O LNG IN

O LNG IN
Bi:
Nguyn Tun Hng

O LNG IN
NHNG KHI NIM CHUNG V O LNG IN
nh ngha
o lng l Mt qu trnh nh gi nh lng i lng cn o vi n v ca i
lng o
Phn loi cch thc hin php o
o trc tip
Cch o M kt qu nhn c trc tip t Mt php o duy nht
o gin tip
Cch o M kt qu c suy ra t s phi hp kt qu ca nhiu php o dng nhiu
cch o trc tip

Cc loi sai s ca php o v cp chnh xc

Sai s tuyt i
Hiu s gia gi tr o X v gi tr thc Xth :

Sai s tng i
T s gia sai s tuyt i v gi tr o c tnh bng phn trM:

1/20

O LNG IN

Sai s ca dng c o c c trng bng sai s tng i quy i

XM l tr s nh Mc ca thang o tng ng
Sai s phng ph p
Sai s sinh ra do s khng hon thin ca phng php o v s khng chnh xc biu
thc l thuyt cho ta kt qu ca i lng o
Sai s thit b
Sai s ca thit b o s dng trong php o, lin quan n cu trc, tnh trng ca dng
c o
Sai s ch qua n
Sai s gy ra do ngi s dng. V d nh Mt kM, do cu th, do c lch
Sai s h thn g
Thnh phn sai s ca php o lun khng i hay l thay i c quy lut khi o nhiu
ln Mt i lng o
Cp chnh xc ca dng c o

deltaXMax: sai s tuyt i ln nht; A khong thang o trn dng c o

K< 0.5 l loi dng c o c cp chnh xc cao, thng lM dng c Mu . Cc dng c
o trong cng nghip thng c cp chnh xc 1 2.5
nhy ca dng c o
S=delta a/ deltaX
Delta a : bin thin ca ch th o
Delta X: bin thin ca i lng cn o

2/20

O LNG IN

C CU BIN I IN C
nh ngha
Dng c o tng t ( analog) l loi dng c o M ch s ca n l i lng lin tc
t l vi i lng o lin tc.
Trong dng c o tng t ngi ta thng dng cc ch th in c, trong tn hiu
vo l dng in cn tn hiu ra l gc quay ca kiM ch th.
C cu ny thc hin vic bin nng lng in t thnh nng lng c hc lM quay
phn ng Mt gc lch a so vi phn tnh.
a= fi(X) , X : i lng in

Nguyn l lM vic ca c cu bin i in c

Khi cho dng in vo Mt c cu bin i c in do tc dng ca t trng quay ln
phn ng ca c cu M sinh ra Mt M Men quay Mq.
Mq = dWt/da ( Wt l nng lng in t trng)
Nu ta t vo trc ca phn ng Mt l xo cn th khi phn ng quay l xo b xon
li v sinh ra Mt MMen cn Mc:
Mc = K.a ( h s K ph thuc vo kch thc v vt liu ch to l xo)
Khi phn ng ca c cu nM v tr cn bng:
Mq = Mc suy ra a = 1/K. dWt/da
y l phng trnh c tnh thang o

C cu bin i kiu in c c 4 loi:

C cu kiu t in
C cu kiu in t
C cu kiu in ng
C cu kiu cM ng
C cu kiu tnh in
3/20

O LNG IN

C CU O KIU T IN
Cu to
NaM chM vnh cu (1) c t cM cao c hai M cc t.
Li thp hnh tr (2) nhM giM khe h khng kh gia hai cc naM chM lM
cho t trng Mnh v phn b u.
Cun dy ng (3) bng dy ng tit din nh trn khung nhM khung
nhM qun dy.
L xo (4) dng to MMen phn khng.
Trc (5)
KiM ch th (6)
Nguyn l lM vic
Khi c dng in Mt chiu cn o chy vo cun dy ng, t trng ca n s tc
dng vi t trng ca naM chM vnh cu, to nn lc FI tc dng ln hai cnh cun
dy ng v gy ra MMen quay Mq:
Mq =FI.*D = BLWI .D = Kq .I
Mi quan h gia gc lch a kiM ch th v dng in cn o:
a = S.I
trong S l nhy ca c cu o
c iM v ng dng
u iM:
- C chnh xc cao v cc phn t c cu c n nh cao, t trng cc t Mnh
nn t b nh hng ca t trng ngoi v cng sut tiu th nh
- Thang o chia u
- nhy ln nn o c cc dng Mt chiu rt nh.
Nhc iM :
- Ch o c dng Mt chiu v gc lch a t l bc nht vi dng in
- Tit din cun dy ng nh, nn kh nng qu ti kM
4/20

O LNG IN

- Cu to phc tp, h hng kh sa cha.

ng dng:
Ch to o dng in v in p Mt chiu: vn k, M pe k.
o cc dng, p tr s nh nh: in k, MiliMpek, Milivolk.
o in tr : M Mt, MgMt
Ch to ng h vn nng.
C CU O KIU IN T
Cu to
C cu gM 2 loi chnh: kiu cun dy phng v kiu cun dy trn
Ta xt c cu kiu cun dy phng nh hnh 5.2.2
-

Cun dy phng phn tnh (1)

Li thp (2)

L st t MM (3) l phn ng, nM trong lng cun dy phn tnh

B phn cn du (4)

5/20

O LNG IN

Hnh 5.2.2
Nguyn l lM vic
Khi cho dng in cn o I vo cun dy 1, l st t 3 s b y lM kiM quay i Mt
gc a. Trong cun dy c tch ly nng lng t trng:
WM = LI2 /2
L: in cM ca cun dy
Mi quan h gia gc lch ca kiM ch th a vi dng in cn o I:
a = SI2
S: nhy ca c cu o
c. c iM v ng dng
u iM :
- o c dng xoay chiu v Mt chiu
- Kh nng qu ti ln do tit din dy qun ln, o c dng v p ln

6/20

O LNG IN

- Cu to n gin
Nhc iM :
- T trng bn thn yu, b nh hng ca t trng ngoi. Do tn hao phu c v t
tr, nn chnh xc khng cao, nhy thp.
- Thang o chia khng u.
ng dng: Ch to cc aMpe k v vn k Mt chiu v xoay chiu
C CU O KIU IN NG
Cu to
- Phn tnh l cun dy (1 ) gM hai na cun dy t cnh nhau to ra khong
khng gian c t trng tng i u, qun dy tit din ln.
- Phn ng l cun dy (2 ) c tit din nh t trong lng cun dy tnh.
Ngoi ra cn c l xo v b phn cn du
Nguyn l lM vic
Dng in cn o c a vo cun dy 1( I1) v 2 (I2) to nn 2 t trng y nhau,
gy nn MMen quay. Nng lng t trng tch ly trong 2 cun dy:
WM = L1I12/2 +L2I22/2 + MI1.I2
L1,L2 : in cM ca hai cun dy; M: h cM gia hai cun dy
Mi quan h gia gc lch kiM ch th a vi 2 dng in cn o:
a = S. I1 I2
trong S l nhy ca c cu o
Nu I1= I2 =I suy ra a =S I2

c iM v ng dng
u iM :
7/20

O LNG IN

- Khng c li thp nn khng c tn hao st t, nn chnh xc cao, ch to dng c

o vi cp chnh xc n 0.05.
- o c dng Mt chiu v xoay chiu.
Nhc iM :
- Cun dy (2) c tit din nh, nn kh nng qu ti kM.
- Cu to phc tp
- T trng ca c cu o b nh hng bi t trng ngoi.
ng dng:
Ch to vn k, aMpe k Mt chiu v xoay chiu v ch to dng c o
cng sut (ot k) l ch yu .
C CU O KIU CM NG
Cu to ( hnh v 5.2.4)
-

Phn tnh gM cun dy (2) v cun dy (3)

Cun in p (2) c s vng nhiu, tit din nh.
Cun dng in (3) c tit din ln, qun t vng

Phn ng gM a nhM (1) gn vi trc (4)

8/20

O LNG IN

Hnh 5.2.4
Nguyn l lM vic
Cho dng in I1 v I2 vo hai cun dy (2) v(3) sinh ra t thng fi1 v fi2 lch nhau
gc y . MMen lM cho a nhM quay: Mq = Cfi.fi1.fi2 siny
Hai cun dy phn tnh ln lt o dng I v in p U cho nn:
fi1 ~U ; fi2 ~I ; gc lch pha P gia U v I ( v U nhanh pha so vi fi1 gc 90 , I cng
pha vi fi2 ) cho nn P = y+900
Mq = Cfi.fi1.fi2 sin xp x y KU.I.cosP = KP
Nh vy MMen quay t l vi cng sut P M ti tiu th .
th hin s vng quay ca a nhM, ngi ta gn vo trc c cu ch th M c
kh. Lng in nng tiu th A trong khong thi gian dt:
A = P. dt= C.N (N : s vng quay ca a nhM)

c iM v ng dng
- iu kin MMen quay l phi c hai t trng
- MMen quay ph thuc tn s dng in
9/20

O LNG IN

- Ch lM vic trong Mch in xoay chiu

ng dng: Ch to cng t o in nng
O DNG IN V O IN P
O DNG IN
o dng in bng cch Mc aMpe k ni tip vi ph ti c dng in cn o chy
qua. in tr trong ca aMpe k cng nh cng tt
M rng thang o Mt chiu, ngi ta dng in tr sn (shunt) Rs ni song song
vi c cu o
Ta c I = IS+IA
K = I/IA = RA /RS + 1
K: h s M rng thang o.
Thay i RS ta c cc h s M rng thang o khc nhau
RA /RS = 9;99; 999 suy ra K = 10;100;1000;...
Dng i qua c cu ch bng 1/10; 1/100;1/1000; .. vi dng cn o.
o dng xoay chiu dng cc aMpeMt in t hay in ng.
Vi dng xoay chiu ta dng My bin dng M rng thang o.
AMpeMt in t M rng thang o bng cch chia cun dy tnh ra nhiu on bng
nhau v tu thuc vic Mc ni tip hay song song ( hnh 5.3.1.b )
Khi cn o dng xoay chiu bng dng c o t in ngi ta phi chnh lu dng xoay
chiu thnh Mt chiu

10/20

O LNG IN

Hnh 5.3.1.b
O IN P
o in p ngi ta dng vn k Mc song song vi Mch in c in p cn o.
kt qu o chnh xc th in tr vn k cng ln cng tt.
M rng thang o bng cch Mc thM in tr ph ni tip vi vn k
Gi k= U/UV : h s M rng thang o.
k = U/UV = 1+Rp/Rv
Thay i Rp c th t c cc gi tr k khc nhau
Khi o in p U ln M rng thang o ngi ta dng My bin p in p.
O CNG SUT
Dng c o cng sut l Ot k (ot Mt), n v ca cng sut l Ot (W).
O CNG SUT TRONG MCH IN SIN MT PHA
Ot Mt hay dng c o cng sut thng ch to theo c cu kiu in ng
Nguyn l hot ng:
- Cun tnh 1 Mc ni tip vi ph ti v gi l cun dng, c in tr rt nh nn
thng qun t vng bng dy c ln.
- Cun 2 phn ng dng lM cun p, ni song song vi ph ti cn o .
Cun dy 2 in tr rt ln nn ngi ta ni thM Mt in tr ph Rp.
11/20

O LNG IN

MMen quay tc thi ca cun dy 2 phn ng: Mq=kg II IU

Dng in qua cun dy tnh 1 l dng in ph ti Ipt=II, cn dng qua cun dy ng
2: II =Ipt; IU =U/(R2+Rp) suy ra IU ~U suy ra Mq ~ Ppt = UI cosP
Nh vy Mq ca ot Mt t l vi cng sut tc dng ca ph ti nn c dng o
cng sut Mch xoay chiu v c Mt chiu.

O CNG SUT MCH IN BA PHA

Khi Mch ba pha bn dy i xng, th ch cn dng Mt ot k o cng sut 1 pha ri
nhn 3 : P3p= 3.P1p
Nu l Mch 3 pha 4 dy khng i xng th phi dng 3 otMt o ri cng kt qu li.
P3p=PA+PB+PC
Khi Mch ba pha khng c dy trung tnh ph ti bt k, ngi ta dng 2 ot k o
cng sut:
P3p=P1+P2
Chng Minh:
Cng sut tc thi ca Mch ba pha: p3p= uAiA+uBiB+uCiC (1)
Ta c: iA+iB+iC=0 suy ra iC= - ( iA+iB) (2)
T (1) v (2) ta c:
p3p = iA (uA-uC)+iB (uB-uC) = iAuAC+iBuBC = p1+p2

Ngi ta ch to loi ot k 3 pha hai phn t, cch Mc s o tng t nh cch

dng 2 ot k Mt pha

O IN TR
o gin tip

12/20

O LNG IN

o in tr ta dng AMpe k o dng in I v vnk o in p U.

in tr cn o: Rx = U/I
Ta c Rx +RA = U/I, in tr aMpek gy sai s php o.
Ta c: I = U/Rx + U/Rv suy ra Rx = 1/ (I/U 1/Rv)
in tr vn k gy nn sai s php o, dng o in tr c gi tr nh
o bng M k (hnh 5.5.2)

Hnh 5.5.2
M k dng o cc in tr c gi tr nh
Cu to:
- Ngun pin E
- C cu ch th kiu t in Rcc
- Rbt - in tr dng iu chnh v tr khng.
- Rx - in tr cn o
Khi ni Rx cn o vo Mch, dng in i qua c cu o I:
I = E/( Rbt + Rx)
E v Rbt khng i th I ph thuc Rx, c c I ta suy ra in tr Rx

13/20

O LNG IN

Trn thang o khc theo n v in tr tng ng vi dng in I

Sau Mt thi gian s dng E ca pin giM, nn trc khi o cn ngn Mch 1, 2
chnh kiM v v tr 0, sau Mi bt u o.
MgMt ( lgMt t in)
Dng o in tr ln nh in tr cch in
Phn tnh l Mt naM chM vnh cu c li thp .
Phn ng gM hai khung dy 1 c in tr R1, khung dy 2 c in tr R2
Ngun cung cp c in p t 500 1000V do My pht in 1 chiu quay tay to ra
in tr ph dng iu chnh Rp1 Mc ni tip vi in tr R1 , Rp2 Mc ni tip vi
in tr R2, in tr cn o Rx Mc ni tip vi in tr Rp1
Dng in qua 2 khung dy:
I1 =U/(R1+Rp1 +Rx); I2 =U/(R2+Rp2);
Gc quay a ca MgMt t l vi t s ca hai dng:
a =fi(I1/I2) =fi[(R2+Rp2)/ (R1+Rp1 +Rx)]
Do R1, Rp1 R2, Rp2 khng thay i, nn a = fi(Rx)

Cu o in tr
in tr cn o l Rx l Mt nhnh ca cu, cc in tr R1, R2, R3 c th iu chnh
c. iu chnh cc in tr R1, R2, R3 cho in k G ch khng, cu cn bng:
Rx/R2 = R3/R1 suy ra Rx =R2. R3/R1
KHI NIM V O LNG CC I LNG KHNG IN
NHNG KHI NIM CHUNG V S CHUYN I O LNG
Khi niM chung

14/20

O LNG IN

Cc i lng khng in nh p sut, nhit , lu lng, Mc cht lng, vn tc ca

vt, tc quay, c th o c Mt cch chnh xc bng php o lng in.
ng thi tn hiu in c truyn dn v iu khin thun li hn.
S khi ca dng c o lng cc i lng khng in bao gM:
C cu chuyn i o lng
bin i cc i lng khng in thnh cc i lng in nh in p,
dng in, in tr, in cM, in dung .v.v
Cc khu trung gian nh khuch i, b cc i lng in
Cc c cu o lng u ra c thang chia theo cc i lng khng in

Chuyn i o lng
Chc nng bin cc i lng cn o khc nhau thnh cc i lng in
C nhiu cch chuyn i:

Chuyn i in tr
Chuyn i in t
Chuyn i in dung
Chuyn i nhit in

Mt vi b chuyn i:
Chuyn i in tr
-

Bin tr

in tr ca bin tr : Rx= R.L/LX

LX l khong di chuyn ca con chy .
Bin tr dng o di chuyn thng hoc nu c loi bin tr xoay
-

Chuyn i in tr lc cng

Cu to gM Ming giy Mng lM , trn dn si dy Mnh bng hp kiM platin.

Sau dn ln chi tit cn o bin dng.
S bin thin in tr chuyn i : dR/R = K .d/E
15/20

O LNG IN

K : nhy ca chuyn i
d : ng sut tc dng ln chuyn i cn o
E: Mun n hi
Chuyn i in t
Chuyn i cc di chuyn thng hay gc thnh thay i in cM, h cM v xut hin
sc in ng
Chuyn i in dung (nh hnh 5.6.1.c)
in dung ca t in C: C = e. S/d
e: hng s in Mi
S: din tch bn cc
d: khong cch gia hai bn cc
S di chuyn ca khong cch gia hai in cc, gc quay hay chiu dy in Mi dn
n s bin thin ca t in

Hnh 5.6.1.c
4. Chuyn i nhit in (nh hnh 5.6.1.d)

16/20

O LNG IN

Hnh 5.6.1.d
eM hn hai thanh kiM loi khng ng cht I v II, nhit t1 v t0 khc nhau dn n
xut hin sc in ng trong Mch gi l sc nhit in ng
Tr s sc nhit in ng ph thuc chnh lch nhit hai u t1, t0 . C cu dng
o nhit .
MT S MCH O LNG CC I LNG KHNG IN
o ng sut
Ta dn chuyn i in tr lc cng ln iM cn o v l Mt nhnh ca Mch cu nh
hnh 5.6.2.a
S bin thin ca in p ra trn ng cho c khuch i v a vo c cu o

17/20

O LNG IN

Hnh 5.6.2.a
o s di chuyn ( nh hnh 5.6.2.b)

Hnh 5.6.2.b
S di chuyn ca vt th dn n s thay i khong cch 2 bn cc ca t C, dn n
thay i in dung C, bin thin in p v tn hiu c a ra c cu o. C cu o s
c khc vch khong di chuyn tng ng.
O LNG S
Nguyn l ca ch th s
i lng o x(t) sau khi qua b bin i thnh xung (BX). S xung c c a
vo b M ha (MH) c s 2 sau n b gii M (GM) v a ra b hin s nh
hnh 5.7.1
18/20

O LNG IN

Hnh 5.7.1
Thit b hin s
C nhiu loi thit b hin s quang hc khc nhau nhng dng ph bin nht l b
hin s bng LED ghp 7 thanh v loi tinh th lng. it pht quang l cht bn dn
pht sng khi t vo in p Mt chiu, cn tinh th lng di tc dng ca in p s
chuyn pha t trng thi trong sut sang trng thi M v ta c th nhn thy Mu sc
nn ng sau.
Tinh th lng tiu th cng sut rt nh (0,1Ma Mt thanh) cn it pht quang l
10MA.
Cc thit b k thut s dng M c s 2. c thng tin o th hin ra bn ngoi ta
bin i M c s 2 thnh M c s 10

Hnh 5.7.2
Thit b lM nhiM v ny l b gii M
Ngi ta s dng 7 vch t a n g b tr nh hnh 5.7.2 . Nu tt c cc vch u sng
ta nhn c s 8.

19/20

O LNG IN

B gii M 7 vch c ch to di dng vi Mch kiu SN 74247 c cc u ra h cc

gp. Dng iu khin b ch th LED c chung ant +5V . M bo dng ant
Mong Mun cn thM 7 in tr bn ngoi.
Cc b gii M nh thp phn 7 vch c ch to kt hp vi khi hin th di dng
vi Mch . Trong vi Mch b tr cc b nh M lu tr cc bin vo
B ch th s gM nhiu ch s . Hot ng ca b ch th l ni tip ch khng phi
song song vi vic s dng cch ni Ma trn v ch dn knh c th rt gn ng k
s dy ni.

20/20