ANSWER SCHEME BIOLOGY STPM

PAPER 1 TRIAL/ OTI 2 2009

Q
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

ANSWER
B
B
A
B
B
A
A
C
D
B
B
C
A
D
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
D
C
C
C

Q
26
27
28
29
30

ANSWER
C
A
B
A
D

31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40

B
C
C
B
A
A
C
D
B
D

41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50

A
C
A
B
A
C
D
C
C
C

Marking Scheme- Trial STPM 2009

Paper 2
1(a)
(b)

(d)
(e)

Dissacharide
1,4 glycosidic bond
Condensation
Act as energy source/ storage
Glycogen

1
1
1
1
1

(f)

It is not dissolve in water/compact

Does not increase the osmotic pressure of the cell
Store more energy

1
1
1

(g)

-Humans do not have the cellulose enzyme

- that can digest the 1,4 glycosidic bonds between the glucose monomer
that made up glucose

1
1

TOTAL

2(a)(i)

(ii)

(b)

Step 1 : Transcription
Step 2 : Translation

10M

1
1

A : DNA
B : mRNA
C : Polypeptide

1 correct
= 0m
2 correct
= 1m
3 correct
= 2m
Max =2 m

-The double helix DNA unzip and one of the strand act as the template.
-(The template) is used to form (a single stranded) mRNA.
-The free nucleotides are attached together based on the complementary
base pairing principles ( between DNA and RNA )
- by the role

(c )(i)

Enzyme can be reuse/repeatedly

The product is not contaminated with enzyme
The enzyme can be used at a wider temperature and pH

(ii)

Trap in an carrier matrix such as resin

Place in gel like silica
Bind by covalent bond in matrix like cellulose

1
1
1
1
Any2=2m
1
1
1
Any2= 2m
1
1
1

TOTAL

10M

3 (a)

(b)
(c)

P :aceytil coA
Q : ketoglutarat
R : malat
S : 0xaloacetat
The matrix of the mitochondria
-

(d)

3-4= 2m
1-2= 1m
1

it function as coenzyme,to carry out oxidation-reduction reactions

acts as hydrogen acceptor to remove hydrogen atom and electron
from a substrate
Then passed to the electron transport system for ATP production

5 , 3, 3

NADPH and ATP /products of light-dependent reaction needed to convert

-glycerate 3-phosphate to triose phosphate
TOTAL

(b)

(d) (i)

1
Any2=2m
1

Glycerate-3-phosphate - transfer energy

Ribulose phosphate - supplies phosphate (and transfer energy)

4 (a)

1
1

1
1
1
1
10M

M : Sigmoid curve // Limited growth

N : Intermittent growth
M : The growth of the organism continues throughout life
N : The growth patern shows periods of extremely rapid growth follow by
periods where there is little or no growth // Discontinuos growth

1
1
1
1

Growth as represented by increase in organic materials such as proteins is

continuous
Growth curve which uses length as a parameter is therefore not a true
reflection of growth

- Germination occurred in darkness ( not photosynthesis )

- Starch had been hydrolysed into sugar
- (which was) used for cellular respiration / other metabolic
Activities

(ii)

- Embryo needs energy

(iii)

- Cellulose was synthesized to make new cell wall (during

the process of growth )

1
1
1
Any 2 =
2m

1
1

TOTAL

10M

NO.
5(a)

5(b)i

NO.
5(b)
ii.

SUGGESTED ANSWER
Fibrous proteins
Globular proteins
-do not have a tertiary structure. The
-have a tertiary structure. Quaternary
secondary structure is the most
structure may or may not be present
important
-polypeptide chains are cross-linked at -polypeptide chain is tightly folded to form a
spherical shape
interval (to form long fibers//sheet)
-dissolve in water (to form colloidal
-insoluble in water, due to the large
solutions), due to the hydrophilic R groups
number of hydrophobic R groups
-amino acid sequence may vary slightly -amino acid sequence is highly specific
(never varies) between two samples
-the length of polypeptide is identical in two
-the length of polypeptide may vary in
samples
two samples of the same fibrous
protein
-amino acid sequence rarely exhibit
-amino acid sequence is remarkable
regularities
regular
-perform metabolic functions
-perform structural function.
-e.g. enzymes/I
-e.g. keratin/fibroin/collagen

MARK

total

8M
max 7

diffusion
-net movement of solute /solvent
molecules down a concentration
gradient
-membrane may or may not be
present. If present it is a fully
permeable

1/0
1/0

1/0
1/0
1/0
1/0

1/0
-involves a partially permeable membrane
(permeable to water but not solute
molecules
total

Phagocytosis

1/0
2M
MARK

Pinocytosis
-material taken into cell is in liquid form
-not selective (substances dissolve in
surrounding medium will be taken into cell

1/0
1/0

-liquid is taken into cell by invagination of

membrane
total

5(b)
iii.

1/0

osmosis
-net movement of water molecules down a
water potential gradient

SUGGESTED ANSWER

-material taken into cell is in solid form

-selective process (cell can
discriminate between particles taken
into the cell and those not taken into
cell
-particles are taken into cell by
invagination of membrane or by
pseudopodia

1/0

-molecular size of the substance

-solubility of the substance in lipid
-charge on the particle of the substance
total

1/0
3M
1
1
1
3M

6 (a)

F
D1
L1

D
E
(b)

-the biological cell membrane acts as barrier and are

selectively permeable
-the membrane consists of a fluid bilayer of phospholipids and
various protein molecules embedded in it. Some of this protein
molecules act as ion channels, carrier protein or pumps
-the phospholipids bilayer has a hydrophobic middle region
made up of hydrophobic fatty acids tails
-the phospholipids bilayer is permeable to very small
uncharged molecules like oxygen, and carbon dioxide, Steroid
based hormone, fatty acids and alcohol(simple diffusion)
- simple diffusion of water molecules across the
semipermeable cell membrane is called osmosis.
-some integral membrane protein form hydrophilic ion
channels. This allows diffusion of various charged ions e.g.
K+, Na+, Ca+, and HCO3-, down their concentration gradient.
-some of this ion protein channels can open or close and are
called gated channels e.g. voltage-gated channels and ligandgated channels
-other large sized hydrophilic molecules such as glucose are
transported across the cell membrane through facilitated
diffusion using a protein carrier molecules
- in facilitated diffusion, the binding of substances to the
specific protein carrier causes the carrier to changes its shape
and the substance is released into the cell
-transport protein on the cell membrane can also transport
substance across the cell membrane against the concentration
gradient through active transport.
-in active transport, the shape of protein carrier changes using
energy (ATP)
-exocytosis and endocytosis are active transport processes
that move material in bulk across the cell membrane
-excocytosis involve the transportation of substances out of the
cell in bulk through the fussion of vesicle membrane with the
cell membrane

1
1

1
1

1
1
1

-in endocytosis the bulk substances is transported into the cell

through the invagination of the cell membrane
-pinocytosis occurs when the cell membrane invaginates to
actively transport a small amount of fluid into the cell
-in receptor- mediated endocytosis, ligand (cholesterol
molecules) bind to specific receptors in coated pits on cell
membrane.
-all these structures and its related process enable the cell
membrane to function as semipermeable membrane as well as
enable the cell membrane to regulate the movement of
substances in and out of the cell

1
1
1

1
max13

7(a) (i)

H2O

H2O
K+

K+

H+

H2O

H+
H2O

Diagram
Label
(a) (ii)

- 1 marks
- 1 marks

The mechanism of stomatal opening (during day)

-potassium ion (K+) are pumped from subsidiary cells into the guard
cell,
H+ are pumped out of the subsidiary cells to maintain the electro
neutrality
-the increase of ion K+ and sugar(from photosynthesis) concentration
makes the water potential of the guard cells more negative (lower),
therefore
-the water from subsidiary cells moves into the guard cell
-the resultant increase in hydrostatic pressure causes the guard cells
to become turgid
-the uptake of water causes increased bowing of the guard cell (owing
to the greater expansion of the outer walls than the inner wall ) and the
stoma open
the mechanism of stomatal closing (during night)
-K+ ion are actively transported out from the guard cells into the
subsidiary cells, H+ ions are transported into the guard cells
-photosynthesis does not occur and the carbon dioxide concentration
increases and the pH of the guard cell fall
-sugar is converted into insoluble starch, therefore the water potential
of the guard cell increases

2m

Max =8m

(b)

8(a)

--light/blue light stimulate guard cells to accumulate potassium and

become turgid, stoma open; or by driving photosynthesis in guard cells
chloroplast, making ATP available for active transport of H+
-temperature increased temperature stoma opens
-air movement
-dehydration(water stress) in case of water deficiency, guard cells
lose turgor and stoma closes. Mesoplhyll cells produce hormone
abscisic acid which signals the guard cells to close.
-concentration of carbon dioxide depletion of CO2 within the air
spaces of the lesf causes the stoma to opens
-moisture/humidity

Max = 5m

Three hypotheses were suggested to explain how DNA replication occurs:

Semiconservative replication
Conservative replication
Dispersive model
The procedure of the Meselson and Stahl experiment are as follows:
- Escherichia coli were cultured for many generations in medium containing
heavy nitrogen isotope 15N in order to label all DNA in E. coli with the heavy
(15N ) nitrogen isotope.
- Bacteria with 15N -DNA were then transferred to medium containing normal
nitrogen isotope 14N.
- Samples were removed at fixed intervals corresponding to the generation
time of E.coli at a specific temperature
- DNA from different generations were extracted and centrifuged in a solution
containing caesium chloride ( CsCl) to separate denser DNA containing 15N
from the ordinary DNA containing 14N
- The position of DNA with 15N and DNA with 14N was measured in ultraviolet
The results of the Meselson and Stahl experiment are as follows:
- Generation 0 : All the DNA molecules contain 15N on both strands of the
double helix,forming a dark band near the base of the centrifuge tube.
- Generation 1 Generation 1: All the DNA were hybrids containing 15N in one
strand and 14N in another strand,forming a band between the heavy and
light DNA band
- Generation 2: Half of the DNA were hybrids and another half were light DNA
with 14N
- Generation 3 : Third generation onwards,DNA with 14N increases but the
number of hybrid DNA remain unchanged
The result of the first generation eliminated the conservative hypotheses because
this hypothesis does not explain the presence of hybrid DNA.

Max
8m

15

15

Gen 0
Heavy DNA
15

14

14

15

Gen 1

Hybrid DNA

15

14

14

14

14

14

14

15

N
Light DNA

Gen 2

Hybrid DNA

Hybrid
DNA

Light DNA

Hybrid
DNA

The result of the second generation eliminated the

dispersive hypothesis because this hypothesis does not
explain the presence of light DNA in the second
generation
Meselson and Stahl proved that DNA replicates
semiconservatif
DNA helicase enxyme unwinds the parental double helix by
breaking the weak hydrogen bonds between the
complementary base pairs
Exposed base sequence on DNA strand acts as a template
to enable the assembly of new complimentary DNA strand
DNA polymerase elongates the DNA strand by adding new
deoxyrbonucleotides one by one through complementary
base pairing
Adenine (A) base is paired with thymine (T) base, while
guanine (G) paired with cytosine (C) base
The leading strand is formed continuously from 5 to 3
Replication on the other complementary strand occurs
discontinuously
The short strands of DNA formed are called Okazaki
fragments
Okazaki fragments are joined by ligase enzyme to form
lagging strand
When replication is complete, two molecules of DNA are
produced,each with one parental strand and one new
complementary strand
DNA replication occurs semiconservatively

Diagram = 2m

Total =10m
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Any 5 = 5m

9 (a)

(b)

- The kidney controls the blood osmotic concentration equilibrium through

its control on the amount of water expelled from the body as urine.
- When blood osmotic concentration increases, for example when there
are inadequate water in the diet or excessive sweating occurs or excess
salt is ingested,
- the cells of the osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus are stimulated to
secrete the antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
- ADH increases the permeabilities of distal convoluting tubules and
collecting ducts resulting in an increase in the reabsorption of water.
- This increase the water content in the blood and body fluids and the
osmotic concentration of blood and body fluid decrease.
- A small volume of concentrated urine is produced.
- When there is a high intake of water, the osmotic concentration of blood
decrease.
- The posterior pituitary gland secretes less ADH.
- The collecting ducts and distal convoluted tubule remain impermeable to
water.
- Less water is reabsorbed as the filtrate passes in the distal convoluted
tubule and collecting ducts.
- Excess water is expelled through the kidney
- and a large volume of dilute urine is produced.

- Almost 80% of the glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed at proximal

convoluted tubules.
- Al the glucose, amino acids, vitamins and hormones are reabsorbed
actively into the peritubular capillaries.
- Almost 70% of the sodium and chloride ions in the filtrate are reabsorbed
actively into the peritubular capillaries.
- This reduces the solute potential in the tubular filtrate.
- Hence, 70 80% of the water is reabsorbed through osmosis.
- About 50% of the urea in the filtrate diffuses into the peritubular
capillaries.
- This urea is then transported to all over the body.
- The remaining urea in the tubule is excreted in the urine.

- Small protein molecules that have passed into the tubule during
ultrafiltration are digested into amino acids that can diffuse into the
peritubular capillaries.

1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
max: 9

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
max: 6

10(a) Carriers for the disorder:

For the first cousin:

0.02 /2/100
2(0.02) = 0.04
=1/25 probability that one of
the two common
grandparents is a carrier

if one is the carrier, the offspring of a first-cousin marriage have a

1/16 probability of being homozygous for the disorder.
The overall probability is :
=1/25(1/16)
= 1/400
For second-cousin offspring :
p = (1/25)(1/64)
= 1/1600
For the population at large, p = 1/10000
= 0.0001

1
1

1
1
1

1
Max 4

The number of Drosophilla with ebony body = 250-195

= 55
The frequency for homozygous recessive genotype (ebony body)
q2 = 55/250
= 0.22
q = 0.22
= 0.469
p

= 1q
= 1 0.469
= 0.531

Frequency for KK (grey body) = p2

= 0.531 x 0.531
= 0.282
Frequency for Kk = 2 pq
= 2 (0.282)(0.469)
= 0.498
Genotype ratio = 0.282 (KK) : 0.489 (Kk) : 0.220 (kk)

1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
Max
10

10(b)(i)

Possible genotypes of blood groups of the childrens

Blood group
Possible genotypes
A
IA IA or IAIO
AB
IA IB
O
IO IO

Allele A causes production of antigen A on red blood cell

Allele B causes production of antigen B on red blood cell
Allele O causes no production of antigens on red blood cell
Alleles A and B are codominant and allele O is recessive to both

As the first child is group A, its only possible genotype is IAIA or IA

IO
It must therefore have inherited one IA allele from one parent and
IO allele from the other parent (IA IO)

As the second child is group AB, its only possible genotype is IAIB.
It must therefore have inherited one IA allele from one parent and
the other IB allele from the other parent

As the third is group O its only possible genotype is IOIO. It must

therefore have inherited one IO allele from each parent. The
mother, if IAIO, could donate such an allele and so, the father
possible genotype is IBIO

So, the genotypes of the parents are:

father
blood group B
Phenotype
Parents
Genotype IBIO

mother
blood group A
I AI O

1
Max: 5m

10(b)(ii)

A genetic diagram to show the inheritance of ABO blood groups in

the family.
father
mother
blood group B
blood group A
Phenotype
Parents
Genotype
IBIO
IAIO
Meiosis
Gametes
Offspring:

IO

Meiosis

IA

IB

IO
Male gametes

IA
Female
Gametes

25 % blood group A (IAIO)

25% blood group B (IBIO)

IO

IA

I AI B

IAI O

IO

IBIB

IOIO

1
Max: 2m

25% blood group AB (IAIB)

25% blood group O (IOIO)