Physical Inorganic Chemistry :

THE PRINCIPLES
OF BOND
STRENGTH Part-1
A Background Overview

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Electrostati
c Approach

CHEMICA
L
BONDING
Covalent
Approach

Ionic Bond

Covalent Bond
Metalic Bond
Hydrogen Bond

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Normal Covalent
Bond

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CH4

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CH4 :

- bonding
Axial
Overlaping

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sp3 Hybrid Orbital

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C2H4 :

- bonding
Lateral
Overlaping

- bonding
Axial Overlaping

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Orbital pz

sp2 Orbital Hybrid

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NH3

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NH3 :
Non Bonding Electrons
Lone Pair Electrons

Free Electrons

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H2O

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H2O :
Non Bonding Electrons
Lone Pair Electrons

Free Electrons

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Atomic Charge

NH3
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Atomic Charge
+

H2O
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Formal Charge
Definition :
Formal charge may be regarded as the
electrical charge that an atom in a molecule
would have if all of the atoms had the same
electronegativity (all chemical bonds involved,
are assumed to have 0 % ionic character) .

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Oxidation Number
Definition :
Oxidation number may be regarded as the
electrical charge that an atom in a molecule
would have if all chemical bonds involved, are
assumed to have 100 % ionic character.

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WARNING ! ! !

Both Formal Charge and Oxidation

Number are just arbitrary quantities.

The appropriate assignment of both

formal charge and oxidation number is a
matter of convenience (or
inconvenience!).

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The Principles :
Covalent bonds between small atoms
tend to be stronger than covalent
bonds between larger atoms
Covalent bonds between atoms tend
to be weaker, the greater the
difference in principal quantum
number of the valence shell of the
two elements
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 Covalent bond strength tends to be

greater, the greater the bond
polarity.
One explanation of this tendency has been provided by
Pauling, who considered the extra energy resulting
from bond polarity to be derived from supplementing
the covalent bond energy with the ionic attraction
between unlike charges. Pauling used this extra energy
in establishing his well-known scale of
electronegativity.

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 Covalent bonds between atoms each

bearing partial positive charge tend
to be less stable
Covalent bonds having partial multiplicity as a result of resonance are
more stable than single bonds or
than the equivalent of partial multiplicity in separate single and
integral multiple bonds
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Pentadiene

C5H8 :

Delocalized Bonding
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Pentadiene

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C5H8 :

Localized
Bonding

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