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Limitations On 2D Super-Cavitating Hydrofoil Performance
Limitations On 2D Super-Cavitating Hydrofoil Performance
Introduction
As the flow speed increases over a hydrofoil section a cavity may
form where the local pressure drops below the water vapour
pressure. If the cavity closes on the foil surface this is termed a
partial cavity, which are often unsteady in nature [11,20], and
loss of performance, surface erosion and noise generation can
result [3,5,6]. If the cavitation bubble develops to the extent
where the cavity closure moves downstream into the wake then it
is described as a super-cavity. Although the foil may now no
longer be subject to surface erosion, if the cavity closure is just
downstream of the foil trailing edge the re-entrant jet may
impinge on the foil resulting in buffeting and foil vibration. At a
cavity length of 2 foil chords or greater the closure region is
typically moved sufficiently downstream that unsteady effects are
no longer felt [3,32].
p pc
1 U 2
2
(1)
where p is the static pressure at the foil submergence, pc the
cavity pressure and the denominator is the freestream dynamic
pressure with , the fluid density and U , the freestream velocity.
The cavity pressure may be either the vapour pressure of the
water for a naturally occurring or vapour super-cavity or some
higher value due to the admission of a non-condensable gas
(usually air) into a ventilated super-cavity. It is the value of c
which determines the cavity characteristics and the
hydrodynamic forces that result, regardless of how c is obtained.
1399
0.2
0.15
0.1
foil
0.05
iter 1
z/c
iter 2
0
iter 3
iter 4
-0.05
iter 5
-0.1
-0.15
-0.2
-1
x/c
Figure 2. Iterations in dimensionless cavity shape for a flat-plate supercavitating hydrofoil with = 5o and c = 0.66
foil
iter 1
iter 2
iter 3
iter 4
iter 5
0.0265
0.1
0.16
0.08
0.12
0.06
0.08
0.04
z/c
0.0264
0.2
0.0263
CL
0.0262
CL
0.04
0.0261
-0.4994
-0.499
-0.4988
-0.4986
x/c
Figure 4. Surface discretisation in the vicinity of the leading edge, for a
n4cl_1_70 profile with = 3o and c = 0.05. Number of elements on foil
wetted surface = 260 and number of elements on cavity surfaces = 1100
0.02
-0.4992
0
1
3
iteration number
0.1
0.16
0.08
0.12
0.06
0.08
0.04
CL
0.2
CL
0.04
0.02
0
0
50
100
150
number of foil elements
200
0
250
1400
For the present analysis the foil wetted surface has been
discretised with 260 elements. The greater number of elements
required in this case to obtain a stable solution of cavity shape for
the thin cavities present at low incidence. This numerical
instability is due to the spacing of the foil and upper cavity
surfaces relative to the length of the elements in the vicinity. For
a stable solution the surfaces need to have a minimum separation
of the order of the local element length.
0.04
ca8
ca4
z/c
m
2 px x 2
p2
0
-0.6
0
x/c
0.2
0.4
0.6
n4cl_1_80
n4cl_1_70
z/c
ca2.29
0.01
0
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
x/c
0.2
0.4
0.6
Results
The results given by the present method compare well with those
from experiment [28] and the exact theory developed by Wu [33]
as shown in Figure 8.
0.8
0.7
0.6
CL
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
-0.2
0.02
m
1 2 p + 2 px x 2
(1 p )2
-0.4
(2)
z=
0.02
0.01
z=
ca2
0.03
0.1
(3)
0.1
0.2
0.3
c
0.4
0.5
0.6
1401
0.2
foil
0.1
0.085
0.050
z/c
0.041
0
0.033
0.022
0.015
-0.1
0.011
-0.2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
x/c
Figure 11. Variation in cavity geometry with reducing c for the ca2 profile with = 2o
0.03
z/c
0.4
0
0.3
CL
-0.03
foil
0.085
0.05
0.2
-0.06
n4cl_1_80
-0.6
n4cl_1_70
0.1
0.011
-0.3
0.3
0.6
0.9
1.2
1.5
1.8
x/c
Figure 12a. Change in upper cavity surface shape with variation in c for
the ca2 profile at = 2o
ca2.29
ca2
flat plate
0
0
0.5
1.5
0.04
0.03
c/2
13
z/c
0.02
0.01
12
foil
L/D
0.085
0.05
ca2.29
11
-0.01
ca2
-0.6
n4cl_1_70
flat plate
10
0.5
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
x/c
Figure 12b. Change in upper cavity surface shape with variation in c
over the forward section of foil for the ca2 profile with = 2o
n4cl_1_80
0.011
1.5
c/2
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Discussion
70
0.1%
60
1o
50
1.5o
L/D
40
0.2%
2o
30
0.3%
3
20
0.4%
0.5%
5
10
1%
Minimum
cavity
length
limit
0.9 %
0.8 %
0.7 %
0.6 %
0
0.5
1
x/c
1.5
t/c
0.4 %
Figure 13. Variation of L/D with c/2 for the n4cl_1_70 profile, solid
lines are curves of constant with the right hand end of each being the
minimum cavity length limit (MCL), dashed lines are curves of constant
cavity thickness at 2% c
0.3 %
L/D
10
n4cl_1_70
ca2
ca4
ca8
0
1.5
15
1
c/2
()
20
0.5
0.05
0.1 %
0
25
0.1
0.2 %
0%
0.5 %
Conclusions
Figure 14. Variation of L/D with c/2 for various profiles, solid lines
are curves of constant cavity thickness - 0.5% c at 2% c, dashed lines at
the right end of curves are the minimum cavity length limits (MCL) for
the circular-arc profiles
1403
1404