.40 are applicable to this propeller.
At V = 0, J = 0. Extrapolating from Fig. 10.40b
We also have
D = 1.5 m
n = 1800 rpm n = 30
The thrust at standstill (J = 0) is found from

At a speed V = 12.5
m
s
CF = 0.16
J =
V
n D
rev
s
and
kg
3
m
2
F T = C F n D
J = 0.278
2
= 1.225
FT = 893 N
(Note: n is in rev/s)
and so from Fig. 10.40b
CP = 0.44
P = C P n D
The thrust and power at this speed can be found FT = CF n D
FT = 809 N
and
CF = 0.145
P = 111 kW
Problem 10.94
[3]
y
x
U
V
d
CS
Y
X
Given:
Data on jet-propelled aircraft
Find:
Propulsive efficiency
Solution:
Basic equation:
(4.26)
(4.56)
The x-momentum is then
or
The useful work is then
FD = u1 mrate + u4 mrate = ( U) mrate + ( V) mrate
lbm
where mrate = 90
is the mass flow rate
s
FD = mrate ( V U)
FD U = mrate ( V U) U
mrate
U2
V2
2
2
(mrate) + (mrate) =
(V U )
2
2
2

The energy equation simplifies to W =
Hence
mrate ( V U) U
mrate
2
With
U = 450 mph
and
V U
2 ( V U ) U
(V
V = 1200 mph
2
1+
V
U
=
2
1+
V
U
= 54.5 %
Problem 10.95
[4]
9.89
9.89
Problem 10.96
[4]
V2 = V3 = V
d e
y
2h
x
V1
CS
V4
Given:
Definition of propulsion efficiency
Find:
for moving and stationary boat
Solution:
The x-momentum (Example 10.3):
T = u1 mrate + u4 mrate = mrate V4 V1
Applying the energy equation to steady, incompressible, uniform flow through the moving CV gives the minimum power input requiremen
V 2 V 2
1
4
Pmin = mrate
2
2
On the other hand, useful work is done at the rate of
Puseful = V1 T = V1 mrate V4 V1
Combining these expressions
or
V1 mrate V4 V1
V 2 V 2
1
4
mrate
2
2
V1 V4 V1
)(
1
V4 V1 V4 + V1
2
2 V1
V1 + V4
When in motion
V1 = 30 mph
For the stationary case
V1 = 0 mph
and
V4 = 90 mph
2 V1
V1 + V4
2 V1
V1 + V4
= 50 %
= 0%
Problem 10.97
[4]
9.170
9.170
Problem 10.98
Section 10-5.
[5]
Problem 10.99
[2]
Problem 10.100
[2]
V1
U = R
Vj
Given:
Pelton turbine
Find:
1) Power 2) Operating speed 3) Runaway speed 4) Torque 5) Torque at zero speed
Solution:
2
2
p
p
h
V1
Vj
1
j
lT
+
+
z
+
z
g
1 g
j = g
2
g
2
Basic equations
and from Example 10.5
V
hlT = hl + hlm = K
2
Tideal = Q R Vj U ( 1 cos ( ) )
= 165 deg
Assumptions: 1) pj = pamt 2) Incompressible flow 3) at 1 and j is approximately 1 4) Only minor loss at nozzle 5) z1 = zj
Given data
Then
p1g = 700 psi
V1 = 15 mph
V1 = 22
d = 7.5 in
D = 8 ft
R =
p1g
g
V1
2 g
Vj
2 g
K Vj
g 2
and
d
Q = Vj
4
Hence
P = Q g H
or
ft
Q = 97.2
s
= 86 %
D
2
ft
s
Vj =
K = 0.04
= 1.94
slug
ft
2
p
1g V1
+
2
2

1+K
Vj = 317
ft
s
p1g V1
H =
+
2 g
g
H = 1622 ft
P = 15392 hp
From Fig. 10.10, normal operating speed is around U = 0.47 Vj
U = 149
run =
ft
U
R
Urun
Urun = Vj
From Example 10.5
Tideal = Q R Vj U ( 1 cos ( ) )
Tideal = 2.49 10 ft lbf
Hence
T = Tideal
T = 2.14 10 ft lbf
Stall occurs when
U = 0
rad
= 356 rpm
rad
run = 79.2
s
At runaway
= 37.2
D

2
run = 756 rpm
Tstall = Q R Vj ( 1 cos ( ) )
Tstall = 4.04 10 ft lbf
Problem 10.101
[2]
Problem 10.102
[2]
Problem 10.103
[3]
10.13
10.13
Problem 10.104
[3]
Problem 10.105
[3]
Given:
Impulse turbine requirements
Find:
1) Operating speed 2) Wheel diameter 4) Jet diameter 5) Compare to multiple-jet and double-overhung
Solution:
Vj =
Basic equations:
2 g H
NS =
1
2
1
2
h
Model as optimum. This means. from Fig. 10.10
H = 350 m
5
4
P
Q g H
U = 0.47 Vj
and from Fig. 10.17 NScu = 5
P = 15 MW
= 1.94
Vj =
2 g H
Vj = 82.9
m
s
Q =
U = 0.47 Vj
U = 38.9
NS =
= N S
Q = 4.91
( g H)
P
D =
The wheel radius is
2 U
m
s
NScu
NS = 0.115
43.46
P
g H
1
2
For a single jet
= 89 %
We need to convert from NScu (from Fig. 10.17) to NS (see discussion after Eq. 10.18b).
The water consumption is
with
slug
ft
Then
Q = Vj Aj
m
s
5
4
1
2
(1)
= 236 rpm
Dj =
4 Q
V j
(2)
Dj = 0.275 m
D = 3.16 m
(3)
For multiple (n) jets, we use the power and flow per jet
n = n
From Eq 1
Results:
n =
From Eq. 2
n ( n) =
Djn =
Dj
n
Djn ( n) =
and
Dn =
Dn ( n) =
236
333
0.194
2.23
408
0.159
1.82
471
0.137
1.58
527
0.123
1.41
rpm
0.275 m
3.16 m
A double-hung wheel is equivalent to having a single wheel with two jets
D
n
from Eq. 3
H =
25
NOTE: Earlier printings had H incorrectly as 20 m, which gives efficiencies > 100%
= 1000 kg/m
R = 2.00 m
=
300 rpm
Q (m3/hr) F (N) T (Nm) P (kW) (%)
44
86
124
157
211
257
33
72
107
140
194
233
66
144
214
280
388
466
2.07
4.52
6.72
8.80
12.19
14.64
69.2%
77.2%
79.6%
82.2%
84.8%
83.6%
=
325 rpm
Q (m3/hr) F (N) T (Nm) P (kW) (%)
44
86
124
157
211
257
29
63
96
124
175
213
58
126
192
248
350
426
1.97
4.29
6.53
8.44
11.91
14.50
65.9%
73.2%
77.4%
78.9%
82.9%
82.8%
Turbine Performance Curves

100%
16
(300 rpm)
14
90%
P (kW)
10
(325 rpm)
70%
P (300 rpm)
60%
50%
P (325 rpm)
40%
30%
4
20%
2
10%
0
0
50
100
150
Q (m3/hr)
200
250
0%
300
(%)
80%
12
Problem 10.107
[4]
Problem 10.108
[3]
f =
=
R =
=
0.02
1.94
2.00
80%
slug/ft
m
3
D (in) V (m/s) Q (ft /s) Ph (hp)
10
21.1
11.5
9.10
12
23.2
18.2
17.22
14
25.0
26.7
29.54
16
26.7
37.3
47.13
18
28.4
50.1
71.18
20
29.9
65.2 102.93
Pm (hp)
7.28
13.78
23.63
37.71
56.95
82.34
15.7
26.5
35.4
43.75 35.00
The smallest standard size is 16 in.
Turbine efficiency varies with specific speed (Fig. 10.17).

Pipe roughness appears to the 1/2 power, so has a secondary effect.
A 20% error in f leads to a 10% change in water speed
and 30% change in power.
A Pelton wheel is an impulse turbine that does not flow full of water;
it directs the stream with open buckets.
A diffuser could not be used with this system.
Use Goal Seek or Solver to vary D to make Pm 35 hp!
Pm (hp)
Power Versus Pipe Diameter

90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
10
12
14
D (in)
16
18
20
Problem 10.110
[2]
Problem 10.111
[4]
Problem 10.112
Given:
Model of farm windmill
Find:
Angular speed for optimum power; Power output
[2]
Solution:
Basic equations:
CP =
P
1
3
2
V R
2
From Fig. 10.45
CPmax = 0.3
Hence, for
V = 10
Also
1
3
2
P = CPmax V R
2
m
s
X =
at
R
V
X = 0.8
X V
R
P = 144 W
and we have
= 1.225
kg
3
m
and
D = 1 m
= 16
rad
s
R =
D
2
R = 0.5 m
= 153 rpm
Problem 10.113
[3]
Problem 10.114
[2]
Problem 10.115
[5] Part 1/3
Problem 10.115
[5] Part 2/3
Problem 10.115
[5] Part 3/3
Problem 10.116
[5] Part 1/3
10.45
Problem 10.116
[5] Part 2/3
Problem 10.116
[5] Part 3/3
Problem 11.1
Given:
Rectangular channel flow
Find:
Discharge
[1]
Solution:
2
Basic equation:
1
3
2
Q = A R S0
n
Note that this is an "engineering" equation, to be used without units!

For a rectangular channel of width Bw = 2 m and depth y = 1.5 m we find from Table 11.2
2
A = Bw y
A = 3.00 m
n = 0.015
Manning's roughness coefficient is
Q =
2
3
1.49
A R S0
n
1
2
R =
and
Bw y
Bw + 2 y
S0 = 0.0005
3
Q = 3.18
m
s
R = 0.600 m
Problem 11.2
Given:
Data on rectangular channel
Find:
Depth of flow
[3]
Solution:
Basic equation:
Q =
2
3
1
A R S0
n
1
2

3
m
For a rectangular channel of width Bw = 2.5 m and flow rate Q = 3
we find from Table 11.2
s
n = 0.015
and
A = Bw y
S0 = 0.0004
2
3
Bw y
1
2
Q = Bw y
S0
n
Bw + 2 y
Hence the basic equation becomes
2
3
Bw y
=
Bw + 2 y
Solving for y
Q n
B w S0
1
2
This is a nonlinear implicit equation for y and must be solved numerically. We can use one of a number of numerical
root finding techniques, such as Newton's method, or we can use Excel's Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually
Q n
= 0.900 .
iterate, as below, to make the left side evaluate to
B w S0
1
2
2
3
For
y = 1
( m)
Bw y
= 0.676
Bw + 2 y
2
3
For
y = 1.2
( m)
2
3
For
y = 1.23
( m)
The solution to three figures is
Bw y
= 0.894
Bw + 2 y
Bw y
= 0.865
Bw + 2 y
2
3
For
y = 1.24
( m)
y = 1.24
(m)
Bw y
= 0.904
Bw + 2 y
R=
Bw y
B w + 2 y
Problem 11.3
Given:
Data on trapzoidal channel
Find:
Depth of flow
[3]
Solution:
Basic equation:
Q =
2
3
1.49
A R S0
n
1
2

3
Bw = 8 ft
For the trapezoidal channel we have
z = 2
Q = 100
ft
s
S0 = 0.0004
n = 0.015
2
3
1.49
Q =
A R S0
n
Hence
Solving for y
A = Bw + z y y = ( 8 + 2 y) y
Hence from Table 11.2
[ ( 8 + 2 y) y]
(8 + 2 y 5)
1
2
R=
(Bw + z y) y
=
2
Bw + 2 y 1 + z
2
3
( 8 + 2 y) y
8 + 2 y 5
1.49
( 8 + 2 y) y
2
=
( 8 + 2 y) y
0.0004 = 100
0.015
8 + 2 y 5
(Note that we don't use units!)
5
3
2
3
= 50.3
This is a nonlinear implicit equation for y and must be solved numerically. We can use one of a number of numerical root finding techniqu
such as Newton's method, or we can use Excel's Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below.
For
y = 2
( ft)
[ ( 8 + 2 y) y]
(8 + 2 y 5)
For
y = 2.6
( ft)
[ ( 8 + 2 y) y]
(8 + 2 y 5)
5
3
2
3
= 30.27
For
y = 3
( ft)
(8 + 2 y 5)
5
3
2
3
[ ( 8 + 2 y) y]
= 49.81
For
y = 2.61
( ft)
[ ( 8 + 2 y) y]
(8 + 2 y 5)
y = 2.61
(ft)
5
3
2
3
= 65.8
5
3
2
3
= 50.18
Problem 11.4
Given:
Data on trapezoidal channel
Find:
Depth of flow
[3]
Solution:
Basic equation:
Q =
2
3
1
A R S0
n
1
2

3
Bw = 2.5 m
z = 2
Q = 3
m
s
S0 = 0.0004
n = 0.015
2
3
1
Q = A R S0
n
Hence
Solving for y
A = Bw + z y y = ( 8 + 2 y) y
[ ( 2.5 + 2 y) y]
(2.5 + 2 y 5)
1
2
R =
( Bw + z y) y
=
2
Bw + 2 y 1 + z
2
3
( 2.5 + 2 y) y
2.5 + 2 y 5
1
( 2.5 + 2 y) y
2
=
( 2.5 + 2 y) y
0.0004 = 3
0.015
2.5 + 2 y 5
5
3
2
3
= 2.25
For
y = 1
( m)
[ ( 2.5 + 2 y) y]
( 2.5 + 2 y 5 )
For
y = 0.81
( m)
[ ( 2.5 + 2 y) y]
( 2.5 + 2 y 5 )
5
3
2
3
= 3.36
For
y = 0.8
(m)
( 2.5 + 2 y 5 )
5
3
2
3
[ ( 2.5 + 2 y) y]
= 2.23
For
y = 0.815
(m)
[ ( 2.5 + 2 y) y]
( 2.5 + 2 y 5 )
y = 0.815
(m)
5
3
2
3
= 2.17
5
3
2
3
= 2.25
Problem 11.5
Given:
Data on sluice gate
Find:
Downstream depth; Froude number
[2]
Solution:
Basic equation:
p1
g
V1
2 g
+ y1 =
p2
g
V2
2 g
+ y2 + h
The Bernoulli equation applies because we have steady,

incompressible, frictionless flow.
Noting that p1 = p2 = patm, (1 = upstream, 2 = downstream) the Bernoulli equation becomes

2
V1
2 g
+ y1 =
V2
2 g
+ y2
3
The given data is b = 3 m

For mass flow
Q = V A
y1 = 2 m
Q = 8.5
so
V1 =
2
Using these in the Bernoulli equation
Q
b y
1 + y =
1
2 g
m
s
Q
b y1
and
V2 =
Q
b y2
Q
b y
2 + y
2
2 g
(1)
2
Q
b y
1 + y = 2.10 m
1
2 g
The only unknown on the right is y2. The left side evaluates to
To find y2 we need to solve the non-linear equation. We must do this numerically; we may use the Newton method or similar, or
Excel's Solver or Goal Seek. Here we interate manually, starting with an arbitrary value less than y1.
2
y2 = 0.5 m
Q
b y
2 + y = 2.14 m
2
2 g
For
y2 = 0.505 m
Q
b y
2 + y = 2.11 m
2
2 g
Hence
y2 = 0.507 m
Then
V2 =
For
For
y2 = 0.51 m
Q
by
2 + y = 2.08 m
2
2 g
y2 = 0.507 m
Q
by
2 + y = 2.10 m
2
2 g
Q
b y2
V2 = 5.59
m
s
For
Fr2 =
V2
g y2
Fr2 = 2.51
Problem 11.6
Given:
Data on flume
Find:
Discharge
[1]
Solution:
2
Basic equation:
1.49
3
2
Q =
A R S0
n

For a rectangular channel of width Bw = 6 ft and depth y = 3 ft we find from Table 11.2
A = Bw y
A = 18 ft
n = 0.013
For concrete (Table 11.1)
Q =
2
3
1.49
A R S0
n
1
2
R =
and
S0 =
Bw y
Bw + 2 y
1 ft
1000 ft
3
Q = 85.5
ft
s
R = 1.50 ft
S0 = 0.001
Problem 11.7
Given:
Data on flume
Find:
Slope
[1]
Solution:
2
Basic equation:
1.49
3
2
Q =
A R S0
n

For a rectangular channel of width Bw = 3 ft and depth y = 6 ft we find
A = Bw y
A = 18 ft
R =
Bw y
R = 1.20 ft
Bw + 2 y
n = 0.0145
For wood (not in Table 11.1) a Google search finds n = 0.012 to 0.017; we use
S0 =
3
1.49 A R
n Q
S0 = 1.86 10
with
Q = 90
ft
s
Problem 11.8
Given:
Data on square channel
Find:
Dimensions for concrete and soil cement
[2]
Solution:
Basic equation:
Q =
2
3
1
A R S0
n
1
2

A = Bw
For a square channel of width Bw we find
2
3
Hence
Q =
1
2 Bw
Bw
S0
n
3
1
2
R=
S0
1
2
n 3
2
3
Bw
8
3
or
Bw y
Bw + 2 y
2
3
3 Q
Bw =
n
1
S 2
0
The given data is
Q = 20
m
s
For concrete, from Table 11.1 (assuming large depth)
S0 = 0.003
n = .013
Bw = 2.36 m
For soil cement from Table 11.1 (assuming large depth)
n = .020
Bw = 2.77 m
Bw
Bw + 2 Bw
3
8
Bw
3
Problem 11.9
Given:
Find:
Bed slope
[1]
Solution:
2
Basic equation:
1
3
2
Q = A R S0
n

3
Bw = 2.4 m
For bare soil (Table 11.1)
n = 0.020
A = Bw + z y y
Hence
z = 1
Q n
S0 =
3
A R
A = 4.32 m
y = 1.2 m
R =
Q = 7.1
( Bw + z y) y
R = 0.746 m
2
Bw + 2 y 1 + z
S0 = 1.60 10
m
s
Problem 11.10
Given:
Data on triangular channel
Find:
Required dimensions
[1]
Solution:
2
Basic equation:
1
3
2
Q = A R S0
n

3
For the triangular channel we have
z = 1
S0 = 0.001
For concrete (Table 11.1)
n = 0.013
(assuming y > 60 cm: verify later)
A = z y = y
R =
Q = 10
z y
=
2
2 1 + z
Hence
Solving for y
Q =
2
3
1
A R S0
n
y =
2 n Q
S0
1
2
2
3
m
s
y
2 2
1 2 y
1
y
S0 = n y
n
2 2
8
3
1
3
1
S0
8
1
2
8
3
1
y S0
2 n
1
2
3
8
y = 2.20 m
(The assumption that y > 60 cm is verified)
Problem 11.11
Given:
Data on semicircular trough
Find:
Discharge
[2]
Solution:
2
Basic equation:
1
3
2
Q = A R S0
n

For the semicircular channel
d0 = 1 m
y = 0.25 m
Hence, from geometry
y 0
2
= 2 asin
d0
2
+ 180 deg
Then the discharge is
= 120 deg
n = 0.022
For corrugated steel, a Google search leads to
S0 = 0.01
A =
1
2
( sin ( ) ) d0
8
A = 0.154 m
R =
1
sin ( )
1
d
4
0
R = 0.147 m
Q =
1
n
2
3
1
3
2 m
A R S0
s
m
Q = 0.194
s
Problem 11.12
Given:
Find:
Discharge
[1]
Solution:
2
Basic equation:
1
3
2
Q = A R S0
n

d0 = 1 m
= 180 deg
For corrugated steel, a Google search leads to (Table 11.1)
A =
1
2
( sin( ) ) d0
8
A = 0.393 m
R =
1
sin( )
1
d
4
0
R = 0.25 m
Then the discharge is
n = 0.022
1
3
2 m
Q = A R S0
s
n
Q = 0.708
m
s
S0 = 0.01
Problem 11.13
Given:
Data on flume with plastic liner
Find:
Depth of flow
[3]
Solution:
2
Basic equation:
1.49
3
2
Q =
A R S0
n

For a rectangular channel of width Bw = 6 ft and depth y we find from Table 11.2
A = Bw y = 6 y
n = 0.010
and also
R=
2
3
1.49
Q =
A R S0
n
Hence
Solving for y
5
3
( 6 + 2 y)
2
3
S0 =
and
1
2
Bw + 2 y
6 y
6 + 2 y
S0 = 0.001
2
3
1.49
6 y
2
=
6 y
0.001 = 85.5
0.010
6 + 2 y
85.5 0.010
1 ft
1000 ft
Bw y
1
2
1.49 .001 6 6
2
3
or
5
3
( 6 + 2 y)
2
3
= 0.916
such as Newton's method, or we can use Excel's Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below. We start with Problem 11.6's
depth
For
y = 3
( feet)
5
3
( 6 + 2 y)
For
y = 2.5
( feet)
y = 2.47
( feet)
= 1.191
For
y = 2
( feet)
2
3
= 0.931
For
y = 2.45
( feet)
( 6 + 2 y)
= 0.916
y = 2.47
(feet)
2
3
= 0.684
5
3
( 6 + 2 y)
5
3
2
3
( 6 + 2 y)
5
3
( 6 + 2 y)
For
2
3
5
3
2
3
= 0.906
Problem 11.14
Given:
Find:
New depth of flow
[3]
Solution:
Basic equation:
Q =
2
3
1
A R S0
n
1
2

3
Bw = 2.4 m
n = 0.020
A = Bw + z y y = ( 2.4 + y) y
2
3
1
Q = A R S0
n
Hence
Solving for y
[ ( 2.4 + y) y]
1
2
z = 1
Q = 15
R =
m
s
S0 = 0.00193
( Bw + z y) y
=
2
Bw + 2 y 1 + z
2
3
( 2.4 + y) y
2.4 + 2 y 2
1
( 2.4 + y) y
2
=
( 2.4 + y) y
0.00193 = 15
0.020
2.4 + 2 y 2
5
3
(2.4 + 2 y 2)
2
3
= 6.83
such as Newton's method, or we can use Excel's Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below. We start with a larger depth
than Problem 11.9's.
For
y = 1.5
( m)
[ ( 2.4 + y) y]
5
3
(2.4 + 2 y 2)
For
y = 1.71
( m)
[ ( 2.4 + y) y]
= 5.37
For
y = 1.75
( m)
2
3
[ ( 2.4 + y) y]
(2.4 + 2 y 2)
5
3
(2.4 + 2 y 2)
2
3
5
3
= 6.89
For
y = 1.70
( m)
[ ( 2.4 + y) y]
(m)
= 7.2
5
3
(2.4 + 2 y 2)
y = 1.70
2
3
2
3
= 6.82
Problem 11.15
Given:
Find:
New depth of flow
[3]
Solution:
Basic equation:
Q =
2
3
1
A R S0
n
1
2

3
Bw = 2.4 m
n = 0.010
A = Bw + z y y = ( 2.4 + y) y
2
3
1
Q = A R S0
n
Hence
Solving for y
[ ( 2.4 + y) y]
1
2
z = 1
Q = 7.1
R =
m
s
S0 = 0.00193
( Bw + z y) y
=
2
Bw + 2 y 1 + z
2
3
( 2.4 + y) y
2.4 + 2 y 2
1
( 2.4 + y) y
2
=
( 2.4 + y) y
0.00193 = 7.1
0.010
2.4 + 2 y 2
5
3
(2.4 + 2 y 2)
2
3
= 1.62
such as Newton's method, or we can use Excel's Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below. We start with a shallower depth
than that of Problem 11.9.
For
y = 1
( m)
[ ( 2.4 + y) y]
5
3
(2.4 + 2 y 2)
For
y = 0.77
( m)
[ ( 2.4 + y) y]
= 2.55
For
y = 0.75
( m)
2
3
[ ( 2.4 + y) y]
(2.4 + 2 y 2)
5
3
(2.4 + 2 y 2)
2
3
5
3
= 1.60
For
y = 0.775
( m)
[ ( 2.4 + y) y]
(m)
= 1.53
5
3
(2.4 + 2 y 2)
y = 0.775
2
3
2
3
= 1.62
Problem 11.16
Given:
Find:
New depth of flow
[3]
Solution:
2
Basic equation:
1
3
2
Q = A R S0
n

3
d0 = 1 m
S0 = 0.01
A =
1
1
2
( sin( ) ) d0 = ( sin( ) )
8
8
R =
1
sin( )
1
sin( )
1
d = 1
4
0
4

2
3
1
2
1
Q = A R S0
n
Hence
Solving for
2
3
( sin ( ) )
5
3
m
s
n = 0.022
For corrugated steel, a Google search leads to (Table 11.1)
From Table 11.2
Q = 0.3
2
3
1 1
1
sin ( )
2
=
( sin ( ) ) 1
0.01 = 0.3
0.022 8

4
= 1.33
This is a nonlinear implicit equation for and must be solved numerically. We can use one of a number of numerical root finding techniqu
such as Newton's method, or we can use Excel's Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below. We start with a half-full channe
For
= 180 deg
For
= 135 deg
2
3
2
3
( sin ( ) )
( sin ( ) )
= 136 deg
From geometry
y =
5
3
5
3
= 3.14
For
= 140 deg
= 1.30
d0
1 cos
2
2
For
= 136 deg
y = 0.313 m
2
3
2
3
( sin ( ) )
( sin ( ) )
5
3
5
3
= 1.47
= 1.33
Problem 11.17
[2]
Given:
Triangular channel
Find:
Proof that wetted perimeter is minimized when sides meet at right angles
Solution:
From Table 11.2
A = z y
P = 2 y 1 + z
We need to vary z to minimize P while keeping A constant, which means thaty =
P = 2
Hence we eliminate y in the expression for P
A
z
with A = constant
A
A 1 + z
2
1 + z = 2
z
z
For optimizing P
dP
z 1
A
=
2
dz
z
z z + 1
=0
or
z = 1
For z = 1 we find from the figure that we have the case where the sides are inclined at 45o, so meet at 90o. Note that we have only
proved that this is a minimum OR maximum of P! It makes sense that it's the minimum, as, for constant A, we get a huge P if we set
z to a large number (almost vertical walls); taking the second derivative at z = 1 results in a value of 2 A, which is positive, so we
DO have a minimum.
Problem 11.18
Given:
Find:
Critical depth and velocity
[3]
Solution:
2
V
2 g
Basic equation:
E = y+
The given data is:
Bw = 20 ft
In terms of flow rate
E = y+
1
2
z =
S0 = 0.0016
2 A g
E = y+
Hence in terms of y
Q = 400
ft
s
A = Bw + z y y
where (Table 11.2)
n = 0.025
2 2
2 Bw + z y y g
2
For critical conditions
2
2
Bw Q
dE
Q z
Q
=0 =1
=1
2
3
3
2
3
3
dy
g y Bw + y z
g y Bw + y z
g y Bw + y z
Hence
g y Bw + y z
= Bw Q
2
7
6 ft
2
The only unknown on the right is y. The right side evaluates to Bw Q = 3.20 10
To find y we need to solve the non-linear equation. We must do this numerically; we may use the Newton method or similar, or
Excel's Solver or Goal Seek. Here we interate manually, starting with an arbitrary value
For
For
For
y = 1 ft
y = 2.5 ft
g y Bw + y z
y = 2.19 ft g y Bw + y z
Hence the critical depth is
Also
g y Bw + y z
A = Bw + z y y
= 2.77 10
7
5 ft
2
For
7
6 ft
2
For
7
6 ft
2
For
y = 2 ft
= 4.82 10
y = 2.2 ft
y = 2.20 ft
g y Bw + y z
= 3.17 10
g y Bw + y z
g y Bw + y z
= 2.38 10
= 3.22 10
so critical speed is
V =
Q
A
7
6 ft
2
= 3.22 10
7
6 ft
2
y = 2.20 ft
A = 46.4 ft
7
6 ft
2
V = 8.62
ft
s
Problem 11.19
Given:
Find:
Normal depth and velocity
[3]
Solution:
2
Basic equation:
1.49
3
2
Q =
A R S0
n

Bw = 20 ft
Q = 400
ft
s
S0 = 0.0016
R=
Solving for y
20 + 1 y y
(20 + y 5)
y = 5
( ft)
( ft)
20 + y 5
5
3
= 250
2
3
This is a nonlinear implicit equation for y and must be solved numerically. We can u
one of a number of numerical root finding techniques, such as Newton's method, or
we can use Excel's Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below. We
start with an arbitrary depth
20 + 1 y y
( 20 + y 5 )
y = 4.85
20 + 1 y y
2
=
Bw + 2 y 1 + z
2
3
1
2
n = 0.025
(Bw + z y) y
20 + 1 y y
1
1
1
1
2
2
Q = A R S0 =
20 + y y
0.0016 = 400
n
0.025
2 20 + y 5
2
3
Hence
For
1
2
1
A = Bw + z y y = 20 + y y
2
For
z =
y = 4.83 ft
Finally, the normal velocity is
V =
Q
A
= 265
2
3
20 + 1 y y
( 20 + y 5 )
5
3
2
3
For
y = 4.9
20 + 1 y y
( ft)
(20 + y 5)
5
3
= 252
For
y = 4.83
20 + 1 y y
( ft)
Then
A = Bw + z y y
V = 3.69
ft
s
A = 108 ft
= 256
2
3
( 20 + y 5 )
5
3
2
3
5
3
= 250
Problem 11.20
[3]
Given:
Trapezoidal channel
Find:
Derive expression for hydraulic radius; Plot R/y versus y for two different side slopes
Solution:
The area is (from simple geometry or Table 11.2)
1
A = Bw y + 2 y y z = Bw + z y y
2
The wetted perimeter is (from simple geometry or Table 11.2)
P = Bw + 2 y 1 + z
Hence the hydraulic radius is
We are to plot
R=
R
=
y
A
=
P
(Bw + z y) y
which is the same as that listed in Table 11.2

2
Bw + 2 y 1 + z
(Bw + z y)
with
2
Bw + 2 y 1 + z
Bw = 2 m
Note: For = 30o
z =
1
tan( 30 deg)
z = 1.73
Note: For = 60o
z =
1
tan( 60 deg)
z = 0.577
The graph is plotted in the associated Excel workbook
for = 30o and 60o, and 0.5 < y < 3 m.
Problem 11.20
[3]
Given:
Trapezoidal channel
Find:
Derive expression for hydraulic radius; Plot R/y versus y for two different side slopes
Solution:
Given data:
Bw = 2 m
Computed results:
= 30o = 60o
z = 1.73 z = 0.577
y (m) R /y
R /y
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
0.717
0.691
0.669
0.651
0.636
0.622
0.610
0.600
0.591
0.582
0.575
0.568
0.725
0.693
0.665
0.640
0.618
0.598
0.580
0.564
0.550
0.537
0.524
0.513
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0
0.562
0.556
0.551
0.546
0.542
0.538
0.534
0.531
0.527
0.524
0.522
0.519
0.516
0.514
0.503
0.494
0.485
0.477
0.469
0.462
0.455
0.449
0.443
0.437
0.432
0.427
0.422
0.418
R /y versus y for Trapezoidal Channels

0.8
0.6
R /y
0.4
z = 1.73
z = 0.577
0.2
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
y (m)
2.5
3.0
Problem 11.21
[3]
Given:
Circular channel
Find:
Derive expression for hydraulic radius; Plot R/d0 versus d0 for a range of depths
Solution:
The area is (from simple geometry or Table 11.2)
2
d0
d0
d0
1 d0
d0
A =
+ 2 sin cos =
+
sin cos
8
8
4
2 2
2 2
2
2
2
d0
d0
d0
d0
d0
A =
+
sin( 2 ) =

sin( ) =
( sin( ) )
8
8
8
8
8
P =
The wetted perimeter is (from simple geometry or Table 11.2)
d0
2
d0
A
=
P
( sin( ) )
Hence the hydraulic radius is
R =
We are to plot
R
1
sin( )
= 1
d0
4

We will need y as a function of : y =
d0
1
sin( )
1
d
4
0
d0 d0
d0
+
cos =
1 cos
2
2
2
2
The graph is plotted in the associated Excel workbook
which is the same as that listed in Table 11.2
or
y
1
= 1 cos
d0
2
2
Problem 11.21
[3]
Given:
Circular channel
Find:
Derive expression for hydraulic radius; Plot R/d0 versus d0
Solution:
Given data
R /d 0 versus y /d 0 for a Circular Channel
( )
y /d 0
R /d 0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
0.000
0.008
0.030
0.067
0.117
0.179
0.250
0.329
0.413
0.500
0.587
0.671
0.000
0.005
0.020
0.043
0.074
0.109
0.147
0.184
0.219
0.250
0.274
0.292
240
260
280
300
320
340
360
0.750
0.821
0.883
0.933
0.970
0.992
1.000
0.302
0.304
0.300
0.291
0.279
0.264
0.250
0.4
0.3
R /d 0
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
y /d 0
0.6
0.8
1.0
Problem 11.22
Given:
Find:
Geometry for greatest hydraulic efficiency
[5]
Solution:
Basic equation:
Q =
2
3
1
A R S0
n
1
2

3
z = 2
Q = 10
From Table 11.2
A = Bw + z y y
m
s
S0 = 0.001
n = 0.020
P = Bw + 2 y 1 + z
We need to vary Bw and y to obtain optimum conditions. These are when the area and perimeter are optimized. Instead of two
independent variables Bw and y, we eliminate Bw by doing the following
A
z y
y
Bw =
Taking the derivative w.r.t. y
But at optimum conditions
Hence
P =
A
2
A
2
z y + 2 y 1 + z
y
1
A
2
A
z + 2 1 + z
2
y y
y
P =0
0=
P=
and so
and
z + 2 1 + z
A =0
or
A = 2 y 1 + z z y
we find
A = Bw + z y y = 2 y 1 + z z y
Comparing to
A = Bw + z y y
Hence
Bw = 2 y 1 + z 2 z y
Then
A = Bw + z y y = y 2 1 + z z
P = Bw + 2 y 1 + z = 4 y 1 + z 2 z y
and
Hence
R=
2
3
1
Q = A R S0
n
Q =
) (
A
y 2 1 + z z
2 1 + z z
=
=
y
P
2
2
4 1 + z 2 z
4 y 1 + z 2 z y
(2
1
2
5
3
1+z z
1 2
2
2 1 + z z y S 2
= y 2 1 + z z
0
n
2
4 1 + z 2 z
) (
2
3
S0
1
2
2
3
8
3
n 4 1 + z 2 z
Solving for y
3
n 4 1 + z2 2 z
y =
Q
5
1
2
2
2 1 + z z S0
Finally
3
8
y = 1.69
(m)
Bw = 0.799
(m)
Bw = 2 y 1 + z 2 z y
Problem 11.23
Given:
Find:
Normal depth
[3]
Solution:
2
Basic equation:
1.49
3
2
Q =
A R S0
n

3
Bw = 20 ft
z = 1.5
Q = 1000
ft
s
S0 = 0.0002
n = 0.014
Q =
Hence
Solving for y
A = Bw + z y y = ( 20 + 1.5 y) y
2
3
1.49
A R S0
n
[ ( 20 + 1.5 y) y]
(20 + 2 y
1
2
R =
=
2
Bw + 2 y 1 + z
2
3
( Bw + z y) y
1.49
( 20 + 1.5 y) y
( 20 + 1.5 y) y
0.0002
0.014
20 + 2 y 3.25
1
2
( 20 + 1.5 y) y
20 + 2 y 3.25
= 1000 (Note that we don't use units!)
5
3
3.25)
2
3
= 664
For
y = 7.5
( ft)
[ ( 20 + 1.5 y) y]
(20 + 2 y
For
y = 7.35
( ft)
3.25)
[ ( 20 + 1.5 y) y]
(20 + 2 y
5
3
2
3
= 684
For
y = 7.4
( ft)
(20 + 2 y
5
3
3.25)
2
3
[ ( 20 + 1.5 y) y]
= 658
For
y = 7.38
( ft)
y = 7.38
(ft)
3.25)
[ ( 20 + 1.5 y) y]
(20 + 2 y
5
3
2
3
= 667
5
3
3.25)
2
3
= 663
Problem 11.24
Given:
Trapezoidal channel
Find:
Geometry for greatest hydraulic efficiency
[5]
Solution:
A = Bw + z y y
From Table 11.2
P = Bw + 2 y 1 + z
We need to vary Bw and y (and then z!) to obtain optimum conditions. These are when the area and perimeter are optimized.
Instead of two independent variables Bw and y, we eliminate Bw by doing the following
A
z y
y
Bw =
Taking the derivative w.r.t. y
But at optimum conditions
Hence
P =0
and
0 =
A
2
z y + 2 y 1 + z
y
1
A
2
z + 2 1 + z
A
2
y y
y
P =
P =
and so
z + 2 1 + z
A =0
2
A = 2 y 1 + z z y
or
(1)
y
Now we optimize A w.r.t. z
Hence
2 y z
A =
y = 0
or
2 z =
or
z=
z +1
z +1
2
4 z = z + 1
1
3
1 2
1 1 2 4
y =
y =
3 3
3
3
We can now evaluate A from Eq 1
A = 2 y 1 + z z y = 2 y 1 +
But for a trapezoid
A = Bw + z y y = Bw +
Comparing the two A expressions
A = Bw +
But the perimeter is
1
4
2
P = Bw + 2 y 1 + z = Bw + 2 y 1 + = Bw +
y = Bw + 2 Bw = 3 Bw
3
3
In summary we have
z =
and
Bw =
y y =
3 y
1
= atan
z
y y
we find
= 60 deg
Bw = 3
so each of the symmetric sides is
1
2
y
y =
3
3
where is the angle the sides make with

the vertical
P
3 y
1
3
2
P
=
1
P
3
We have proved that the optimum shape is equal side and bottom lengths, with 60 angles i.e., half a hexagon!
Problem 11.25
[3]
Given:
Rectangular channel
Find:
Plot of specific energy curves; Critical depths; Critical specific energy
Solution:
Given data:
B=
20
ft
1
Specific energy:
Q2 3
Critical depth: y c =
gB 2
Q2 1
2
E = y +
2
2 gB y
Specific Energy, E (ftlb/lb)

y (ft)
0.5
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
Q =
0
0.50
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
2.20
2.40
2.60
2.80
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
5.00
Q =
25
0.60
0.67
0.84
1.02
1.22
1.41
1.61
1.81
2.01
2.21
2.40
2.60
2.80
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
5.00
Q =
75
1.37
1.21
1.14
1.22
1.35
1.51
1.69
1.87
2.05
2.25
2.44
2.63
2.83
3.02
3.52
4.01
4.51
5.01
Q =
125
2.93
2.28
1.75
1.61
1.62
1.71
1.84
1.99
2.15
2.33
2.51
2.69
2.88
3.07
3.55
4.04
4.53
5.02
Q =
200
6.71
4.91
3.23
2.55
2.28
2.19
2.21
2.28
2.39
2.52
2.67
2.83
3.00
3.17
3.63
4.10
4.58
5.06
y c (ft)
E c (ft)
0.365
0.547
0.759
1.14
1.067
1.60
1.46
2.19
y (ft)
Q=0
Q = 25 cfs
Q = 75 cfs
Q = 125 cfs
Q = 200 cfs
0
0
E (ft)
Problem 11.26
[2]
Given:
Rectangular channel flow with hump and/or side wall restriction
Find:
Whether critical flow occurs
Solution:
Basic equations:
q2
1
3
yc =
E = y+
Bw = 2 m
y = 1 m
2 g A
3
y
2 c
A = Bw y
Emin =
z = 30 cm
B = 1.6 m
(From Example 11.5)

3
Given data:
(a) For a hump with z = 30 cm
E = y+
Q 2
Bw
yc =
1
3
zcrit = E Emin
2 g Bw
yc = 0.528 m
1
2
E = 1.07 m
Emin =
3
y
2 c
Emin = 0.791 m
zcrit = 0.282 m
Hence we have z = 0.3 m > zcrit = 0.282 m so the hump IS sufficient for critical flow
B = 1.6 m
(b) For the sidewall restriction with
Q 2
B
yc =
g
1
3
yc = 0.612 m
Emin =
y
2 c
Emin = 0.918 m
Hence we have E = 1.073 m > Emin = 0.918 m so the restriction is insufficient for critical flow
(a) For both, we can use the minimum energy from case (b)
zcrit = E Emin
Emin = 0.918 m
zcrit = 0.155 m
Hence we have z = 0.3 m > zcrit = 0.155 m so in this case the conditions ARE sufficient for critical flow
Q = 2.4
m
s
Problem 11.27
Given:
Find:
Critical depth
Solution:
Basic equations:
q2
yc =
g
1
3
[1]
1.49
3
2
Q =
A R S0
n
For a rectangular channel of width Bw = 2 m and depth y = 1.5 m we find from Table 11.2
A = Bw y
A = 3.00 m
n = 0.015
Q =
Hence
q =
2
3
1.49
A R S0
n
Q
Bw
1
2
R =
and
Bw y
Bw + 2 y
R = 0.600 m
S0 = 0.0005
3
Q = 3.18
m
s
q = 1.59
m
s
q2
yc =
1
3
yc = 0.637 m
Problem 11.28
Given:
Find:
Critical depth
Solution:
q2
[1]
1
3
Basic equations:
yc =
Given data:
Bw = 2.5 m
Q = 3
Q
Bw
q = 1.2
Hence
q =
m
s
m
s
q2
yc =
1
3
yc = 0.528 m
Problem 11.29
Given:
Rectangular channel
Find:
Plot of specific force curves
[2]
Solution:
Given data:
Specific force:
B=
20
ft
F =
Q2
By 2
+
gBy
2
3
Specific Force, F (ft )
y (ft)
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
Q =
0
0.10
0.40
1.60
3.60
6.40
10.00
14.40
19.60
25.60
32.40
40.00
48.40
57.60
67.60
78.40
90.00
122.50
160.00
202.50
250.00
Q =
25
9.80
5.25
4.03
5.22
7.61
10.97
15.21
20.29
26.21
32.94
40.49
48.84
58.00
67.97
78.75
90.32
122.78
160.24
202.72
250.19
Q =
75
87.44
44.07
23.44
18.16
17.32
18.73
21.68
25.84
31.06
37.25
44.37
52.37
61.24
70.96
81.52
92.91
125.00
162.18
204.44
251.75
Q =
125
242.72
121.71
62.26
44.04
36.73
34.26
34.62
36.93
40.76
45.88
52.13
59.43
67.71
76.93
87.07
98.09
129.43
166.07
207.89
254.85
Q=0
Q = 25 cfs
Q = 75 cfs
Q = 125 cfs
Q = 200 cfs
4.5
Q =
200
621.22
310.96
156.88
107.12
84.04
72.11
66.16
63.97
64.42
66.91
71.06
76.63
83.48
91.49
100.58
110.70
140.25
175.53
216.30
262.42
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
y (ft)
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0
20
40
60
80
100
3
F (ft )
120
140
160
180
Problem 11.30
Given:
Vena contracta at a sluice gate
Find:
Distance from vena contracta at which depth is 0.5 m
[2]
Solution:
2
Basic equations:
V
E = y+
2 g
R =y
Vave n
(Wide channel) Sf =
2
R 3
ave
x =
Ea Eb
Sf S0
(Some equations from Example 11.7)
Given data:
q = 4.646
Hence we find
Va =
m
s
ya = 0.457 m
q
ya
m
s
Va = 10.2
yb = 0.5 m
Vb =
q
yb
Va
Then
Ea = ya +
2 g
and
Vave =
Ra = ya
Then
Finally
Vave n
Sf =
2
R 3
ave
x =
Ea Eb
Sf S0
Vave = 9.73
Rb = yb
2
Sf = 0.101
x = 8.40 m
Vb = 9.29
Vb
Ea = 5.73 m
Va + Vb
n = 0.020
S0 = 0.003
m
s
Eb = yb +
2 g
Eb = 4.90 m
m
s
Rave =
Ra + Rb
2
Ra = 0.457 m
Problem 11.31
Given:
Data on trapezoidal channel and dam
Find:
Location upstream at which depth is 4.80 ft
[4]
Solution:
From Example 11.7
V 2 V 2
2
1
y +
2 g 2 g
x =
The given data is:
Bw = 20 ft
Basic equations:
S0 Sf
z =
Sf =
and
nV
3
1.49 R
(note the factor 1.49 because this is

not SI units)
3
1
2
S0 = 0.0016
n = 0.025
Q = 400
ft
s
y1 = 5 ft
We need to modify the specific energy equation to allow for the emergy correction coefficient (Section 8-6): instead of
y2 = 4.80 ft
V
2 g
, the kinetic
energy per unit weight is
Hence
V
where = 1.1
2 g
V 2 V 2
2
1
y +
2 g 2 g
x =
S0 Sf
S0 = 0.0016
We need to obtain terms on the right
We will need (Table 11.2) A = Bw + z y y
Then
V1 =
V2 =
= 1.1
y = y1 y2
y = 0.200 ft
(Bw + z y) y
R=
Bw + 2 y 1 + z
Q
A1
Q
A2
V1 =
V2 =
(Bw + z y1) y1
V1 = 3.56
ft
Q
Bw + z y2 y2
V2 = 3.72
ft
For Sf we use averages for V and R (as in Example 11.7)

and
Vave =
V1 + V2
m
Vave = 1.11
2
s
R1 =
(Bw + z y1) y1 R
2
Bw + 2 y1 1 + z
1 = 3.61 ft
R2 =
(Bw + z y2) y2
2
Bw + 2 y2 1 + z
R2 = 3.50 ft
Rave =
Then
Finally
R1 + R2
Rave = 3.55 ft
Vave n
Sf =
2
1.49 R 3
ave
V 2 V 2
2
1
y +
2 g 2 g
x =
S0 Sf
Sf = 0.000687
x = 197 ft
Problem 11.32
Given:
Find:
Minimum specific energy; Flow depth; Speed
[2]
Solution:
2
Basic equation:
E = y+
V
2 g
(11.14)
In Section 11-2 we prove that the minimum specific energy is when we have critical flow; here we rederive the minimum energy point
3
For a rectangular channel
Q = V Bw y or
Hence, using this in Eq. 11.14
E = y +
V =
Q
Bw y
with
Note that from Eq. 11.22 we have
Q
= 10
Bw
ft
Q 1
Q 1
= y+
2 B 2 g y2
Bw y 2 g
w
2
Q 1
dE
= 0
= 1
dy
B 2 g y3
w
q2
1
3
yc =
=
B 2 g
w
2
y =
B 2 g
w
2
or
1
3
y = 1.46 ft
1
3
which is the same result we derived
The speed is then given by
V =
Q
Bw y
V = 6.85
Note that from Eq. 11.20 we also have
V =
g D
where D is the hydraulic depth
The minimum energy is then
Emin = y +
ft
s
V
2 g
= constant
E is a minimum when
ft
s
Emin = 2.19 ft
D = y
V =
g D
V = 6.85
ft
s
Problem 11.33
Given:
Find:
Depths for twice the minimum energy
[3]
Solution:
2
Basic equation:
E = y+
V
2 g
(11.14)
3
For a rectangular channel
Q = V Bw y
Hence, using this in Eq. 11.14
E = y +
V =
or
Q
Bw y
ft
s
Q
= 10
Bw
ft
with
Q 1
Q 1
= y+
2 B 2 g y2
Bw y 2 g
w
= constant
E = 2 2.19 ft
and
E = 4.38 ft
1 = E
2 B 2 g y2
w
We have a nonlinear implicit equation for y y +
This is a nonlinear implicit equation for y and must be solved numerically. We can use one of a number of numerical root finding
techniques, such as Newton's method, or we can use Excel's Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below. We start with
a y larger than the critical, and evaluate the left side of the equation so that it is equal to E = 4.38 ft
For
For
1 = 2.39 ft
2 B 2 g y2
w
2
y = 2 ft
y+
y = 4.5 ft
Q2 1
= 4.58 ft
y+
2 B 2 g y2
w
1
= 4.10 ft
2 B 2 g y2
w
y+
For
y = 4 ft
For
Q2 1
= 4.38 ft
y = 4.30 ft y +
2 B 2 g y2
w
Hence
y = 4.3 ft
For
y = 0.5 ft
For
Q2 1
= 4.33 ft
y = 0.65 ft y +
2 B 2 g y2
w
Hence
y = 0.645 ft
For the shallow depth
1 = 2.55 ft
2 B 2 g y2
w
2
y = 1 ft
y+
For
y = 0.6 ft
Q2 1
= 4.92 ft
y+
2 B 2 g y2
w
For
Q2 1
= 4.38 ft
y = 0.645 ft y +
2 B 2 g y2
w
For
1 = 6.72 ft
2 B 2 g y2
w
y+
Problem 11.34
Given:
Find:
Critical depth
[3]
Solution:
2
E = y+
Basic equation:
V
2 g
(11.14)
In Section 11-2 we prove that the minimum specific energy is when we have critical flow; here we rederive the minimum energy point
For a trapezoidal channel (Table 11.2)
A = Bw + z y y
Hence for V
V =
Using this in Eq. 11.14
E = y +
Bw = 8 ft
and
Q = 300
z = 0.5
3
Q
Q
=
A
Bw + z y y
and
ft
s
Q
1
Bw + z y y 2 g
dE
Q z
Q
= 1
=0
2
3
3
2
dy
g y Bw + y z
g y Bw + y z
E is a minimum when
Q z
Hence we obtain for y
g y Bw + y z
Q
3
) =1
3
g y (Bw + y z)
2
g y Bw + y z
=1
or
Q B w + 2 y z
3
such as Newton's method, or we can use Excel's Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below, to make the left side equal unity
) = 41
3
3
g y (Bw + y z)
2
Q (Bw + 2 y z)
= 1.33
3
3
g y (Bw + y z)
2
y = 1 ft
y = 3 ft
) = 1.03
3
3
g y (Bw + y z)
2
y = 3.25 ft
Q Bw + 2 y z
Q Bw + 2 y z
The critical depth is
y = 3.28 ft
) = 0.251
3
3
g y (Bw + y z)
2
Q (Bw + 2 y z)
= 0.809
3
3
g y (Bw + y z)
2
y = 5 ft
y = 3.5 ft
) = 0.998
3
g y (Bw + y z)
2
y = 3.28 ft
Q Bw + 2 y z
Q Bw + 2 y z
3
Problem 11.35
Given:
Triangular channel
Find:
Critcal depth
Solution:
2
Basic equation:
E = y+
V
2 g
(11.14)
2
For a triangular channel (Table 11.2)
A = z y
Hence for V
V =
E = y +
E is a minimum when
dE
Q
1
= 1 4
=0
2
5
dy
z y 2 g
Q
Q
=
2
A
z y
2
Q 1
2 2 g
z y
2
2 Q
y=
z2 g
1
5
[2]
Problem 11.36
Given:
Trapezoidal channel
Find:
Critcal depth
[2]
Solution:
2
Basic equation:
E = y+
V
2 g
(11.14)
The critical depth occurs when the specific energy is minimized
For a trapezoidal channel (Table 11.2)
A = Bw + z y y
Hence for V
V =
E = y +
Bw = 8 ft
and
Q = 300
E is a minimum when
dE
Q z
Q
=1
=0
2
3
3
2
dy
g y Bw + y z
g y Bw + y z
Q z
g y Bw + y z
Q Bw + 2 y z
This expression is the simplest one for y; it is implicit
g y Bw + y z
) =1
3
3
g y (Bw + y z)
2
This can be simplified to
ft
s
Q
1
Bw + z y y 2 g
z = 0.5
3
Q
Q
=
A
Bw + z y y
and
=1
Problem 11.37
Given:
Data on venturi flume
Find:
Flow rate
[2]
Solution:
p1
V1
Basic equation:
V2
p2
+
+ y1 =
+
+ y2
g
2 g
g 2 g
The Bernoulli equation applies because we have steady, incompressible,

frictionless flow
At each section
Q = V A = V b y
V =
The given data is
b1 = 2 ft
or
y1 = 1 ft
Q
by
b2 = 1 ft
y2 = 0.75 ft
Hence the Bernoulli equation becomes (with p1 = p2 = patm)
Solving for Q
Q =
2 g y1 y2
2
1 1
b y b y
2 2 1 1
Q
Q
b y
1 1 + y = b2 y2 + y
1
2
2 g
2 g
3
Q = 3.24
ft
s
Problem 11.38
Given:
Data on rectangular channel and a bump
Find:
Elevation of free surface above the bump
[3]
Solution:
Basic equation:
p1
g
V1
2 g
p2
+ y1 =
V2
2 g
+ y2 + h

incompressible, frictionless flow. Note that at location 2 (the
bump), the potential is y2 + h, where h is the bump height
Recalling the specific energy E =
V
+y
2 g
and noting that p1 = p2 = patm, the Bernoulli equation becomes
E1 = E2 + h
Q
b y
At each section
Q = V A = V b y
or
V =
The given data is
b = 10 ft
y1 = 1 ft
h = 4 in
Hence we find
V1 =
Q
b y1
V1 = 10
Q = 100
ft
s
ft
s
E1 =
and
V1
2 g
+ y1
E1 = 2.554 ft
V2
Q
E1 = E2 + h =
+ y2 + h =
+ y2 + h
2 2
2 g
2 g b y2
Hence
or
2 g b y2
+ y2 = E1 h
This is a nonlinear implicit equation for y2 and must be solved numerically. We can use one of a number of numerical root finding
techniques, such as Newton's method, or we can use Excel's Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below. We select y2
so the left side of the equation equals E1 h = 2.22 ft
For
For
y2 = 1 ft
y2 = 1.4 ft
2 g b y2
Q
+ y2 = 2.55 ft
For
+ y2 = 2.19 ft
For
y2 = 1.5 ft
2 g b y2
y2 = 1.3 ft
y2 = 1.30 ft
Hence
Note that
V2 =
so we have
Fr1 =
Q
b y2
V1
g y1
V2 = 7.69
Fr1 = 1.76
ft
s
and
Fr2 =
V2
g y2
Fr2 = 1.19
2 g b y2
Q
+ y2 = 2.19 ft
+ y2 = 2.22 ft
2 g b y2
Problem 11.39
Given:
Find:
Local change in flow depth caused by the bump
[3]
Solution:
2
p1
Basic equation:
V1
2 g
p2
+ y1 =
V2
2 g
+ y2 + h

V
+y
2 g
E1 = E2 + h
Q
b y
At each section
Q = V A = V b y
or
V =
The given data is
b = 10 ft
y1 = 0.9 ft
h = 0.2 ft
Hence we find
V1 =
Q
b y1
V1 = 2.22
Q = 20
ft
s
ft
s
and
Hence
E1 =
V1
2 g
+ y1
E1 = 0.977 ft
V2
Q
E1 = E2 + h =
+ y2 + h =
+ y2 + h
2 2
2 g
2 g b y2
or
2 g b y2
+ y2 = E1 h
For
For
y2 = 0.9 ft
y2 = 0.6 ft
Hence
y2 = 0.61 ft
Note that
V2 =
so we have
Fr1 =
Q
b y2
V1
g y1
2 g b y2
Q
+ y2 = 0.977 ft
For
+ y2 = 0.773 ft
For
y2 = 0.5 ft
2 g b y2
y2 y1
and
V2 = 3.28
Fr1 = 0.41
y1
y2 = 0.61 ft
= 32.2 %
ft
s
and
Fr2 =
V2
g y2
Fr2 = 0.74
2 g b y2
Q
+ y2 = 0.749 ft
+ y2 = 0.777 ft
2 g b y2
Problem 11.40
Given:
Find:
Local change in flow depth caused by the bump
[3]
Solution:
2
p1
V2
p2
+
+ y1 =
+
+ y2 + h
g
2 g
g 2 g
Basic equation:
V1

V
+y
2 g
E1 = E2 + h
Q
by
At each section
Q = V A = V b y
or
V =
The given data is
b = 10 ft
y1 = 0.3 ft
h = 0.1 ft
Hence we find
V1 =
Q
b y1
V1 = 6.67
Q = 20
ft
s
ft
s
and
Hence
E1 =
V1
2 g
+ y1
E1 = 0.991 ft
V2
Q
E1 = E2 + h =
+ y2 + h =
+ y2 + h
2 2
2 g
2 g b y2
or
2 g b y2
+ y2 = E1 h
For
For
y2 = 0.3 ft
y2 = 0.33 ft
Hence
y2 = 0.334 ft
Note that
V2 =
so we have
Fr1 =
Q
b y2
V1
g y1
2 g b y2
Q
+ y2 = 0.991 ft
For
+ y2 = 0.901 ft
For
y2 = 0.35 ft
2 g b y2
y2 y1
and
V2 = 5.99
Fr1 = 2.15
y1
y2 = 0.334 ft
= 11.3 %
ft
s
and
Fr2 =
V2
g y2
Fr2 = 1.83
2 g b y2
Q
+ y2 = 0.857 ft
+ y2 = 0.891 ft
2 g b y2
Problem 11.41
Given:
Data on wide channel
Find:
Stream depth after rise
[3]
Solution:
2
p1
V2
p2
+
+ y1 =
+
+ y2 + h
g
2 g
g 2 g
Basic equation:
V1

V
+y
2 g
E1 = E2 + h
At each section
Q = V A = V1 b y1 = V2 b y2
The given data is
y1 = 2 ft
V1 = 3
y1
V2 = V1
y2
ft
s
h = 0.5 ft
V1
Hence
E1 =
Then
V1 y1 1
E1 = E2 + h =
+ y2 + h =
+ y2 + h
2
2 g
2 g
y2
2 g
+ y1
E1 = 2.14 ft
2
V2
or
V1 y1 1
+ y2 = E1 h
2
2 g
y2
2
For
y2 = 2 ft
For
y2 = 1.3 ft
Hence
y2 = 1.31 ft
Note that
y1
V2 = V1
y2
so we have
Fr1 =
V1
g y1
V1 y1 1
+ y2 = 2.14 ft
2
2 g
y2
2
V1 y1
2 g
y2 = 1.5 ft
For
+ y2 = 1.63 ft
y2 = 1.31 ft
For
y2
V2 = 4.58
Fr1 = 0.37
ft
s
and
Fr2 =
V2
g y2
Fr2 = 0.71
V1 y1 1
+ y2 = 1.75 ft
2
2 g
y2
V1 y1
2 g
1
2
y2
+ y2 = 1.64 ft
Problem 11.42
Given:
Data on sluice gate
Find:
Water level upstream; Maximum flow rate
[2]
Solution:
Basic equation:
p1
V1
V2
p2
+
+ y1 =
+
+ y2 + h
g
2 g
g 2 g

Noting that p1 = p2 = patm, and V1 is approximately zero (1 = upstream, 2 = downstream) the Bernoulli equation becomes
y1 =
V2
+ y2
2 g
The given data is
Q
m
= 6.0
b
s
y2 = 0.6 m
Hence
Q = V2 A2 = V2 b y2
or
Then upstream
V 2
2
y1 =
+ y2
2 g
y1 = 5.70 m
V2 =
Q
b y2
V2 = 10
m
s
The maximum flow rate occurs at critical conditions (see Section 11-2), for constant specific energy
In this case
V2 = Vc =
g yc
Hence we find
y1 =
Hence
yc =
Vc
2 g
+ yc =
y
3 1
Q
= Vc yc
b
g yc
2 g
+ yc =
y
2 c
yc = 3.80 m
m
s
Vc =
3
Q
= 23.2
b
m
(Maximum flow rate)
g yc
Vc = 6.10
m
s
Problem 11.43
Given:
Data on sluice gate
Find:
Flow rate
[2]
Solution:
Basic equation:
p1
V1
V2
p2
+
+ y1 =
+
+ y2 + h
g
2 g
g 2 g

Noting that p1 = p2 = patm, (1 = upstream, 2 = downstream) the Bernoulli equation becomes

2
V1
2 g
+ y1 =
V2
+ y2
2 g
The given data is
b = 3 ft
y1 = 6 ft
y2 = 0.9 ft
Also
Q = V A
so
V1 =
2
Solving for Q
Q =
Note that
V1 =
V2 =
2 g b y1 y2
y1 + y2
Q
b y1
Q
b y2
and
V2 =
Q
b y2
Q
Q
by
1 + y = b y2 + y
1
2
2 g
2 g
Using these in the Bernoulli equation
Q
b y1
ft
Q = 49.5
s
V1 = 2.75
ft
V2 = 18.3
ft
Fr1 =
Fr2 =
V1
g y1
V2
g y2
Fr1 = 0.198
Fr2 = 3.41
Problem 11.44
Given:
Data on rectangular channel and weir
Find:
If a hydraulic jump forms upstream of the weir
Solution:
Basic equations:
Q =
2
3
1
A R S0
n
1
2
q2
[4]
1
3
yc =
Note that the Q equation is an "engineering" equation, to be used without units!

For a rectangular channel of width Bw = 2.45 m and depth y we find from Table 11.2
A = Bw y = 2.45 y
R =
Bw y
Bw + 2 y
2.45 y
2.45 + 2 y
n = 0.015
and also
Q =
Hence
2
3
1
A R S0
n
Solving for y
S0 = 0.0004
and
1
2
5
3
( 2.45 + 2 y)
2
3
2
3
1
2.45 y
2.45 y
0.0004
0.015
2.45
+ 2 y
5.66 0.015
Q = 5.66
1
2
.0004 2.54 2.54
2
3
or
m
s
1
2
= 5.66
5
3
( 2.54 + 2 y)
2
3
= 0.898
such as Newton's method, or we can use Excel's Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below. We start with the given depth
For
y = 1.52
( m)
5
3
( 2.54 + 2 y)
For
y = 1.95
( m)
(m)
= 0.639
For
y = 2
( m)
2
3
This is the normal depth.
( 2.54 + 2 y)
5
3
( 2.54 + 2 y)
y = 1.98
2
3
5
3
= 0.879
For
y = 1.98
( m)
2
3
= 0.908
5
3
( 2.54 + 2 y)
2
3
= 0.896
We also have the critical depth:
q =
Q
Bw
q = 2.31
m
s
q2
yc =
1
3
yc = 0.816 m
Hence the given depth is 1.52 m > yc, but 1.52 m < yn, the normal depth. This implies the flow is subcritical (far enough upstream it is dep
1.98 m), and that it draws down to 1.52 m as it gets close to the wier. There is no jump.
Problem 11.45
Given:
Data on rectangular channel and hydraulic jump
Find:
Flow rate; Critical depth; Head loss
[2]
Solution:
Basic equations:
The given data is
y2
1
= 1 +
y1
2
1 + 8 Fr1
b = 4 m
2
2
V1
V2
Hl = E1 E2 = y1 +
y +
2 g 2 2 g
y1 = 0.4 m
yc =
y2 = 1.7 m
1 + 8 Fr1 = 1 + 2
We can solve for Fr1 from the basic equation
q2
1
3
y2
y1
y2
1 + 2 1
y1
Fr1 =
Fr1 = 3.34
Hence
V1 = Fr1 g y1
V1 = 6.62
Then
Q = V1 b y1
Q = 10.6
V1
g y1
m
s
3
q2
Fr1 =
and
m
s
q =
Q
b
q = 2.65
m
s
1
3
The critical depth is
yc =
Also
V2 =
The energy loss is
2
2
V1
V2
Hl = y1 +
y +
2 g 2 2 g
Q
b y2
Note that we could use the result of Example 11.9
yc = 0.894 m
V2 = 1.56
Fr2 =
V2
g y2
Hl = 0.808 m
Hl =
(y2 y1)
4 y1 y2
Hl = 0.808 m
Fr2 = 0.381
Problem 11.46
Given:
Data on wide channel and hydraulic jump
Find:
Jump depth; Head loss
[2]
Solution:
Basic equations:
y2
1
= 1 +
y1
2
1 + 8 Fr1
2
2
V1
V2
Hl = E1 E2 = y1 +
y +
2 g 2 2 g
ft
s
The given data is
Q
= 20
b
ft
Also
Q = V A = V b y
Hence
V1 =
Q
b y1
Then
y2 =
y1
1 +
2
V2 =
Q
b y2
y1 = 1 ft
V1 = 20.0
ft
s
Fr1 =
2
1 + 8 Fr1
g y1
Fr1 = 3.53
y2 = 4.51 ft
V2 = 4.43
ft
s
Fr2 =
2
2
V1
V2
The energy loss is Hl = y1 +
y +
2 g 2 2 g
V1
V2
g y2
Hl = 2.40 ft
Hl =
(y2 y1)
4 y1 y2
Hl = 2.40 ft
Fr2 = 0.368
Problem 11.47
Given:
Find:
Jump depth
[1]
Solution:
Basic equations:
y2
y1
1
1 +
2
1 + 8 Fr1
ft
s
The given data is
Q
= 30
b
ft
Also
Q = V A = V b y
Hence
V1 =
Q
b y1
Then
y2 =
y1
1 +
2
Note:
V2 =
Q
b y2
y1 = 1.3 ft
V1 = 23.1
ft
s
2
1 + 8 Fr1
Fr1 =
V1
g y1
Fr1 = 3.57
y2 = 5.94 ft
V2 = 5.05
ft
s
Fr2 =
V2
g y2
Fr2 = 0.365
Problem 11.48
Given:
Find:
Jump depth; Head loss
[2]
Solution:
Basic equations:
y2
1
= 1 +
y1
2
1 + 8 Fr1
2
2
V1
V2
Hl = E1 E2 = y1 +
y +
2 g 2 2 g
ft
s
The given data is
Q = 200
b = 10 ft
Also
Q = V A = V b y
Hence
V1 =
Q
b y1
Then
y2 =
y1
1 +
2
V2 =
Q
b y2
V1 = 16.7
y1 = 1.2 ft
ft
s
Fr1 =
2
1 + 8 Fr1
g y1
Fr1 = 2.68
y2 = 3.99 ft
V2 = 5.01
ft
s
Fr2 =
2
2
V1
V2
y +
2 g 2 2 g
V1
V2
g y2
Hl = 1.14 ft
Hl =
(y2 y1)
4 y1 y2
Hl = 1.14 ft
Fr2 = 0.442
Problem 11.49
Given:
Find:
Flow rate; Head loss
[2]
Solution:
Basic equations:
The given data is
y2
1
= 1 +
y1
2
1 + 8 Fr1
b = 5 ft
2
2
V1
V2
Hl = E1 E2 = y1 +
y +
2 g 2 2 g
y1 = 0.66 ft
We can solve for Fr1 from the basic equation
y2 = 3.0 ft
1 + 8 Fr1 = 1 + 2
y2
y1
Fr1 =
y2
1 + 2 1
y1
Fr1 = 3.55
Hence
V1 = Fr1 g y1
V1 = 16.4
Then
Q = V1 b y1
Q = 54.0
Also
V2 =
Fr1 =
and
V1
g y1
ft
s
3
Q
b y2
ft
s
V2 = 3.60
ft
s
Fr2 =
2
2
V1
V2
y +
2 g 2 2 g
V2
g y2
Hl = 1.62 ft
Hl =
(y2 y1)
4 y1 y2
Hl = 1.62 ft
Fr2 = 0.366
Problem 11.50
Given:
Data on wide spillway flow
Find:
Depth after hydraulic jump; Specific energy change
[2]
Solution:
Basic equations:
y2
1
= 1 +
y1
2
1 + 8 Fr1
The given data is
y1 = 0.9 m
Then Fr1 is
Fr1 =
Hence
y2 =
Then
Q = V1 b y1 = V2 b y2
For the specific energies
V1 = 25
V1
y1
1 +
2
V1
m
s
Fr1 = 8.42
g y1
2
1 + 8 Fr1
y2 = 10.3 m
y1
V2 = V1
y2
V2 = 2.19
m
s
E1 = y1 +
2 g
V2
The energy loss is
2
2
V1
V2
Hl = E1 E2 = y1 +
y +
2 g 2 2 g
E1 = 32.8 m
E2 = y2 +
2 g
E2 = 10.5 m
H l = E1 E2
Hl = 22.3 m
Hl =
(y2 y1)
4 y1 y2
E2
E1
= 0.321
Hl = 22.3 m
Problem 11.51
Given:
Data on rectangular channel flow
Find:
Depth after hydraulic jump; Specific energy change
[2]
Solution:
Basic equations:
y2
1
= 1 +
y1
2
1 + 8 Fr1
2
2
V1
V2
Hl = E1 E2 = y1 +
y +
2 g 2 2 g
The given data is
y1 = 0.4 m
b = 1 m
Then
Q = V1 b y1 = V2 b y2
V1 =
Then Fr1 is
Fr1 =
Hence
y2 =
and
V2 =
For the specific energies
V1
y1
1 +
2
2
1 + 8 Fr1
Q
b y2
V1 = 16.3
m
s
y2 = 4.45 m
V2 = 1.46
m
s
E1 = y1 +
2 g
V2
The energy loss is
Q
b y1
m
s
Fr1 = 8.20
g y1
V1
Q = 6.5
E1 = 13.9 m
E2 = y2 +
2 g
E2 = 4.55 m
H l = E1 E2
Hl = 9.31 m
Hl =
(y2 y1)
4 y1 y2
Hl = 9.31 m
Problem 11.52
Given:
Data on rectangular, sharp-crested weir
Find:
Required weir height
[3]
Solution:
3
Basic equations:
2
2
Q = Cd 2 g B' H
3
where
Given data:
B = 1.6 m
Q = 0.5
Cd = 0.62
and
B' = B 0.1 n H
with
n = 2
Hence we find
Rearranging
m
s
2
2
2
2
Q = Cd 2 g B' H = Cd 2 g ( B 0.1 n H) H
3
3
( B 0.1 n H) H
3
2
3 Q
2 2 g C d
This is a nonlinear implicit equation for H and must be solved numerically. We can use one of a number of numerical root finding techniqu
The right side evaluates to
For
For
For
For
H = 1 m
H = 0.3 m
H = 0.31 m
H = 0.316 m
But from the figure
3 Q
2 2 g Cd
= 0.273 m
( B 0.1 n H) H
( B 0.1 n H) H
( B 0.1 n H) H
( B 0.1 n H) H
H + P = 2.5 m
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
5
2
= 1.40 m
5
2
= 0.253 m
= 0.265 m
= 0.273 m
For
5
2
5
2
5
2
For
For
H = 0.5 m
H = 0.35 m
H = 0.315 m
( B 0.1 n H) H
( B 0.1 n H) H
( B 0.1 n H) H
H = 0.316 m
P = 2.5 m H
P = 2.18 m
3
2
3
2
3
2
= 0.530 m
= 0.317 m
= 0.272 m
5
2
5
2
5
2
Problem 11.53
Given:
Find:
Discharge
[1]
Solution:
Basic equation:
Q = Cw B H
3
2
where
Cw = 3.33
and
Q = Cw B H
3
2
Q = 26.6
ft
s
B = 8 ft
P = 2 ft
H = 1 ft
Problem 11.54
Given:
Find:
Required weir height
[3]
Solution:
3
Basic equations:
2
2
Q = Cd 2 g B' H
3
where
Given data:
B = 1.5 m
Q = 0.5
Cd = 0.62
and
B' = B 0.1 n H
with
n = 2
Hence we find
Rearranging
m
s
2
2
2
2
Q = Cd 2 g B' H = Cd 2 g ( B 0.1 n H) H
3
3
( B 0.1 n H) H
3
2
3 Q
2 2 g Cd
This is a nonlinear implicit equation for H and must be solved numerically. We can use one of a number of numerical root finding techniqu
The right side evaluates to
For
For
For
For
H = 1 m
H = 0.3 m
H = 0.34 m
H = 0.331 m
But from the figure
3 Q
2 2 g Cd
= 0.273 m
( B 0.1 n H) H
( B 0.1 n H) H
( B 0.1 n H) H
( B 0.1 n H) H
H + P = 2.5 m
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
5
2
= 1.30 m
5
2
= 0.237 m
= 0.284 m
= 0.273 m
For
5
2
5
2
5
2
For
For
H = 0.5 m
H = 0.35 m
H = 0.33 m
( B 0.1 n H) H
( B 0.1 n H) H
( B 0.1 n H) H
H = 0.331 m
P = 2.5 m H
P = 2.17 m
3
2
3
2
3
2
= 0.495 m
= 0.296 m
= 0.272 m
5
2
5
2
5
2
Problem 11.55
Given:
Data on V-notch weir
Find:
Flow head
[1]
Solution:
5
Basic equation:
2
Q = Cd 2 g tan H
15
2
H =

8
Cd 2 g tan
15
2
Q
where
Cd = 0.58
2
5
H = 0.514 m
= 60 deg
Q = 150
L
s
Problem 11.56
Given:
Find:
Discharge
[1]
Solution:
Basic equation:
Q = Cw H
5
2
where
H = 1.5 ft
Cw = 2.50
Note that this is an "engineering" equation in which we ignore units!
Q = Cw H
5
2
Q = 6.89
ft
s
for
= 90 deg
Problem 11.57
Given:
Find:
Weir coefficient
[1]
Solution:
Basic equation:
Q = Cw H
5
2
where
H = 180 mm
Note that this is an "engineering" equation in which we ignore units!
Cw =
Q
H
5
2
Cw = 1.45
Q = 20
L
s
Problem 12.1
Given:
Air flow through a filter
Find:
Change in p, T and
[2]
Solution:
Basic equations:
h2 h1 = cp T2 T1
p = R T
Assumptions: 1) Ideal gas 2) Throttling process

In a throttling process enthalpy is constant. Hence
h2 h1 = 0
so
T2 T1 = 0
or
The filter acts as a resistance through which there is a pressure drop (otherwise there would be no flow. Hence
From the ideal gas equation
p1
p2
1 T1
2 T2
The governing equation for entropy is
Hence
p2
p1
s = R ln
so
T1 p2
p2
2 = 1 = 1
T2 p1
p1
T2
p2
s = cp ln R ln
T1
p1
p2
and
< 1
p1
Entropy increases because throttling is an irreversible adiabatic process
T = constant
p2 < p1
Hence
2 < 1
so
s > 0
Problem 12.2
[2]
Problem 12.3
Given:
Data on an air compressor
Find:
Whether or not the vendor claim is feasible
[2]
Solution:
Basic equation:
T2
p2
s = cp ln R ln
T1
p1
The data provided, or available in the Appendices, is:
Then
p1 = 101 kPa
T1 = ( 20 + 273) K
p2 = ( 650 + 101) kPa
T2 = ( 285 + 273) K
J
cp = 1004
kg K
R = 287
T2
p2
s = cp ln R ln
T1
p1
s = 71.0
J
kg K
J
kg K
s 0
Hence the process is feasible!
or for all real processes
s > 0
Temperature T
The second law of thermodynamics states that, for an adiabatic process
Entropy s
Problem 12.4
[2]
Given:
Adiabatic air compressor
Find:
Lowest delivery temperature; Sketch the process on a Ts diagram
Solution:
Basic equation:
T2
p2
s = cp ln R ln
T1
p1
1k
k
The lowest temperature implies an ideal (reversible) process; it is also adiabatic, so s = 0, and
p1
T 2 = T 1
p2
The data provided, or available in the Appendices, is:p1 = 14.7 psi
T1 = ( 68 + 460) R
The process is
p1
T2 = T1
p2
1k
k
Temperature T
Hence
p2 = ( 100 + 14.7) psi
Entropy s
T2 = 950 R
T2 = 490 F
k = 1.4
Problem 12.5
Given:
Test chamber with two chambers
Find:
Pressure and temperature after expansion
[2]
Solution:
Basic equation:
p = R T
u = q w
(First law - closed system)
u = cv T
u = 0
or for an Ideal gas
Vol2 = 2 Vol1
so
2 =
2 1
so
p2 =
1
p
2 1
Assumptions: 1) Ideal gas 2) Adiabatic 3) No work

For no work and adiabatic the first law becomes
We also have
From the ideal gas equation
M = Vol = const
p2
p1
and
2 T 2
1
=
1 T 1
2
p2 =
200 kPa
2
Hence
T2 = 20 F
Note that
T2
p2
1
s = cp ln R ln = R ln = 0.693 R
2
T1
p1
T = 0
T2 = T1
p2 = 100 kPa
so entropy increases (irreversible adiabatic)
Problem 12.6
[2]
Given:
Supercharger
Find:
Pressure, temperature and flow rate at exit; power drawn
Solution:
Basic equation:
T2
p2
s = cp ln R ln
T1
p1
p = Rair T
h = q w
h = cp T
(First law - open system)
Assumptions: 1) Ideal gas 2) Adiabatic

In an ideal process (reversible and adiabatic) the first law becomes
For an isentropic process
T2
p2
s = 0 = cp ln R ln
T1
p1
The given or available data is T1 = ( 70 + 460) R
h = w
or for an Ideal gas
T2
or
T1
ft
s
p2
p1
k1
k
p1 = 14.7 psi
p2 = ( 200 + 14.7) psi
= 70 %
k = 1.4
Btu
cp = 0.2399
lbm R
Rair = 53.33
T2 = 1140 R
T2 = 681 F
p2 = 215 psi
1
Q 2 = Q 1
2
p1 T2
Q2 = Q1
p2 T1
Q2 = 0.0737
Q1 = 0.5
p2
p1
wideal = cp T
ft lbf
lbm R
k1
k
Hecne
T2 =
We also have
mrate = 1 Q1 = 2 Q2
For the power we use
Pideal = mrate wideal = 1 Q1 cp T
T1
p1
From the ideal gas equation 1 =
Rair T1
1 = 0.00233
ft
Hence
Pideal = 1 Q1 cp T2 T1
The actual power needed is
Pactual =
Pideal
slug
or
1 = 0.0749
ft
s
lbm
ft
Pideal = 5.78 kW
Pactual = 8.26 kW
A supercharger is a pump that forces air into an engine, but generally refers to a pump that is driven directly by the engine, as
opposed to a turbocharger that is driven by the pressure of the exhaust gases.
Problem 12.7
Given:
Cooling of air in a tank
Find:
Change in entropy, internal energy, and enthalpy
[2]
Solution:
Basic equation:
p = R T
T2
p2
s = cp ln R ln
T1
p1
u = cv T
h = cp T
Assumptions: 1) Ideal gas 2) Constant specific heats

Given or available data M = 5 kg
J
cp = 1004
kg K
T1 = ( 250 + 273) K
T2 = ( 50 + 273) K
J
cv = 717.4
kg K
k =
For a constant volume process the ideal gas equation gives
Then
T2
p2
s = cp ln R ln
T1
p1
p1
T2
T1
p2 =
k = 1.4
T2
p
T1 1
s = 346
J
kg K
u = 143
kJ
kg
h = 201
kJ
kg
h = cp T2 T1
R = cp cv
p2 = 1.85 MPa
u = cv T2 T1
Total amounts are
p2
cp
cv
p1 = 3 MPa
J
K
S = M s
S = 1729
U = M u
U = 717 kJ
H = M h
H = 1004 kJ
R = 287
J
kg K
Problem 12.8
[3]
Given:
Air in a piston-cylinder
Find:
Heat to raise temperature to 1200oC at a) constant pressure and b) constant volume
Solution:
T1 = ( 100 + 273) K
T2 = ( 1200 + 273) K
a) For a constant pressure process we start with
R = 287
J
kg K
cv = cp R
J
cv = 717
kg K
q = cp dT
q = cp T2 T1
q = 1104
q = cv dT
q = cv T2 T1
q = 789
T ds = dh v dp
dh
dT
= cp
T
T
Hence, for p = const.
ds =
But
q = T ds
Hence
q = cp dT
b) For a constant volume process we start
J
cp = 1004
kg K
T ds = du + p dv
du
dT
= cv
T
T
Hence, for v = const.
ds =
But
q = T ds
Hence
q = cv dT
Heating to a higher temperature at constant pressure requires more heat than at constant volume: some of the heat is used
to do work in expanding the gas; hence for constant pressure less of the heat is available for raising the temperature.
From the first law:
Constant pressure:
kJ
kg
q = u + w
Constant volume:
q = u
The two processes can be plotted using Eqs. 11.11b and 11.11a, simplified for the case of constant pressure and
constant volume.
a) For constant pressure
T2
p2
s2 s1 = cp ln R ln
T1
p1
so
T2
s = cp ln
T1
b) For constant volume
T2
v2
s2 s1 = cv ln + R ln
T1
v1
so
T2
s = cv ln
T1
The processes are plotted in the associated Excel workbook
kJ
kg
[3]
Given: Air in a piston-cylinder

Find: Heat to raise temperature to 1200oC at a) constant pressure and b) constant volume; plot
Solution:
The given or available data is:
T1 =
100
T2 =
R =
cp =
cv =
1200
287
1004
717
J/kg.K
J/kg.K
J/kg.K
The equations to be plotted are:
T (K)
a) s J/kgK)
b) s J/kgK)
373
473
573
673
773
873
973
1073
1173
1273
1373
0
238
431
593
732
854
963
1061
1150
1232
1308
0
170
308
423
522
610
687
758
821
880
934
T-s Diagram for Constant Pressure and Constant Volume

Processes
1500
T (K)
1250
1000
750
500
a) Constant Pressure
b) Constant Volume
250
0
0
250
500
750
s (J/kg.K)
1000
1250
1500
Problem 12.9
Given:
Data on Otto cycle
Find:
Plot of pV and Ts diagrams; efficiency
[4]
Solution:
J
cp = 1004
kg K
R = 287
J
kg K
p1 = 100 kPa
T1 = ( 20 + 273) K
cp
cv
cv = cp R
J
cv = 717
kg K
k =
T3 = ( 2750 + 273) K
V1 = 500 cc
V2 =
V1
8.5
k = 1.4
V2 = 58.8 cc
V4 = V1
Computed results:
M =
For process 1-2 we have isentropic behavior
T v
Hence
V1
T2 = T1
V2
k1
V1
p2 = p1
V2
kg
(12.12 a and 12.12b)
p2 = 2002 kPa
V2
p1 V1 p2 V2
W12 =
p ( V ) dV =
V
k1
1
T3
p3 = p2
T2
p v = constant
T2 = 690 K
V3 = V2
= constant
V1
p ( V) = p1
For process 2 - 3 we have constant volume
Hence
M = 5.95 10
R T1
k1
The process from 1 -2 is
The work is
p1 V1
and
s = constant
W12 = 169 J
V3 = 58.8 cc
p3 = 8770 kPa
Q12 = 0 J
(Isentropic)
V = V2 = constant
and
T
s = cv ln
T2
W23 = 0 J
(From 12.11a)
Q23 = M u = M cv dT
Q23 = M cv T3 T2
Q23 = 995 J
For process 3 - 4 we again have isentropic behavior
Hence
V3
T4 = T3
V4
k1
V3
p4 = p3
V4
T4 = 1284 K
The process from 3 - 4 is
V3
p ( V) = p3
The work is
W34 =
p4 = 438 kPa
and
p3 V3 p4 V4
k1
s = constant
W34 = 742 J
Q34 = 0 J
T
s = cv ln
T4

W41 = 0 J
For process 4-1 we again have constant volume

V = V4 = constant
and
(From 12.11a)
Q41 = M cv T1 T4
The net work is
Wnet = W12 + W23 + W34 + W41
The efficiency is
Wnet
Q23
This is consistent with the expression for the Otto efficiency
where r is the compression ratio
r =
V1
V2
Otto = 57.5 %
Plots of the cycle in pV and Ts space are shown in the associated Excel workbook
Q41 = 422 J
Wnet = 572 J
= 57.5 %
1
Otto = 1
k1
r
r = 8.5
[4]
Given: Data on Otto cycle

Find:
Solution:
The given, available, or computed data is:
R =
cp =
287
1004
J/kg.K
J/kg.K
cv =
k =
717
1.4
J/kg.K
T1 =
293
p1 =
100
kPa
V1 =
500
cc
T2 =
690
p2 =
2002
kPa
V2 =
58.8
cc
T3 =
3023
p3 =
8770
kPa
V3 =
58.8
cc
T4 =
1284
p4 =
438
kPa
V4 =
500
cc
The computations are:
V (cc)
p (kPa)
T (K)
s J/kgK)
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
58.8
58.8
58.8
58.8
58.8
58.8
58.8
58.8
58.8
58.8
58.8
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
100
116
137
165
204
264
361
540
952
2002
2176
2901
3626
4352
5077
5802
6527
7253
7978
8770
4172
2364
1580
1156
896
722
599
508
438
410
375
341
307
273
239
205
171
137
100
293
306
320
338
359
387
423
474
558
690
750
1000
1250
1500
1750
2000
2250
2500
2750
3023
2445
2078
1852
1694
1575
1481
1403
1339
1284
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
293
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
160
366
526
657
767
863
947
1023
1091
1159
1159
1159
1159
1159
1159
1159
1159
1159
1159
1111
1049
980
905
820
724
614
483
323
100
Initial entropy is arbitrary

Temperatures from Eq. 12.12b
Uniform temperature steps
p - V Diagram for Otto Cycle

10000
p (kPa)
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
1000
1250
V (cc)
T - s Diagram for Otto Cycle

3500
T (K)
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0
250
500
750
s (J/kg.K)
Problem 12.10
Given:
Data on diesel cycle
Find:
[4]
Solution:
J
cp = 1004
kg K
R = 287
p1 = 100 kPa
T1 = ( 20 + 273) K
V2 =
V1
J
kg K
V2 = 40 cc
12.5
M =
Computed results:
V3 = V2
Hence
V4 = 1.75 V3
V4 = 70 cc
M = 5.95 10
k1
T v
V1
p2 = p1
V2
T2 = 805 K
The work is
W12 =
V
V5 = V1
4
p v = constant
kg
(12.12c)
p2 = 3435 kPa
and
V2
p ( V) dV =
p1 V1 p2 V2
T3
p3 = p2
T2
k = 1.4
= constant (12.12a)
k1
V1
p ( V) = p1
Hence
cp
cv
V1 = 500 cc
R T1
For process 2 - 3 we have constant volume
k =
T3 = ( 3000 + 273) K
p1 V1
For process 1-2 we have isentropic behavior
V1
T2 = T1
V2
J
cv = 717
kg K
cv = cp R
k 1
s = constant
W12 = 218 J
Q12 = 0 J
(Isentropic)
V3 = V2
V3 = 40 cc
p3 = 13963 kPa
V = V2 = constant
T
s = cv ln
T2
and
W23 = 0 J
(From Eq. 12.11a)
Q23 = M u = M cv dT
p4 = p3
For process 3 - 4 we have constant pressure
p = p3 = constant
Q23 = M cv T3 T2
Q23 = 1052 J
p4 = 13963 kPa
V4
T4 = T3
V3
T4 = 5728 K
and
T
s = cp ln
T3
(From Eq. 12.11b)
W34 = p3 V4 V3
W34 = 419 J
V4
T5 = T4
V5
For process 4 - 5 we again have isentropic behavior
Q34 = M cp T4 T3
Q34 = 1465 J
k1
T5 = 2607 K
Hence
V4
p5 = p4
V5
V4
p ( V) = p4
The work is
W45 =
p5 = 890 kPa
and
p4 V4 p5 V5
s = constant
W45 = 1330 J
k1
Q45 = 0 J
For process 5-1 we again have constant volume
V = V5 = constant
and
T
s = cv ln
T5
(From Eq. 12.11a)
Q51 = M cv T1 T5
Q51 = 987 J
The net work is
Wnet = W12 + W23 + W34 + W45 + W51
The heat added is
Qadded = Q23 + Q34
The efficiency is
Wnet
Qadded
Qadded = 2517 J
= 60.8 %
W51 = 0 J
Wnet = 1531 J
This is consistent with the expression from thermodynamics for the diesel efficiency
r k1
c
diesel = 1
k1 k ( r 1)
r
c
V1
where r is the compression ratio
r =
and rc is the cutoff ratio
V4
rc =
V3
V2
r = 12.5
rc = 1.75
diesel = 58.8 %
The plots of the cycle in pV and Ts space are shown in the associated Excel workbook
[4]
Given: Data on diesel cycle

Find:
Solution:
The given, available, or computed data is:
R =
cp =
287
1004
J/kg.K
J/kg.K
cv =
k =
717
1.4
J/kg.K
T1 =
293
p1 =
100
kPa
V1 =
500
cc
T2 =
805
p2 =
3435
kPa
V2 =
40
cc
T3 =
3273
p3 =
13963
kPa
V3 =
40
cc
T4 =
5728
p4 =
13963
kPa
V4 =
70
cc
T5 =
2607
p5 =
890
kPa
V5 =
500
cc
The computations are:
V (cc)
p (kPa)
T (K)
s J/kg.K)
500
400
300
250
200
150
100
75.0
50.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
42.8
45.8
48.9
51.9
55.0
58.1
61.1
64.2
67.2
70.0
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
100
137
204
264
361
540
952
1425
2514
3435
3840
4266
5333
6399
7466
8532
9599
10666
11732
13963
13963
13963
13963
13963
13963
13963
13963
13963
13963
13963
8474
4803
3210
2349
1820
1466
1216
1031
890
853
768
683
597
512
427
341
256
171
100
293
320
359
387
423
474
558
626
736
805
900
1000
1250
1500
1750
2000
2250
2500
2750
3273
3500
3750
4000
4250
4500
4750
5000
5250
5500
5728
4966
4222
3763
3441
3199
3007
2851
2720
2607
2500
2250
2000
1750
1500
1250
1000
750
500
293
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
180
255
415
546
657
752
837
912
981
1105
1173
1242
1307
1368
1425
1479
1531
1580
1627
1667
1667
1667
1667
1667
1667
1667
1667
1667
1667
1637
1562
1477
1381
1271
1140
980
774
483
100
Initial entropy is arbitrary

p - V Diagram for Diesel Cycle

16000
p (kPa)
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
V (cc)
T - s Diagram for Diesel Cycle

7000
T (K)
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
0
500
1000
s (J/kg.K)
1500
2000
Problem 12.11
[3]
Problem 12.12
[2]
Problem 12.13
[3]
Problem 12.14
[3]
Given:
Data on flow through compressor
Find:
Efficiency at which power required is 30 MW; plot required efficiency and exit temperature as functions of efficiency
Solution:
R = 518.3
J
kg K
J
cp = 2190
kg K
J
cv = 1672
kg K
cv = cp R
k =
cp
cv
k = 1.31
m
s
T1 = ( 13 + 273) K
p1 = 0.5 MPa + 101 kPa
V1 = 32
p2 = 8 MPa + 101 kPa
Wcomp = 30 MW
D = 0.6 m
The governing equation is the first law of thermodynamics for the compressor
2
2
V2
V1
Mflow h2 +
h +
= Wcomp
2 1
2
2
2
V2 V1
Wcomp = Mflow cp ( T2 T1) +
or
We need to find the mass flow rate and the temperature and velocity at the exit
p1 2
Mflow = 1 A1 V1 =
D V1
R T1 4
The exit velocity is then given by
p1 2
Mflow =
D V1
R T1 4
p2 2
Mflow =
D V2
R T2 4
V2 =
kg
Mflow = 36.7
s
4 Mflow R T2
2
(1)
p2 D
The exit velocity cannot be computed until the exit temperature is determined!
Using Eq. 1 in the first law
Wcomp = Mflow cp (T2 T1) +
2
4 Mflow R T2
V12
p D 2
In this complicated expression the only unknown is T2, the exit temperature. The equation is a quadratic, so is solvable
explicitly for T2, but instead we use Excel's Goal Seek to find the solution (the second solution is mathematically
T2 = 660 K
correct but physically unrealistic - a very large negative absolute temperature). The exit temperature is
If the compressor was ideal (isentropic), the exit temperature would be given by
T p
1k
k
= constant
(12.12b)
Hence
p1
T2s = T1
p2
1k
k
T2s = 529 K
For a compressor efficiency , we have
h2s h1
h2 h1
or
To plot the exit temperature and power as a function of efficiency we use
with
V2 =
4 Mflow R T2
p2 D
and
T2s T1
= 65.1 %
T2 T1
T2 = T1 +
T2s T1
2
2
V2 V1
Wcomp = Mflow cp (T2 T1) +
The dependencies of T2 and Wcomp on efficiency are plotted in the associated Excel workbook
Given:
Data on flow through compressor
Find:
Efficiency at which power required is 30 MW; plot required efficiency

and exit temperature as functions of efficiency
Solution:
R =
cp =
cv =
k =
T1 =
p1 =
V1 =
p2 =
D =
W comp =
518.3
2190
1672
1.31
286
601
32
8101
0.6
30
J/kg.K
J/kg.K
J/kg.K
36.7
kg/s
K
kPa
m/s
kPa
m/s
MW
Computed results:
M flow =
Use Goal Seek to vary T 2 below so that the error between the left and right sides is zero!
T2 =
LHS (MW)
30.0
T 2s =
660
RHS (MW)
30.0
529
65.1%
Error
0.00%
[3]

85%
80%
70%
50%
40%
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
T 2 (K)
V 2 (m/s)
W comp (MW)
572
590
634
773
894
981
1097
1259
1503
1908
4.75
4.90
5.26
6.41
7.42
8.14
9.11
10.45
12.47
15.84
23
24
28
39
49
56
65
78
98
130
Required Compressor Power

as a Function of Efficiency
W comp (MW)
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
20%
10%
0%
Gas Exit Temperature

as a Function of Efficiency
2500
T (K)
2000
1500
1000
500
0
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
Problem 12.15
[4]
Problem 12.16
Given: Data on flow rate and balloon properties

Find:
"Volumetric efficiency" over time
Solution:
R =
T atm =
53.3
519
ft.lbf/lboR
R
p atm =
14.7
psi
k =
V rate =
200
0.1
lbf/ft3
ft3/min
Computing equations:
Computed results:
air = 0.0765
M rate =
0.000128
lb/ft3
lb/s
[3]
r (in)
p (psi)
(lb/ft3)
V ball (ft3)
M ball (lb)
t (s)
V/V rate
5.00
5.25
5.50
5.75
6.00
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
29.2
30.0
30.7
31.4
32.2
32.9
33.6
34.3
35.1
0.152
0.156
0.160
0.164
0.167
0.171
0.175
0.179
0.183
0.303
0.351
0.403
0.461
0.524
0.592
0.666
0.746
0.831
0.0461
0.0547
0.0645
0.0754
0.0876
0.101
0.116
0.133
0.152
0.00
67.4
144
229
325
433
551
683
828
0.00
42.5%
41.3%
40.2%
39.2%
38.2%
37.3%
36.4%
35.5%
Volume Increase of Balloon

as Percentage of Supplied Volume
44%
V/V flow
42%
40%
38%
36%
34%
0
250
500
t (s)
750
1000
Problem 12.17
[3]
Given:
Sound wave
Find:
Estimate of change in density, temperature, and velocity after sound wave passes
Solution:
Basic equation:
p = R T
T2
p2
s = cp ln R ln
T1
p1
du = cv dT
dh = cp dT
Assumptions: 1) Ideal gas 2) Constant specific heats 3) Isentropic process 4) infinitesimal changes
T1 = ( 20 + 273) K
p1 = 100 kPa
c =
c = 343
k R T 1
For small changes, from Section 11-2
dp = 20 Pa
k = 1.4
Then
dVx =
1
dp
1 c
dp = c d
so
1 = 1.19
d =
dp
d = 1.70 10
Hence
dp d
dT = T1
p1 1
4 kg
a very small change!
kg
3
dVx = 0.049
m
s
For the change in temperature we start with the ideal gas equation
Dividing by the ideal gas equation we find
J
kg K
m
s
c
p1
The air density is 1 =
R T1
R = 286.9
This is the velocity of the air after the sound wave!

p = R T
and differentiate dp = d R T + R dT
dp
d dT
=
+
p
T
dT = 0.017 K
dT = 0.030 F
a very small change!
Problem 12.18
[3]
Given:
Sound wave
Find:
Estimate of change in density, temperature, and velocity after sound wave passes
Solution:
Basic equations:
p = R T
Ev =
dp
d
Assumptions: 1) Ideal gas 2) Constant specific heats 3) Infinitesimal changes

To find the bulk modulus we need
dp
d
p
For rapid compression (isentropic)
Hence
Ev =
in
= const
and so
p
Ev = k

dp
d
dp
d
dp
p
= k
d
Ev = k p
For gradual compression (isothermal) we can use the ideal gas equation
Hence
E v = ( R T ) = p
p = R T
so
dp = d R T
Ev = p
We conclude that the "stiffness" (Ev) of air is equal to kp when rapidly compressed and p when gradually compressed. To give an idea of v
For water
Ev = 2.24 GPa
For air (k = 1.4) at p = 101 kPa
Rapid compression
Ev = k p
Gradual compression Ev = p
Ev = 141 kPa
Ev = 101 kPa
Problem 12.19
Given:
Device for determining bulk modulus
Find:
Time delay; Bulk modulus of new material
[2]
Solution:
Ev
Basic equation:
c=
Hence for given data
Ev = 200
GN
m
For the steel
c =
Ev
SG w
L = 1 m
For the unknown material
M = 0.25 kg
The density is then
M
L
D
4
L
t
The speed of sound in it is
c =
Hence th bulk modulus is
E v = c
c = 5054
m
s
4
L
c
t = 1.98 10
D = 1 cm
t = 0.5 ms
kg
= 3183
m
c = 2000
w = 1000
kg
m
t =
Hence the time to travel distance L is
SG = 7.83
and for steel
m
s
Ev = 12.7
GN
2
t = 0.198 ms
t = 198 s
Problem 12.20
Given:
Hunting dolphin
Find:
Time delay before it hears prey at 1000 m
[2]
Solution:
Ev
Basic equation:
c=
Given (and Table A.2) data
L = 1000 m
SG = 1.025
Ev = 2.42
GN
2
m
For the seawater
c =
Ev
SG w
Hence the time for sound to travel distance L is
c = 1537
t =
L
c
w = 1000
kg
m
s
t = 0.651 s
t = 651 ms
Problem 12.21
Given:
Submarine sonar
Find:
Separation between submarines
[2]
Solution:
Ev
Basic equation:
c=
Given (and Table A.2) data
t = 25 s
SG = 1.025
Ev = 2.42
GN
2
m
For the seawater
c =
Ev
SG w
c = 1537
Hence the distance sound travels in time t is
L = c t
The distance between submarines is half of this
x =
L
2
m
s
L = 38.4 km
x = 19.2 km
w = 1000
kg
3
Problem 12.22
Given:
Airplane cruising at two different elevations
Find:
Mach numbers
[1]
Solution:
Basic equation:
c=
k R T
Available data
R = 286.9
At
z = 1600 ft
J
kg K
M=
V
c
k = 1.4
z = 488 m
interpolating from Table A.3
T = 288.2 K +
( 284.9 288.2) K
( z 0m)
( 500 0) m
and we have
V = 400 mph
and we have
V = 725 mph
T = 285 K
Hence
c =
k R T
c = 338
M =
The Mach number is
m
s
V
c
M = 0.529
Repeating at
z = 50000 ft
z = 15240 m
Hence
c =
c = 295
The Mach number is
k R T
M =
V
c
c = 757 mph
m
s
T = 216.7 K
c = 660 mph
M = 1.10
Problem 12.23
[1]
Problem 12.24
[1]
V = 500 mph
R = 286.90 J/kgK
k = 1.40
(Table A.6)
Data on temperature versus height obtained from Table A.3

z (m)
T (K)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
288.2
284.9
281.7
278.4
275.2
271.9
268.7
265.4
262.2
258.9
255.7
249.2
242.7
236.2
229.7
223.3
c (m/s) c (mph)
340
338
336
334
332
330
329
326
325
322
320
316
312
308
304
299
661
658
654
650
646
642
639
635
631
627
623
615
607
599
590
582
M
0.756
0.760
0.765
0.769
0.774
0.778
0.783
0.788
0.793
0.798
0.803
0.813
0.824
0.835
0.847
0.859
Mach Number versus Elevation

0.90
0.85
0.80
0.75
0.70
0
2000
4000
6000
z (m)
8000
10000
Problem 12.26
Given:
Fireworks displays!
Find:
How long after seeing them do you hear them?
[2]
Solution:
Basic equation:
c=
k R T
Assumption: Speed of light is essentially infinite (compared to speed of sound)
TJuly = ( 75 + 460) R
L = 1 mi
Hence
cJuly =
ft
cJuly = 1134
s
Then the time is
L
tJuly =
cJuly
In January
TJan = ( 5 + 460) R
Hence
cJan =
Then the time is
L
tJan =
cJan
k Rair TJuly
k Rair TJan
tJuly = 4.66 s
ft
cJan = 1057
s
tJan = 5.00 s
k = 1.4
Rair = 53.33
ft lbf
lbm R
p2 =
10
MPa
p1 =
p =
5
5
MPa
MPa
Data on specific volume versus temperature can be obtained fro any good thermodynamics text (try the Web!)
p1
Speed of Sound versus Temperature
p2
T ( C) v (m /kg) v (m3/kg) (kg/m3) c (m/s)

3
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
0.0009977
0.0009996
0.0010057
0.0010149
0.0010267
0.0010410
0.0010576
0.0010769
0.0010988
0.0011240
0.0011531
0.0009952
0.0009973
0.0010035
0.0010127
0.0010244
0.0010385
0.0010549
0.0010738
0.0010954
0.0011200
0.0011482
2.52
2.31
2.18
2.14
2.19
2.31
2.42
2.68
2.82
3.18
3.70
1409
1472
1514
1528
1512
1470
1437
1366
1330
1254
1162
1600
1500
1400
c (m/s)
1300
1200
1100
1000
0
50
100
o
T ( C)
150
200
Problem 12.28
[3]
(Eq. 12.18, Section 12-2)
Section 12-2
Problem 12.29
[2]
Given:
Data on atmospheric temperature variation with altitude
Find:
Sound of speed at sea level; plot speed as function of altitude
Solution
R =
k =
286.9
1.4
J/kg.K
Computing equation:
c = kRT
Computed results:
(Only partial data is shown in table)
z (m)
T (K)
c (m/s)
288.2
284.9
281.7
278.4
275.2
271.9
268.7
265.4
262.2
258.9
255.7
249.2
242.7
236.2
229.7
223.3
340
338
336
334
332
330
329
326
325
322
320
316
312
308
304
299
Speed of Sound Variation with Altitude

350
325
c (m/s)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
300
275
250
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
z (m)
60000
70000
80000
90000 100000
Problem 12.30
[3]
Given: Data on atmospheric temperature variation with altitude

Find:
Lapse rate; plot of rate of change of sonic speed with altitude
Solution:
R =
k =
T0 =
T 10k =
286.9
1.4
288.2
223.3
J/kg.K
K
K
Computed results:
-0.00649
K/m
z (km)
T (K)
dc/dz (s-1)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
288.2
281.7
275.2
268.7
262.2
255.8
249.3
242.8
236.3
229.8
223.3
-0.00383
-0.00387
-0.00392
-0.00397
-0.00402
-0.00407
-0.00412
-0.00417
-0.00423
-0.00429
-0.00435
(Using T at z = 10 km)
Rate of Change of Sonic Speed

with Altitude
-0.0038
-0.0039
-1
dc/dz (s )
m =
-0.0040
-0.0041
-0.0042
-0.0043
-0.0044
0
6
z (km)
10
Problem 12.31
Given:
Air flow at M = 1.9
Find:
Air speed; Mach angle
[1]
Solution:
k R T
= asin
c=
T = ( 77 + 460) R
M = 1.9
Hence
c =
c = 1136
ft
s
Then the air speed is
V = M c
V = 2158
ft
s
The Mach angle is given by
= asin
= 31.8 deg
k Rair T
M =
V
c
Basic equations:
k = 1.4
V = 1471 mph
Rair = 53.33
ft lbf
lbm R
Problem 12.32
[1]
Problem 12.33
[1]
Problem 12.34
[2]
Problem 12.35
[2]
Problem 12.36
[2]
Given:
High-speed jet flying overhead
Find:
Estimate speed and Mach number of jet
Solution:
Basic equations:
c=
k R T
T = ( 30 + 273) K
M=
V
c
= asin
h = 3500 m
The time it takes to fly from directly overhead to where you hear it is
The distance traveled, moving at speed V, is
k = 1.4
R = 286.9
J
kg K
t = 5 s
x = V t
tan( ) =
The Mach angle is related to height h and distance x by

and also we have
sin ( ) =
1
c
=
M
V
Dividing Eq. 2 by Eq 1
cos ( ) =
c V t
c t
=
V h
h
sin ( )
h
h
=
=
cos ( )
x
V t
(1)
(2)
Note that we could have written this equation from geometry directly!
m
s
We have
c =
k R T
c = 349
Hence
M =
1
sin ( )
M = 1.15
Then the speed is
V = M c
V = 402
so
= acos
c t
m
s
Note that we assume the temperature of the air is uniform. In fact the temperature will vary over 3500 m, so the Mach
cone will be curved. This speed and Mach number are only rough estimates
= 60.1 deg
Problem 12.37
[2]
Problem 12.38
[3]
Given:
Supersonic aircraft flying overhead
Find:
Time at which airplane heard
Solution:
Basic equations:
c=
k R T
V = 1000
m
s
M =
V
c
= asin
h = 3 km
The time it takes to fly from directly overhead to where you hear it is
x=
If the temperature is constant then
k = 1.4
t =
R = 286.9
J
kg K
x
V
h
tan( )
The temperature is not constant so the Mach line will not be straight. We can find a range of t by considering the temperature range
At h = 3 km we find from Table A.3 that
k R T
T = 268.7 K
c =
Hence
= asin
= 19.2 deg
At sea level we find from Table A.3 that
T = 288.2 K
Using this temperature
c =
k R T
Hence
= asin
c = 329
m
s
c = 340
m
s
= 19.9 deg
M =
and
x =
h
tan( )
x =
x = 8625 m
M =
and
h
tan( )
Thus we conclude that the time is somwhere between 8.62 and 8.29 s. Taking an average
V
c
V
c
x = 8291 m
M = 3.04
t =
x
V
t = 8.62 s
M = 2.94
t =
x
V
t = 8.55 s
t = 8.29 s
Problem 12.39
[3]
h
x = Vt
Given:
Supersonic aircraft flying overhead
Find:
Location at which first sound wave was emitted
Solution:
Basic equations:
c=
k R T
V = 1000
m
s
We need to find x as shown in the figure
M =
V
c
= asin
h = 3 km
k = 1.4
R = 286.9
J
kg K
x = h tan( )
The temperature is not constant so the Mach line will not be straight ( is not constant). We can find a range of and x by
considering the temperature range
At h = 3 km we find from Table A.3 that
T = 268.7 K
k R T
c =
Hence
= asin
= 19.2 deg
At sea level we find from Table A.3 that
T = 288.2 K
c =
k R T
Hence
= asin
c = 329
m
s
c = 340
m
s
= 19.9 deg
V
c
and
M =
x = h tan( )
x = 1043 m
and
M =
x = h tan( )
x = 1085 m
Thus we conclude that the distance is somwhere between 1043 and 1085 m. Taking an average
V
c
x = 1064 m
M = 3.04
M = 2.94
Problem 12.40
[4] Part 1/2
Problem 12.40
[4] Part 2/2
Problem 12.41
Given:
Speed of automobile
Find:
Whether flow can be considered incompressible
[2]
Solution:
Consider the automobile at rest with 60 mph air flowing over it. Let state 1 be upstream, and point 2 the
stagnation point on the automobile
J
kg K
R = 287
k = 1.4
The basic equation for the density change is
V1 = 60 mph
( k 1) 2
= 1 +
M
0 = 1 1 +
or
1 =
c1 =
For the Mach number we need c
V1 = 26.8
( k 1)
2
M1
2
(12.20c)
1
k1
p1
1 = 1.201
R T1
k1
2
2
M1
0 = 1.205
kg
3
m
m
c1 = 343
s
k R T1
1
k1
T1 = ( 20 + 273) K
1
k1
V1
M1 =
c1
m
s
0 = 1 1 +
p1 = 101 kPa
M1 = 0.0782
kg
m
The percentage change in density is
0 1
0
= 0.305 %
This is an insignificant change, so the flow can be considered incompressible. Note that M < 0.3, the
usual guideline for incompressibility
V1 = 120 mph
For the maximum speed present
0 = 1 1 +
k1
2
2
M1
1
k1
0 = 1.216
kg
m
V1 = 53.6
m
s
V1
M1 =
c1
The percentage change in density is
This is still an insignificant change, so the flow can be considered incompressible.
M1 = 0.156
0 1
0
= 1.21 %
Problem 12.42
Given:
Supersonic transport aircraft
Find:
Explanation of sound wave refraction
[5]
Solution:
A sound wave is refracted when the speed of sound varies with altitude in the atmosphere. (The variation in sound speed is caused by
temperature variations in the atmosphere, as shown in Fig. 3.3)
Imagine a plane wave front that initially is vertical. When the wave encounters a region where the temperature increase with altitude
(such as between 20.1 km and 47.3 km altitude in Fig. 3.3), the sound speed increases with elevation. Therefore the upper portion of
the wave travels faster than the lower portion. The wave front turns gradually and the sound wave follows a curved path through the
atmosphere. Thus a wave that initially is horizontal bends and follows a curved path, tending to reach the ground some distance from
the source.
The curvature and the path of the sound could be calculated for any specific temperature variation in the atmosphere. However, the
required analysis is beyond the scope of this text.
Problem 12.43
Given: Mach number range from 0.05 to 0.95

Find:
Plot of percentage density change; Mach number for 1%, 5%, and 10% change
Solution:
k =
1.4
Computing equation:
[2]
Computed results:
/ o
M
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
0.1%
0.5%
1.1%
2.0%
3.1%
4.4%
5.9%
7.6%
9.4%
11%
14%
16%
18%
21%
23%
26%
29%
31%
34%
To find M for specific density changes

use Goal Seek repeatedly
/ o
M
0.142
1%
0.322
5%
0.464
10%
Note: Based on (not o) the results are:
0.142
0.314
0.441
Density Variation with Mach Number

40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
M
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Problem 12.44
Given:
Aircraft flying at 250 m/s
Find:
Stagnation pressure
[1]
Solution:
Basic equations:
c=
V = 250
First we need
c =
Finally we solve for p0
k R T
m
s
k R T
p0 = p 1 +
M =
p0
V
c
T = ( 50 + 273) K
c = 299
k 1 2
M
2
m
s
then
= 1 +
k 1 2
M
2
k
k 1
p = 28 kPa
M =
k
k 1
p0 = 44.2 kPa
V
c
k = 1.4
M = 0.835
R = 286.9
J
kg K
Problem 12.45
[2]
Given:
Pressure data on aircraft in flight
Find:
Change in air density; whether flow can be considered incompressible
Solution:
k = 1.4
p0 = 48 kPa
p = 27.6 kPa
T = ( 55 + 273) K
Governing equation (assuming isentropic flow):

p
Hence
so
= constant
p
=
0
p0
(12.12c)
1
k
0
0
p0
=
=
1 =
1
k
= 48.5 %
NOT an incompressible flow!
Problem 12.46
Given:
Car at sea level and aircraft flying at 30,000 ft
Find:
Ratio of static to total pressure in each case
[1]
Solution:
k R T
p0
V
c
Basic equations:
c=
Vcar = 55 mph
Vcar = 80.7
k = 1.4
Rair = 53.33
At sea level, from Table A.3
T = 288.2 K
or
Hence
c =
c = 1116
k Rair T
M =
ft
s
k 1 2
M
2
= 1 +
Vplane = 550 mph
Vplane = 807
ft
s
ft lbf
lbm R
T = 519 R
The pressure ratio is
k
k 1
p
k 1
2
= 1 +
Mcar
p0
2
ft
s
Mcar =
Vcar
Mcar = 0.0723
k
k 1
= 0.996
Note that the Bernoulli equation would give the same result!
At h = 30000 ft or h = 9144 m ,interpolating from Table A.3
T = 229.7 K +
Hence
c =
k Rair T
( 223.3 229.7) K
( 9144 9000)
( 10000 9000)
c = 995
The pressure ratio is
p
k1
2
= 1 +
Mplane
p0
2
ft
s
Mplane =
k
k1
= 0.649
T = 229 K
Vplane
c
Mplane = 0.811
T = 412 R
Problem 12.47
Given:
Aircraft flying at 12 km
Find:
Dynamic and stagnation pressures
[2]
Solution:
Basic equations:
c=
k R T
M = 2
M =
h = 12 km
SL = 1.225
kg
m
At h = 12 km ,from Table A.3
p0
V
c
= 0.2546 SL
p0 = p 1 +
Also
c =
Hence
pdyn =
= 0.312
k 1 2
M
2
k R T
1
2
V
2
k 1 2
M
2
pdyn =
1
2
V
2
J
kg K
k = 1.4
R = 286.9
p = 0.1915 pSL
p = 19.4 kPa
pSL = 101.3 kPa

kg
m
Hence
= 1 +
k
k 1
k
k 1
c = 295
p0 = 152 kPa
m
s
pdyn = 54.3 kPa
V = M c
V = 590
m
s
T = 216.7 K
Problem 12.48
[1]
Problem 12.49
[1]
Problem 12.50
[1]
Problem 12.51
[2]
Given:
Mach number of aircraft
Find:
Pressure difference; air speed based on a) compressible b) incompressible assumptions
Solution:
R = 287
J
kg K
From Table A.3, at 10 km altitude
The governing equation for pressure change is:
Hence
p0 = p 1 +
The pressure difference is
p0 p = 8.67 kPa
a) Assuming compressibility
c =
J
cp = 1004
kg K
k = 1.4
M = 0.65
T = 223.3 K
p = 0.2615 101 kPa
p = 26.4 kPa
p0
p
k 1 2
M
2
k R T
k 1 2
= 1 +
M
2
k
k1
(12.20a)
k
k1
c = 300
p0 = 35.1 kPa
m
s
V = M c
V = 195
m
s
b) Assuming incompressibility
Here the Bernoulli equation applies in the form
For the density
Hence
so
V =
2 p0 p
= 0.412
R T
V = 205
2
p0
p V
+
=
2
kg
3
)
V =
2 p0 p
m
s
In this case the error at M = 0.65 in computing the speed of the aircraft using Bernoulli equation is
205 195
= 5.13 %
195
Problem 12.52
[1]
Problem 12.53
[2]
Given:
Flight altitude of high-speed aircraft
Find:
Mach number and aircraft speed errors assuming incompressible flow; plot
Solution:
The governing equation for pressure change is:
Hence
p0
k 1 2
= 1 +
M
p
2
k
k1
(12.20a)
k
k1
k 1 2
p = p 1 +
M
1
2
p0
p = p0 p = p
1
p
(1)
For each Mach number the actual pressure change can be computed from Eq. 1
2
p0
p V
+
=
Assuming incompressibility, the Bernoulli equation applies in the form
and the Mach number based on this is
Using Eq. 1
V
Mincomp =
=
c
Mincomp =
2 p
k R T
so
V =
2 p
k R T
k 1
2
k 1 2
1 +
M
1
k
2
The error in using Bernoulli to estimate the Mach number is
Mincomp M
M
=
M
M
For errors in speed:

Actual speed:
V = M c
V = M k R T
Speed assuming incompressible flow:
Vinc = Mincomp k R T
The error in using Bernoulli to estimate the speed from the pressure difference is
Vincomp V
V
=
V
V
The computations and plots are shown in the associated Excel workbook
2 p0 p
=
2 p
Given: Flight altitude of high-speed aircraft

Find: Mach number and aircraft speed errors assuming incompressible flow; plot
Solution:
R =
k =
T =
286.9
1.4
216.7
J/kg.K
K
(At 12 km, Table A.3)
[2]
Computed results:
c =
M
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
295
m/s
M incomp
M/M
V (m/s)
V incomp (m/s)
V/V
0.100
0.201
0.303
0.408
0.516
0.627
0.744
0.865
0.994
0.13%
0.50%
1.1%
2.0%
3.2%
4.6%
6.2%
8.2%
10.4%
29.5
59.0
88.5
118
148
177
207
236
266
29.5
59.3
89.5
120
152
185
219
255
293
0.13%
0.50%
1.1%
2.0%
3.2%
4.6%
6.2%
8.2%
10.4%
Error in Mach Number Using Bernoulli

12%
10%
M/M
8%
6%
4%
2%
0%
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Error in Speed Using Bernoulli

12%
10%
V/V
8%
6%
4%
2%
0%
0
50
100
150
V (m/s)
200
250
300
Problem 12.54
Given:
Wind tunnel at M = 2.5
Find:
Stagnation conditions; mass flow rate
[2]
Solution:
M = 2.5
T = ( 15 + 273) K
k = 1.4
R = 286.9
T0 = T 1 +
M =
p0
c=
Then
k R T
V
c
Basic equations:
p0 = p 1 +
The mass flow rate is given by
mrate = A V
We need
c =
and also
Then
k 1 2
M
2
k R T
p
R T
mrate = A V
k 1 2
M
2
T0
T
=1+
k 1 2
M
2
2
p = 35 kPa
A = 0.175 m
T0 = 648 K
T0 = 375 C
J
kg K
k 1 2
M
2
Also
= 1 +
k
k 1
k
k 1
c = 340
p0 = 598 kPa
m
s
= 0.424
V = M c
kg
3
kg
mrate = 63.0
s
V = 850
m
s
Problem 12.55
[2]
Problem 12.56
Given:
Wind tunnel test of supersonic transport
Find:
Lift and drag coefficients
[3]
Solution:
Basic equations:
c=
k R T
FL
CL =
M =
CD =
1
2
V A
2
M = 1.8
2
p = p0 1 +
T0
1+
Then
c =
and
V = M c
We also need
Finally
k 1 2
M
2
k 1
2
T0
T
= 1+
p0 = 200 psi
Rair = 53.33
FL = 12000 lbf
ft lbf
lbm R
k
k 1
p = 34.8 psi
T = 123 F
c = 1183
ft
s
V = 2129
FL
1
2
V A
2
FD
1
2
V A
2
k1 2
M
2
1
2
V A
2
T = 583 R
p
Rair T
CD =
k 1 2
M
2
k Rair T
CL =
= 1 +
FD
k = 1.4
T =
T0 = ( 500 + 460) R
A = 100 in
We need local conditions
p0
V
c
k
k 1
c = 807 mph
ft
s
= 0.00501
V = 1452 mph
slug
ft
CL = 1.52
CD = 0.203
FD = 1600 lbf
Problem 12.57
[2]
Problem 12.58
[2]
Problem 12.59
[2]
Given:
Data on air flow in a duct
Find:
Stagnation pressures and temperatures; explain velocity increase; isentropic or not?
Solution:
R = 287
M1 = 0.1
J
kg K
T1 = ( 20 + 273) K
For stagnation temperatures:
J
cp = 1004
kg K
k = 1.4
p1 = 1000 kPa
M2 = 0.7
T2 = ( 5.62 + 273) K
p2 = 136.5 kPa
T01 = T1 1 +
k 1
2
M1
2
T01 = 293.6 K
T01 = 20.6 C
T02 = T2 1 +
k 1
2
M2
2
T02 = 293.6 K
T02 = 20.6 C
(Because the stagnation temperature is constant, the process is adiabatic)
For stagnation pressures:
p01 = p1 1 +
p02 = p2 1 +
The entropy change is:
Note that
k 1
2
M1
2
k1
2
2
M2
k
k 1
p01 = 1.01 MPa
k
k1
p02 = 189 kPa
T2
p2
s = cp ln R ln
T1
p1
V1 = M1 k R T1
V1 = 34.3
m
s
s = 480
V2 = M2 k R T2
V2 = 229
J
kg K
m
s
Although there is friction, suggesting the flow should decelerate, because the static pressure drops so much, the net
effect is flow acceleration!
The entropy increases because the process is adiabatic but irreversible
(friction).
q
From the second law of thermodynamics ds
: becomes ds > 0
T
Problem 12.60
[2]
Given:
Data on air flow in a duct
Find:
Stagnation temperatures; explain; rate of cooling; stagnation pressures; entropy change
Solution:
R = 287

T1 = ( 500 + 273) K
p1 = 500 kPa
M1 = 0.5
M2 = 0.2
For stagnation temperatures:
J
kg K
J
cp = 1004
kg K
k = 1.4
T2 = ( 18.57 + 273) K
p2 = 639.2 kPa
kg
Mrate = 0.05
s
T01 = T1 1 +
k1
2
M1
2
T01 = 811.7 K
T01 = 539 C
T02 = T2 1 +
k 1
2
M2
2
T02 = 256.5 K
T02 = 16.5 C
The fact that the stagnation temperature (a measure of total energy) decreases suggests cooling is taking place.
For the heat transfer:
For stagnation pressures:
p01 = p1 1 +
p02 = p2 1 +
The entropy change is:
Q = Mrate cp T02 T01

k 1
2
k 1
2
Q = 27.9 kW
2
M1
k
k 1
p01 = 593 kPa
2
M2
k
k 1
T2
p2
s = cp ln R ln
T1
p1
p02 = 657 kPa
s = 1186
J
kg K
The entropy decreases because the process is a cooling process (Q is negative).

q
From the second law of thermodynamics: ds
becomes ds ve
T
Hence, if the process is reversible, the entropy must decrease; if it is irreversible, it may increase or decrease
Problem 12.61
[3]
Problem 12.62
Given:
Air flow in duct with heat transfer and friction
Find:
Heat transfer; Stagnation pressure at location 2
[3]
Solution:
Basic equations:
Then
c=
k R T
M=
V A = const
p1 = 400 kPa
T1 = 325 K
p2 = 275 kPa
T2 = 450 K
J
cp = 1004
kg K
k = 1.4
p1
1 = 4.29
R T1
Also
c2 =
p02 = p2 1 +
kg
2 =
J
kg K
R T2
2 = 2.13
kg
q = 160
2
M2
so
m
s
kJ
kg
V2
M2 =
c2
k
k1
p02 = 385 kPa
m
c2 = 425
s
k1
m
s
p2
V2 = 302
V2 V1
k R T2
q = cp T2 T1 +
k 1 2
M
2
R = 286.9
1
V2 = V1
2
V2 V1
Q
= q = h2 h1 +
dm
2
= 1 +
V1 = 150
V A = const
Hence
V2
Q
h1 +
+
= h2 +
2
2
dm
1 =
V1
and from
We also have
p0
V
c
k
k1
M2 = 0.711
Problem 12.63
[2]
Problem 12.64
[2]
Given:
Air flow through turbine
Find:
Stagnation conditions at inlet and exit; change in specific entropy; Plot on Ts diagram
Solution:
Basic equations:
Then
p0
p
= 1 +
k 1 2
M
2
k
k 1
T0
T
=1+
k 1 2
M
2
M1 = 0.4
p1 = 625 kPa
T1 = ( 1250 + 273) K
M2 = 0.8
p2 = 20 kPa
T2 = ( 650 + 273) K
J
cp = 1004
kg K
k = 1.4
R = 286.9
T01 = T1 1 +
k 1
2
M1
2
p01 = p1 1 +
k 1
2
M1
2
T02 = T2 1 +
k1
2
M2
2
p02 = p2 1 +
k1
2
M2
2
p01 = 698 kPa

T02 = 1041 K
k
k1
p02 = 30 kPa
s = 485
T 01
p1
p 02
T 02
p2
T01 = 1299 C
k
k 1
p01
T1
J
kg K
T01 = 1572 K
T2
p2
s = cp ln R ln
T1
p1
T2
p2
s = cp ln R ln
T1
p1
T2
J
kg K
T02 = 768 C
Problem 12.65
[3]
Problem 12.66
Given:
Air flow leak in window of airplane
Find:
Mass flow rate
[2]
Solution:
Basic equations:
mrate = V A
Vcrit =
2 k
R T0
k+1
crit
k + 1
1
k1
The interior conditions are the stagnation conditions for the flow
T0 = 271.9 K
kg
SL = 1.225
0 = 0.7812 SL
0 = 0.957
kg
3
(Above data from Table A.3 at an altitude of 2500 m)

A = 1 mm
Then
crit =
k + 1
2
1
k1
mrate = crit Vcrit A
J
cp = 1004
kg K
k = 1.4
kg
Vcrit =
crit = 0.607
4 kg
mrate = 1.83 10
2 k
R T0
k+1
R = 286.9
J
kg K
Vcrit = 302
m
s
Problem 12.67
[1]
Problem 12.68
Given:
Data on helium in reservoir
Find:
Critical conditions
[1]
Solution:
RHe = 386.1
ft lbf
lbm R
k = 1.66
T0
Tcrit
p0
T0 = 3600 R
k+1
2
k + 1
=
pcrit 2
Tcrit =
p0 = ( 725 + 14.7)psi
T0
Tcrit = 2707 R
k +1
2
k
k 1
p0
pcrit =
k + 1
2
Vcrit =
k RHe Tcrit
Vcrit = 7471
p0 = 740 psi
ft
s
k
k 1
pcrit = 361 psi
absolute
Problem 12.69
[1]
Problem 12.70
Given:
Data on hot gas stream
Find:
Critical conditions
[1]
Solution:
R = 287
J
kg K
k = 1.4
T0
Tcrit
p0
T0 = ( 1500 + 273) K
k+1
2
k + 1
=
pcrit 2
Tcrit =
T0
p0
pcrit =
k + 1
2
Vcrit =
k R Tcrit
Vcrit = 770
p0 = 140 kPa
Tcrit = 1478 K
k +1
2
k
k 1
T0 = 1773 K
m
s
k
k 1
pcrit = 74.0 kPa
absolute
Problem 13.1
Given:
Air extracted from a large tank
Find:
Mass flow rate
[2]
Solution:
Basic equations:
mrate = V A
h1 +
V2
= h2 +
2
= const
T0 = ( 70 + 273) K
p0 = 101 kPa
p = 25 kPa
D = 15 cm
J
cp = 1004
kg K
k = 1.4
mrate = A V
A =
We need the density and velocity at the nozzle. In the tank
From the isentropic relation
V1
p
= 0
p0
0 =
1
k
T p
= const
R = 286.9
D
4
( 1k)
k
J
kg K
A = 0.0177 m
p0
0 = 1.026
R T0
kg
3
kg
= 0.379
We can apply the energy equation between the tank (stagnation conditions) and the point in the nozzle to find the velocity
2
h0 = h +
V
2
V =
2 h 0 h =
p0
T = T0
p
Fot T we again use insentropic relations
Then
V =
2 cp T0 T
mrate = A V
Note that the flow is supersonic at this point

Hence we must have a converging-diverging nozzle
V = 476
2 cp T0 T
( 1k)
k
T = 230.167 K
T = 43.0 C
m
s
kg
mrate = 3.18
s
c =
k Rc T
= 304
m
s
M =
V
c
M = 1.57
Problem 13.3
[2]
Given:
Steam flow through a nozzle
Find:
Speed and Mach number; Mass flow rate; Sketch the shape
Solution:
Basic equations:
mrate = V A
h1 +
V1
V2
= h2 +
2
Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Isentropic 3) Uniform flow 4) Superheated steam can be treated as ideal gas
T0 = ( 450 + 273) K
p0 = 6 MPa
p = 2 MPa
D = 2 cm
k = 1.30
R = 461.4
J
kg K
(Table A.6)
From the steam tables (try finding interactive ones on the Web!), at stagnation conditions
Hence at the nozzle section
J
s0 = 6720
kg K
h0 = 3.302 10
6 J
J
and
s = s0 = 6720
kg K
p = 2 MPa
T = 289 C
From these values we find from the steam tables that
2 h 0 h
Hence the first law becomes
V =
mrate = A V =
Hence
mrate =
For the Mach number we need
c =
A V
v
k R T
V = 781
A V
v
kg
6 J
h = 2.997 10
m
s
2
A =
kg
v = 0.1225
D
4
A = 3.14 10
4 2
kg
mrate = 2.00
s
c = 581
The flow is supersonic starting from rest, so must be converging-diverging
m
s
M =
V
c
M = 1.35
m
kg
Problem 13.4
Given:
Air flow in a passage
Find:
Mach number; Sketch shape
[2]
Solution:
Basic equations:
p0
p
= 1 +
k 1 2
M
2
k
k1
c=
k R T
m
s
T1 = ( 10 + 273) K
p1 = 150 kPa
V1 = 120
p2 = 50 kPa
k = 1.4
R = 286.9
The speed of sound at state 1 is
c1 =
m
c1 = 337
s
Hence
V1
M1 =
c1
k R T1
M1 = 0.356
For isentropic flow stagnation pressure is constant. Hence at state 2
Hence
Solving for M2
p0 = p1 1 +
M2 =
k1
2
M1
2
p0
p2
k1
2
= 1 +
M2
2
k
k1
k1
2 p0

1
k 1 p2

p0 = 164 kPa
M2 = 1.42
Hence, as we go from subsonic to supersonic we must have a converging-diverging nozzle
k
k1
J
kg K
Problem 13.5
[2]
Given: Data on flow in a passage

Find:
Pressure at downstream location
Solution:
ftlbf/lbmoR
R =
k =
T1 =
53.33
1.4
560
p1 =
30
psi
ft/s
V1 =
1750
M2 =
2.5
c1 =
1160
M1 =
1.51
p 01 =
111
psi
p 02 =
111
psi
p2 =
6.52
psi
Equations and Computations:

From T 1 and Eq. 12.18
Then
ft/s
From M 1 and p 1, and Eq. 13.7a

(using built-in function Isenp (M ,k ))
For isentropic flow (p 01 = p 02)

Problem 13.6
[3]
Given: Data on flow in a nozzle

Find:
Mass flow rate; Throat area; Mach numbers
Solution:
R =
k =
T0 =
p1 =
286.9
1.4
523
200
J/kgK
K
kPa
A =
cm2
p2 =
50
kPa

We don't know the two Mach numbers. We do know for each that Eq. 13.7a applies:
Hence we can write two equations, but have three unknowns (M 1, M 2, and p 0)!
We also know that states 1 and 2 have the same area. Hence we can write Eq. 13.7d twice:
We now have four equations for four unknowns (A *, M 1, M 2, and p 0)!

We make guesses (using Solver) for M 1 and M 2, and make the errors in computed A * and p 0 zero.
M1 =
0.512
from Eq. 13.7a:
p0 =
239
and from Eq. 13.7d:
A* =
0.759
cm
For:
M2 =
1.68
kPa
p0 =
239
kPa
0.00%
A* =
0.759
cm2
0.00%
Note that the throat area is the critical area
Sum
The stagnation density is then obtained from the ideal gas equation
0 =
1.59
kg/m3
The density at critical state is obtained from Eq. 13.7a (or 12.22c)
* =
Errors
1.01
kg/m
The velocity at critical state can be obtained from Eq. 12.23)
V* =
418
m/s
m rate =
0.0321
kg/s
The mass flow rate is *V *A *
0.00%
Problem 13.8
Given:
Air flow in a passage
Find:
Speed and area downstream; Sketch flow passage
[3]
Solution:
Basic equations:
T0
T
k1 2
M
2
= 1+
c =
1 + k 1 M2
A
1
2
=
k +1
Acrit
M
k R T
T1 = ( 32 + 460) R
p1 = 25 psi
M1 = 1.75
T2 = ( 225 + 460) R
k = 1.4
Rair = 53.33
2
D1 = 3 ft
Hence
A1 =
T0 = T1 1 +
k 1
2
M1
2
D 1
4
A1 = 7.07 ft
T0 = 793 R
T0 = 334 F
ft lbf
lbm R
For isentropic flow stagnation conditions are constant. Hence

M2 =
2 T0
1
k 1 T2
We also have
c2 =
Hence
V2 = M2 c2
From state 1
Acrit =
ft
c2 = 1283
s
k Rair T2
V2 = 1141
A1 M1
1 + k 1 M 2
1
2
k+ 1
Hence at state 2
M2 = 0.889
k+ 1
2 ( k1)
k1
2
Acrit 1 + 2 M2
A2 =
k+ 1
M2
ft
s
Acrit = 5.10 ft
k+ 1
2 ( k1)
A2 = 5.15 ft
Hence, as we go from supersonic to subsonic we must have a converging-diverging diffuser
k +1
2 ( k 1)
Problem 13.10
[2]
Given: Data on flow in a passage

Find:
Flow rate; area and pressure at downstream location; sketch passage shape
Solution:
R =
k =
A1 =
286.9
1.4
0.25
T1 =
283
p1 =
15
kPa
V1 =
590
m/s
T2 =
410
M2 =
0.75
J/kg.K
m2

Then
(12.18)
c1 =
337
M1 =
1.75
m/s
Because the flow decreases isentropically from supersonic to subsonic

the passage shape must be convergent-divergent
From p 1 and T 1 and the ideal gas equation

1 =
0.185
kg/m3
m rate =
27.2
kg/s
The mass flow rate is m rate = 1A 1V 1
From M 1 and A 1, and Eq. 13.7d

(using built-in function IsenA (M ,k ))
(13.7d)
A* =
0.180
m2
A2 =
0.192
m2
From M 2 and A *, and Eq. 13.7d

(using built-in function IsenA (M ,k ))

(13.7a)
p 01 =
79.9
kPa
p 02 =
79.9
kPa
p2 =
55.0
kPa
For isentropic flow (p 01 = p 02)

Problem 13.11
[3]
Given: Flow in a converging nozzle to a pipe

Find:
Plot of mass flow rate
Solution:
R = 287 J/kgK
k = 1.4
T 0 = 293 K
p 0 = 101 kPa
Dt =
1 cm
2
A t = 0.785 cm

The critical pressure is given by
p * = 53.4 kPa
Hence for p = 100 kPa down to this pressure the flow gradually increases; then it is constant
c V = M c = p /RT
3
(m/s) (m/s)
(kg/m )
343
41
1.19
342
58
1.18
342
71
1.18
341
82
1.17
341
92
1.16
340
101
1.15
337
138
1.11
335
168
1.06
332
195
1.02
329
219
0.971
326
242
0.925
322
264
0.877
318
285
0.828
315
306
0.778
313
313
0.762
313
313
0.762
313
313
0.762
313
313
0.762
313
313
0.762
Flow
(kg/s)
0.00383
0.00539
0.00656
0.00753
0.00838
0.0091
0.0120
0.0140
0.0156
0.0167
0.0176
0.0182
0.0186
0.0187
0.0187
0.0187
0.0187
0.0187
0.0187
Using critical conditions, and Eq. 13.9 for mass flow rate:
53.4
1.000
244
313
313
0.762
0.0185
(Note: discrepancy in mass flow rate is due to round-off error)
Flow Rate in a Converging Nozzle

0.020
0.018
0.016
Flow Rate (kg/s)
p
M
T (K)
(kPa) (Eq. 13.7a) (Eq. 13.7b)
100
0.119
292
99
0.169
291
98
0.208
290
97
0.241
290
96
0.270
289
95
0.297
288
90
0.409
284
85
0.503
279
80
0.587
274
75
0.666
269
70
0.743
264
65
0.819
258
60
0.896
252
55
0.974
246
53.4
1.000
244
53
1.000
244
52
1.000
244
51
1.000
244
50
1.000
244
0.014
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
0.000
50
60
70
80
p (kPa)
90
100
Problem 13.12
[2]
Given: Flow in a converging-diverging nozzle to a pipe

Find:
Plot of mass flow rate
Solution:
R =
k =
T0 =
286.9
1.4
293
J/kgK
p0 =
101
kPa
Dt =
At =
0.785
cm
cm2
p* =
53.4
kPa
K
De =
2.5
Ae =
4.909
cm
cm2

The critical pressure is given by
This is the minimum throat pressure
For the CD nozzle, we can compute the pressure at the exit required for this to happen
A* =
A e/A * =
0.785
6.25
M e = 0.0931
p e = 100.4
cm2
(= A t)
or
3.41
(Eq. 13.7d)
or
67.2
kPa (Eq. 13.7a)
Hence we conclude flow occurs in regimes iii down to v (Fig. 13.8); the flow is ALWAYS choked!
p*
M
T * (K)
c*
V * = c * = p /RT
(kPa) 13.7a) (Eq. 13.7b) (m/s)
(m/s)
(kg/m3)
53.4
1.000
244
313
313
0.762
(Note: discrepancy in mass flow rate is due to round-off error)
Flow
(kg/s)
0.0187
0.0185
(Using Eq. 13.9)
Problem 13.13
[3]
Given: Data on tank conditions; isentropic flow

Find:
Plot cross-section area and pressure distributions
Solution:
R =
k =
T0 =
53.33
1.4
500
ftlbf/lbmoR
o
p0 =
45
psia
pe =
14.7
psia
m rate =
2.25
lbm/s

From p 0, p e and Eq. 13.7a (using built-in function IsenMfromp (M,k))
(13.7a)
Me =
1.37
Because the exit flow is supersonic, the passage must be a CD nozzle

We need a scale for the area.
From p 0, T 0, m flow, and Eq. 13.10c
(13.10c)
Then
At = A* =
0.0146
ft2
For each M , and A *, and Eq. 13.7d

(using built-in function IsenA (M ,k )
(13.7d)
we can compute each area A .

From each M , and p 0, and Eq. 13.7a
(using built-in function Isenp (M ,k )
we can compute each pressure p .
L (ft)
M
0.069
0.086
0.103
0.120
0.137
0.172
0.206
0.274
0.343
0.412
0.480
0.549
0.618
0.686
0.755
0.823
0.892
0.961
1.000
1.098
1.166
1.235
1.304
1.372
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
2.50
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
11.00
12.00
13.00
14.00
14.6
16.00
17.00
18.00
19.00
20.00
A (ft 2)
p (psia)
0.1234
0.0989
0.0826
0.0710
0.0622
0.0501
0.0421
0.0322
0.0264
0.0227
0.0201
0.0183
0.0171
0.0161
0.0155
0.0150
0.0147
0.0146
0.0146
0.0147
0.0149
0.0152
0.0156
0.0161
44.9
44.8
44.7
44.5
44.4
44.1
43.7
42.7
41.5
40.0
38.4
36.7
34.8
32.8
30.8
28.8
26.8
24.9
23.8
21.1
19.4
17.7
16.2
14.7
Area Variation in Passage

0.14
0.12
A (ft2)
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00
0
10
15
20
L (ft)
p (psia)
Pressure Variation in Passage

50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
10
L (ft)
12
14
16
18
20
Problem 13.14
Given:
Air flow in a converging nozzle
Find:
Mass flow rate
[2]
Solution:
Basic equations:
mrate = V A
Given or available data pb = 35 psi
pb
p0
= 0.583
p0 = 60 psi
k = 1.4
Since
T0
p = R T
Rair = 53.33
Mt =
and
Tt =
ft lbf
lbm R
ct =
t =
k1
2 p0

1
k1
pt
T0
1+
k1
2
Mt
k Rair Tt
pt
Rair Tt
mrate = t At Vt
k1 2
M
2
T0 = ( 200 + 460) R
is greater than 0.528, the nozzle is not choked and
Hence
= 1+
At =
2
D
4 t
pt = pb
Mt = 0.912
Tt = 566 R
Tt = 106 F
Vt = ct
Vt = 1166
t = 5.19 10
ft
s
3 slug
ft
slug
mrate = 0.528
s
lbm
mrate = 17.0
s
p0
p
= 1 +
k 1 2
M
2
Dt = 4 in
At = 0.0873 ft
k
k 1
Problem 13.15
Given:
Isentropic air flow in converging nozzle
Find:
Pressure, speed and Mach number at throat
[2]
Solution:
Basic equations:
T0
T
p0
k 1 2
M
2
=1+
k 1 2
M
2
= 1 +
m
s
p1 = 350 kPa
V1 = 150
k = 1.4
R = 286.9
k
k 1
M1 = 0.5
pb = 250 kPa
J
kg K
The flow will be choked if pb/p0 < 0.528

p0 = p1 1 +
Hence
so
p0
pt
k 1
2
M1
2
k 1
2
= 1 +
Mt
2
Mt =
k
k 1
where
Also
V1 = M1 c1 = M1 k R T1
Then
T0 = T1 1 +
Hence
Tt =
Then
ct =
Finally
Vt = Mt ct
T0
k1
2
Mt
1+
2
k R Tt
p0
= 0.602
(Not choked)
k
k 1
k1
2 p0

1
k1
pt
k1
pb
p0 = 415 kPa
2
M1
pt = pb
pt = 250 kPa
Mt = 0.883
or
1 V1
T1 =
k R M1

T1 = 224 K
T0 = 235 K
T0 = 37.9 C
Tt = 204 K
Tt = 69.6 C
m
ct = 286
s
Vt = 252
m
s
T1 = 49.1 C
Problem 13.16
[3]
Given: Data on three tanks

Find:
Mass flow rate; Pressure in second tank
Solution:
R =
k =
At =
286.9
1.4
1
J/kg.K
cm2
We need to establish whether each nozzle is choked. There is a large total pressure drop so this is likely.
However, BOTH cannot be choked and have the same flow rate. This is because Eq. 13.9a, below
(13.9b)
indicates that the choked flow rate depends on stagnation temperature (which is constant) but also
stagnation pressure, which drops because of turbulent mixing in the middle chamber. Hence BOTH nozzles
cannot be choked. We assume the second one only is choked (why?) and verify later.
T 01 =
p 01 =
p e1 =
We make a guess at the pressure at the first nozzle exit:
NOTE: The value shown is the final answer! It was obtained using Solver !
p 02 =
This will also be tank 2 stagnation pressure:
p3 =
Pressure in tank 3:
Temperature and pressure in tank 1:
308
650
527
K
kPa
kPa
527
65
kPa
kPa

From the p e1 guess and Eq. 13.17a:
Then at the first throat (Eq.13.7b):
The density at the first throat (Ideal Gas) is:
Then c at the first throat (Eq. 12.18) is:
Then V at the first throat is:
Finally the mass flow rate is:
M e1 =
T e1 =
0.556
290
e1 =
6.33
341
190
0.120
c e1 =
V e1 =
m rate =
K
kg/m3
m/s
m/s
kg/s
First Nozzle!
For the presumed choked flow at the second nozzle we use Eq. 13.9a, with T 01 = T 02 and p 02:
m rate =
0.120
kg/s
For the guess value for p e1 we compute the error between the two flow rates:
m rate =
0.000
Use Solver to vary the guess value for p e1 to make this error zero!
Note that this could also be done manually.
kg/s
Second Nozzle!
Problem 13.17
[2]
Problem 13.19
[2]
Given: Data on converging nozzle; isentropic flow

Find:
Pressure and Mach number; throat area; mass flow rate
Solution:
R =
k =
A1 =
286.9
1.4
0.05
J/kg.K
T1 =
276.3
V1 =
200
m/s
p atm =
101
kPa
m2

Then
(12.18)
c1 =
333
M1 =
0.60
m/s
To find the pressure, we first need the stagnation pressure.

If the flow is just choked
pe =
p atm =
p* =
101
kPa
From p e = p * and Eq. 12.22a
(12.22a)
p0 =
191
kPa

(13.7a)
Then
p1 =
150
kPa
The mass flow rate is m rate = 1A 1V 1

Hence, we need 1 from the ideal gas equation.
1 =
1.89
kg/m3
m rate =
18.9
kg/s
The mass flow rate m rate is then
The throat area A t = A * because the flow is choked.

From M 1 and A 1, and Eq. 13.7d
(13.7d)
Hence
A* =
0.0421
m2
At =
0.0421
m2
Problem 13.20
[2]
Problem 13.21
[2]
Problem 13.23
[2]
Given: Temperature in and mass flow rate from a tank

Find:
Tank pressure; pressure, temperature and speed at exit
Solution:
R =
k =
T0 =
286.9
1.4
273
At =
0.001
2
m rate =
J/kg.K
K
m2
kg/s

Because p b = 0
Hence the flow is choked!
pe =
p*
Hence
Te =
T*
From T 0, and Eq. 12.22b

(12.22b)
T* =
Te =
228
228
-45.5
Also
Me =
Hence
Ve =
K
o
1
V* =
From T e and Eq. 12.18
Then
ce
(12.18)
ce =
302
m/s
Ve =
302
m/s
To find the exit pressure we use the ideal gas equation

after first finding the exit density.
The mass flow rate is m rate = eA eV e
e =
Hence
6.62
kg/m3
432
kPa
From the ideal gas equation p e = eRT e

pe =
(12.22a)
p0 =
817
kPa
We can check our results:

From p 0, T 0, A t, and Eq. 13.9a
(13.9a)
Then
m choked =
m choked =
2.00
m rate
kg/s
Correct!
Problem 13.24
[2]
Given:
Isentropic air flow into a tank
Find:
Initial mass flow rate; Ts process; explain nonlinear mass flow rate
Solution:
Basic equations:
Then
T0
T
= 1+
pb = p0 10 kPa
k = 1.4
R = 286.9
A =
2
D
4
J
kg K
Avena = 65 % A
pb
p0
p0
k 1 2
= 1 +
M
pvena
2
= 0.901
Mvena =
Then
Tvena =
Then
cvena =
and
Vvena = Mvena cvena
Also
vena =
= 1 +
k 1 2
M
2
mrate = A V
pb = 91 kPa
T0 = ( 20 + 273) K
D = 5 mm
2
Avena = 12.8 mm
(Not choked)
k
k 1
k1
2 p0

1
k 1 pvena
so
Finally
p0 = 101 kPa
The flow will be choked if pb/p0 < 0.528
Hence
p0
k1 2
M
2
k
k1
T0
k1
2
Mvena
1+
2
k R Tvena
pvena
R Tvena
mrate = vena Avena Vvena
where
pvena = pb
pvena = 91 kPa
Mvena = 0.389
Tvena = 284 K
Tvena = 11.3 C
m
cvena = 338
s
Vvena = 131
vena = 1.12
kg
3 kg
mrate = 1.87 10
The Ts diagram will be a vertical line (T decreases and s = const). After entering the tank there will be turbulent mixing (s increases) and th
comes to rest (T increases). The mass flow rate versus time will look like the curved part of Fig. 13.6b; it is nonlinear because V AND va
Problem 13.25
Given:
Spherical cavity with valve
Find:
Time to reach desired pressure; Entropy change
[3]
Solution:
Basic equations:
Then the inlet area is
T0
T
= 1+
k1 2
M
2
p0
p
= 1 +
k 1 2
M
2
p = R T
c=
p0 = 101 kPa
Tatm = ( 20 + 273) K
pf = 45 kPa
Tf = Tatm
At =
2
d
4
k R T
f =
f = 0.535
k 2
We have choked flow so mrate = At p0
R T0 k + 1
t =
d = 1 mm
R = 286.9
pb = pf
pb
so
D = 50 cm
J
kg K
and tank volume is V =
p0
k+ 1
2 ( k1)
J
cp = 1004
kg K
3
D
3
V = 0.131 m
= 0.446
(Choked)
and final mass is M = f V
M = 0.0701 kg
Since the mass flow rate is constant (flow is always choked)
Hence
kg
k 2
mchoked = At p0
R T0 k + 1
T0 = Tatm
k = 1.4
At = 0.785 mm
pf
R Tf
T2
p2
s = cp ln R ln
T1
p1
mrate = A V
The flow will be choked if pb/p0 < 0.528; the MAXIMUM back pressure is
The final density is
k
k1
k+ 1
2 ( k1)
t =
or
M
mrate
4 kg
mrate = 1.873 10
t = 374 s
mrate
M = mrate t
t = 6.23 min
The air in the tank will be cold when the valve is closed. Because =M/V is constant, p = RT = const x T, so as the temperature rises to
ambient, the pressure will rise too.
T2
p2
For the entropy change during the charging process is given by s = cp ln R ln where T1 = Tatm
T1
p1
and
p1 = p0
p2 = pf
Hence
T2
p2
s = cp ln R ln
T1
p1
s = 232
T2 = Tatm
J
kg K
Problem 13.26
[3]
Problem 13.27
[3]
Problem 13.28
[3]
Problem 13.29
[3]
Given: Air-driven rocket in space

Find:
Tank pressure; pressure, temperature and speed at exit; initial acceleration
Solution:
R =
k =
T0 =
286.9
1.4
398
At =
M =
m rate =
25
25
0.05
Because p b = 0
Hence the flow is choked!
pe =
p*
Hence
Te =
T*
J/kg.K
K
mm2
kg
kg/s
From T 0, and Eq. 12.22b

(12.22b)
T* =
332
Te =
332
58.7
Also
Me =
Hence
Ve =
1
V* =
Then
ce
(12.18)
ce =
365
m/s
Ve =
365
m/s
To find the exit pressure we use the ideal gas equation

after first finding the exit density.
The mass flow rate is m rate = eA eV e
Hence
e =
0.0548
pe =
5.21
kg/m3
From the ideal gas equation p e = eRT e

kPa

(12.22a)
p0 =
9.87
kPa
We can check our results:

(13.9a)
m choked =
Then
m choked =
0.050
m rate
kg/s
Correct!
The initial acceleration is given by:

(4.33)
which simplifies to:
pe At Max = mrateV
ax =
or:
1.25
ax =
m/s2
m rate V + p e At
M
Problem 13.30
Given:
Gas cylinder with broken valve
Find:
Mass flow rate; acceleration of cylinder
[3]
Solution:
Basic equations:
T0
T
= 1+
k1 2
M
2
p0
p
= 1 +
k 1 2
M
2
k
k1
p = R T
c=
k R T
mrate = A V
(4.33)
Given or available data patm = 101 kPa
p0 = 20 MPa
d = 10 mm
pb = patm
T0
Ve = ce
The exit pressure is
pe =
Ve = 313
p0
1 + k 1
Then
k
k1
mrate = e Ae Ve
The momentum equation (Eq. 4.33) simplifies to
Hence
ax =
so
Te = 244 K
1 + k 1
The exit speed is
Ae =
so the nozzle area is
The flow will be choked if pb/p0 < 0.528:
The exit temperature is Te =
T0 = ( 20 + 273) K
p0
= 5.05 10
Ae = 78.5 mm
3
J
kg K
R = 286.9
2
MCV = 65 kg
(Choked: Critical conditions)
Te = 29 C
ce =
and exit density is
e =
k R Te
m
s
pe = 10.6 MPa
kg
mrate = 3.71
s
(pe patm) Ae MCV ax = Ve mrate
(pe patm) Ae + Ve mrate

MCV
pb
2
d
4
k = 1.4
m
ax = 30.5
2
s
The process is isentropic, followed by nonisentropic expansion to atmospheric pressure
pe
R Te
e = 151
kg
3
Problem 13.32
Given:
Spherical air tank
Find:
Air temperature after 30s; estimate throat area
[4]
Solution:
Basic equations:
T0
= 1+
k1 2
M
2
dVCV + V dACS = 0
t
= const
(4.12)
Assumptions: 1) Large tank (stagnation conditions) 2) isentropic 3) uniform flow

patm = 101 kPa
p1 = 2.75 MPa
T1 = 450 K
D = 2 m
M = 30 kg
t = 30 s
k = 1.4
R = 286.9
pb = patm
The flow will be choked if pb/p1 < 0.528:
so
pb
p1
= 0.037
V =
3
D
6
V = 4.19 m
J
kg K
(Initially choked: Critical conditions)
We need to see if the flow is still choked after 30s

1 =
The initial (State 1) density and mass are
For an isentropic process
The final temperature is
= const
T2 =
p2
2 R
To estimate the throat area we use
1 = 21.3
R T1
so
kg
3
M1 = 1 V
2
p2 = p1
1
M2 = 59.2 kg
p2 = 1.55 MPa
T2 = 382 K
2 =
pb
p2
M2
V
2 = 14.1
or
= 0.0652
At =
The average stagnation pressure is
p0ave =
T1 + T2
2
p1 + p2
2
(Still choked)
M
t tave Vtave
where we use average values of density and speed at the throat.

T0ave =
kg
m
T2 = 109 C
M
= mtave = tave At Vtave
t
The average stagnation temperature is
M1 = 89.2 kg
M2 = M1 M
The final (State 2) mass and density are then
p1
T0ave = 416 K
p0ave = 2.15 MPa
Hence the average temperature and pressure (critical) at the throat are
T0ave
Ttave =
Hence
Finally
1 + k 1
Vtave =
At =
k R Ttave
M
t tave Vtave
Ttave = 347 K
and
p0ave
ptave =
1 + k 1
Vtave = 373
m
s
At = 2.35 10
tave =
4 2
ptave
R Ttave
At = 235 mm
This corresponds to a diameter
Dt =
4 At
Dt = 0.0173 m
Dt = 17.3 mm
The process is isentropic, followed by nonisentropic expansion to atmospheric pressure
k
k1
ptave = 1.14 MPa
tave = 11.4
kg
3
Problem 13.33
Given:
Ideal gas flow in a converging nozzle
Find:
Exit area and speed
[4]
Solution:
T0
Basic equations:
= 1+
p0
k1 2
M
2
p1 = 35 psi
1 = 0.1
lbm
ft
Check for choking:
c1 =
Hence
V1
M1 =
c1
k1
2
M1
2
k + 1
M2 =
From M1 we find
Finally from continuity
p2 = 25 psi
c1 =
p1
ft
c1 = 1424
s
k = 1.25
p0 = 37.8 psi
pcrit = 21.0 psi
Hence p2 > pcrit, so NOT choked
k1
2 p0

1
k 1 p2

1 + k 1 M 2
1
2
k+ 1
For isentropic flow
A1 = 1 ft
k
k1
k
k1
M1 A1
Acrit =
ft
s
1 + k 1 M2
A
1
2
=
k+ 1
Acrit
M
M1 = 0.351
p0
The critical pressure is then pcrit =
Then we have
V1 = 500
k 1 2
M
2
k R T1 or, replacing R using the ideal gas equation
p0 = p1 1 +
Then
= 1 +
k
k1
k+ 1
2 ( k1)
p = const
A V = const
k+ 1
2 ( k1)
so
so
M2 = 0.830
Acrit = 0.557 ft
k1
2
Acrit 1 + 2 M2
A2 =
k+ 1
M2
p1
2 = 1
p2
1
k
A1 1
V2 = V1
A2 2
2 = 0.131
lbm
ft
V2 = 667
ft
s
k+ 1
2 ( k1)
A2 = 0.573 ft
Problem 13.34
[4] Part 1/3
Problem 13.34
[4] Part 2/3
Problem 13.34
[4] Part 3/3
Problem 13.35
[4]
Problem 13.36
Given:
CD nozzle attached to large tank
Find:
Flow rate
[2]
Solution:
Basic equations:
T0
T
= 1+
p0
p
k 1 2
M
2
= 1 +
p0 = 150 kPa
T0 = ( 35 + 273) K
k = 1.4
R = 286.9
For isentropic flow
Me =
Then
Te =
Also
ce =
e =
Finally
k1 2
M
2
J
kg K
k1
2 p0

1
k 1 pe

1 + k 1 M 2
e
2
pe
R Te
mrate = e Ve Ae
m
ce = 332
s
e = 1.28
mrate = V A
pe = 101 kPa
Ae =
2
D
4
D = 2.75 cm
2
Ae = 5.94 cm
Me = 0.773
T0
k R Te
k
k1
kg
3
kg
mrate = 0.195
s
Te = 275 K
Te = 1.94 C
Ve = Me ce
Ve = 257
m
s
Problem 13.37
[2]
Given: Design condition in a converging-diverging nozzle

Find:
Tank pressure; flow rate; throat area
Solution:
R =
k =
T0 =
53.33
1.4
560
Ae =
pb =
Me =
1
14.7
2
pe =
pb
pe =
14.7
ft.lbf/lbm.oR
o
in2
psia

At design condition
psia
From M e and p e, and Eq. 13.7a

(13.7a)
p0 =
115
psia
From M e and A e, and Eq. 13.7d

(13.7d)
Hence
A* =
0.593
in2
At =
0.593
in2
(13.10a)
m choked =
1.53
lb/s
Problem 13.38
[4] Part 1/2
Problem 13.38
[4] Part 2/2
Problem 13.39
[2]
Problem 13.43
[3] Part 1/2
Problem 13.43
[3] Part 2/2
Problem 13.44
Given:
Rocket motor on test stand
Find:
Mass flow rate; thrust force
[3]
Solution:
Basic equations:
T0
T
= 1+
k1 2
M
2
p0
p
(patm pe) Ae + Rx = mrate Ve

Given or available data pe = 75 kPa
patm = 101 kPa
d = 25 cm
From the pressures
The exit speed is
Then
T0
1 + k 1 M 2
e
2
Ve = Me ce
p0 = 4 MPa
c=
k R T
mrate = A V
T0 = 3250 K
Ae =
2
d
4
k = 1.25
R = 300
J
kg K
Ae = 491 cm
Me = 3.12
Te = 1467 K
Ve = 2313
mrate = e Ae Ve
p = R T
Momentum for pressure pe and velocity Ve at exit; Rx is the reaction for
so the nozzle exit area is
The momentum equation (Eq. 4.33) simplifies to
Hence
k 1 2
M
2
k1
2 p0

1
k 1 pe

Me =
The exit temperature is Te =
= 1 +
k
k1
m
s
ce =
k R Te
and
kg
mrate = 19.3
s
(pe patm) Ae MCV ax = Ve mrate
Rx = pe patm Ae + Ve mrate
Rx = 43.5 kN
m
ce = 742
s
e =
pe
R Te
e = 0.170
kg
3
Problem 13.47
[3]
Problem 13.48
[4]
Given:
Compressed CO2 in a cartridge expanding through a nozzle
Find:
Throat pressure; Mass flow rate; Thrust; Thrust increase with diverging section; Exit area
Solution:
Basic equations:
Assumptions: 1) Isentropic flow 2) Stagnation in cartridge 3) Ideal gas 4) Uniform flow
J
kg K
k = 1.29
R = 188.9
p0 = 35 MPa
T0 = ( 20 + 273) K
p0
From isentropic relations pcrit =
1 + k 1
Since pb << pcrit, then
pt = pcrit
Throat is critical so
mrate = t Vt At
Tt =
Vt =
k
k 1
patm = 101 kPa

dt = 0.5 mm
pcrit = 19.2 MPa
pt = 19.2 MPa
T0
k1
1+
2
k R Tt
Tt = 256 K
Vt = 250
m
s
At =
t =
dt
4
pt
R Tt
mrate = t Vt At
At = 1.963 10
t = 396
7 2
kg
3
kg
mrate = 0.0194
s
Rx ptgage At = mrate Vt
For 1D flow with no body force the momentum equation reduces to

Rx = mrate Vt + ptgage At
ptgage = pt patm
Rx = 8.60 N
When a diverging section is added the nozzle can exit to atmospheric pressure
pe = patm
k1
k
2 p0
Me =

1
k 1 pe
Hence the Mach number at exit is
Te =
ce =
T0
1+
k1
2
Me
2
1
2
Me = 4.334
Te = 78.7 K
m
ce = 138
s
k R Te
Ve = Me ce
Ve = 600
m
s
The mass flow rate is unchanged (choked flow)

From the momentum equation
Rx = mrate Ve
The percentage increase in thrust is
11.67 N 8.60 N
= 35.7 %
8.60 N
The exit area is obtained from
mrate = e Ve Ae
Ae =
mrate
e Ve
and
e =
pe
T0
pt
Tt
Conv.
Nozzle
CD
Nozzle
Te
s
e = 6.79
R Te
Ae = 4.77 10
p0
pb
Rx = 11.67 N
kg
3
m
6 2
Ae = 4.77 mm
Problem 13.49
[3]
Given: CO2 cartridge and convergent nozzle

Find:
Tank pressure to develop thrust of 15 N
Solution:
R =
k =
T0 =
188.9
1.29
293
J/kgK
pb =
101
kPa
Dt =
0.5
mm
At =
0.196
mm2
The momentum equation gives

R x = m flowV e
Hence, we need m flow and V e
For isentropic flow
pe =
pb
pe =
101
kPa
If we knew p 0 we could use it and p e, and Eq. 13.7a, to find M e.

Once M e is known, the other exit conditions can be found.
Make a guess for p 0, and eventually use Goal Seek (see below).
p0 =
44.6
MPa
From p 0 and p e, and Eq. 13.7a

(using built-in function IsenMfromp (M ,k )
(13.7a)
Me =
4.5
From M e and T 0 and Eq. 13.7b

(using built-in function IsenT (M ,k )
(13.7b)
Te =
74.5
K
(12.18)
Then
ce =
134.8
m/s
Ve =
606
m/s
The mass flow rate is obtained from p 0, T 0, A t, and Eq. 13.10a
(13.10a)
m choked =
0.0248
kg/s
Finally, the momentum equation gives

R x = m flowV e
=
15.0
We need to set R x to 15 N. To do this use Goal Seek
to vary p 0 to obtain the result!
Problem 13.50
[2]
Given:
Air flow in an insulated duct
Find:
Mass flow rate; Range of choked exit pressures
Solution:
T0
Basic equations:
= 1+
k1 2
M
2
c=
1 + k 1 M2
A
1
2
=
k+ 1
Acrit
M
k R T
T0 = ( 80 + 460) R
p0 = 14.7 psi
k = 1.4
Rair = 53.33
p1 = 13 psi
ft lbf
lbm R
A =
D
4
k+ 1
2 ( k1)
D = 1 in
A = 0.785 in
Assuming isentropic flow, stagnation conditions are constant. Hence
M1 =
k1
2 p0

1
k 1 p1

c1 =
Also
1 =
M1 = 0.423
m
c1 = 341
s
k Rair T1
p1
1 = 0.0673
Rair T1
mrate = 1 V1 A
When flow is choked
hence
M2 = 1
We also have
c2 =
From continuity
1 V1 = 2 V2
k Rair T2
1+
k1
2
M1
T1 = 521 R
T1 = 61.7 F
m
s
V1 = M1 c1
V1 = 144
T2 = 450 R
T2 = 9.7 F
V2 = c2
V2 = 1040
lbm
mrate = 0.174
s
T0
T2 =
k1
1+
2
ft
c2 = 1040
s
V1
2 = 1
V2
p2 = 2 Rair T2
T0
lbm
ft
Hence
Hence
T1 =
2 = 0.0306
ft
s
lbm
ft
p2 = 5.11 psi
The flow will therefore choke for any back pressure (pressure at the exit) less than or equal to this pressure
(From Fanno line function
p1
pcrit
= 2.545
at
M1 = 0.423
so
pcrit =
p1
2.545
pcrit = 5.11 psi
Check!)
Problem 13.51
[4]
Given: Air flow from converging nozzle into pipe

Find:
Plot Ts diagram and pressure and speed curves
Solution:
ftlbf/lbmoR
R =
k =
cp =
53.33
1.4
0.2399
T0 =
187
710
p0 =
25
psi
pe =
24
psi
Me =
0.242
Using built-in function IsenT (M ,k )
Te =
702
Using p e, M e, and function Fannop (M ,k )
p* =
5.34
Using T e, M e, and function FannoT (M ,k )
T* =
592

(using built-in function IsenMfromp (M ,k ))
o
Btu/lbm R
o
ftlbf/lbm R
R
psi
o
We can now use Fanno-line relations to compute values for a range of Mach numbers:
T /T *
0.242
0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29
0.3
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34
0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39
0.4
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44
0.45
1.186
1.185
1.184
1.183
1.181
1.180
1.179
1.177
1.176
1.174
1.173
1.171
1.170
1.168
1.166
1.165
1.163
1.161
1.159
1.157
1.155
1.153
o
T ( R)
702
701
701
700
699
698
720
697
697 700
696
695 680
694
660
T (o693
R)
692 640
691
690 620
689 600
688
687 580
686
0
685
684
682
c (ft/s)
1299
1298
1298
1297
1296
1296
1295
1294
1293
1292
1292
1291
1290
1289
1288
1287
1286
1285
1284
1283
1282
1281
s
o
(ftlbf/lbm R)
Eq. (12.11b)
315
4.50
24.0
0.00
325
4.35
23.2
1.57
337
4.19
22.3
3.50
350 Ts Curve
4.03 (Fanno)
21.5
5.35
363
3.88
20.7
7.11
376
3.75
20.0
8.80
388
3.62
19.3
10.43
401
3.50
18.7
11.98
414
3.39
18.1
13.48
427
3.28
17.5
14.92
439
3.19
17.0
16.30
452
3.09
16.5
17.63
464
3.00
16.0
18.91
477
2.92
15.6
20.14
489
2.84
15.2
21.33
502
2.77
14.8
22.48
514
2.70
14.4
23.58
527
2.63
14.0
24.65
2.56
13.7 30
25.68
10539
20
40
552
2.50
13.4
26.67
.
o
s (ft lbf/lbm
564
2.44
13.0 R)
27.63
576
2.39
12.7
28.55
V (ft/s)
p /p *
p (psi)
50
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49
0.5
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54
0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59
0.6
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64
0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69
0.7
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74
0.75
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.79
0.8
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84
0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89
0.9
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94
0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99
1
1.151
1.149
1.147
1.145
1.143
1.141
1.138
1.136
1.134
1.132
1.129
1.127
1.124
1.122
1.119
1.117
1.114
1.112
1.109
1.107
1.104
1.101
1.098
1.096
1.093
1.090
1.087
1.084
1.082
1.079
1.076
1.073
1.070
1.067
1.064
1.061
1.058
1.055
1.052
1.048
1.045
1.042
1.039
1.036
1.033
1.029
1.026
1.023
1.020
1.017
1.013
1.010
1.007
1.003
1.000
681
1280
589
2.33
12.4
29.44
680
1279
601
2.28
12.2
30.31
679
1277
613
2.23
11.9
31.14
677
1276
625
Velocity
V 2.18
Versus M11.7
(Fanno) 31.94
676
1275
638
2.14
11.4
32.72
675
1274
650
2.09
11.2
33.46
1400
674
1273
662
2.05
11.0
34.19
672 1200 1271
674
2.01
10.7
34.88
671
1270
686
1.97
10.5
35.56
669 1000 1269
698
1.93
10.3
36.21
668
1267
710
1.90
10.1
36.83
800
667
1266
722
1.86
9.9
37.44
V (ft/s)
665
733
1.83
9.8
38.02
600 1265
664
1263
745
1.80
9.6
38.58
400 1262
662
757
1.76
9.4
39.12
661
1260
769
1.73
9.2
39.64
200
659
1259
781
1.70
9.1
40.14
658
792
1.67
8.9
40.62
0 1258
656
1256
804
1.65
8.8
41.09
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
655
1255
815
1.62
8.6
41.53
M
653
1253
827
1.59
8.5
41.96
652
1252
839
1.57
8.4
42.37
650
1250
850
1.54
8.2
42.77
648
1248
861
1.52
8.1
43.15
647
1247
873
1.49
8.0
43.51
645
1245
884
Pressure
p 1.47
Versus M7.8(Fanno)43.85
643
1244
895
1.45
7.7
44.18
642
1242
907
1.43
7.6
44.50
30
640
1240
918
1.41
7.5
44.80
638
1239
929
1.38
7.4
45.09
25
636
1237
940
1.36
7.3
45.36
635 20
1235
951
1.35
7.2
45.62
633
1234
962
1.33
7.1
45.86
631
1232
973
1.31
7.0
46.10
p (psi) 15
629
1230
984
1.29
6.9
46.31
628 10
1228
995
1.27
6.8
46.52
626
1227
1006
1.25
6.7
46.71
624
1225
1017
1.24
6.6
46.90
5
622
1223
1027
1.22
6.5
47.07
620
1221
1038
1.20
6.4
47.22
0
619
1219
1049
1.19
6.3
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7 47.370.8
617
1218
1059
1.17
6.3
47.50
M 6.2
615
1216
1070
1.16
47.63
613
1214
1080
1.14
6.1
47.74
611
1212
1091
1.13
6.0
47.84
609
1210
1101
1.11
6.0
47.94
607
1208
1112
1.10
5.9
48.02
605
1206
1122
1.09
5.8
48.09
603
1204
1132
1.07
5.7
48.15
601
1202
1142
1.06
5.7
48.20
600
1201
1153
1.05
5.6
48.24
598
1199
1163
1.04
5.5
48.27
596
1197
1173
1.02
5.5
48.30
594
1195
1183
1.01
5.4
48.31
592
1193
1193
1.00
5.3
48.31
0.9
1.0
0.9
1.0
Problem 13.52
[4]
Given: Air flow from converging-diverging nozzle into pipe

Find:
Solution:
R =
k =
cp =
53.33
1.4
0.2399
T0 =
p0 =
pe =
187
710
25
2.5
Me =
2.16
Te =
368
Using p e, M e, and function Fannop (M ,k )
p* =
6.84
Using T e, M e, and function FannoT (M ,k )
T* =
592

ftlbf/lbmoR
Btu/lbmoR
ftlbf/lbmoR
R
psi
psi
psi
o
We can now use Fanno-line relations to compute values for a range of Mach numbers:
T /T *
T (oR)
2.157
2
1.99
1.98
1.97
1.96
1.95
1.94
1.93
1.92
1.91
1.9
1.89
1.88
1.87
1.86
1.85
1.84
1.83
1.82
1.81
1.8
1.79
1.78
1.77
1.76
1.75
1.74
1.73
1.72
1.71
1.7
0.622
0.667
0.670
0.673
0.676
0.679
0.682
0.685
0.688
0.691
0.694
0.697
0.700
0.703
0.706
0.709
0.712
0.716
0.719
0.722
0.725
0.728
0.731
0.735
0.738
0.741
0.744
0.747
0.751
0.754
0.757
0.760
368
394
396
398
400
402
403
405
407
409
410
o
R)
T (412
414
416
418
420
421
423
425
427
429
431
433
435
436
438
440
442
444
446
448
450
650
600
550
500
450
400
350
300
c (ft/s)
V (ft/s)
940
974
976
978
980
982
985
987
989
991
993
996
998
1000
1002
1004
1007
1009
0 1011 5
1013
1015
1018
1020
1022
1024
1027
1029
1031
1033
1036
1038
1040
2028
1948
1942
1937
1931
1926
1920
1914
1909
1903
1897
1892
1886
1880
1874
1868
1862
1856
1850
10
1844
1838
1832
1826
1819
1813
1807
1801
1794
1788
1781
1775
1768
s
(ftlbf/lbmoR)
Eq. (12.11b)
0.37
2.5
0.00
0.41
2.8
7.18
0.41
2.8
7.63
0.41 (Fanno)
2.8
8.07
Curve
0.42
2.9
8.51
0.42
2.9
8.95
0.42
2.9
9.38
0.43
2.9
9.82
0.43
2.9
10.25
0.43
3.0
10.68
0.44
3.0
11.11
0.44
3.0
11.54
0.44
3.0
11.96
0.45
3.1
12.38
0.45
3.1
12.80
0.45
3.1
13.22
0.46
3.1
13.64
0.46
3.1
14.05
0.46
15
20 3.2
25 14.46 30
0.47
3.2 o
14.87
.
s (ft lbf/lbm
0.47
3.2 R)
15.28
0.47
3.2
15.68
0.48
3.3
16.08
0.48
3.3
16.48
0.49
3.3
16.88
0.49
3.3
17.27
0.49
3.4
17.66
0.50
3.4
18.05
0.50
3.4
18.44
0.50
3.5
18.82
0.51
3.5
19.20
0.51
3.5
19.58
p /p *
Ts
p (psi)
35
40
1.69
1.68
1.67
1.66
1.65
1.64
1.63
1.62
1.61
1.6
1.59
1.58
1.57
1.56
1.55
1.54
1.53
1.52
1.51
1.5
1.49
1.48
1.47
1.46
1.45
1.44
1.43
1.42
1.41
1.4
1.39
1.38
1.37
1.36
1.35
1.34
1.33
1.32
1.31
1.3
1.29
1.28
1.27
1.26
1.25
1.24
1.23
1.22
1.21
1.2
1.19
1.18
1.17
1.16
1.15
1.14
1.13
1.12
1.11
1.1
1.09
1.08
1.07
1.06
1.05
1.04
1.03
1.02
1.01
1
0.764
0.767
0.770
0.774
0.777
0.780
0.784
0.787
0.790
0.794
0.797
0.800
0.804
0.807
0.811
0.814
0.817
0.821
0.824
0.828
0.831
0.834
0.838
0.841
0.845
0.848
0.852
0.855
0.859
0.862
0.866
0.869
0.872
0.876
0.879
0.883
0.886
0.890
0.893
0.897
0.900
0.904
0.907
0.911
0.914
0.918
0.921
0.925
0.928
0.932
0.935
0.939
0.942
0.946
0.949
0.952
0.956
0.959
0.963
0.966
0.970
0.973
0.976
0.980
0.983
0.987
0.990
0.993
0.997
1.000
452
1042
454
1045
456
1047
458
1049
460
1051
462
1054
464
1056
466
1058
468
1060
470
1063
472
1065
2500
474
1067
476
1069
478 2000 1072
480
1074
482 1500 1076
484
1078
V (ft/s)
486
1080
1000
488
1083
490
1085
500 1087
492
494
1089
496
0 1092
498
1094
2.0
500
1096
502
1098
504
1101
506
1103
508
1105
510
1107
512
1110
514
1112
516
1114
8
518
1116
520 7
1118
522
1121
6
524
1123
527 5
1125
529
1127
p (psi) 4
531
1129
533 3
1132
535 2
1134
537
1136
539 1
1138
541 0
1140
543
2.0 1143
545
1145
547
1147
549
1149
551
1151
553
1153
555
1155
557
1158
559
1160
561
1162
564
1164
566
1166
568
1168
570
1170
572
1172
574
1174
576
1176
578
1179
580
1181
582
1183
584
1185
586
1187
588
1189
590
1191
592
1193
1761
0.52
3.5
19.95
1755
0.52
3.6
20.32
1748
0.53
3.6
20.69
1741
0.53
3.6
21.06
1735
0.53
3.7
21.42
1728
0.54
3.7
21.78
1721
0.54
3.7
22.14
1714
0.55
3.7
22.49
1707
Velocity
V 0.55
Versus M 3.8
(Fanno) 22.84
1700
0.56
3.8
23.18
1693
0.56
3.8
23.52
1686
0.57
3.9
23.86
1679
0.57
3.9
24.20
1672
0.58
3.9
24.53
1664
0.58
4.0
24.86
1657
0.59
4.0
25.18
1650
0.59
4.0
25.50
1642
0.60
4.1
25.82
1635
0.60
4.1
26.13
1627
0.61
4.1
26.44
1620
0.61
4.2
26.75
1612
0.62
4.2
27.05
1605
0.62
4.3
27.34
1597
0.63
4.3
27.63
1.8
1.6
1.4
1589
0.63
4.3
27.92
M4.4
1582
0.64
28.21
1574
0.65
4.4
28.48
1566
0.65
4.5
28.76
1558
0.66
4.5
29.03
1550
0.66
4.5
29.29
1542
Pressure
p 0.67
Versus M4.6
(Fanno)29.55
1534
0.68
4.6
29.81
1526
0.68
4.7
30.06
1518
0.69
4.7
30.31
1510
0.69
4.8
30.55
1502
0.70
4.8
30.78
1493
0.71
4.8
31.01
1485
0.71
4.9
31.24
1477
0.72
4.9
31.46
1468
0.73
5.0
31.67
1460
0.74
5.0
31.88
1451
0.74
5.1
32.09
1443
0.75
5.1
32.28
1434
0.76
5.2
32.48
1426
0.76
5.2
32.66
1417
0.77
5.3
32.84
1.8
1.6
1.4
1408
0.78
5.3
33.01
M 5.4
1399
0.79
33.18
1390
0.80
5.4
33.34
1381
0.80
5.5
33.50
1372
0.81
5.6
33.65
1363
0.82
5.6
33.79
1354
0.83
5.7
33.93
1345
0.84
5.7
34.05
1336
0.85
5.8
34.18
1327
0.86
5.9
34.29
1318
0.87
5.9
34.40
1308
0.87
6.0
34.50
1299
0.88
6.0
34.59
1290
0.89
6.1
34.68
1280
0.90
6.2
34.76
1271
0.91
6.2
34.83
1261
0.92
6.3
34.89
1251
0.93
6.4
34.95
1242
0.94
6.5
34.99
1232
0.96
6.5
35.03
1222
0.97
6.6
35.06
1212
0.98
6.7
35.08
1203
0.99
6.8
35.10
1193
1.00
6.8
35.10
1.2
1.2
1.0
1.0
Problem 13.53
[2]
Problem 13.54
[3]
Given:
Air flow in a converging nozzle and insulated duct
Find:
Pressure at end of duct; Entropy increase
Solution:
T0
Basic equations:
= 1+
k1 2
M
2
p0
= 1 +
k 1 2
M
2
k
k1
T2
p2
s = cp ln Rair ln
T1
p1
T0 = ( 250 + 460) R
p0 = 145 psi
p1 = 125 psi
k = 1.4
Btu
cp = 0.2399
lbm R
Rair = 53.33
c=
k R T
T2 = ( 150 + 460) R
ft lbf
lbm R
Assuming isentropic flow in the nozzle

k1
2 p0

1
k 1 p1

M1 =
M1 = 0.465
Then
M2 = 0.905
V1 = 595
c2 =
k Rair T2
ft
c2 = 1211
s
V2 = M2 c2
V2 = 1096
ft
s
V1
2 = 1
V2
2 = 0.269
lbm
p1
Rair T1
1 = 0.4960
p2 = 60.8 psi
M1 = 0.465
so
Finally
T1
Tcrit
so
M2 = 0.907
p2
pcrit
ft
s
lbm
ft
pcrit
Tcrit
T1 = 221 F
V1 = M1 c1
p1
= 1.031
M1
T1 = 681 R
ft
c1 = 1279
s
p2 = 2 Rair T2
T2
k Rair T1
(Note: Using Fanno line relations, at
Then
mrate = 1 V1 A = 2 V2 A
Hence
1+
k1
c1 =
1 =
Also
T0
2 T0
1
k 1 T2
In the duct T0 (a measure of total energy) is constant, so M2 =

At each location
T1 =
ft
T2
p2
s = cp ln Rair ln
T1
p1
T1
= 1.150
Tcrit =
= 2.306
pcrit =
= 1.119
p2 = 1.119 pcrit
1.150
p1
2.3060
s = 0.0231
Btu
lbm R
Tcrit = 329 K
pcrit = 54.2 psi
p2 = 60.7 psi
Check!)
Problem 13.57
[3]
Given:
Air flow in a CD nozzle and insulated duct
Find:
Temperature at end of duct; Force on duct; Entropy increase
Solution:
T0
Basic equations:
Fs = p1 A p2 A + Rx = mrate V2 V1
T1 = ( 100 + 460) R
p1 = 18.5 psi
k = 1.4
Btu
cp = 0.2399
lbm R
=1+
k 1 2
M
2
M1 = 2
T2
p2
s = cp ln Rair ln
T1
p1
2
M2 = 1
Rair = 53.33
A = 1 in
ft lbf
lbm R
Assuming isentropic flow in the nozzle

k 1
2
M1
1+
T0 T2
2
=
T1 T0
k 1
2
1+
M2
2
Also c1 =
1 =
1+
k Rair T1 V1 = M1 c1
p1
Rair T1
mrate = 1 V1 A
1 = 0.0892
V1 = 2320
lbm
ft
1+
ft
s
2
k 1
2
M1
M2
c2 =
T2 = 840 R
V2 = 1421
ft
s
V1
2 = 1
V2
2 = 0.146
lbm
so
p2 = 2 Rair T2
Rx = p2 p1 A + mrate V2 V1
Rx = 13.3 lbf
Finally
T2
p2
s = cp ln Rair ln
T1
p1
s = 0.0359
M1 = 2
T1
Tcrit
p1
pcrit
T1
T2
p1
p2
= 0.6667
= 0.4083
ft
p2 = 45.3 psi
Hence
(Note: Using Fanno line relations, at
T2 = 380 F
k Rair T2 V2 = M2 c2
mrate = 1 V1 A = 2 V2 A2
lbm
mrate = 1.44
s
T2 = T1
so
k 1
(Force is to the right)
Btu
lbm R
T2 =
p2 =
p1
0.4083
T1
0.667
p2 = 45.3 psi
T2 = 840 R
Check!)
Problem 13.59
[4]
Problem 13.61
[4]
Problem 13.62
[2]
Problem 13.63
[2]
Given:
Air flow in a converging nozzle and insulated duct
Find:
Length of pipe
Solution:
Basic equations:
Fanno-line flow equations, and friction factor
T0 = ( 250 + 460) R
p0 = 145 psi
p1 = 125 psi
T2 = ( 150 + 460) R
D = 2 in
k = 1.4
Btu
cp = 0.2399
lbm R
Rair = 53.33
From isentropic relations
k1
k
2 p0
M1 =

1
k 1 p1
T0
T1
= 1+
k1
2
M1
2
1
2
so
M1 = 0.465
T1 =
T0
1 + k 1 M 2
1
2
k+ 1
2
1
=
=
pcrit
p2
M1
k1
2
1+
M1
2
p1
p1
pcrit =
Also, for
T2
Tcrit
p1
2.3044
= 1.031
T1 = 681 R
T1 = 221 F
= 1.150
Tcrit =
fave Lmax1
1 M1
k + 1 ( k + 1) M1
=
+
ln
= 1.3923
2
Dh
2 k
1 + k 1 M 2
k M1
2

1
2

Then for Fanno-line flow
ft lbf
lbm R
1
2
T1
= 2.3044
Tcrit
pcrit = 54.2 psi
T2
Tcrit
1+
=
1+
k1
2
M1
2
Tcrit = 592 R
k+ 1
2
k+ 1
2
k1
2
M2
2
leads to
M2 =
2
k1
k + 1 Tcrit
Then
Also
1 =
p1
Rair T1
1.150
Tcrit = 132 F
fave Lmax2
1 M2
k + 1 ( k + 1) M2
=
+
ln
= 0.01271
2
2 k
Dh
1 + k 1 M 2
k M2
2

2
2

T1
T2
M2 = 0.906
1 = 0.496
lbm
ft
V1 = M1 k Rair T1
V1 = 595
ft
s
For air at T1 = 221 F, from Table A.9 (approximately)
= 4.48 10
7 lbf s
Re1 =
and
Re1 = 3.41 10
ft
For commercial steel pipe (Table 8.1)
Hence at this Reynolds number and roughness (Eq. 8.37)
Combining results
e
4
= 9 10
D
e = 0.00015 ft
These calculations are a LOT easier using the Excel Add-ins!
f = 0.01924
2
ft
f
L
f
L
12
ave max1
D ave max2
L12 =
( 1.3923 0.01271)
=
Dh
Dh
f
.01924
1 V1 D
so
L12 = 12.0 ft
Problem 13.65
[3] Part 1/2
Problem 13.65
[3] Part 2/2
Problem 13.67
Example 13.7
Example 13.7
[3]
Problem 13.68
[3]
Problem 13.69
[4] Part 1/2
Problem 13.69
[4] Part 2/2
Problem 13.70
Given:
Air flow through a CD nozzle and tube.
Find:
Average friction factor; Pressure drop in tube
[2]
Solution:
Assumptions: 1) Isentropic flow in nozzle 2) Adiabatic flow in tube 3) Ideal gas 4) Uniform flow
J
kg K
k = 1.40
R = 286.9
p0 = 1.35 MPa
T0 = 550 K
k 1
k
2 p0
From isentropic relations M1 =

1
k 1 p1
p1 = 15 kPa
where State 1 is the nozzle exit
D = 2.5 cm
L = 1.5 m
1
2
M1 = 3.617
Then for Fanno-line flow (for choking at the exit)
fave Lmax
1 M1
k + 1 ( k + 1) M1
=
+
ln
= 0.599
2
Dh
2
k
k
1
2
k M1
M1
2 1 +
2

Hence
k + 1 ( k + 1) M1
D 1 M1
fave =
+
ln
2
2 k
L k M
k 1 M 2
2 1 +
1
1
2
k+ 1
2
1
=
=
pcrit
p2
M1
k1
2
1+
M1
2
p1
p2 =
p1
p1
1
2
k+ 1

2
1
M
k1
2
1 1 + 2 M1
p = p1 p2
These calculations are a LOT easier using the Excel Add-ins!
fave = 0.0100
1
2
= 0.159
p2 = 94.2 kPa
p = 79.2 kPa
Problem 13.71
[3]
Given:
Find:
Duct length; Plot of M and p
Solution:
Basic equations:
Fanno-line flow equations, and friction factor
Given or available data T1 = ( 100 + 460) R
p1 = 18.5 psi
M1 = 2
Btu
cp = 0.2399
lbm R
k = 1.4
M2 = 1
A = 1 in
Rair = 53.33
ft lbf
lbm R
Then for Fanno-line flow at M1 = 2

1
2
k+ 1
2
1
=
=
= 0.4082
pcrit
p2
M1
k1
2
1+
M1
2
p1
so
p1
pcrit =
p1
fave Lmax1
1 M1
k + 1 ( k + 1) M1
=
+
ln
= 0.3050
2
Dh
2
k
k
1
2
k M1
M1
2 1 +
2

pcrit = 45.3 psi
0.4082
and at M2 = 1
fave Lmax2
1 M2
k + 1 ( k + 1) M2
=
+
ln
=0
2
Dh
2
k
k
1
2
k M2
M2
2 1 +
2

Also
1 =
p1
lbm
1 = 0.089
3
Rair T1
ft
For air at T1 = 100 F, from Table A.9
V1 = M1 k Rair T1
= 3.96 10
7 lbf s
V1 = 2320
e = 0.00015 ft
Hence at this Reynolds number and roughness (Eq. 8.37)
e
3
= 1.595 10
D
ft
s
4 A
D = 1.13 in
D =
1 V1 D
so
Re1 =
and
Re1 = 1.53 10
ft
For commercial steel pipe (Table 8.1)
f = .02222
1.13
Combining results
ft
12
D fave Lmax2 fave Lmax1
L12 =
=
( 0.3050 0)
Dh
Dh
f
.02222
L12 = 1.29 ft
L12 = 15.5 in
These calculations are a LOT easier using the Excel Add-ins! The M and p plots are shown in the associated Excel workbook
Given:
Find:
Duct length; Plot of M and p
[3]
Solution:
M
2.00
1.95
1.90
1.85
1.80
1.75
1.70
1.65
1.60
1.55
1.50
1.45
1.40
1.35
1.30
1.25
1.20
1.15
1.10
1.05
1.00
f = 0.0222
p * = 45.3 kPa
D =
1.13 in
fL max/D fL max/D x (in) p /p * p (psi)

0.305
0.290
0.274
0.258
0.242
0.225
0.208
0.190
0.172
0.154
0.136
0.118
0.100
0.082
0.065
0.049
0.034
0.021
0.010
0.003
0.000
0.000
0.015
0.031
0.047
0.063
0.080
0.097
0.115
0.133
0.151
0.169
0.187
0.205
0.223
0.240
0.256
0.271
0.284
0.295
0.302
0.305
0
0.8
1.6
2.4
3.2
4.1
4.9
5.8
6.7
7.7
8.6
9.5
10.4
11.3
12.2
13.0
13.8
14.5
15.0
15.4
15.5
0.408
0.423
0.439
0.456
0.474
0.493
0.513
0.534
0.557
0.581
0.606
0.634
0.663
0.695
0.728
0.765
0.804
0.847
0.894
0.944
1.000
18.49
19.18
19.90
20.67
21.48
22.33
23.24
24.20
25.22
26.31
27.47
28.71
30.04
31.47
33.00
34.65
36.44
38.37
40.48
42.78
45.30
Fanno Line Flow Curves(M and p )
45
2.0
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
M 1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
40
35
30 p (psi)
25
M
Pressure
20
15
8
x (in)
12
16
Problem *13.73
[2]
Given:
Isothermal air flow in a duct
Find:
Downstream Mach number; Direction of heat transfer; Plot of Ts diagram
Solution:
V1
T0
V2
Q
+
= h2 +
2
dm
h1 +
T1 = ( 20 + 273) K
p1 = 350 kPa
M1 = 0.1
From continuity
mrate = 1 V1 A = 2 V2 A
so
1 V1 = 2 V2
Also
p = R T
M =
Hence continuity becomes
p1
R T1
and
M1 c1 =
=1+
k 1 2
M
2
Basic equations:
V
c
mrate = V A
V = M c
or
p2
M c
R T2 2 2
Since
T1 = T2
Hence
p1
M2 =
M
p2 1
From energy
V2
V1
Q
= h2 +
h
+
= h02 h01 = cp T02 T01
dm
2 1
2
c1 = c2
p1 M1 = p2 M2
so
M2 = 0.233
2
But at each state
T0
T
= 1+
k1
2
p2 = 150 kPa
or
T0 = T 1 +
k1
2
2
M
p02
Since T = const, but M2 > M1, then T02 > T01, and
Q
>0
dm
p01
T02
T 01
so energy is ADDED to the system
p2
p1
c
Problem *13.74
Given:
Isothermal air flow in a pipe
Find:
Mach number and location at which pressure is 500 kPa
[5]
Solution:
f Lmax
1 k M
p = R T
T1 = ( 15 + 273) K
p1 = 1.5 MPa
V1 = 60
D = 15 cm
k = 1.4
R = 286.9
From continuity
1 V1 = 2 V2
or
Since
T1 = T2
and
V = M c = M k R T
p1
M2 = M1
p2
c1 =
m
c1 = 340
s
V1
M1 =
c1
M1 = 0.176
Then
At M1 = 0.176
At M2 = 0.529
Hence
k R T1
p1
M2 = M1
p2
f Lmax1
D
f L12
D
1 k M1
1 k M2
2
k M2
f Lmax2
L12 = 18.2
D
f
T1
2
+ ln k M1 = 18.819
k M1
f Lmax2
p1
M2 = 0.529
2
2
+ ln k M2 = 0.614
f Lmax1
D
= 18.819 0.614 = 18.2
L12 = 210 m
mrate = V A
Basic equations:
+ ln k M
k M
m
s
V1 =
f = 0.013
J
kg K
p2
T2
V2
p2 = 500 kPa
Problem *13.75
[2]
Problem *13.76
[4] Part 1/2
Problem *13.76
[4] Part 2/2
Problem 13.78
[4]
Given: Air flow from converging nozzle into heated pipe

Find:
Solution:
R =
k =
cp =
53.33
1.4
0.2399
T0 =
p0 =
pe=
187
710
25
24
Me =
0.242
Te =
702
Using p e, M e, and function Rayp (M ,k )
p* =
10.82
Using T e, M e, and function RayT (M ,k )
T* =
2432

ftlbf/lbmoR
Btu/lbmoR
ftlbf/lbmoR
R
psi
psi
psi
o
We can now use Rayleigh-line relations to compute values for a range of Mach numbers:
T /T *
0.242
0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29
0.3
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34
0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39
0.4
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44
0.45
0.46
0.289
0.304
0.325
0.346
0.367
0.388
0.409
0.430
0.451
0.472
0.493
0.514
0.535
0.555
0.576
0.595
0.615
0.634
0.653
0.672
0.690
0.708
0.725
T (oR)
702
740
790
841
892
943
3000
994
1046
2500
1097
11492000
1200
T (o1250
R) 1500
1301
13511000
1400
1448 500
1496
0
1543
1589
0
1635
1679
1722
1764
c (ft/s)
1299
1334
1378
1422
1464
1506
1546
1586
1624
1662
1698
1734
1768
1802
1834
1866
1897
1926
1955
1982
2009
2035
2059
V (ft/s)
315
334
358
384Ts
410
437
464
492
520
548
577
607
637
667
697
728
759
790
50 821
852
884
916
947
s
(ftlbf/lbmoR)
Eq. (12.11b)
2.22
24.0
0.00
2.21
23.9
10.26
2.19
23.7
22.81
2.18(Rayleigh)
23.6
34.73
Curve
2.16
23.4
46.09
2.15
23.2
56.89
2.13
23.1
67.20
2.12
22.9
77.02
2.10
22.7
86.40
2.08
22.5
95.35
2.07
22.4
103.90
2.05
22.2
112.07
2.03
22.0
119.89
2.01
21.8
127.36
2.00
21.6
134.51
1.98
21.4
141.35
1.96
21.2
147.90
1.94
21.0
154.17
160.17
100 1.92
15020.8
200
250
1.91 .
20.6o
165.92
s (ft lbf/lbm
1.89
20.4 R)
171.42
1.87
20.2
176.69
1.85
20.0
181.73
p /p *
p (psi)
300
0.47
0.48
0.49
0.5
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54
0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59
0.6
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64
0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69
0.7
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74
0.75
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.79
0.8
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84
0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89
0.9
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94
0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99
1
0.742
0.759
0.775
0.790
0.805
0.820
0.834
0.847
0.860
0.872
0.884
0.896
0.906
0.917
0.927
0.936
0.945
0.953
0.961
0.968
0.975
0.981
0.987
0.993
0.998
1.003
1.007
1.011
1.014
1.017
1.020
1.022
1.024
1.025
1.027
1.028
1.028
1.029
1.029
1.028
1.028
1.027
1.026
1.025
1.023
1.021
1.019
1.017
1.015
1.012
1.009
1.006
1.003
1.000
1805
2083
979
1.83
19.8
186.57
1845
2106
1011
1.81
19.6
191.19
1884
2128
1043
1.80
19.4
195.62
Velocity
V Versus
M (Rayleigh)
1922
2149
1075
1.78
19.2
199.86
1958
2170
1107
1.76
19.0
203.92
3000
1993
2189
1138
1.74
18.8
207.80
2027
2208
1170
1.72
18.6
211.52
2500
2060
2225
1202
1.70
18.4
215.08
2091
2242
1233
1.69
18.2
218.48
2000
2122
2258
1265
1.67
18.0
221.73
2150
2274
1296
1.65
17.9
224.84
V (ft/s) 1500
2178
2288
1327
1.63
17.7
227.81
2204 1000 2302
1358
1.61
17.5
230.65
2230
2315
1389
1.60
17.3
233.36
2253
1420
1.58
17.1
235.95
500 2328
2276
2339
1450
1.56
16.9
238.42
2298
1481
1.54
16.7
240.77
0 2350
2318
1.53
16.5
0.22361 0.3 15110.4
0.5
0.6
0.7 243.010.8
2337
2370
1541
1.51
16.3
245.15
M16.1
2355
2379
1570
1.49
247.18
2371
2388
1600
1.47
15.9
249.12
2387
2396
1629
1.46
15.8
250.96
2401
2403
1658
1.44
15.6
252.70
2415
2409
1687
1.42
15.4
254.36
2427
2416
1715
1.41
255.93
Pressure
p Versus
M 15.2
(Rayleigh)
2438
2421
1743
1.39
15.0
257.42
2449
2426
1771
1.37
14.9
258.83
30
2458
2431
1799
1.36
14.7
260.16
2466
2435
1826
1.34
14.5
261.41
25
2474
2439
1853
1.33
14.4
262.59
2480
2442
1880
1.31
14.2
263.71
20
2486
2445
1907
1.30
14.0
264.75
2447
1933
1.28
13.9
265.73
p 2490
(psi) 15
2494
2449
1959
1.27
13.7
266.65
2497 10
2450
1985
1.25
13.5
267.50
2499
2451
2010
1.24
13.4
268.30
2501 5
2452
2035
1.22
13.2
269.04
2502
2452
2060
1.21
13.1
269.73
2502 0
2452
2085
1.19
12.9
270.36
2501
2452
2109
1.18
12.8
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7 270.940.8
2500
2451
2133
1.17
12.6
271.47
M 12.5
2498
2450
2156
1.15
271.95
2495
2449
2180
1.14
12.3
272.39
2492
2448
2203
1.12
12.2
272.78
2488
2446
2226
1.11
12.0
273.13
2484
2444
2248
1.10
11.9
273.43
2479
2441
2270
1.09
11.7
273.70
2474
2439
2292
1.07
11.6
273.92
2468
2436
2314
1.06
11.5
274.11
2461
2433
2335
1.05
11.3
274.26
2455
2429
2356
1.04
11.2
274.38
2448
2426
2377
1.02
11.1
274.46
2440
2422
2398
1.01
10.9
274.51
2432
2418
2418
1.00
10.8
274.52
0.9
1.0
0.9
1.0
Problem 13.79
[4]
Given: Air flow from converging-diverging nozzle into heated pipe

Find:
Solution:
R =
k =
cp =
53.33
1.4
0.2399
T0 =
p0 =
pe =
187
710
25
2.5
Me =
2.16
Te =
368
Using p e, M e, and function Rayp (M ,k )
p* =
7.83
Using T e, M e, and function RayT (M ,k )
T* =
775

ftlbf/lbmoR
Btu/lbmoR
ftlbf/lbmoR
R
psi
psi
psi
o
We can now use Rayleigh-line relations to compute values for a range of Mach numbers:
T /T *
T (oR)
2.157
2
1.99
1.98
1.97
1.96
1.95
1.94
1.93
1.92
1.91
1.9
1.89
1.88
1.87
1.86
1.85
1.84
1.83
1.82
1.81
1.8
1.79
1.78
1.77
1.76
1.75
1.74
1.73
1.72
1.71
1.7
0.475
0.529
0.533
0.536
0.540
0.544
0.548
0.552
0.555
0.559
0.563
0.567
0.571
0.575
0.579
0.584
0.588
0.592
0.596
0.600
0.605
0.609
0.613
0.618
0.622
0.626
0.631
0.635
0.640
0.645
0.649
0.654
368
410
413
416
418
421
424
427
430
433
436
o
R)
T (440
443
446
449
452
455
459
462
465
468
472
475
479
482
485
489
492
496
499
503
507
c (ft/s)
800
750
700
650
600
550
500
450
400
350
300
940
993
996
1000
1003
1007
1010
1014
1017
1021
1024
1028
1032
1035
1039
1043
1046
1050
0 1054 10
1057
1061
1065
1069
1073
1076
1080
1084
1088
1092
1096
1100
1104
V (ft/s)
2028
1985
1982
1979Ts
1976
1973
1970
1966
1963
1960
1957
1953
1950
1946
1943
1939
1936
1932
1928
20
1925
1921
1917
1913
1909
1905
1901
1897
1893
1889
1885
1880
1876
p /p *
0.32
0.36
0.37
0.37
Curve
0.37
0.38
0.38
0.38
0.39
0.39
0.39
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.41
0.41
0.41
0.42
0.42
30
0.43
s
0.43
0.43
0.44
0.44
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.46
0.46
0.47
0.47
0.48
s
(ftlbf/lbmoR)
Eq. (12.11b)
2.5
0.00
2.8
13.30
2.9
14.15
2.9
14.99
(Rayleigh)
2.9
15.84
2.9
16.69
3.0
17.54
3.0
18.39
3.0
19.24
3.0
20.09
3.1
20.93
3.1
21.78
3.1
22.63
3.2
23.48
3.2
24.32
3.2
25.17
3.2
26.01
3.3
26.86
40 3.3
50 27.70 60
3.3 o
28.54
.
(ft lbf/lbm
3.4 R)
29.38
3.4
30.22
3.4
31.06
3.5
31.90
3.5
32.73
3.5
33.57
3.6
34.40
3.6
35.23
3.6
36.06
3.7
36.89
3.7
37.72
3.7
38.54
p (psi)
70
80
1.69
1.68
1.67
1.66
1.65
1.64
1.63
1.62
1.61
1.6
1.59
1.58
1.57
1.56
1.55
1.54
1.53
1.52
1.51
1.5
1.49
1.48
1.47
1.46
1.45
1.44
1.43
1.42
1.41
1.4
1.39
1.38
1.37
1.36
1.35
1.34
1.33
1.32
1.31
1.3
1.29
1.28
1.27
1.26
1.25
1.24
1.23
1.22
1.21
1.2
1.19
1.18
1.17
1.16
1.15
1.14
1.13
1.12
1.11
1.1
1.09
1.08
1.07
1.06
1.05
1.04
1.03
1.02
1.01
1
0.658
0.663
0.668
0.673
0.677
0.682
0.687
0.692
0.697
0.702
0.707
0.712
0.717
0.722
0.727
0.732
0.737
0.742
0.747
0.753
0.758
0.763
0.768
0.773
0.779
0.784
0.789
0.795
0.800
0.805
0.811
0.816
0.822
0.827
0.832
0.838
0.843
0.848
0.854
0.859
0.865
0.870
0.875
0.881
0.886
0.891
0.896
0.902
0.907
0.912
0.917
0.922
0.927
0.932
0.937
0.942
0.946
0.951
0.956
0.960
0.965
0.969
0.973
0.978
0.982
0.986
0.989
0.993
0.997
1.000
510
1107
514
1111
517
1115
521
1119
525
1123
529
1127
532
1131
536
1135
540
1139
544
1143
548
1147
2500
551
1151
555
1155
559 2000 1159
563
1164
567 1500 1168
571
1172
V (ft/s)
575
1176
1000
579
1180
583
1184
500 1188
587
591
1192
595
0 1196
599
1200
2.0
603
1204
607
1208
612
1213
616
1217
620
1221
624
1225
628
1229
632
1233
636
1237
9
641
1241
645 8
1245
649 7
1249
653
1253
6
657
1257
5
662
1261
p (psi)
666 4
1265
670 3
1269
674
1273
2
678
1277
682 1
1281
686 0
1285
690
2.0 1288
694
1292
699
1296
703
1300
706
1303
710
1307
714
1310
718
1314
722
1318
726
1321
730
1324
733
1328
737
1331
741
1334
744
1337
747
1341
751
1344
754
1347
757
1349
761
1352
764
1355
767
1358
769
1360
772
1362
775
1365
1872
1867
1863
1858
1853
1849
1844
1839
1834
Velocity
V
1829
1824
1819
1814
1809
1803
1798
1793
1787
1782
1776
1770
1764
1758
1752
1.8
1746
1740
1734
1728
1721
1715
1708
Pressure
p
1701
1695
1688
1681
1674
1667
1659
1652
1645
1637
1629
1622
1614
1606
1.81598
1589
1581
1573
1564
1555
1546
1537
1528
1519
1510
1500
1491
1481
1471
1461
1451
1441
1430
1420
1409
1398
1387
1376
1365
0.48
3.8
39.36
0.48
3.8
40.18
0.49
3.8
41.00
0.49
3.9
41.81
0.50
3.9
42.62
0.50
3.9
43.43
0.51
4.0
44.24
0.51
4.0
45.04
0.52
4.1
45.84
Versus
M (Rayleigh)
0.52
4.1
46.64
0.53
4.1
47.43
0.53
4.2
48.22
0.54
4.2
49.00
0.54
4.3
49.78
0.55
4.3
50.56
0.56
4.3
51.33
0.56
4.4
52.10
0.57
4.4
52.86
0.57
4.5
53.62
0.58
4.5
54.37
0.58
4.6
55.12
0.59
4.6
55.86
0.60
4.7
56.60
0.60
4.7
57.33
1.6
1.4
0.61
4.8
58.05
M4.8
0.61
58.77
0.62
4.9
59.48
0.63
4.9
60.18
0.63
5.0
60.88
0.64
5.0
61.56
0.65
5.1
62.24
Versus
M (Rayleigh)
0.65
5.1
62.91
0.66
5.2
63.58
0.67
5.2
64.23
0.68
5.3
64.88
0.68
5.3
65.51
0.69
5.4
66.14
0.70
5.5
66.76
0.71
5.5
67.36
0.71
5.6
67.96
0.72
5.6
68.54
0.73
5.7
69.11
0.74
5.8
69.67
0.74
5.8
70.22
0.75
5.9
70.75
0.76
6.0
71.27
1.6
1.4
0.77
6.0
71.78
M 6.1
0.78
72.27
0.79
6.2
72.75
0.80
6.2
73.21
0.80
6.3
73.65
0.81
6.4
74.08
0.82
6.4
74.50
0.83
6.5
74.89
0.84
6.6
75.27
0.85
6.7
75.63
0.86
6.7
75.96
0.87
6.8
76.28
0.88
6.9
76.58
0.89
7.0
76.86
0.90
7.1
77.11
0.91
7.1
77.34
0.92
7.2
77.55
0.93
7.3
77.73
0.94
7.4
77.88
0.95
7.5
78.01
0.97
7.6
78.12
0.98
7.6
78.19
0.99
7.7
78.24
1.00
7.8
78.25
1.2
1.2
1.0
1.0
Problem 13.80
[2]
Problem 13.81
[2]
Problem 13.82
Given:
Frictionless air flow in a pipe
Find:
Heat exchange per lb (or kg) at exit, where 500 kPa
[2]
Solution:
Basic equations:
mrate = V A
p = R T
Given or available data T1 = ( 15 + 273) K

D = 5 cm
At section 1
1 =
p1
From momentum
V2 =
From continuity
1 V1 = 2 V2
+ V1
p2
p2 = 500 kPa
k = 1.4
J
cp = 1004
kg K
R = 286.9
c1 =
m
c1 = 340
s
kg
3
V1 = 119
m
s
V2 = 466
m
s
2 = 3.09
T2 = 564 K
T2 = 291 C
and
T02 = T2 1 +
k 1
with
T01 = T1 1 +
k 1
Then
Q
Btu
kJ
= cp T02 T01 = 164
= 383
dm
lbm
kg
k R T1
V1
2 = 1
V2
T2 =
2 R
kg
m
T02 = 677 K
T02 = 403 C
2
M1
T01 = 295 K
T01 = 21.9 C
(Momentum)
J
kg K
2
M2
M1 = 0.35
Hence
p1 p2 = 1 V1 V2 V1
(Energy)
V1 = M1 c1
1 V1
p1 = 1 MPa
1 = 12.1
R T1
p1 p2
Q
= cp T02 T01
dm
(Note: Using Rayleigh line functions, for M1 = 0.35
T0
T0crit
so
= 0.4389
T0crit =
T01
0.4389
T0crit = 672 K close to T2 ... Check!)
M2 = 1
Problem 13.83
Given:
Frictionless flow of Freon in a tube
Find:
Heat transfer; Pressure drop
[2]
NOTE: 2 is NOT as stated; see below
Solution:
Basic equations:
mrate = V A
p = R T
Q = mrate h02 h01
Btu
Given or available data h1 = 25
lbm
Then
1 = 100
lbm
ft
2
D
4
h0 = h +
V
2
p1 p2 = 1 V1 V2 V1
h2 = 65
Btu
lbm
2 = 0.850
A =
mrate
V1 =
1 A
ft
V1 = 8.03
s
h01 = h1 +
2
mrate
V2 =
2 A
ft
V2 = 944
s
V2
lbm
ft
lbm
mrate = 1.85
s
D = 0.65 in
A = 0.332 in
The heat transfer is
Q = mrate h02 h01
The pressure drop is
p = 1 V1 V2 V1
V1
h02 = h2 +
2
Q = 107
Btu
s
p = 162 psi
h01 = 25.0
Btu
lbm
h02 = 82.8
Btu
lbm
(74 Btu/s with the wrong 2!)
(-1 psi with the wrong 2!)
Problem 13.84
[3]
Problem 13.86
[3]
Problem 13.87
[3]
Given:
Frictionless flow of air in a duct
Find:
Heat transfer without choking flow; change in stagnation pressure
Solution:
Basic equations:
T0
T
p0
k1 2
M
2
= 1+
2
D
4
A = 78.54 cm
k = 1.4
p1
At state 1
1 =
From continuity
mrate
V1 =
1 A
From momentum
p1 p2 =
M2 = 1
J
cp = 1004
kg K
R = 286.9
c1 =
m
c1 = 331
s
kg
3
m
s
then
From continuity
1 V1 =
or
p1
p1
M1 c1 =
M k R T1 =
R T1
R T1 1
k R T1
T2
T02 = T2 1 +
k1
p02 = p2 1 +
2
k1
2
M2
2
M2
p02 = 58.8 kPa
Q
MJ
= cp T02 T01 = 1.12
dm
kg
(Using Rayleigh functions, at M1 = 0.215
T01
T0crit
T01
p
2
2
k R T M = k p M
R T
p2 = 31.1 kPa
k p1 M1
= 2 V2 =
R
T1
k
k1
J
kg K
M1 = 0.215
1 + k M 2
1
p2 = p1
1 + k M 2
2
T02 = 1394 K
V1
M1 =
c1
V = c M =
but
p2 M2
T2 = T1
p1 M1
p2 M2
T1
Finally
D = 10 cm
mrate
2
2
V2 V1 = 2 V2 1 V1
A
p1 p2 = k p2 M2 k p1 M1
Then
kg
mrate = 0.5
s
V1 = 71.2
p1 = 70 kPa
Hence
Hence
1 = 0.894
R T1
p1 M1
mrate = A V
Q
= cp T02 T01
dm
Given or available data T1 = ( 0 + 273) K

A =
k 1 2
M
2
p = R T
mrate
V2 V1
A
p1 p2 =
= 1 +
k
k1
k p2 M2
R
T2
T2 = 1161 K
T01 = T1 1 +
p01 = p1 1 +
p0 = p02 p01
T01
= 0.1975 T02 =
T02
0.1975
T2 = 888 C
k1
2
k1
2
2
M1
2
M1
T01 = 276 K
k
k1
p01 = 72.3 kPa
p0 = 13.5 kPa
T02 = 1395 K
and ditto for p02

...Check!)
Problem 13.88
[3]
Problem 13.93
[3]
Given: Data on flow through gas turbine combustor

Find:
Maximum heat addition; Outlet conditions; Reduction in stagnation pressure; Plot of process
Solution:
R =
k =
cp =
T1 =
p1 =
M1 =
286.9
1.4
1004
773
1.5
0.5
p02
J/kgK
T02
J/kgK
K
MPa
p2
T
p01
T01
T1
T2
d
p1
c
From
p1 = 1 RT1
1=
6.76
kg/m3
From
V1 = M 1 kRT1
V1 =
279
m/s
s
Using built-in function IsenT (M,k):
T 01 /T 1 =
1.05
T 01 =
812
Using built-in function Isenp (M,k):

p 01 /p 1 =
1.19
p 01 =
1.78
MPa
M2 =
For maximum heat transfer:
Using built-in function rayT0 (M,k), rayp0 (M,k), rayT (M,k), rayp (M,k), rayV (M,k):
*
T 01 /T 0* =
T0 =
0.691
1174 K
*
p 01 /p 0 =
T /T * =
*
p /p =
/ =
*
p0 =
T* =
1.114
0.790
1.60
MPa
( = p 02)
978
( = T 02)
( = p 2)
1.778
p =
0.844
0.444
3.01
MPa
3
kg/m
-182
kPa
Note that at state 2 we have critical conditions!

Hence:
From the energy equation:
p 012 p 01 =
Q
dm
-0.182
MPa
= c p (T02 T01 )
Q /dm =
364
kJ/kg
( = T 02)
( = 2)
Problem 13.94
[3]
Problem 13.95
[3]
Problem 13.96
[3]
Problem 13.97
[4] Part 1/2
Problem 13.97
[4] Part 2/2
Problem 13.98
[4] Part 1/2
Problem 13.98
[4] Part 2/2
Problem 13.99
Given:
Normal shock due to explosion
Find:
Shock speed; temperature and speed after shock
[3]
V
Shock speed Vs
Shift coordinates: d (Vs V)
c (Vs)
Solution:
Shock at rest
2
M1 +
k1
2
Basic equations:
M2 =
p2
p1
V = M c = M k R T
2 k M 2 1
1
k 1
1 + k 1 M 2 k M 2 k 1
1
1
2
2
=
2
T1
k + 1 M 2
1
2
T2
2 k
2 k1
M1
k+1
k+1
k = 1.4
From the pressure ratio
M1 =
Then we have
1 + k 1 M 2 k M 2 k 1
1
1
2
2
T2 = T1
2
k + 1 M 2
1
2
M2 =
R = 286.9
J
kg K
k + 1 p2 + k 1
2 k p1 k + 1
p2 = 30 MPa
2
2
M1 +
k1
T2 = 14790 K
T2 = 14517 C
M2 = 0.382
2 k M 2 1
1
k 1
m
V1 = M1 k R T1
V1 = 5475
After the shock (V2) the speed is
V2 = M2 k R T2
V2 = 930
V = Vs V2
V = 4545
V2 = Vs V
T1 = ( 20 + 273) K
M1 = 16.0
Then the speed of the shock (Vs = V1) is
But we have
p1 = 101 kPa
Vs = V1
Vs = 5475
These results are unrealistic because at the very high post-shock temperatures experienced, the specific heat ratio will NOT
be constant! The extremely high initial air velocity and temperature will rapidly decrease as the shock wave expands in a
spherical manner and thus weakens.
m
s
Problem 13.100
[3]
Given:
C-D nozzle with normal shock
Find:
Mach numbers at the shock and at exit; Stagnation and static pressures before and after the shock
Solution:
1 + k 1 M2
A
1
2
=
k+ 1
Acrit
M
Basic equations: Isentropic flow
2
2
M1 +
k1
M2 =
Normal shock
k+ 1
2 ( k1)
Rair = 53.33
2
At = 1.5 in
p1
p02
2 k
2 k1
M1
k+1
k+1
= 1 +
p2
2 k M 2 1
1
k 1
k = 1.4
p0
p01
k 1 2
M
2
k
k1
k + 1 M 2
1
1 + k 1 M12
2
k
k1
2 k M 2 k 1
1
k + 1
k + 1
ft lbf
lbm R
As = 2.5 in
p01 = 125 psi
T0 = ( 175 + 460) R
(Shock area)
Ae = 3.5 in
1
k1
Because we have a normal shock the CD must be accelerating the flow to supersonic so the throat is at critical state.
Acrit = At
At the shock we have
As
= 1.667
1 + k 1 M 2
1
1
2
At this area ratio we can find the Mach number before the shock from the isentropic relation
=
k+ 1
Acrit
M1
Acrit
k+ 1
2 ( k1)
As
Solving iteratively (or using Excel's Solver, or even better the function isenMsupfromA from the Web site!)
M1 = 1.985
The stagnation pressure before the shock was given:
p01 = 125 psi
The static pressure is then
p1 =
p01
1 + k 1 M 2
1
2
k
k1
p1 = 16.4 psi
After the shock we have
Also
M2 =
2
2
M1 +
k1
M2 = 0.580
2 k M 2 1
1
k 1
k + 1 M 2
1
1 + k 1 M12
2
p02 = p01
k
k1
2 k M 2 k 1
1
k + 1
k + 1
and
p02 = 91.0 psi
1
k1
2 k
2 k 1
p2 = p1
M1
k + 1
k + 1
p2 = 72.4 psi
Finally, for the Mach number at the exit, we could find the critical area change across the shock; instead we find the
new critical area from isentropic conditions at state 2.
1 + k 1 M 2
2
2
Acrit2 = As M2
k+ 1
At the exit we have
Ae
Acrit2
k+ 1
2 ( k1)
2
Acrit2 = 2.06 in
= 1.698
1 + k 1 M 2
e
1
2
At this area ratio we can find the Mach number before the shock from the isentropic relation
=
k+ 1
Acrit2
Me
k+ 1
2 ( k1)
Ae
Solving iteratively (or using Excel's Solver, or even better the function isenMsubfromA from the Web site!)
These calculations are obviously a LOT easier using the Excel functions available on the Web site!
Me = 0.369
Problem 13.101
[2]
Given:
Normal shock near pitot tube
Find:
Air speed
Solution:
Basic equations:
p1 p2 = 1 V1 V2 V1
Given or available data T1 = 285 R
Rair = 53.33
k 1
2 p02

1
k 1
p2
At state 2
M2 =
From momentum
p1 p2 = 2 V2 1 V1
p1 p2 = k p2 M2 k p1 M1
1 p2
2
1 + k M2 1
k p1
M1 =
Also
c1 =
Then
V1 = M1 c1
k Rair T1
= 1 +
k 1 2
M
2
p02 = 10 psi
M2 = 0.574
p1
= 4.571 we find
p
2
2
k R T M = k p M
R T
but
V = c M =
or
2
2
p1 1 + k M1 = p2 1 + k M2
M1 = 2.01
ft
c1 = 827
s
ft
s
V1 = 1822
p2
p2 = 8 psi
ft lbf
lbm R
V1 = 1666
Note: With p1 = 1.5 psi we obtain
(Using normal shock functions, for
p1 = 1.75 psi
k = 1.4
Hence
p0
(Momentum)
k
k1
M1 = 2.02
ft
s
M2 = 0.573 Check!)
Problem 13.103
[2]
Problem 13.104
[2]
Given: Normal shock

Find:
Speed and temperature after shock; Entropy change
Solution:
R =
k =
cp =
53.33
1.4
0.2399
T 01 =
1250
p1 =
20
M1 =
2.5
1 =
300.02
V1 =
764

T 01 /T 1 =
2.25
ftlbf/lbmR
0.0685
Btu/lbmR
Btu/lbmR
R
psi

From
p1 = 1 RT1
kg/m3
m/s
T1 =
728
143
psi
556
96
Using built-in function NormM2fromM (M,k):

M2 =
0.513
Using built-in function NormTfromM (M,k):

T 2 /T 1 =
2.14
Using built-in function NormpfromM (M,k):

p 2 /p 1 =
From
V 2 = M 2 kRT 2
From
T
s = c p ln 2
T1
T2 =
p2 =
7.13
V2 =
867
s =
0.0476
37.1
ft/s
R ln 2
p1
Btu/lbmR
ftlbf/lbmR
1188
Problem 13.106
[2]
Given: Normal shock

Find:
Pressure after shock; Compare to isentropic deceleration
Solution:
R =
k =
T 01 =
286.9
1.4
550
p 01 =
650
M1 =
2.5
J/kgK
K
kPa

p 01 /p 1 =
17.09

M2 =
0.513

p 2 /p 1 =
7.13
p1 =
38
kPa
p2 =
271
kPa
p2 =
543
kPa
Using built-in function Isenp (M,k) at M 2:

p 02 /p 2 =
But for the isentropic case:
Hence for isentropic deceleration:
1.20
p 02 = p 01
Problem 13.107
[2]
Given: Normal shock

Find:
Speed and Mach number after shock; Change in stagnation pressure
Solution:
R =
k =
T1 =
53.33
1.4
445
p1 =
V1 =
2000
mph
c1 =
1034
ft/s
M1 =
2.84
ftlbf/lbmR
o
0.0685
Btu/lbmR
psi
2933
ft/s
793
ft/s

From
c1 = kRT1
Then

M2 =
0.486
Using built-in function NormdfromM (M,k):

2 / 1 =
3.70
Using built-in function Normp0fromM (M,k):

p 02 /p 01 =
0.378
Then
V2 =
1
V1
2
V2 =
541
mph

p 01 /p 1 =
28.7
From the above ratios and given p 1:

p 01 =
143
psi
p 02 =
54.2
psi
p 01 p 02 =
89.2
psi
Problem 13.108
[2]
Given: Normal shock

Find:
Speed; Change in pressure; Compare to shockless deceleration
Solution:
R =
k =
T1 =
53.33
1.4
452.5
p1 =
14.7
psi
V1 =
1750
mph
c1 =
1043
ft/s
M1 =
2.46
ftlbf/lbmR
o
0.0685
Btu/lbmR
R
2567
ft/s
p2 =
101
psi
p2 p1 =
86.7
psi
781
ft/s
p2 =
197
psi
p2 p1 =
182
psi

From
c1 = kRT1
Then

M2 =
0.517
Using built-in function NormdfromM (M,k):

2 / 1 =
3.29

p 2 /p 1 =
6.90
Then
V2 =
1
V1
2
V2 =
532
mph

p 01 /p 1 =
16.1

p 02 /p 2 =
1.20
From above ratios and p 1, for isentropic flow (p 0 = const):
Problem 13.109
[2]
Problem 13.111
[2]
Problem 13.112
Given:
Normal shock
Find:
Rankine-Hugoniot relation
[4]
Solution:
Basic equations:
Momentum:
p1 + 1 V1 = p2 + 2 V2
Energy:
h1 +
1
1
2
2
V1 = h2 + V2
2
2
Mass:
1 V1 = 2 V2
Ideal Gas:
p = R T
)(
From the energy equation
2 h2 h1 = 2 cp T2 T1 = V1 V2 = V1 V1 V1 + V2
From the momentum equation
p2 p1 = 1 V1 2 V2 = 1 V1 V1 V2
Hence
V1 V2 =
Using this in Eq 1
(1)
where we have used the mass equation
p2 p1
1 V1
p2 p1
p2 p1
V2 p2 p1
2 cp T2 T1 =
V1 + V2 =
1 +
1 +
=
1 V1
1
1
V1
1
1
= (p2 p1) +
2
1 2
where we again used the mass equation

Using the idea gas equation
p2
2 cp
2 R
p1
1
1
= (p2 p1) +
1 R
1 2
Dividing by p1 and multiplying by 2, and using R = cp - cv, k = cp/cv

2
Collecting terms
cp p2 2
2
k p2 2 p2
= 2
= 1 + 1
R p1 1
k 1 p1 1
p1 1
p2 2 k
1
p1 k 1
p2
p1
For an infinite pressure ratio
2 k 2 2
1
k 1 1 1
2 k
1
k 1
( k + 1) ( k 1)
2 k 2
1
=
1
k 1 1 1
2
1
=0
( k + 1) 2
1
( k 1) 1
( k + 1)
( k 1)
or
or
p2
p1
( k + 1)
=
( k 1)
( k + 1) ( k 1)
1
2
k+1
k1
2
1
(= 6 for air)
Problem 13.113
[3]
Problem 13.114
[3]
Problem 13.115
[3]
Problem 13.117
[3]
Problem 13.119
[4]
Problem 13.120
[2]
Problem 13.121
[2]
Problem 13.124
[3]
Given: Normal shock in CD nozzle

Find:
Exit pressure; Throat area; Mass flow rate
Solution:
R =
k =
T 01 =
p 01 =
M1 =
286.9
1.4
550
700
2.75
A1 =
25
cm2
Ae =
40
cm2
J/kgK
K
kPa
Equations and Computations (assuming State 1 and 2 before and after the shock):

p 01 /p 1 =
25.14
p1 =
28
kPa

T 01 /T 1 =
2.51
T1 =
219
Using built-in function IsenA (M,k):

A 1 /A 1* =
3.34
A 1* = A t =
7.49
cm2
p 02 =
284
kPa
Me=
0.279
pe=
269
Then from the Ideal Gas equation:
Also:
So:
Then the mass flow rate is:
1 =
0.4433
c1 =
V1 =
297
815
m rate =
m rate =
kg/m3
m/s
m/s
1 V 1A 1
0.904
kg/s
For the normal shock:

M2 =
0.492
Using built-in function Normp0fromM (M,k) at M 1:

p 02 /p 01 =
0.41
For isentropic flow after the shock:
Using built-in function IsenA (M,k):
A 2 /A 2* =
A2 =
But:
1.356
A1
A 2* =
18.44
Hence:
Using built-in function IsenAMsubfromA (Aratio,k):

A e /A 2* =
For:
2.17
p 02 /p e =
1.06
cm2
kPa
Problem 13.125
[2]
Problem 13.128
[3]
Problem 13.129
[3]
Problem 13.131
[3]
Problem 13.132
[4]
Problem 13.133
[3]
Problem *13.135
[5]
Problem *13.136
[2]
Problem *13.137
[4]
Problem 13.138
[3]
Given:
Normal shock
Find:
Approximation for downstream Mach number as upstream one approaches infinity
Solution:
Basic equations:
M2n =
2
2
M1n +
k 1
(13.48a)
2 k M 2 1
1n
k 1
M2n = M2 sin ( )
(13.47b)
2
2
M1n +
k 1
Combining the two equations
M2n
M2 =
=
sin( )
1+
M2 =
2 k M 2 1
1n
k 1
=
sin( )
2
2
M1n +
k 1
2 k M 2 1 sin( ) 2
1n
k 1
2
( k 1) M1n
2 k 1 sin( ) 2
k 1 M1n2
As M1 goes to infinity, so does M1n, so

M2 =
2 k sin ( ) 2
k 1
M2 =
k1
2 k sin ( )
Problem 13.139
[3]
Given: Data on an oblique shock

Find:
Mach number and pressure downstream; compare to normal shock
Solution:
R =
k =
p1 =
286.9
1.4
80
M1 =
2.5
35
J/kg.K
kPa
o

From M 1 and
M 1n =
1.43
M 1t =
2.05
From M1n and p1, and Eq. 13.48d

(using built-in function NormpfromM (M ,k ))
(13.48d)
p2 =
178.6
V t1 =
V t2
The tangential velocity is unchanged
Hence
c t1 M t1 =
(T 1)
1/2
c t2 M t2
M t1 = (T 2)1/2 M t2
M 2t = (T 1/T 2)1/2 M t1
From M1n, and Eq. 13.48c

(using built-in function NormTfromM (M ,k ))
Hence
T 2/T 1 =
1.28
M 2t =
1.81
kPa
Also, from M1n, and Eq. 13.48a

(using built-in function NormM2fromM (M ,k ))
(13.48a)
M 2n =
0.726
The downstream Mach number is then

M 2 = (M 2t2 + M 2n2)1/2
M2 =
1.95
Finally, from geometry

V 2n = V 2sin( - )
Hence
= - sin-1(V 2n/V 2)
or
= - sin-1(M 2n/M 2)
=
13.2
570
kPa
For the normal shock:

From M1 and p1, and Eq. 13.48d
p2 =
Also, from M1, and Eq. 13.48a
M2 =
0.513
For the minimum :

The smallest value of is when the shock is a Mach wave (no deflection)
= sin-1(1/M 1)
=
23.6
Problem 13.140
[3]
Given: Oblique shock in flow at M = 3

Find:
Minimum and maximum , plot of pressure rise across shock
Solution:
R =
k =
M1 =
286.9
1.4
3
J/kg.K

The smallest value of is when the shock is a Mach wave (no deflection)
= sin-1(1/M 1)
The largest value is
19.5
90.0
The normal component of Mach number is

M 1n = M 1sin()
(13.47a)
For each , p2/p1 is obtained from M1n, and Eq. 13.48d

(13.48d)
Computed results:
(o)
M 1n
p 2/p 1
19.5
20
30
40
50
60
70
75
80
85
90
1.00
1.03
1.50
1.93
2.30
2.60
2.82
2.90
2.95
2.99
3.00
1.00
1.06
2.46
4.17
5.99
7.71
9.11
9.63
10.0
10.3
10.3
Pressure Change across an Oblique Shock

12.5
10.0
p 2/p 1
7.5
5.0
2.5
0.0
0
30
60
( )
o
90
Problem 13.141
[3]
Given: Velocities and deflection angle of an oblique shock

Find:
Shock angle ; pressure ratio across shock
Solution:
R =
k =
V1 =
286.9
1.4
1250
V2 =
650
35
J/kg.K
m/s
m/s
o

From geometry we can write two equations for tangential velocity:
For V 1t
V 1t = V 1cos()
(1)
For V 2t
V 2t = V 2cos( - )
(2)
For an oblique shock V 2t = V 1t, so Eqs. 1 and 2 give

V 1cos() = V 2cos( - )
Solving for
(3)
= tan-1((V 1 - V 2cos())/(V 2sin()))

=
(Alternatively, solve Eq. 3 using Goal Seek !)
62.5
For p 2/p 1, we need M 1n for use in Eq. 13.48d
(13.48d)
We can compute M 1 from and , and Eq. 13.49

(using built-in function Theta (M ,, k ))
(13.49)
For
35.0
62.5
M1 =
3.19
This value of M 1 was obtained by using Goal Seek :

Vary M 1 so that becomes the required value.
(Alternatively, find M 1 from Eq. 13.49 by explicitly solving for it!)
We can now find M 1n from M 1. From M 1 and Eq. 13.47a
M 1n = M 1sin()
Hence
M 1n =
2.83
Finally, for p 2/p 1, we use M 1n in Eq. 13.48d

(using built-in function NormpfromM (M ,k )
p 2 /p 1 =
9.15
(13.47a)
Problem 13.142
Given: Data on an oblique shock

Find:
Deflection angle ; shock angle ; Mach number after shock
Solution:
R =
k =
M1 =
T1 =
p 2 /p 1 =
286.9
1.4
3.25
283
5
J/kg.K

From p 2/p 1, and Eq. 13.48d
(using built-in function NormpfromM (M ,k )
and Goal Seek or Solver )
(13.48d)
For
p 2 /p 1 =
5.00
M 1n =
2.10
From M 1 and M 1n, and Eq 13.47a

M 1n = M 1sin()
=
40.4
(13.47a)
o
From M 1 and , and Eq. 13.49

(using built-in function Theta (M ,, k )
(13.49)
23.6
To find M 2 we need M 2n. From M 1n, and Eq. 13.48a

(13.48a)
M 2n =
0.561
The downstream Mach number is then obtained from

from M 2n, and , and Eq. 13.47b
M 2n = M 2sin( - )
Hence
M2 =
1.94
(13.47b)
Problem 13.143
[4]
Given: Airfoil with included angle of 20o

Find:
Mach number and speed at which oblique shock forms
Solution:
R =
k =
T1 =
286.9
1.4
288
10
J/kg.K
K
o
From Fig. 13.29 the smallest Mach number for which an oblique shock exists
at a deflection = 10o is approximately M 1 = 1.4.
By trial and error, a more precise answer is
M1 =
1.42
=
=
67.4
10.00
c1 =
V1 =
340
483
A suggested procedure is:

1) Type in a guess value for M 1
2) Type in a guess value for
o
o
m/s
m/s
3) Compute from Eq. 13.49

(13.49)
4) Use Solver to maximize by varying
o
5) If is not 10 , make a new guess for M 1
6) Repeat steps 1 - 5 until = 10
Computed results:
()
()
67.4
56.7
45.5
39.3
35.0
31.9
27.4
22.2
19.4
17.6
16.4
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
M1
1.42
1.50
1.75
2.00
2.25
2.50
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
Error
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
Sum:
0.0%
To compute this table:

1) Type the range of M 1
2) Type in guess values for
o
Compute
the absolute error between each and = 10
4)
5) Compute the sum of the errors
6) Use Solver to minimize the sum by varying the values
(Note: You may need to interactively type in new values
if Solver generates values that lead to no , or to
values that correspond to a strong rather than weak shock)
Oblique Shock Angle as a Function of

Aircraft Mach Number
90
75
60
(o) 45
30
15
0
1
4
M
Problem 13.144
[4]

Find:
Plot of temperature and pressure as functions of angle of attack
Solution:
R =
k =
T1 =
p1 =
V1 =
286.9
1.4
276.5
75
1200
60
c1 =
333
M1 =
3.60
J/kg.K
K
kPa
m/s
o

From T 1
Then
m/s
Computed results:
( )
()
( ) Needed
()
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
16.00
18.00
20.00
22.00
24.00
26.00
28.00
30.00
47.1
44.2
41.5
38.9
36.4
34.1
31.9
29.7
27.7
25.7
23.9
22.1
20.5
18.9
17.5
16.1
30.0
28.0
26.0
24.0
22.0
20.0
18.0
16.0
14.0
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
30.0
28.0
26.0
24.0
22.0
20.0
18.0
16.0
14.0
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
Sum:
Error
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
M 1n
p 2 (kPa)
T 2 (oC)
2.64
2.51
2.38
2.26
2.14
2.02
1.90
1.79
1.67
1.56
1.46
1.36
1.26
1.17
1.08
1.00
597
539
485
435
388
344
304
267
233
202
174
149
126
107
90
75
357
321
287
255
226
198
172
148
125
104
84
66
49
33
18
3
597
357
Max:

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
Type the range of

Type in guess values for
Compute Needed from = /2 -
Compute from Eq. 13.49
Compute the absolute error between each and Needed
Compute the sum of the errors
Use Solver to minimize the sum by varying the values
if Solver generates values that lead to no )
For each , M 1n is obtained from M 1, and Eq. 13.47a
For each , p 2 is obtained from p 1, M 1n, and Eq. 13.48d
For each , T 2 is obtained from T 1, M 1n, and Eq. 13.48c
Pressure on an Airfoil Surface

as a Function of Angle of Attack
700
p 2 (kPa)
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
25
30
( )
o
Temperature on an Airfoil Surface

400
350
o
T 2 ( C)
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0
10
15
( )
o
20
Problem 13.145
[4]

Find:
Angle of attack at which oblique shock becomes detached
Solution:
R =
k =
T1 =
p1 =
V1 =
286.9
1.4
276.5
75
1200
60
c1 =
333
M1 =
3.60
J/kg.K
K
kPa
m/s
o

From T 1
Then
m/s
From Fig. 13.29, at this Mach number the smallest deflection angle for which
an oblique shock exists is approximately = 35o.
By using Solver , a more precise answer is

M1 =
3.60
=
=
65.8
37.3
o
o
A suggested procedure is:

1) Type in a guess value for
(13.49)
3) Use Solver to maximize by varying
For a deflection angle the angle of attack is
= - /2
=
7.31
Computed results:
(o)
(o)
(o) Needed
(o)
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.50
5.75
6.00
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.00
7.25
7.31
47.1
48.7
50.4
52.1
54.1
57.4
58.1
58.8
59.5
60.4
61.3
62.5
64.4
65.8
30.0
31.0
32.0
33.0
34.0
35.5
35.8
36.0
36.3
36.5
36.8
37.0
37.3
37.3
30.0
31.0
32.0
33.0
34.0
35.5
35.7
36.0
36.2
36.5
36.7
37.0
37.2
37.3
Sum:
Error
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
M 1n
2.64
2.71
2.77
2.84
2.92
3.03
3.06
3.08
3.10
3.13
3.16
3.19
3.25
3.28
0.0%
Max:
p 2 (kPa)
597
628
660
695
731
793
805
817
831
845
861
881
910
931
T 2 (oC)
357
377
397
418
441
479
486
494
502
511
521
533
551
564
931
564

Type the range of
Type in guess values for
Compute Needed from = + /2
Compute from Eq. 13.49
Compute the absolute error between each and Needed
Compute the sum of the errors
Use Solver to minimize the sum by varying the values
For each , M 1n is obtained from M 1, and Eq. 13.47a
For each , p 2 is obtained from p 1, M 1n, and Eq. 13.48d
For each , T 2 is obtained from T 1, M 1n, and Eq. 13.48c
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
Pressure on an Airfoil Surface

1000
p 2 (kPa)
900
800
700
600
500
0
o
( )
Temperature on an Airfoil Surface

600
500
T 2 ( C)
550
450
400
350
300
0
4
(o)
Problem 13.146
Given: Data on airfoil flight

Find:
Lift per unit span
Solution:
R =
k =
p1 =
286.9
1.4
70
M1 =
2.75
=
c =
7
1.5
J/kg.K
kPa
o

The lift per unit span is
L = (p L - p U)c
(1)
(Note that p L acts on area c /cos(), but its

normal component is multiplied by cos())
For the upper surface:
pU =
p1
pU =
70.0
kPa
For the lower surface:

We need to find M 1n
=
The deflection angle is

(using built-in function Theta (M , ,k ))
(13.49)
7.0
26.7
M 1n =
1.24
For
(Use Goal Seek to vary so that = )

From M 1 and
From M 1n and p 1, and Eq. 13.48d

(13.48d)
From Eq 1
p2 =
113
pL =
p2
pL =
113
kPa
L =
64.7
kN/m
kPa
Problem 13.147
[3]
Given: Data on airfoil flight

Find:
Lift per unit span
Solution:
R =
k =
p1 =
286.9
1.4
75
M1 =
2.75
U =
L =
c =
15
2
J/kg.K
kPa

L = (p L - p U)c
(1)
(Note that each p acts on area c /cos(), but its

We need to find M 1n(U)
U =
U =
From M 1 and U, and Eq. 13.49

(13.49)
For
U =
5.00
U =
25.1
(Use Goal Seek to vary U so that U = U)

From M 1 and U
M 1n(U) =
1.16
From M 1n(U) and p 1, and Eq. 13.48d

(13.48d)
p2 =
106
pU =
p2
pU =
106
L =
L =
15
L =
15.00
L =
34.3
kPa
kPa

We need to find M 1n(L)
From M 1 and L, and Eq. 13.49

For
(Use Goal Seek to vary L so that L = L)

From M 1 and L
M 1n(L) =
1.55
From M 1n(L) and p 1, and Eq. 13.48d

From Eq 1
p2 =
198
pL =
p2
pL =
198
kPa
L =
183
kN/m
kPa
Problem 13.148
[3]
Given: Oblique shock Mach numbers

Find:
Deflection angle; Pressure after shock
Solution:
k =
p1 =
M1 =
1.4
75
4
M2 =
2.5
33.6
kPa

We make a guess for :
From M 1 and , and Eq. 13.49 (using built-in function Theta (M , ,k ))

(13.49)
From M 1 and
From M 2, , and
21.0
M 1n =
M 2n =
2.211
0.546
(1)
We can also obtain M 2n from Eq. 13.48a (using built-in function normM2fromM (M ,k ))
(13.48a)
M 2n =
0.546
(2)
We need to manually change so that Eqs. 1 and 2 give the same answer.
Alternatively, we can compute the difference between 1 and 2, and use
Solver to vary to make the difference zero
Error in M 2n =
0.00%
Then p 2 is obtained from Eq. 13.48d (using built-in function normpfromm (M ,k ))

(13.48d)
p2 =
415
kPa
Problem 13.149
[4]
Given: Air flow into engine

Find:
Pressure of air in engine; Compare to normal shock
Solution:
k =
p1 =
1.4
50
M1 =
7.5
kPa
o

Assuming isentropic flow deflection
p 0 = constant
p 02 =
p 01
For p 01 we use Eq. 13.7a (using built-in function Isenp (M , k ))

(13.7a)
For the deflection
p 01 =
1837
kPa
p 02 =
1837
kPa
7.5
From M 1 and Eq. 13.55 (using built-in function Omega (M , k ))

(13.55)
1 =
Deflection =
Applying Eq. 1
49.8
2 - 1 = (M 2) - (M 1)
(1)
2 =
1 -
2 =
42.3
(Compression!)
o
From 2, and Eq. 13.55 (using built-in function Omega (M , k ))

For
2 =
42.3
M2 =
2.64
(Use Goal Seek to vary M 2 so that 2 is correct)

Hence for p 2 we use Eq. 13.7a
(using built-in function Isenp (M , k ))
p 2 = p 02/(p 02/p 2)
For the normal shock (2 to 3)
p2 =
86.8
M2 =
2.64
kPa
From M 2 and p 2, and Eq. 13.41d (using built-in function NormpfromM (M ,k ))

(13.41d)
p3 =
690
kPa
For slowing the flow down from M 1 with only a normal shock, using Eq. 13.41d
p =
517
kPa
Problem 13.150
[3]
Given: Air flow in a duct

Find:
Mach number and pressure at contraction and downstream;
Solution:
k =
M1 =
1.4
2.5
=
p1 =
7.5
50
kPa

For the first oblique shock (1 to 2) we need to find from Eq. 13.49
(13.49)
We choose by iterating or by using Goal Seek to target (below) to equal the given
Using built-in function theta (M, ,k )
=
7.50
29.6
Then M 1n can be found from geometry (Eq. 13.47a)

M 1n =
1.233
Then M 2n can be found from Eq. 13.48a)

Using built-in function NormM2fromM (M,k )
(13.48a)
M 2n =
0.822
Then, from M 2n and geometry (Eq. 13.47b)

M2 =
2.19
From M 1n and Eq. 13.48d (using built-in function NormpfromM (M ,k ))

(13.48d)
p 2/p 1 =
1.61
p2 =
80.40
Pressure ratio
We repeat the analysis of states 1 to 2 for states 2 to 3, to analyze the second oblique shock
We choose for M 2 by iterating or by using Goal Seek to target (below) to equal the given
=
7.50
33.5
Then M 2n (normal to second shock!) can be found from geometry (Eq. 13.47a)
M 2n =
1.209

M 3n =
0.837

M3 =
1.91

p 3/p 2 =
1.54
p3 =
124
Pressure ratio
Problem 13.151
[3]
NOTE: Angle is 30o not 50o!
Given: Air flow in a duct

Find:
Mach number and pressure at contraction and downstream;
Solution:
k =
M1 =
1.4
2.5
=
p1 =
30
50
kPa

For the first oblique shock (1 to 2) we find from Eq. 13.49
(13.49)
=
7.99
Also, M 1n can be found from geometry (Eq. 13.47a)

M 1n =
1.250

(13.48a)
M 2n =
0.813

M2 =
2.17

(13.48d)
p 2/p 1 =
1.66
p2 =
82.8
Pressure ratio
We repeat the analysis for states 1 to 2 for 2 to 3, for the second oblique shock
We choose for M 2 by iterating or by using Goal Seek to target (below) to equal the previous
=
7.99
34.3
Then M 2n (normal to second shock!) can be found from geometry (Eq. 13.47a)
M 2n =
1.22

M 3n =
0.829

M3 =
1.87

p 3/p 2 =
1.58
p3 =
130
Pressure ratio
Problem 13.152
[3]
Given: Deflection of air flow

Find:
Pressure changes
Solution:
R =
k =
p =
M =
1 =
286.9
1.4
95
1.5
15
2 =
15
J/kg.K
kPa
o
o

We use Eq. 13.55
(13.55)
and
Deflection =
a - b = (M a) - (M b)
From M and Eq. 13.55 (using built-in function Omega (M , k ))

=
11.9
1 =
1 -
1 =
1 +
1 =
26.9
For the first deflection:

Applying Eq. 1
From 1, and Eq. 13.55

(using built-in function Omega (M , k ))
(1)
1 =
26.9
M1 =
2.02
For

(13.7a)
The approach is to apply Eq. 13.7a twice, so that

p 1 = p (p 0/p )/(p 0/p 1)
p1 =
43.3
kPa
For the second deflection:

We repeat the analysis of the first deflection
Applying Eq. 1
2 + 1 =
2 -
2 =
2 + 1 +
2 =
41.9
(Note that instead of working from the initial state to state 2 we could have
worked from state 1 to state 2 because the entire flow is isentropic)
For
2 =
41.9
M2 =
2.62

p 2 = p (p 0/p )/(p 0/p 2)
p2 =
16.9
kPa
Problem 13.153
[3]
Given: Deflection of air flow

Find:
Mach numbers and pressures
Solution
R =
k =
p2 =
M2 =
286.9
1.4
10
4
1 =
15
2 =
15
J/kg.K
kPa

We use Eq. 13.55
(13.55)
and
Deflection =
a - b = (M a) - (M b)

2 =
65.8
For the second deflection:

Applying Eq. 1
1 =
2 - 2
1 =
50.8

For
1 =
50.8
M1 =
3.05
(1)

(13.7a)

p 1 = p 2(p 0/p 2)/(p 0/p 1)
p1 =
38.1
kPa
For the first deflection:

We repeat the analysis of the second deflection
Applying Eq. 1
2 + 1 =
2 -
= 2 - (2 + 1)
=
35.8
(Note that instead of working from state 2 to the initial state we could have
worked from state 1 to the initial state because the entire flow is isentropic)
From , and Eq. 13.55
For
=
M =
35.8
2.36
(Use Goal Seek to vary M so that is correct)

Hence for p we use Eq. 13.7a
p = p 2(p 0/p 2)/(p 0/p )
p =
110
kPa
Problem 13.154
[4]
Given: Mach number and deflection angle

Find:
Static and stagnation pressures due to: oblique shock; compression wave
Solution:
R =
k =
p1 =
286.9
1.4
50
M1 =
3.5
35
35
J/kg.K
kPa

For the oblique shock:
(13.49)
For
35.0
57.2
(Use Goal Seek to vary so that = 35o)

From M 1 and
M 1n =
2.94

(13.48d)
p2 =
496
kPa

(13.48a)
M 2n =
0.479

M 2n = M 2sin( - )
M2 =
Hence
(13.47b)
1.27
For p 02 we use Eq. 12.7a

(13.7a)
p 02 = p 2/(p 02/p 2)
p 02 =
1316
kPa
For the isentropic compression wave:

p 0 = constant
For isentropic flow
p 02 =
p 01
p 01 =
3814
kPa
p 02 =
3814
kPa

(Note that for the oblique shock, as required by Eq. 13.48b
(13.48b)
p 02/p 01 =
0.345
(using built-in function Normp0fromM (M ,k )
p 02/p 01 =
0.345
(using p 02 from the shock and p 01)
For the deflection
-35.0
(Compression )
o
We use Eq. 13.55
(13.55)
and
Deflection =
2 - 1 = (M 2) - (M 1)

1 =
58.5
2 =
1 +
2 =
23.5
2 =
23.5
M2 =
1.90
Applying Eq. 1

For
(Use Goal Seek to vary M 2 so that 2 = 23.5o)

p 2 = p 02/(p 02/p 2)
p2 =
572
kPa
(1)
Problem 13.155
[3]
Given: Wedge-shaped airfoil

Find:
Lift per unit span assuming isentropic flow
Solution:
R
k
p
M
=
=
=
=
=
c =
286.9
1.4
70
2.75
7
1.5
J/kg.K
kPa
o

L = (p L - p U)c
(1)
(Note that p L acts on area c /cos(), but its

pU =
pU =
70
-7.0
kPa
We use Eq. 13.55

(13.55)
and
Deflection =
L - = (M L) - (M )
(2)

=
44.7
L -
L =
L =
37.7
L =
37.7
ML =
2.44
Applying Eq. 2
From L, and Eq. 13.55

For
(Use Goal Seek to vary M L so that L is correct)

Hence for p L we use Eq. 13.7a
(13.7a)

p L = p (p 0/p )/(p 0/p L)
From Eq 1
pL =
113
kPa
L =
64.7
kN/m
Problem 13.156
[4]
Given: Mach number and airfoil geometry

Find:
Lift and drag per unit span
Solution:
R =
k =
p1 =
286.9
1.4
50
M1 =
1.75
=
c =
18
1
J/kg.K
kPa
o

F = (p L - p U)c
The net force per unit span is

Hence, the lift force per unit span is
L = (p L - p U)c cos()
(1)
D = (p L - p U)c sin()
(2)
The drag force per unit span is
For the lower surface (oblique shock):

18

(13.49)
For
18.0
62.9
(Use Goal Seek to vary so that is correct)

From M 1 and
M 1n =
1.56

(13.48d)
p2 =
133.2
pL =
p2
pL =
133.2
kPa
kPa
For the upper surface (isentropic expansion wave):

p 0 = constant
For isentropic flow
p 02 =
p 01

(13.7a)
For the deflection
p 01 =
266
kPa
p 02 =
266
kPa
18.0
(Compression )
o
We use Eq. 13.55
(13.55)
and
Deflection =
2 - 1 = (M 2) - (M 1)
Applying Eq. 3
1 =
19.3
2 =
1 +
2 =
37.3

For
2 =
37.3
M2 =
2.42

p 2 = p 02/(p 02/p 2)
p2 =
17.6
pU =
p2
pU =
17.6
kPa
From Eq. 1
L =
110.0
kN/m
From Eq. 2
D =
35.7
kN/m
kPa
(3)
Problem 13.157
Given:
Mach number and airfoil geometry
Find:
Plot of lift and drag and lift/drag versus angle of attack
Solution:
k =
p1 =
1.4
50
M1 =
1.75
=
c =
kPa
o
12
1

The net force per unit span is
F = (p L - p U)c
Hence, the lift force per unit span is
L = (p L - p U)c cos()
(1)
The drag force per unit span is

D = (p L - p U)c sin()
(2)
For each angle of attack the following needs to be computed:

For the lower surface (oblique shock):
Deflection

(13.49)
find
(Use Goal Seek to vary so that is the correct value)

From M 1 and find M 1n
(13.48d)
find
p2
and
pL =
p2
[4]
For the upper surface (isentropic expansion wave):

p 0 = constant
For isentropic flow
p 02 =
p 01

(13.7a)
find
p 02 =
=
Deflection
266
kPa
we use Eq. 13.55

(13.55)
and
Deflection =
2 - 1 = (M 2) - (M 1)
(3)

find
Applying Eq. 3
1 =
19.3
2 =
1 +
(4)

From 2
find
M2
(Use Goal Seek to vary M 2 so that 2 is the correct value)

p 2 = p 02/(p 02/p 2)
pU =
p2
Finally, from Eqs. 1 and 2, compute L and D

Computed results:
o
( )
(o)
(o)
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
4.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
16.00
16.50
17.00
17.50
18.00
35.3
35.8
36.2
36.7
38.7
39.7
45.5
53.4
55.6
56.8
58.3
60.1
62.9
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
4.00
5.00
10.0
15.0
16.0
16.5
17.0
17.5
18.0
Error
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
Sum: 0.0%
M 1n
p L (kPa)
2 ( )
2 from M 2 ( )
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.05
1.09
1.12
1.25
1.41
1.44
1.47
1.49
1.52
1.56
51.3
52.7
54.0
55.4
61.4
64.5
82.6
106.9
113.3
116.9
121.0
125.9
133.4
19.8
20.3
20.8
21.3
23.3
24.3
29.3
34.3
35.3
35.8
36.3
36.8
37.3
19.8
20.3
20.8
21.3
23.3
24.3
29.3
34.3
35.3
35.8
36.3
36.8
37.3
Error
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
Sum: 0.0%
M2
p U (kPa)
L (kN/m)
D (kN/m)
1.77
1.78
1.80
1.82
1.89
1.92
2.11
2.30
2.34
2.36
2.38
2.40
2.42
48.7
47.4
46.2
45.0
40.4
38.3
28.8
21.3
20.0
19.4
18.8
18.2
17.6
2.61
5.21
7.82
10.4
20.9
26.1
53.0
82.7
89.6
93.5
97.7
102.7
110
0.0227
0.091
0.205
0.364
1.46
2.29
9.35
22.1
25.7
27.7
29.9
32.4
35.8
L/D
115
57.3
38.2
28.6
14.3
11.4
5.67
3.73
3.49
3.38
3.27
3.17
3.08

1) Type the range of
2) Type in guess values for
4) Compute the absolute error between each and
6) Use Solver to minimize the sum by varying the values
7) For each , M 1n is obtained from M 1, and Eq. 13.47a
8) For each , p L is obtained from p 1, M 1n, and Eq. 13.48d
9) For each , compute 2 from Eq. 4
10) For each , compute 2 from M 2, and Eq. 13.55
(using built-in function Omega (M ,k ))
11) Compute the absolute error between the two values of 2
13) Use Solver to minimize the sum by varying the M 2 values
(Note: You may need to interactively type in new M 2 values)
14) For each , p U is obtained from p 02, M 2, and Eq. 13.47a
15) Compute L and D from Eqs. 1 and 2
Lift and Drag of an Airfoil

L and D (kN/m)
120
100
80
Lift
Drag
60
40
20
0
0
10
12
14
16
18
20
(o)
Lift/Drag of an Airfoil
140
120
L/D
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
10
(o)
12
14
16
18
20
Problem 13.158
[4]

Find:
Drag coefficient
Solution:
R =
k =
p1 =
M1 =
286.9
1.4
95
2
=
=
0
10
J/kg.K
kPa
o
o

The drag force is
D = (p F - p R)cs tan(/2)
(1)
(s and c are the span and chord)

This is obtained from the following analysis
Airfoil thickness (frontal area) = 2s (c /2tan(/2))
Pressure difference acting on frontal area = (p F - p R)
(p F and p R are the pressures on the front and rear surfaces)
2
C D = D /(1/2V A )
The drag coefficient is
(2)
But it can easily be shown that

V 2 = pkM 2
Hence, from Eqs. 1 and 2
C D = (p F - p R)tan(/2)/(1/2pkM 2)
(3)
For the frontal surfaces (oblique shocks):


/2
(13.49)
=
=
5.0
34.3
M 1n =
1.13
For
o
o

From M 1 and

(13.48d)
p2 =
125.0
pF =
p2
pF =
125.0
kPa
kPa

(13.48a)
M 2n =
0.891

M 2n = M 2sin( - )
M2 =
Hence
(13.47b)
1.82

(13.7a)
p 02 =
742
kPa
For the rear surfaces (isentropic expansion waves):

Treating as a new problem
Here:
M 1 is the Mach number after the shock

and M 2 is the Mach number after the expansion wave
p 01 is the stagnation pressure after the shock
and p 02 is the stagnation pressure after the expansion wave
M 1 = M 2 (shock)
M1 =
1.82
p 01 = p 02 (shock)
p 01 =
742
kPa
p 0 = constant
For isentropic flow
For the deflection
p 02 =
p 01
p 02 =
742
10.0
kPa
We use Eq. 13.55
(13.55)
and
Deflection =
2 - 1 = (M 2) - (M 1)
Applying Eq. 3
1 =
21.3
2 =
1 +
2 =
31.3
From 2, and Eq. 13.55 (using built-in function Omega(M, k))

For
2 =
M2 =
31.3
2.18

p 2 = p 02/(p 02/p 2)
Finally, from Eq. 1
p2 =
71.2
pR =
p2
pR =
71.2
CD =
0.0177
kPa
kPa
(3)
Problem 13.159
[4]
FU
1
FL
RU
RL

Find:
Lift and Drag coefficients
Solution:
R =
k =
p1 =
M1 =
286.9
1.4
95
2
=
=
12
10
J/kg.K
kPa
o
o

Following the analysis of Example 13.14
the force component perpendicular to the major axis, per area, is
F V/sc = 1/2{(p FL + p RL) - (p FU + p RU)}
(1)
and the force component parallel to the major axis, per area, is
F H/sc = 1/2tan(/2){(p FU + p FL) - (p RU + p RL)}
(2)
using the notation of the figure above.

(s and c are the span and chord)
The lift force per area is
F L/sc = (F Vcos() - F Hsin())/sc
(3)
The drag force per area is

F D/sc = (F Vsin() + F Hcos())/sc
C L = F L/(1/2V 2A )
The lift coefficient is
(4)
(5)
But it can be shown that

V 2 = pkM 2
(6)
Hence, combining Eqs. 3, 4, 5 and 6

2
C L = (F V/sc cos() - F H/sc sin())/(1/2pkM )
(7)
Similarly, for the drag coefficient

C D = (F V/sc sin() + F H/sc cos())/(1/2pkM 2)
(8)
For surface FL (oblique shock):

+ /2
17

(13.49)
For
=
=
17.0
48.2
o
o

From M 1 and
M 1n =
1.49

(13.48d)
p2 =
230.6
p FL =
p2
p FL =
230.6
kPa
kPa

(13.48a)
M 2n =
0.704

M 2n = M 2sin( - )
Hence
M2 =
(13.47b)
1.36

(13.7a)
p 02 =
693
kPa
For surface RL (isentropic expansion wave):

Treating as a new problem
Here:
M 1 is the Mach number after the shock

and M 2 is the Mach number after the expansion wave
p 01 is the stagnation pressure after the shock
and p 02 is the stagnation pressure after the expansion wave
M 1 = M 2 (shock)
M1 =
1.36
p 01 = p 02 (shock)
p 01 =
693
kPa
p 0 = constant
For isentropic flow
For the deflection
p 02 =
p 01
p 02 =
693
10.0
kPa
We use Eq. 13.55
(13.55)
and
Deflection =
2 - 1 = (M 2) - (M 1)
Applying Eq. 3
1 =
7.8
2 =
1 +
2 =
17.8

For
2 =
M2 =
17.8
1.70

p 2 = p 02/(p 02/p 2)
p2 =
141
p RL =
p2
p RL =
141
kPa
kPa
(3)
For surface FU (isentropic expansion wave):

M1 =
2.0
p 0 = constant
For isentropic flow
p 02 =
p 01
p 01 =
p 02 =
743
743

For the deflection
- /2
7.0
kPa
We use Eq. 13.55

and
Deflection =
2 - 1 = (M 2) - (M 1)
Applying Eq. 3
1 =
26.4
2 =
1 +
2 =
33.4

For
2 =
M2 =
33.4
2.27

p 2 = p 02/(p 02/p 2)
p2 =
62.8
p FU =
p2
p FU =
62.8
kPa
kPa
For surface RU (isentropic expansion wave):

Treat as a new problem.
Flow is isentropic so we could analyse from region FU to RU
but instead analyse from region 1 to region RU.
M1 =
For isentropic flow
2.0
p 0 = constant
p 02 =
p 01
(3)
p 01 =
p 02 =
TOTAL deflection
743
743
+ /2
17.0
kPa
kPa
We use Eq. 13.55

and
Deflection =
2 - 1 = (M 2) - (M 1)
Applying Eq. 3
1 =
26.4
2 =
1 +
2 =
43.4

2 =
M2 =
For
43.4
2.69

p 2 = p 02/(p 02/p 2)
p2 =
32.4
p RU =
p2
p RU =
32.4
kPa
p FL =
p RL =
p FU =
p RU =
230.6
140.5
62.8
32.4
kPa
kPa
kPa
kPa
kPa
The four pressures are:
From Eq 1
F V/sc =
138
kPa
From Eq 2
F H/sc =
5.3
kPa
From Eq 7
CL =
0.503
From Eq 8
CD =
0.127
(3)

Fox 7th ISM ch07-13

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