Thai Minh Cong - Bai Giang CNXLNT

Chng 1: GII THIU CHUNG V NC THI
1.1. Phn loi nc thi v c tnh ca nc thi

hiu v la chn cng ngh x l nc thi cn phi phn bit cc loi nc
thi khc nhau. C nhiu cch hiu v cc loi nc thi, trong ti liu ny chng ti
a ra 3 loi nc thi da trn mc ch s dng v cch x thi nh sau.
1.1.1. Phn loi nc thi
a.
Nc thi sinh hot
Nc thi sinh hat l nc c thi b sau khi s dng cho cc mc ch sinh
hot ca cng ng: tm, git gi, ty ra, v sinh c nhn,chng thng c thi
ra t cc cc cn h, c quan, trng hc, bnh vin, ch, v cc cng trnh cng cng
khc. Lng nc thi sinh hat ca khu dn c ph thuc vo dn s, vo tiu chun
cp nc v c im ca h thng that nc.
Thnh phn ca nc thi sinh hat gm 2 lai:
Nc thi nhim bn do cht bi tit ca con ngi t cc phng v sinh;
Nc thi nhim bn do cc cht thi sinh hat : cn b t nh bp, cc cht ra
tri, k c lm v sinh sn nh.
Nc thi sinh hat cha nhiu cht hu c d b phn hy sinh hc, ngai ra cn
c cc thnh phn v c, vi sinh vt v vi trng gy bnh rt nguy him. Cht hu c
cha trong nc thi sinh hat bao gm cc hp cht nh protein (40 50%); hydrat
cacbon (40 - 50%) gm tinh bt, ng v xenlulo; v cc cht bo (5 -10%). Nng
cht hu c trong nc thi sinh hat dao ng trong khong 150 450mg/l. C
khong 20 40% cht hu c kh phn hy sinh hc. nhng khu dn c ng c,
iu kin v sinh thp km, nc thi sinh haat khng c x l thch ng l mt
trong nhng ngun gy nhim mi trng nghim trng.
Lng nc thi sinh hot dao ng trong phm vi rt ln, ty thuc vo mc
sng v cc thi quen ca ngi dn, c th c tnh bng 80% lng nc c cp.
Nc thi sinh hot c thnh phn vi cc gi tr in hnh nh sau: COD=500
mg/l, BOD5=250 mg/l, SS=220 mg/l, photpho=8 mg/l, nit NH 3 v nit hu c=40
mg/l, pH=6.8, TS= 720mg/l.
Nh vy, Nc thi sinh hot c hm lng cc cht dinh dng kh cao, i khi
vt c yu cu cho qu trnh x l sinh hc. Thng thng cc qu trnh x l sinh
hc cn cc cht dinh dng theo t l sau: BOD5:N:P = 100:5:1 v COD/BOD5 < 2
Nc thi sinh hot thng trn chung vi nc thi sn xut v gi chung l
nc thi th.
Nu tnh gn ng, nc thi th gm khong 50% l nc thi sinh hot, 14%
l cc loi nc thm, 36% l nc thi sn xut.
Gio vin bin son: Thi Mnh Cng
Lu lng nc thi th ph thuc rt nhiu vo iu kin kh hu v cc tnh

cht c trng ca thnh ph. Khong 65-85% lng nc cp cho 1 ngun tr thnh
nc thi. Lu lng v hm lng cc cht thi ca nc thi th thng dao ng
trong phm vi rt ln.
Lu lng nc thi ca cc thnh ph nh bin ng t 20% QTB - 250%QTB
Lu lng nc thi ca cc thnh ph ln bin ng t 50% QTB - 200%QTB
Lu lng nc thi ln nht trong ngy vo lc 10-12h tra v thp nht vo
lc khong 5h sng.
Lu lng v tnh cht nc thi th cn thay i theo ma, gia ngy lm
vic v ngy ngh trong tun cng cn c tnh n khi nh gi s bin ng
lu lng v nng cht gy nhim.
b.
Nc thi cng nghip
L loi nc thi sau qu trnh sn xut, phc thuc loi hnh cng nghip. c
tnh nhim v nng ca nc thi cng nghip rt khc nhau ph thuc vo lai
hnh cng nghip v ch cng ngh la chn.
Trong cng nghip, nc c s dng nh l 1 loi nguyn liu th hay phng
tin sn xut (nc cho cc qu trnh) v phc v cho cc mc ch truyn nhit. Nc
cp cho sn xut c th ly mng cp nc sinh hot chung hoc ly trc tip t ngun
nc ngm hay nc mt nu x nghip c h thng x l ring. Nhu cu v cp nc
v lu lng nc thi trong sn xut ph thuc vo nhiu yu t. Lu lng nc
thi ca cc x nghip cng nghip c xc nh ch yu bi c tnh sn phm c
sn xut.
Bng 1.1: Lu lng nc trung bnh ca mt s ngnh cng nghip
STT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Ngnh cng nghip

Sn xut bia
Tinh ch ng
Sn xut b sa
Nh my hp rau qu
Git m gia sc
Dt si nhn to
X nghip ty trng
Luyn thp
n v sn phm
1L bia
1 tn c ci ng
1 tn sa
1 tn sn phm
1 tn sn phm
1 tn sn phm
1 tn si
1 tn sn phm
Lu lng nc thi
5 6L
10 20m3
5 6m3
1,5 4,5m3
3 10m3
100m3
1000 4000m3
4600m3
Ngoi ra, trnh cng ngh sn xut v nng sut ca x nghip cng c ngha
quan trng. Lu lng tnh cho 1 n v sn phm c th rt khc nhau. Lu lng
nc thi sn xut li dao ng rt ln. Bi vy s liu trn thng khng n nh v
nhiu x nghip li c kh nng tit kim lng nc cp do s dng h thng tun
hon trong sn xut. Thnh phn nc thi sn xut rt a dng, thm ch ngay trong 1
ngnh cng nghip, s liu cng c th thay i ng k do mc hon thin ca

cng ngh sn xut hoc iu kin mi trng.
C hai loi nc thi cng nghip:
Nc thi cng nghip qui c sch : l lai nc thi sau khi s dng lm
ngui sn phm, lm mt thit b, lm v sinh sn nh.
Lai nc thi cng nghip nhim bn c trng ca cng nghip v cn x
l cc b trc khi x vo mng li thott nc chung hoc vo ngun nc
tytheo mc x l.
c.
Nc thi bnh vin
y l ngun nc thi c thi ra t cc hot ng khm v cha bnh. y l
ngun nc thi kh kim sot nht v tnh c hi. trong ngun thi cha nhau cht
c t cc loi thuc khng sinh, cc loi vi trng, vi rt t ngi bnh c th theo
ngun nc ly lan ra mi trng. Nc thi bnh vin c lu lng nh nhng x l
phc tp, do c cha nhiu cht gy c ch hot ng sng ca vi sinh vt. Ngoi ra
trong dng thi cn cha cc cht phng x.
1.1.2. Cc c trng ca nc thi
a.
Cc cht gy nhim bn nc
C rt nhiu cht gy nhim trong nc, c th phn chng thnh 9 loi
sau:
Cc cht hu c bn vng kh phn hy
Cc cht hu c d b phn hy
hoc mi
Cc kim loi nng
Cc cht rn
Cc ion v c
Cc cht phng x
Du m, cc cht hot ng b mt
Cc vi sinh vt
Cc
cht
mu
Cc cht hu c
Cc cht hu c d b phn hy: l cc hp cht protein, hidrocacbon,
cht bo c ngun gc ng thc vt. y l cc cht gy nhim chnh c
trong nc thi sinh hot, nc thi t cc x nghip ch bin thc phm, l
git m gia sc,Cc hp cht ny lm suy gim oxi trong nc dn n suy
thoi ti nguyn thy sn lm gim cht lng nc cp sinh hot.
Cc cht hu c kh b phn hy: cc cht ny thuc cc cht hu c c
vng thm, cc cht a vng ngng t, cc hp cht clo hu c,Hu ht
chng u c c tnh vi con ngi v mi trng. Chng tn lu lu di
trong mi trng v c th con ngi, sinh vt gy c tch ly.
Cc cht hu c c c tnh cao trong mi trng nc thi thng gp:
Cc cht hu c c tnh c cao thng kh b phn hy bi sinh vt. Cc cht
hu c gy c thng l: polyclorophenol (PCP), polyclorobiphenyl (PCB),

cc hidro cacbua a vng ngng t, cc cht bo v thc vt, x phng v cc
cht ty ra, hp cht d vng N v O, dioxin,
Cc cht v c
Cc cht cha nito: trong nc thi cc cht cha noto tn ti 3 dng: hp
cht hu c, mui amon, dng nitrit v nitrat.
Protein
NH 3
NO 2 NO 3 NO 3 NO 2 NO
N2O
N2
Nu nc cha hu ht nito hu c, amoniac hoc NH + th chng ot3 nc
mi b nhim.
Nu trong nc cha hp cht nito dng nitrit (NO 2 - ) th nc b
nhim mt thi gian di hn.
Nu trong nc cha hp cht nit dng nitrat (NO 3 - ) th nc b
nhim mt thi gian kh di v qu trnh phn hy hp cht hu c kt thc.
Cc dnh tn ti ca nito trong nc u c tnh c v gy hi cho sinh
vt v con ngi. Khi nng ca hp cht nito dng nitrat qu cao
(>15mg/l) s dn n hin tng ph dng. Khi nitrat trong nc ung nng
>10mg/l c kh nng gy ra ung th, ngoi ra n cn gy ra bnh thiu mu,
lm tr xanh xao do chc nng ca heamoglobin b gim.
nhim sinh hc ca nc
nhim nc sinh hc do cc ngun thi th hay cng nghip bao gm cc
cht thi sinh hot, phn, nc ra ca cc nh my ng, giy
S nhim v mt sinh hc ch yu l do s thi cc cht hu c c th ln men
c: cht thi sinh hot hoc cng nghip c cha cht cn b sinh hot, phn tiu,
nc ra ca cc nh my ng, giy, l st sinh
+ S nhim sinh hc th hin bng s nhim bn do vi khun rt nng. Cc bnh
cu trng, vim gan do siu vi khun tng ln lin tc nhiu quc gia cha k n
cc trn dch t. Cc nc thi t l st sinh cha mt lng ln mm bnh.
+ Cc nh my giy thi ra nc c cha nhiu glucid d ln men. Mt nh my
trung bnh lm nhim bn nc tng ng vi mt thnh ph 500.000 dn.
+ Cc nh my ch bin thc phm, sn xut hp, thuc da, l m, u c nc
thi cha protein. Khi c thi ra dng chy, protein nhanh chng b phn hy cho ra
acid amin, acid bo, acid thm, H 2S, nhiu cht cha S v P., c tnh c v mi kh
chu. Mi hi ca phn v nc cng ch yu l do indol v dn xut cha methyl ca
n l skatol.
b.
Cc thng s nh gi nhim nc
pH ca nc thi
pH ca nc thi c mt ngha quan trng trong qu trnh x l. Cc cng trnh

x l nc thi p dng cc qu trnh sinh hc lm vic tt khi pH nm trong gii hn
t 7 - 7,6. Nh chng ta bit mi trng thun li nht vi khun pht trin l mi
trng c pH t 7 - 8. Cc nhm vi khun khc nhau c gii hn pH hot ng khc
nhau. Ngoi ra pH cn nh hng n qu trnh to bng cn ca cc b lng bng
cch to bng cn bng phn nhm.
Cc x nghip sn xut c th thi ra nc thi c tnh acid hoc kim rt cao
chng nhng lm cho ngun nc khng cn hu dng i vi cc hot ng ca con
ngi m cn lm nh hng n h thy sinh vt. Nng acid sulfuric cao lm nh
hng n mt ca nhng ngi bi li ngun nc ny, n mn thn tu thuyn, h
hi li nh c nhanh hn. Ngun nc ln cn mt s x nghip c th c pH thp
n 2 hoc cao n 11; trong khi c ch c th tn ti trong mi trng c 4,5 < pH <
9,5. Hm lng NaOH cao thng pht hin trong nc thi cc x nghip sn xut
bt git, thuc da, nhum vi si... NaOH nng 25 ppm c th lm cht c
Nhit
Cc nc thi t nh my nhit in v l hi ca mt s ngnh cng nghip c
nhit rt cao. Khi thi ra mi trng, n lm tng nhit ca cc thy vc nh
hng n mt s thy sinh vt v lm suy gim oxy ha tan trong ngun nc (do
kh nng bo ha oxy trong nc nng thp hn v vi khun phn hy cht hu c s
hot ng mnh hn).
Mu
Cc nc thi t nh my dt, giy, thuc da, l m... c mu rt cao. N c th
lm cn tr kh nng khuch tn ca nh sng vo ngun nc gy nh hng n kh
nng quang hp ca h thy sinh thc vt. N cn lm mt v m quan ca ngun
nc.
DO (Dissolved oxigen)
Oxi hon tan trong nc rt cn cho sinh vt hiu kh. Bnh thng oxi ha tan
trong nc khong 8 10 mg/l, chim 70 85% khi oxi bo ha. Mc oxi ha tan tron
nc t nhin v nc thi ph thuc vo mc nhim cht hu c, vo hot ng
ca th gii thy sinh, cc hot ng ha sinh, ha hc v vt l ca nc. Trong mi
trng nc b nhim nhang, oxi c dng nhiu cho cc qu trnh ha sinh v
xut hin hin tng thiu oxi trm trng.
Phn tch ch s oxi ha tan (DO) l mt trong nhng ch tiu quan trng nh gi
s nhim ca nc v gip ta ra cc bin php x l thch hp.
Phn tch DO c 2 phng php thng dng l: phng php Iod v phng
php o oxi ha tan trc tip bng in cc oxi vi mng nhy trn cc my o.
BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand)
Nhu cu oxy sinh ha l lng oxy cn thit vi sinh vt oxy ha cc cht hu

c trong mt khong thi gian xc nh v c k hiu bng BOD c tnh bng
mg/L. Ch tiu BOD phn nh mc nhim hu c ca nc thi. BOD cng ln
th nc thi (hoc nc ngun) b nhim cng cao v ngc li.
Thi gian cn thit cc vi sinh vt oxy ha hon ton cc cht hu c c th ko
di n vi chc ngy ty thuc vo tnh cht ca nc thi, nhit v kh nng phn
hy cc cht hu c ca h vi sinh vt trong nc thi. chun ha cc s liu ngi
ta thng bo co kt qu di dng BOD 5 (BOD trong 5 ngy 20oC). Mc oxy
ha cc cht hu c khng u theo thi gian. Thi gian u, qu trnh oxy ha xy ra
vi cng mnh hn v sau gim dn. Tnh BOD cui cng khi bit BOD mt
thi im no ngi ta c th dng cng thc:
BODt = Lo(1 - e-kt)
Hay
BODt = Lo(1 - 10-Kt)
Trong :
BODt: BOD ti thi im t (3 ngy, 5 ngy...)
Lo: BOD cui cng
k: tc phn ng (d-1) tnh theo h s e
K: tc phn ng (d-1) tnh theo h s 10, k = 2,303(K)
Bng 1.2: Gi tr K v k tiu biu cho mt s loi nc thi
Loi nc thi
Nc thi th
Nc thi c x l tt
Nc sng b nhim
K (20oC) (day-1)
0,15 - 0,30
0,05 - 0,10
0,05 - 0,10
k (20oC) (day-1)
0,35 - 0,70
0,12 - 0,23
0,12 - 0,23
COD Chemical oxigen Demand

Ch s ny c dng rng r c trng cho hm lng cht hu c ca nc
thi v nhim ca nc t nhin.
COD l lng oxi cn thit cho qu trnh oxi ho ton b cc cht hu c c trong
mu nc thnh CO2 v nc.
xc nh COD ngi ta thng s dng mt cht oxi ho mnh trong mi
trng axit. Cht oxi ho hay c dng l kali
(K2Cr2O7)
Ag2bicromat
SO4
+
Cht hu c + K2Cr2O7 + H
CO2 + H2O + 2Cr+3 + 2K+
t0
Lng bicromat d c chun bng dung dch mui Mohr Fe(NH4)2 (SO4)2
Vi cht ch th l dung dch Ferroin:
Cr2O7-2 + Fe+2 + H+
Cr+3 + Fe+3 + H2O
Ch th chuyn t mu xanh lam sang mu nht.
TS,TSS,TDS
Cc cht rn c trong nc l:
- Cc cht v c l dng cc mui ha tan hoc khng tan nh t dng

huyn ph l lng.
- Cc cht hu c nh xc cc vi sinh vt, to, ng vt nguyn sinh, ng thc
vt ph du, cc cht hu c tng hp nh phn bn, cc cht thi cng nghip.
- Cht rn trong nc lm tr ngi cho vic s dng v lu chuyn nc, lm
gim cht lng nc sinh hot v sn xut, gy tr ngi cho vic nui trng thy sn.
- Cht rn trong nc phn thnh 2 loi (theo kch thc ht):
Cht rn qua lc c ng knh ht nh hn 1m, trong c cht rn dng keo c
kch thc t 10-6 10-9m v cht rn ha tan (cc ion v phn t ha tan).
Cht rn khng qua lc c ng knh trn 10 -6m (1m): Cc ht l xc rong to,
vi sinh vt c kch thc 10 -5 - 10-6m dng l lng; ct sn, ct nh c kch thc
trn 10-5m c th lng cn.
Tng cht rn (TS) c xc nh bng trng lng kh phn cn li sau khi cho
bay hi 11 mu nc trn bp cch thy ri sy kh 103 0C cho n khi trng lng
khng thay i. n v tnh bng mg ( hoc g/l).
Cht rn dng huyn ph (SS) hm lng trong cc cht huyn ph (SS) l trng
lng kh ca cht rn cn li trn giy lc ri thy, khi lc 11 mu nc qua phu lc
Gooch sy kh 103 -1050C ti khi trng lng khng thay i n v tnh mg hoc
g/l.
Cht rn ha tan (DS). Hm lng cht rn ha tan chnh l hiu s ca tng cht
rn vi huyn ph: DS = TS SS.
n v tnh bng g hoc mg/l.
Cht rn bay hi (VS). Hm lng cht rn bay hi l trng lng mt khi
nuong lng cht rn huyn ph SS 5500C trong khong thi gian xc nh. Thi
gian ph thuc vo loi mu nc (nc cng, nc thi hoc bn).
n v tnh l mg/l hoc % ca SS hay TS.
Hm lng cht rn bay hi trong nc thng biu th cho cht hu c c trong
nc.
+ Cht rn c th lng. Cht rn c th lng l s ml phn cht rn ca 1lt mu
nc lng xung y phu sau mt thi gian (thng l 1 gi)
Ch s E.Coli
Trong nc thi, c bit l nc thi sinh hot, nc thi bnh vin, nc thi
vng du lch, dch v, khu chn nuinhim nhiu vi sinh vt c sn trong phn
ngi v phn sc vt. Trong c th c nhiu vi khun gy bnh, c bit l cc
bnh v ng tiu ha, nh t, l thng hn, cc vi khun gy ng c thc phm.
Trong rut ngi, ng vt c v khc khng k la tui c nhng nhm vi sinh
vt c tr, ch yu l vi khun. Cc vi khun ny thng c trong phn.
Vi khun ng rut gm 3 nhm:

- Nhm Coliform c trng l Escherichia coli (E.coli)
- Nhm Streptococcus c trng l Streptococcus faecalis
- Nhm Clostridium c trng l Clostridium perfringens
Ecoli c Escherich phn lp t phn ngi nm 1985, lc u c tn l
Bacterium coli commune. Thc ra Ecoli ch l mt loi ca trc khun ng rut.
Ngoi ra cn c cc loi khc, nh Bacterium paracoli, Aerobacter, Enterobacter,
Khelsilla. y c hai loi chnh l E.coli v Aerobacter aerogenes. Cc loi ny rt
ging nhau v hnh thi v cc c im ha sinh, nhng cng c im khc nhau.
Ecoli nui trn mi trng c pepton sinh Idol c mi thi. Aerobacter trn mi
trng ny khng sinh Indol, sinh axetoin c mi thm v lm cho mi trng c
u, to thnh nht trn mt mi trng. Khelsilla gn gng nh vi khun trn, ch ln
men c lactoz, nhng rt chm.
Vic xc nh tt c cc loi vi sinh vt c trong phn b ha tan vo nc, k c
cc vi khun gy bnh rt kh khn v phc tp. Trong cc nhm vi sinh vt trong
phn ngi ta thng chn Ecoli lm vi sinh vt ch th cho ch tiu v sinh vi l do:
- Ecoli i din cho nhm vi khun quan trng nht trong vic nh gi mc
v sinh (c nhim phn hay khng) v n c cc tiu chun l tng cho vi sinh vt
ch th.
- N c th xc nh theo cc phng php phn tch vi sinh vt hc thng
thng cc phng th nghim v c th xc nh s b trong iu kin thc a.
Vic xc nh coliform d dng hn cc nhm vi sinh vt khc. Th d: khi xc
nh Streptococcus cn phi thi gian n nh nhit lu hn. Xc nh Clostridium tin
hnh 800C v ln men hai ln, nn rt kh thc hin.
xc nh E.coli trc ht l dng phng php ln men da trn kh nng ng
ha ng glucoz v mannit s to thnh axit v sinh kh (sinh hi) nhit 43
440C. Phn ng theo s :
Ecoli
Glucz
Axit lactic + Axit sucxinic + Axit axetic +CO2 +H2O
Xc nh s lng Ecoli c trong mu th c biu din bng ch s coli (coli
index) v chun coli (coli titre).
Ch s coli l s lng t bo coli c trong 1 n v th tch hoc n v khi
lng.
Chun coli l s n v th tch hoc n v khi lng ca mu th c mt t
bo E.coli.
Gia ch s coli v chun coli c mi quan h: 1000/chun Coli = ch s
Coli. Th d: chun coli ca mu nc 250, c ngha l 250 ml nc c 1 t bo
coli v nh vy ch s coli s l: 1000/250 = 4, nh vy 1 lt mu nc c 4 trc khun

ng rut ny.
Phng php ln men theo Vincent l phng php dng ph bin nc ta
xc nh chun coli. Phng php da trn c im ca E.coli pht trin tt trn
mi trng dch d dy c axit phenic, 42 0C ln men ng lactoz v sinh hi, sinh
indol trn mi trng c pepton.
Cng c th xc nh E.coli theo cch sau: ly 0,1ml pha long 10 2 104 ln (c
khi cn phi pha long tip theo) cho vo mi trng agaz eosin metylen. Gi
370C 10C trong 48 gi. Sau soi trn knh hin vi, m s E.coli trong 100ml mu
nc.
Tiu chun ca WHO quy nh nc t v sinh: khng qu 10 t bo coli trong
100ml nc, ca Vit Nam 20/100ml nc.
1.2. S nhim bn ngun nc
Do vic x cc loi cht thi (nc thi cng nghip, sinh hot, bnh vin, nc
ti tiu nng nghip: N, P) vo ngun.
Cc loi ngun tip nhn nc thi: Sng, H, Vng bin
Du hiu ngun nc b nhim bn
- Xut hin cc cht ni trn b mt v cn lng y,
- Thay i tnh cht vt l ( nhn thy, mu sc, mi v,),
- Thay i thnh phn ha hc (phn ng, s lng cht hu c, cht
khong v cht c hi),
- Lng xy ha tan gim xung,
- Thay i hnh dng v s lng vi trng gy v truyn bnh.
1.2.1. S nhim nc sng
H s pha long
n
Qs
Qt Qs
Nng ca cht gy nhim sau khi trn nc thi vi nc sng

Ci
Qt Cit Qs Cis
Qt Qs
Trong :
Ci : nng cht nhim trong dng sng ti im thi;
Qs : lu lng dng sng;
Cis : nng ca cht gy nhim trong dng Qs ;

Qt : lu lng ca nc thi x vo sng;
Cit : nng cht nhim trong dng nc thi Qt .

Qu trnh t lm sch: Kh nng ca ngun nc t gii phng khi nhng

cht nhim bn v bin i chng theo quy lut xy ha t nhin gi l kh nng t
lm sch ca ngun, v din bin c gi l qu trnh t lm sch.
- Cc yu t chi phi qu trnh t lm sch ca mt dng sng i vi cc cht
nhim hu c s l:
+ Lu lng dng chy.
+ Thi gian chy xui.
+ Nhit nc.
+ Qu trnh ti sinh xy bng hp th.
- Mt dng sng b nhim bn do cc cht hu c c chia thnh bn vng theo
dng chy:
+ Vng ngay sau im thi l vng phn r, y nng xy ha tan gim rt
nhanh do cc vi khun s dng phn hy cc hp cht hu c trong nc thi.
+ Vng phn hy mnh cc cht hu c, nng xy ha tan gim ti mc
thp nht. Trong vng ny thng xy ra qu trnh phn hy k kh bn y sng,
pht sinh mi hi thi. y l mi trng khng thun li cho cc ng vt bc cao
nh c sinh sng. Ngc li vi khun v nm pht trin mnh nh s phn hy cc
hp cht hu c lm gim BOD v tng hm lng amoniac.
+ Vng ti sinh, tc hp th xy ln hn tc s dng xy nn nng
xy ha tan tng dn, amoniac c cc vi sinh vt nitrat ha. Cc loi gip xc v cc
loi c c kh nng chu ng, ti xut hin v to pht trin mnh do hm lng
cc cht dinh dng v c t qu trnh phn hy cc cht hu c tng ln.
+ Vng nc sch nng xy ha tan c phc hi tr li bng mc ban
u, cn cht hu c hu nh b phn hy ht. Mi trng y m bo cho s
sng bnh thng ca cc loi thc vt v ng vt.
Hnh 1.1. nh hng ca nhim do cc cht hu c ti cht lng dng sng

1.2.2. S nhim nc h
10
Hnh 1.2: S h sinh thi h

- Nguyn nhn: Nc thi th, nc thi sn xut v nc t cc vng t
canh tc d tha phn bn lm tng thm cc cht dinh dng (C, N, P), kch thch
s pht trin ca to, thc vt tri ni v lm gim cht lng ca nc.
- Hu qu:
+ S pht trin bng n ca to, thc vt tri ni lm cho nc tr nn c.
+ To d tha cht kt thnh khi tri ni trn mt nc, khi phn hy pht
sinh mi v lm gim nng xy ha tan trong nc, nh hng trc tip n cc
loi ng vt sng di nc,
11
CHNG 2: X L S B V TIN N NH
2.1. Song chn rc
2.1.1. Vai tr
Song chn rc dng gi li cc cht thi rn c kch thc ln trong nc thi
m bo cho cc thit b v cng trnh x l tip theo. Kch thc ti thiu ca rc
c gi li ty thuc vo khong cch gia cc thanh kim loi ca song chn rc.
trnh ng rc v gy tn tht p lc ca dng chy ngi ta phi thng xuyn lm
sch song chn rc bng cch co rc th cng hoc c gii. Tc nc chy (v) qua
cc khe h nm trong khong (0,65m/s v 1m/s). Ty theo yu cu v kch thc
ca rc chiu rng khe h ca cc song thay i.
2.1.2. Cu to
Song chn rc vi co rc th cng ch dng
nhng trm x l nh c lng rc
<0,1m3/ng.. Khi rc tch ly song chn, mi
ngy vi ln ngi ta dng co kim loi ly
rc ra v cho vo mng c l thot nc y
ri vo cc thng kn a i x l tip
tc. Song chn rc vi co rc c gii hot ng
lin tc, rng co lt vo khe h gia cc thanh
kim loi; co c gn vo xch bn l hai
bn song chn rc c lin h vi ng c in
Hnh 2.Hnh 2.1: Song chn rc
qua b phn truyn ng.
Co rc c gii c th chuyn ng t trn xung di hoc t di ln theo dng
nc.
Khi lng rc c gi li ln hn 0,1 m 3/ng. v khi dng song chn rc c gii
th phi t my nghin rc. Rc nghin c cho vo hm Biogas hoc cho v knh
trc song chn. Khi lng rc trn 1T/ng. cn phi thm my nghin rc d phng.
Vic vn chuyn rc t song n my nghin phi c c gii ha.
Song chn rc c t nhng knh trc khi nc vo trm x l. Hai bn
tng knh phi cha mt khe h d dng lp t v thay th song chn. V song
chn lm co hp tit din t ca dng chy nn ti v tr t song chn tit din knh
phi c m rng. trnh to thnh dng chy ri knh phi m rng dn dn vi
mt gc = 20o.
Song chn rc phi t tt c cc trm x l khng phn bit phng php dn
nc ti l t chy hay c p. Nu trong trm bm c song chn rc th c th
khng t song chn rc trm x l na.
12
Hin nay mt s nc trn th gii ngi ta cn dng my nghin rc

(communitor) nghin rc c kch thc ln thnh rc c kch thc nh v ng
nht d dng cho vic x l cc giai on k tip, my nghin rc c thit k
hon chnh v thng mi ha nn trong gio trnh ny khng a ra cc chi tit ca
n. Tuy nhin nu lp t my nghin rc trc b lng ct nn ch l ct s lm
mn cc li dao v si c th gy kt my. Mc gim p ca dng chy bin thin t
vi inches n 0,9 m.
- Cc tiu ch thit k:
+ Phi kim sot tc dng chy trc song chn.
+ Kh nng dung np ca quy trnh x l.
+ Cng sut vn chuyn v lu gi ca h thng x l nc thi.
Bng 2.1. Tiu ch thit k - thy lc
H s thit k
- Vn tc qua mng (m/s)
- Kch c thanh:
+ Chiu rng thanh (mm)
+ Chiu su (mm)
- Khong cch trng gia cc thanh (mm)
- nghing so vi phng ngang ()
- Tn tht p sut cho php, mm
Lm sch
th cng
0,3 0,6
Lm sch
bng my
0,6 1,0
4 8
25 50
25 75
45 60
150
8 10
50 75
10 50
75 85
150
Hnh 2.2: Cu to v phng php lp t song chn

Tnh ton thit k song chn rc:
S lng khe h ca song chn:
Trong :
Qmax
v
: lu lng ti a ca nc thi, m3/s;

: tc nc chy qua song chn, m/s;
13
hmax : chiu cao ca nc qua song chn, m;

l
: khong cch gia cc khe, m.
K = 1,05: h s tnh n hin tng thu hp dng chy.
Chiu rng song chn:
Bs = s(n 1) + l.n
Trong :
s: chiu dy ca cc thanh, mm (Chn s = 8 15 mm);
n 1: s lng thanh an song chn.
Chiu di on knh m rng:
Trong :
Bs: chiu rng ca song chn,
Bk: chiu rng mng dn nc ti v ra khi song chn.
Thng thng 20 300
l1 1, 73 Bs Bk khi 200
Xc nh hs (tn tht p lc) qua song:
Trong :
vmax : tc nc chy trong mng trc song chn, m/s (ng vi lu lng
ln nht)
: h s tn tht cc b ti song chn rc ph thuc vo tit din cc

thanh.
: gc nghing song chn so vi mt phng ngang,

: ph thuc vo tit din ngang v hnh dng thanh.
Hnh 2.3 Gi tr ng vi cc kiu tit din song chn khc nhau

Chiu cao xy dng:
hxd = hmax + 0,5
14
2.2. Li lc
2.2.1. Vai tr
loi b cn bn v vt th c kch thc nh hoc thu hi cc sn phm c gi
tr. Thng p dng cho cc trm x l nc thi cng nghip. (dt, giy, da).
2.2.2. Cu to
C 2 loi:
- Li c kch thc l t 0,5 1 mm.
-
Tang trng quay vi vn tc 0,1 0,5 m/s.
C ch: Nc thi c lc qua trng bng hai cch: Qua b mt trong hay
qua b mt ngoi ty thuc vo s b tr ng dn nc thi vo.
Hnh 2.4: Cu to li lc dng tang trng quay

1. Ca dn nc thi vo
5. Thng quay vi li lc
2. Ca dn nc thi ra
6. Vi phun nc ra
3. Ca tho vt rn
7. Mng thu gom nc ra.
4. Ca tho cn
-
Tn tht p lc qua li chn:

+ Da vo catalog ca nh sn xut.
+ Tnh theo cng thc thc nghim:
1 Q
hp
2 g C. A
Trong :
C: h s thi (gi tr C in hnh cho li lc sch bng 0,60);
Q: lu lng nc thi i qua li lc, m3/s;
A: din tch ngp chm hu ch ca li lc, m2;
g: gia tc trng trng, g = 9,8 m/s2;
hp: tn tht p sut, m.
15
Cc h s C, A c th tra bng catalog ca nh cung cp v c xc nh bng

thc nghim v ph thuc vo cc thng s thit k nh kch thc g, ng knh l
li, kt cu, phn trm din tch b mt li lm vic hu ch.
-
Din tch hu ch ca li lc c tnh theo cng thc:

Fc
Qmax
u
Trong :
Fc: tng din tch hu ch;
Qmax: lu lng ln nht ca nc thi;
u: vn tc ca cht lng chy qua khe li thng 0,7 m/s.
2.3. B lng ct
2.3.1. Vai tr v phn loi
2.3.1.1. Vai tr
B lng ct nhm loi b ct, si, dm, cc loi x khi nc thi. Trong nc
thi, bn thn ct khng c hi nhng s nh hng n kh nng hot ng ca cc
cng trnh v thit b trong h thng nh ma st lm mn cc thit b c kh, lng cn
trong cc knh hoc ng dn, lm gim th tch hu dng ca cc b x l v tng tn
s lm sch cc b ny. V vy trong cc trm x l nht thit phi c b lng ct.
2.3.1.2. Phn loi

B lng ct thng c t pha sau song chn rc v trc b lng s cp. i
khi ngi ta t b lng ct trc song chn rc, tuy nhin vic t sau song chn c
li cho vic qun l b lng ct hn. Trong b lng ct cc thnh phn cn loi b lng
xung nh trng lng bn thn ca chng. y phi tnh ton th no cho cc
ht ct v cc ht v c cn gi li s lng xung cn cc cht l lng hu c khc tri
i.
B lng ct gm nhng loi sau:
B lng ct ngang: C dng nc chuyn ng thng dc theo chiu di ca
b. B c tit din hnh ch nht, thng c h thu t u b.
B lng ct ng: Dng nc chy t di ln trn theo thn b. Nc c
dn theo ng tip tuyn vi phn di hnh tr vo b. Ch dng chy kh phc
tp, nc va chuyn ng vng, va xon theo trc, va tnh tin i ln, trong khi
cc ht ct dn v trung tm v ri xung y.
B lng ct tip tuyn: l loi b c thit din hnh trn, nc thi c dn
vo b theo chiu t tm ra thnh b v c thu v mng tp trung ri dn ra ngoi.
B lng ct lm thong: trnh lng cht hu c ln trong ct v tng hiu
qu x l, ngi ta lp vo b lng ct thng thng mt dn thit b phun kh. Dn
ny c t st thnh bn trong b to thnh mt dng xon c qut y b vi mt
16
vn tc trnh hin tng lng cc cht hu c, ch c ct v cc phn t nng c

th lng.
2.3.2. B lng ct ngang

- Dng nc thi chy theo phng nm ngang qua b.
- Vn tc dng chy trong b v = 0,15 0,3 m/s.
- S b n 2
- Vic co cn c th tin hnh bng th cng hoc c gii ty thuc vo quy m
ca b.
Bng 2.2. Cc thng s in hnh thit k b lng ct loi ngang
Cc thng s
Thi gian lu, s
Vn tc dng chy, m/s
Vn tc lng tch ht, m/pht
- ng knh 0,21 mm
- ng knh 0,15 mm
Tn tht p sut
Khong
45 90
0,25 0,4
in hnh
60
0,3
1,0 1,3
0,6 0,9
30 40
1,15
0,75
36
Hnh 2.5: Cu to b lng ct ngang v phn phi nc

2.3.3. B lng ct ngang c thi kh
Dc theo mt tng b b tr ng phn phi kh, t cch nhau mt khong 0,2
0,8 m.
Bng 2.3. Cc thng s in hnh thit k b lng ct c sc kh
Cc thng s
Kch thc:
- chiu su, m
- chiu di, m
Khong
25
7,5 20
2,5 7
in hnh
17
- chiu rng, m
T s chiu rng/chiu su
Thi gian lu, pht
Cp khng kh, m3/m chiu di pht
1:1 5:1
25
0,15 0,45
1,5 1
3
0,3
Hnh 2.6: Cu to b lng ct c sc kh

2.3.4. B lng ng
B lng ng l b cha hnh tr (hoc tit din
vung ) c y chp. Nc thi c cho vo theo
ng trung tm. Sau nc chy t di ln trn
vo cc rnh chy trn. Nh vy, qu trnh lng cn
din ra trong dng i ln, vn tc nc l 0,50,6m/s. Chiu cao vng lng 4-5m.
Hnh 2.7: Cu to b lng ng
2.4. Sn phi ct
Ct sau khi ly ra khi b lng thng cha nhiu nc, nn cn phi phi kh
chng trc khi dng vo cc mc ch khc nhau. thc hin iu ny ngi ta
dng sn phi ct.
Sn phi ct l khong t trng c gii hn bi cc b chn, cao 1 2 m. Kch
thc sn phi xc nh t iu kin lp ct cht cao 3 5 m/nm.
Din tch hu ch ca sn phi ct
18
a.N tt .365
, m2
1000.h
Trong :
a: lng ct tnh theo u ngi, chn a = 0,02l/ngi ng.m
Ntt: dn s tnh ton
h: chiu cao lp ct, m/nm.
2.5. Tin n nh
2.5.1. Cc loi b tin n nh
Ch yu p dng cho cc qu trnh sinh hc:
- n nh ha lu lng, pH, nhit . p dng cho cc qu trnh x l sinh hc
v ha l.
- Cc ngun sinh khi, cp cc chng vi khun. p dng trong x l sinh hc, v
d: Ngnh dt.
- Cc ngun dinh dng, cn phi thm dinh dng (V d: N,P) nu cn cho vi
sinh vt sinh sng. p dng trong x l sinh hc, v d: Ngnh giy v bt giy.
Thng thng, lu lng, nhit , hm lng cc cht nhim v.v... trong dng
thi thay i theo thi gian. S tng gim ca cc i lng trn gy kh khn cho s
hot ng ca h thng x l v nh hng ti vic thi vo ngun tip nhn. Yu cu
t ra trong thit k l phi thc hin theo gi tr ln nht v lu lng ca dng thi.
Trong cc qu trnh x l, nu lu lng dng vo tng t ngt vi bin ln s lm
cho qu trnh x l b qu ti nh trng hp lng,lc,... hay mt tc dng nh trng
hp phi x l ho hc hay sinh hc. Vai tr ca b iu ho nhm hn ch cc dao
ng trn.Trong nhng trng hp n gin, c th kt hp nhim v x l s b v
iu ha dng thi trong cng mt thit b.
2.5.2. B iu ha
2.5.2.1. nh hng ca s bin i lu lng v nng
Lu lng, thnh phn tnh cht nc thi ca cc x nghip cng nghip ty
thuc vo dy chuyn sn xut, loi nguyn liu s dng v thnh phm, thng
khng u theo cc gi trong ngy m. S dao ng lu lng, nng nc thi s
dn n nhng hu qu tai hi v ch cng tc ca mng li v cc cng trnh x
l, ng thi gy tn km nhiu v xy dng v qun l. Khi lu lng dao ng th r
rng phi xy dng mng li bn ngoi vi tit din ng hoc knh ln hn v phi
ng vi lu lng gi ln nht. Ngoi ra iu kin cng tc v mt thy lc s km i.
Nu lu lng nc thi chy n trm bm thay i th dung tch b cha, cng sut
trm bm, tit din ng y cng phi ln hn.
Khi lu lng, nng nc thi thay i th kch thc cc cng trnh (cc b
lng, b trung ha v cc cng trnh x l sinh hc) cng phi ln hn, ch lm
19
vic ca chng mt n nh. Chng hn b lng tnh vi lu lng trung bnh gi th s

lm vic km khi lu lng ln hn, ngc li nu tnh theo lu lng gi ln nht th
gi thnh cng trnh s t hn. Nu nng cc cht bn trong nc thi chy vo
cc cng trnh x l sinh hc t ngt tng ln nht l cc cht c hi i vi vi sinh
vt th s lm cho cng trnh hon ton mt tc dng.
Cc cng trnh x l bng phng php ha hc s lm vic rt km khi lu
lng, nng thay i hoc mun lm vic tt th thng xuyn phi thay i nng
ha cht cho vo. iu ny c bit kh khn khi iu kin t ng ha cha cho
php. Kt qu sau khi ra khi cng trnh x l nc thi hoc cha c lm sch
hon ton hoc l cn cha mt lng ha cht d no .
V vy mng li thot nc v cc cng trnh x l nc thi lm vic bnh
thng vi hiu sut cao v kinh t phi xy dng cc b iu ha lu lng v nng
nc thi.
2.5.2.2. Phn loi v v tr cc b iu ha
Theo chc nng ngi ta phn bit: cc b iu ha lu lng, cc b iu ha
nng hoc ng thi iu ha lu lng, nng nc thi. B iu ha lu lng
nn t gn ni to ra nc thi, b iu ha nng (vi lu lng t hoc khng
thay i) c th t trong phm vi trm x l. Khi trong dy chuyn s dy
chuyn cng ngh trm x l, b iu ha c th t sau b lng nu nc thi cha
mt lng ln cc tp cht khng tan v c, c ln thy lc t 4 5 mm/s tr ln,
kch thc cc ht d 0,2 mm hoc t trc b lng nu nc thi cha ch yu l
cc cht bn khng tan hu c. Nu trong s trm x l c b trn (vi ha cht)
th nn t b iu ha trc b trn.
Theo ch hot ng ngi ta phn bit: b iu ha hot ng gin on theo
chu k, b iu ha hot ng lin tc. B iu ha hot ng gin on theo chu k l
nhng b cha (phi c t nht hai b) trong mt b tch ly nc cn b kia x
nc i v ngc li.
Theo nguyn tc chuyn ng ca nc, cc b iu ha hot ng lin tc li
c chia ra: b iu ha lm vic theo nguyn tc y (ch chy tng) v b iu
ha hot ng theo nguyn tc xo trn (ch chy ri).
Cc b lm vic theo nguyn tc xo trn li c chia ra: xo trn cng bc
(bng my hng trc, my cnh qut, bng kh nn hoc bng bm ly tm) v b xo
trn t nhin nh gi thi hoc nh khuch tn do s khc nhau v nhit , t trng,
nng ca cc loi nc chy ti.
2.5.2.3. Yu cu v tr t b iu ho
Tu thuc vo h thng sn xut ca c s sn xut v phng n x l cht thi
m la chn v tr t b iu ho thch hp. Thng thng, cc b iu ho lu lng
20
c b tr ti cc ngun to ra nc thi, cn vi b iu ho nng (khi lu

lng t hoc khng thay i) c b tr trong khu vc trm x l. Khi , trong s
dy chuyn cng ngh ca trm x l, b iu ho c b tr pha sau b lng th,
nu nc thi c cha mt lng ln cc tp cht v c khng tan vi kch thc ln.
B iu ho cng c th t trc b lng , nu nc thi cha ch yu l cc cht
hu c khng tan. Trng hp trong quy trnh x l c b trung ha th b iu ha
gip qu trnh phn ng c tin hnh thun li.
Trong mt s trng hp, b iu ho c b tr t v tr pha sau b x l s
cp v trc b x l sinh hc. iu ny s lm gim c lng bn v bt trong
b iu ha. Nu l mt b iu ho lu lng dng th cn phi b tr n trc c b
lng s cp v b x l sinh hc v phi thit k h thng khuy trn mnh ngn
cn s lng ca huyn ph, cng nh lm gim bt s chnh lch nng v i khi
y cn b tr c b phn sc kh lm gim s bc mi kh chu trong cc thit b
x l tip theo.
2.5.2.4. Nguyn l cu to v lm vic ca b iu ho
C mt s loi b iu ha nh sau:
a. B iu ho c tng ngn: Loi hnh ch nht, cc tng ngn c th b tr
theo chiu dc hoc theo chiu ngang. Dng chy khi i qua b phi gi ch
xoy.
b. B iu ho hnh trn: Dn nc vo theo ng chuyn tip: Nc thi c
dn vo theo ng tip tuyn vi chu vi v tr y b v c dn ra theo ng
ng trung tm nm v tr pha trn ca b.
c. B iu ho c cnh khuy c kh: Loi ny rt ph bin, c th dng my
khuy loi mi cho, loi chn vt hoc tuc bin. S la chn loi my khuy v tc
khuy tu thuc vo nht ca cht lng. Vi cc b ln thng ta b tr lm nhiu
cnh khuy v c gng gim thp khng gian cht trong b chng hin tng lng
ng.
d. B iu ho c sc kh: Loi ny thng dng cho cht lng c nht thp.
Khng kh nn c dn vo h thng ng c c l, t y b iu ho. Khng kh
nn qua l to thnh cc bong bng lm khuy o lp nc pha trn (l thng c
c mt di ca ng trnh tc). Tu theo cch c l l mt hng dc hoc hai
hng dc, tu theo chiu di ng s to c 1 dng hoc 2 dng tun hon theo mt
ct ngang ca b.
2.5.2.5.
iu ha lu lng
iu ha lu lng c s dng duy tr dng thi vo gn nh khng i,

khc phc nhng vn vn hnh do s dao ng lu lng nc thi gy ra v nng
cao hiu sut ca qu trnh cui dy chuyn x l. Cc k thut iu ha c ng
21
dng cho tng trng hp ph thuc vo c tnh ca h thng thu gom nc thi. Cc
phng n b tr b iu ha lu lng c th l iu ha trn dng thi hay ngoi
dng thi x l.
Phng n iu ha trn dng thi c th lm gim ng k dao ng thnh phn
nc thi i vo cc cng on pha sau, con phng n iu ha ngoi dng thi ch
gim c mt phn nh s dao ng .
V tr tt nht b tr b iu ha cn c xc nh c th cho tng h thng x
l. V tnh ti u ca n ph thuc vo loi x l, c tnh ca h thng thu gom v
c tnh ca nc thi.
xc nh th tch cn thit ca b iu ha c th s dng phng php th
trn c s thc nghim v quan h gia th tch tch ly ca lu lng nc thi
dng vo theo thi gian. Hnh 2.8 minh ha bng th hai trng hp in hnh.
xc nh th tch cn thit, v ng tip tuyn vi ng cong th tch dng vo song
song vi ng lu lng trung bnh hng ngy ca im xut pht t gc ta . Th
tch cn thit khi s bng khong cch theo chiu ng thng ng t tip im
n ng thng biu din lu lng trung bnh hng ngy (trng hp a) hoc bng
khong cch gia hai tip im theo chiu thng ng song song vi trc tung (trng
hp b).
B iu ha c thit k vi chiu su t 1,5 2 m. Th tch ca b iu ha c
th tnh theo cng thc sau:
Vd
Q.d
k
ln n
kn 1
Trong :
kn
Cmax C tb
Ccf C tb
Q: lu lng nc thi, m3/h;

kn: h s dp tt dao ng;
d : thi gian thi t bin, h;
Cmax, Ctb, Ccf: gi tr cc i, trung bnh, cho php nng cc cht gy

3
nhim, g/m .
Khi kn 5, th tch b iu ha c tnh theo cng thc sau:
Vdh = kn.Q. d
Th tch b iu ha dng dp tt s dao ng c chu k ca thnh phn cc
cht nhim s c tnh theo cng thc sau:
Vdkc = 0,16,kn.Q. d
22
Hnh 2.8: S xc nh th tch cn thit ca b iu ha
23
CHNG 3: X L NC THI BNG PHNG PHP C

HC
3.1. Lng nc thi
Trong x l nc thi, qu trnh lng c s dng loi cc tp cht dng
huyn ph th ra khi nc. S lng ca cc ht xy ra di tc dng ca trng lc.
3.1.1. Phn loi b lng
- Cn c theo ch lm vic phn bit b lng hot ng lin tc v b lng hot
ng gin on.
+ B lng hot ng gin on thc cht l mt b cha m ta c vic x nc
thi vo v cho ng yn trong mt khong thi gian nht nh. Nc c lng
tho ra v cho lng nc mi vo. B lng kiu ny p dng trong trng hp lng
nc thi t v ch thi khng ng u, v d nc thi t x nghip git l...
+ B lng hot ng lin tc: nc thi cho qua b lin tc.
- Cn c theo chiu nc chy trong b ngi ta phn bit b lng ngang, b lng
ng v b lng ly tm.
+ B lng ngang: nc chy theo phng ngang t u b n cui b.
+ B lng ng: nc chy t di ln theo phng thng ng.
+ B lng raian: nc chy t trung tm ra quanh thnh b hoc c th ngc
li. Trong trng hp th nht gi l b lng ly tm, trong trng hp th hai gi l b
lng hng tm.
Ngoi ra cn c loi b lng trong qu trnh lng nc c lc qua tng cn l
lng gi l b lng trong.
- Phn loi b lng theo chc nng
+ B lng ct.
+ B lng cp 1: c nhim v tch cc cht rn hu c (60%) v cc cht rn
khc.
+ B lng cp 2: c nhim v tch bn sinh hc ra khi nc thi.
+ B lng cp 3: c nhim v tch sinh khi ca qu trnh kh N v P.
3.1.2. C s l thuyt ca qu trnh lng nc thi
- Trong th tch nc tnh, di tc dng ca trng lc cc ht cn ri theo phng
thng ng xung di.
- Tc ri ca ht ph thuc vo kch thc, hnh dng, t trng ca ht, ng
ph thuc vo lc cn ca nc tc dng vo ht ri.
- Quy lut chuyn ng ca ht cn trong nc khi lng t do theo trng lc v
khng c vn tc ban u, ta xt ht rn hnh cu, khng thay i hnh dng v kch
24
thc trong qu trnh lng v khng b dnh kt vi cc ht cn khc (cn thin nhin
khng nh phn).
- Ti thi im bt k t, ht chuyn ng vi vn tc u mm/s.
- Cc lc tc ln ht ang chuyn ng theo phng thng ng gm:
+ Lc qun tnh:
d3
du
1 0
6
dt
+ Lc trng trng:
I ma
(1)
d3
(2)
1 0 g
6
+ Lc cn ca mi trng: di dng tng qut, lc cn khi ht chuyn
ng trong cht lng c biu din bng biu thc:
P mg
Fc 0 0u 2 d 2
(3)
Theo nh lut Newton, ta vit phng trnh cn bng lc theo phng thng
ng:
d3
d3
du
2 2
I ma
(4)
1 0 g 0 0u d
1 0
6
6
dt
Trong :
1 : khi lng ring ca ht rn;
0 : khi lng ring ca cht lng;

d: ng knh ca ht hnh cu;
0 : h s sc cn ph thuc vo s Raynold: Re
0ud
;
: nht ca nc;
g: gia tc trng trng.
Nhn xt: Vi ht cn c kch thc khng i th tc ri ca ht s bin
thin theo thi gian tnh t thi im ht bt u ri, tuy nhin ti mt thi im t
trng thi cn bng Fc P (xy ra trong thi gian 0,2 0,5 pht). Sau ht s tip tc
lng xung vi vn tc khng i u = const di tc dng ca lc qun tnh I.
Ta ch nghin cu v xem xt s ri ca ht giai on tc khng i
du
d 3
0 phng trnh (4) c vit li:
1 0 g 00 u 2d 2
dt
6
T
1 0 d
g 2
0
6u
25
1 0 d
g
6 0
0
(5)
H s sc cn o = f(Re)
- Re < 2: Qu trnh lng xy ra trng thi chy tng. (Re l ch thy ng
lc ca dng chy c nh gi bng chun s Reynold, Re
o
3.u.d
).
3
3.
Re o .u.d
- Thay vo (3) ta c: Fc 3..u.d

Lc cn t l bc nht vi vn tc ca cc ht: Fc = f( , u, d)
f (t)
Thay o vo (5) ta c: u
1 1 0
.
.g.d 2
18
2 < Re < 500 (ch qu ) nht khng cn nh hng n chuyn ng

ca ht. H s cn o khng cn ph thuc v Raynold.
3.1.3. Qu trnh lng trong b lng ngang
So vi b lng ng, h qu lng vi dng nc chuyn ng theo phng nm
ngang t hiu qu cao hn. y mt phn cc ht cn c tc lng nh hn gi tr
uo
H
cng c gi li. tm ra quy lut chuyn ng ca ht cn, ta hy xt
To
trng hp b lng ngang vi nhng iu kin ti u nht:

- Dng nc chuyn ng theo phng nm ngang trong ch chy tng, tc
dng chy ti mi im trong b u bng nhau. Thi gian lu li ca mi phn t
nc i qua b u bng nhau v bng dung tch b chia cho lu lng dng chy.
- Trn mt ct ngang vung gc vi chiu dng chy u b, nng cc ht cn
c cng kch thc ti mi im u bng nhau.
- Ht cn ngng chuyn ng khi chm y b.
tha mn cc iu kin trn, trong b lng ngang c 4 vng phn bit: vng
phn phi m bo a nc vo v phn phi u nc, cn trn trn ton b mt ct
ngang u b, vng lng, vng cha cn, vng thu nc.
Xt chuyn ng ca ht cn t do trong b lng ngang, ngoi lc ri t do ht cn
cn chu lc y theo phng nm ngang ca dng chy. Qu o ca cc ht cn t
do l vect tng hp ca hai lc ni trn. Nu gi cc kch thc c bn ca vng lng
bng k hiu, chiu su H, chiu rng B v chiu di L. Gi tr cc lc c bn c
biu th bng:
26
H
L
H.v o
; uo
;
u o vo
L
vo
uo
Q
, m / s ;
BH
Q Q
Q
, m / s , hay F= , m 2 .
BL F
uo
Trong :
vo: tc chuyn ng ca dng nc, m/s;
Q: lu lng dng nc qua vng lng, m3/s;
F: din tch b mt vng lng, m2.
Cc cng thc trn cho thy tc lng cn (hay hiu qu lng) ch ph thuc vo
din tch b mt b, hon ton khng ph thuc cc yu t khc nh chiu su hoc
thi gian nc lu li.
U < U0
U0
U > U0
U < U0
Hnh 3.1: S qu o chuyn ng ca cc ht cn t do trong b lng ngang

Theo s trn, hiu qu lng bng tng s cn c tc lng hoc bng tc
uo, v mt phn cn c tc lng nh hn u o. Hiu qu lng cc ht cn c tc
lng nh c th xc nh theo tng quan.
Cn
h
u
.100 1 .100, % .
H
u0
h: xut pht im ca cc ht cn c tc lng nh.

3.1.4. Lng cn keo t trong b lng ng
Trong b lng ng, nc chuyn ng theo phng thng ng t di ln,
ngc chiu vi hng ri ca cc ht cn lng. Nu gi tc ca dng nc i ln
l u o
Q
(hnh 3.3) th ch c cc ht cn c tc lng u > u o mi lng c xung
F
y b, cn cc ht c u u o th l lng v b dng nc cun ra ngoi. Khi lng cc

ht cn khng c kh nng keo t, hiu qu lng c tr s ng bng t l tnh theo
phn trm ca trng lc cc ht ln u > u o trn tng s trng lc cc loi ht cn c
27
trong nc, hiu qu lng thp, v th khng dng b lng ng lng cc ht cn t

do khng c kh nng keo t.
Trong trng hp lng cc ht cn keo t. Hiu qu lng t cao hn, ban u cc
ht c tc lng nh hn tc dng nc (u < u o) s b y dn i ln, cc ht cn
va chm v dnh kt vi nhau, tng dn kch thc, cho n khi c tc lng ln hn
tc dng nc i ln th ri xung y b.
V vy khi lng cc ht cn keo t trong b lng ng, hiu qu lng khng ch
ph thuc vo din tch b mt b Q/F m cn ph thuc vo chiu cao lng H v thi
gian lu nc trong b T.
Q/F = u0
u < u0
u > u0
Hnh 3.2: S lng ng cc ht cn keo t

B lng ng: b lng ng thng c xy dng kt hp vi ngn phn ng to
bng cn t gia. B c cu to gm bn vng: vng phn phi nc vo, vng
lng, vng thu nc ra, vng cha cn (hnh 3.4).
3
Nc trong ra
1
Nc thi vo
2
4
X bn
Hnh 3.3. S cu to b lng ng

1. B phn ng to bng cn v vng phn phi nc vo
2. Vng lng
28
3. Vng thu nc ra
4. Vng thu cn.
Tnh ton b lng ng
- Din tch b mt b lng ng xc nh theo cng thc:
F .
Q
,
uo
Trong :
Q: lu lng nc vo b lng, m3/s;
uo: tc lng ca ht cn, m/s, u o tra theo biu ng cong lng theo
hiu qu lng R% mong mun. Khi khng c s liu c th chn u o t 0,0022
n 0,0007 m/s;
: h s d phng k n vic phn phi nc khng u trn ton b
mt ct ngang ca b. Gi tr ca h s ph thuc vo t s gia ng knh
v chiu cao vng lng.
D/H
1
1,5
2
2,5
1,3
1,5
1,75
2
- B mt b lng ng c th l hnh trn hoc hnh vung, thi gian lu nc
trong b t 2 3 gi.
- Chiu cao lng chn ph thuc vo s cao trnh thy lc ca cc cng trnh
trong dy chuyn x l, thng t 3 5 m.
Nu b xy dng kt hp vi ngn phn ng t gia, ng knh b tnh theo
cng thc.
- ng knh b:
4 Fo f
,
Trong :
Fo: din tch vng lng, m2;
f: din tch b mt ngn phn ng, m2.
Phn y b phn ng cu to dng hnh cn nu b l hnh trn v dng hnh
chp nu b l hnh vung. Gc ca tng nghing phn hnh chp so vi phng nm
ngang chn 60o, c th x cn bng thy lc.
- Mng thu nc t theo chu vi b v cc mng hnh nan qut ti trng thu nc
t 1,5 3 l/s.m di theo mp mng.
- X cn bng chnh p lc thy tnh gia mc nc trong b v mc nc
ming x ca ng tho cn ra ngoi. ng knh ng tho cn tnh theo lu lng x:
q = W/T.
29
T: thi gian x cn thng chn 3 5 pht, vn tc x tnh theo chnh lch mc

nc H . ng x cn khng c nh hn 100 mm.
- Thi gian gia hai ln x cn tnh theo cng thc:
T
c .W
,
Q Mo M
Trong :
W: th tch vng cha cn, m3 theo cu to b;
c : nng cn chn theo bng;
Q: lu lng nc vo b, m3/h;
Mo: nng cn trong nc i vo b, g/m3;
M: hm lng cn trong nc khi ra khi b ly 8 10 g/m3.
Do kh khn trong vic phn phi u nc theo mt ct ngang ca b nn b lng
ng ch p dng cho cc trm x l c cng sut nh hn hoc bng 2000 m3/ng..
3.2. Tuyn ni
3.2.1. Khi nim
Tuyn ni l mt qu trnh tch cc ht cn trong pha lng khi khi lng ring
ca cc ht ny nh hn khi lng ring ca nc.
Bn cht ca qu trnh tuyn ni: Thc cht ca qu trnh tuyn ni l s dnh
kt ca cht bn vi b mt phn chia kh v nc. S dnh kt din ra c l do c
nng lng t do trn b mt phn chia , v nh hin tng b mt c bit gi l
hin tng thm t. Hin tng ny xut hin nhng ni tip xc gia ba pha (lng
- kh - rn), tc xut hin theo chu vi tm t.
3.2.2. C s ha l ca qu trnh tuyn ni
Hin tng tm t
Trong nc cc phn t cht bn ch dnh bm vo b mt bt kh khi chng
khng hoc km b thm t i vi nc. Kh nng thm t mt s cht lng ni
chung ty thuc vo phn cc ca n. phn cc ca cht lng cng cao th n
cng kh thm t i vi vt rn. Nc c th thm t tt c cc vt tr mt s m
hu c.
Kh nng thm t ca cht lng c nh gi bng gi tr ca sc cng b
mt ca n ti bin gii phn chia kh - lng, ng thi bng s phn cc bin gii
lng - rn. Sc cng b mt ca cht lng v hiu phn cc cng nh th vt rn cng
d b thm t.
Gio vin bin son: Thi Mnh

Cng
L
L
R
K L
L
R
R
K
K
K
30
Hnh 3.4: Nhng trng hp tm t: R - rn; K kh; L - lng.

Mc thm t cht lng i vi vt rn (khi thm t khng hon ton) c
biu th bng i lng gi l gc thm t bin tnh t pha lng (hnh 3.5).
Gc ny c o bng git nc r trn b mt vt rn kh hoc bng bt khng
kh dnh vo b mt kh dnh vo b mt vt rn di git nc.
Khi cht bn dnh vo bt kh th nng lng b mt t do s thay i theo phng
trnh:
W=1 2 1 cos ,
- 1 2 : nng lng b mt bin gii phn chia nc v khng kh.
- i lng 1 cos = F gi l tuyn ni.
+ i vi nhng ht a nc th 0 , cos 1 th F=0.
+ i vi nhng ht k nc 1800 , cos 1 th F t gi tr ti a:
F 212 .
S tng tc cc ht rn vi nc, gia ht vi oxy ha tan trong nc s nh

hng ti thm t (tc l ti s dnh kt ca bt kh vi ht rn). S tng tc vi
oxy c th lm tng thm t do to thnh lp oxit, cn s tng tc lng cc ca
nc s to ra mt mng hirat ha (dy ti 0,1 m ), nn s lm tng thm t
ngn cn s dnh bm ca bt kh.
C th to thnh cc mng hirat khi nng lng lin kt gia cc cc ca nc
vi nhau nh hn nng lng lin kt gia cc cc ca nc vi b mt ht rn. Cc
mng hirat rt mng (0 400 A0) th khng cn tr s dnh kt ca bt kh.
Nh vy s tm t l do tnh cht ca cht lng quyt nh v ph thuc vo tnh
cht ca cht rn.
i vi nc, cht rn c th chia thnh cc cht k nc, a nc hay v tr
trung gian.
Nhng cht k nc l nhng cht c cu to phn t theo kiu khng phn cc v
do khng c kh nng hirat ha. Chng c thm t nh nht v do d
tuyn ni nht. Ht cng kh hirat ha th mng hirat cng d v ra khi ht n gn
bt khng kh, v do d dnh vo bt kh (v trng thi nng lng t do ca
ht t gi tr nh nht). Nhng cht a nc cu to theo kiu phn cc th rt d
hirat ha trong nc nn rt d b thm t v khng th tuyn ni c.
Nhng cht cu to phn t kiu d cc (mt u phn cc, mt u khng phn
cc) th pha nhm phn cc s c kh nng b hirat ha, cn pha cc nhm
hirocacbon s k nc v c th dnh vo cc bt kh. Nhng cht nh vy ng vai
tr quan trng trong vic tuyn ni.
31
i vi cc ht a nc, c th tuyn ni c ngi ta to cho chng tnh k

nc. Mun vy ngi ta cho vo nc cht tp hp tc l cht hot tnh b mt vi
cc phn t phn cc v khng phn cc. Nhng cht ny s hp ph trn b mt ca
ht k nc. Cc nhm hirocacbon k nc s quay ra pha mi trng xung quanh
to thnh lp hp ph v do lm ht tr thnh k nc, to iu kin tt cho qu
trnh tuyn ni.
Trong thc t tuyn ni, cc cht tp hp ph bin nht c phn ra theo cu to
ca cc nhm a nc ca chng:
- Du m v hn hp cc sn phm ch bin t du, than , g (du la
keroxin, du mazut, nha,...);
- Axit vi cc gc hirocacbon (axit bo v mui ca chng natri olenat, axit
naphtenoic, axit oleic, axit stearic, axit palminoic);
- Cc hp cht cha lu hunh ha tr hai phn phn cc (mecaplan,
xantozen, itiocacbonat, tritiocacbonat, itiphotphat,...);
- Cc hp cht cha anion ca axit sunfurit phn c cc (ankylsunfat,
ankylsunfonat,...);
- Cc hp cht cha nit hay photpho nhm phn cc (amin, mui amon,
etanolamin, mui piriin,...).
C th tng k nc v tuyn ni ca cc cht bng nhiu cch khc na.
Chng hn, bng cch hp ph phn t kh ha tan ln b mt ca cc ht rn. Vic hp
ph nh vy mc no s gim c hirat ha ca cc cht rn. Song mng
hirat li mt kh nng ha tan v phn cc ca nc s cng tng ln. Kt qu l
phn t kh rt kh khuch tn ti b mt cc ht b hirat ha.
Vn to bt kh v n nh bt kh
Vic to bt kh c nhng kch thc nht nh v n nh cc bt kh c
ngha rt ln i vi qu trnh tuyn ni.
tuyn ni ph thuc vo kch thc bt kh. Tng b mt ca cc bt kh cng
ln ngha l din tch tip xc gia chng vi cc ht cht bn cng ln th qu trnh
tuyn ni din ra cng tt, hiu sut tuyn ni cng cao.
Cng mt th tch khng kh trong mt n v th tch nc nhng nu kch thc
cc bt kh tn ti khc nhau th tng b mt ca chng s khc nhau. Nu cc bt kh
c kch thc ln th tng b mt ca chng s nh hn v hiu sut tuyn ni s thp
hn so vi khi to ra cc bt kh c kch thc nh hn.
Kch thc cc bt kh ty thuc vo sc cng b mt bin gii phn chia nc
kh ( 12 ) v c xc nh theo cng thc:
r
212
,
p
32
Trong :
r: bn knh bt khng kh, cm;
p: p sut mao dn trong bt kh.
Nh vy khi tuyn ni nc thi vi sc cng b mt ( bin gii phn chia nc
khng kh) cng thp, chng hn, nc thi cha cht hot tnh b mt - cht to bt,
th to c cc bt kh nh. Nhng cht to bt s hp ph trn b mt bin gii phn
chia nc khng kh, trong phn phn cc ca nhng cht ny s phn ng vi
cc phn t nc, cn phn khng phn cc s hng v pha kh. Kt qu lm gim
sc cng b mt bin gii phn chia nc khng kh, lm gim nng lng b mt
v do lm n nh cc bt kh, ng thi to iu kin tt cho qu trnh dnh bm
ca cc ht cht rn vo bt kh.
C nhiu cht hot tnh b mt va c tnh tp hp va c tnh to bt. Trong nc
thi c nhiu cht hot ha hoc cng c nhiu cht kh qu trnh tuyn ni.
3.2.3. Phn loi cc phng php tuyn ni
Ngi ta phn bit hai loi tuyn ni: tuyn ni bt v tuyn ni ion.
Tuyn ni bt thu hi cc cht l lng khng tan v mt s cht keo hoc ha
tan trong nc. Cn tuyn ni ion ch yu thu hi cc cht keo v tan trong nc thi.
Do chc nng ca tng loi tuyn ni khc nhau cho nn ch cng ngh v cu to
cc thit b, cng trnh ng vi tng loi tuyn ni s c nhng c im ring. Tuy
nhin trong iu kin hin thc cng kh phn bit hon ton cc loi tuyn ni v
cc qu trnh u c th ng thi din ra.
Trong thc t cc trm tuyn ch khc nhau v cu to thit b tuyn ni v bin
php tch bt khi nc.
S khc nhau c bn ca cc trm tuyn ni l bin php bo ha cc bt kh vi
kch thc cn thit trong nc. V vy ngi ta phn bit cc bin php tuyn ni
x l nc thi nh sau:
Tuyn ni vi tch cc bt kh t dung dch: cc trm tuyn ni chn khng,
khng p lc, c p lc v bm hn hp kh nc;
Tuyn ni vi phn tn khng kh bng c gii kiu hng trc;
Tuyn ni vi khng kh nn qua tm xp, ng c l;
Tuyn ni in, tuyn ni sinh hc v ha hc.
3.2.4. C ch v cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut ca qu trnh tuyn ni
Qu trnh tuyn ni chu nh hng ca rt nhiu yu t:
Cc tnh cht ha l ca cht bn.
Thnh phn nc thi.
Ch thy ng lc ca thit b tuyn ni.
iu kin bo ha kh v s n nh ca cc bt kh.
33
S n nh ca t hp cht bn - bt kh.
Hnh 3.5: S b tuyn ni

Mng thu nc b tr dng cc mng trn thnh mng.
Tuy nhin trong thc t chng ta khng th xc nh v nh lng c ton b
cc yu t trn. Ngi ta ch nghin cu nhng quy lut c bn nht.
- Giai on ha trn khng kh vo nc: y l giai on u ca qu trnh
nhng c tnh cht quyt nh. N m bo lng bt kh cn thit cho qu trnh
tuyn. ha tan ca kh vo nc ph thuc vo nhiu yu t: p sut, nhit , ch
lm vic thy ng lc ca thit b bo ha kh, thnh phn, tnh cht ca cht bn
trong nc thi.
- Giai on hnh thnh cc bt kh: Sau khi h p sut trong nc, cc bt kh
trong nc xut hin nhanh, ch sau vi phn nghn giy, tuy nhin s lng v kch
thc ca chng khng ch ph thuc vo nng khng kh bo ha m cn ph
thuc vo ng lc bo ha dung dch v lin quan n vn tc chung ca hn hp
nc thi bo ha khng kh vo ngn tuyn.
Hnh thnh t hp bt kh v cht bn
Phn thnh ba c ch hnh thnh cc bt kh - cht bn.
+ Nh s va chm gia cc bt kh vi phn t cht bn.
+ To bt kh ngay trn b mt cht bn.
+ S kt hp gia cc bt kh ln trng thi t do vi cc bt kh nh hn, m
cc bt kh ny c hnh thnh trn b mt cc phn t cht bn nhng khng sc
ni ln b mt nc.
C ch 1: Xy ra khi bo ha khng kh trong nc thi c ln cc cht bn.
C ch 2: Xy ra khi hnh thnh cc t hp tuyn ni trong mt chu k ng
nht. Sau hn hp ny c ha trn vi nc thi.
34
C ch 3 (thc cht l kt t): Khi ha trn khng kh vi nc thi c cha

cht bn, trn b mt chng c bt kh nh, cc bt kh ny ng vai tr nhn tuyn
ni.
Ba c ch hnh thnh t hp cht bn - bt kh trn l c s cho vic sut ba
cng ngh tuyn ni p lc khc nhau.
1. S tuyn ni xui dng.
Khng kh nn
Nc thi cn
x l
Thng bo ha
Bt tuyn ni
Vi phun
Ngn tuyn ni
Khng kh nn
Nc thi cn
x l
Thng bo ha
Nc sau x l
Bt tuyn ni
Vi phun
Ngn tuyn ni
Nc sau x l
2. S tun hon bo ha mt phn nc thi sau x l.

Bt tuyn ni
Nc thi cn x l
Ngn tuyn ni
Nc sau x l
Vi phun
Thng bo ha
3. S tuyn ni tun hon nhiu bc vi dng bo ha phn nhnh.

Bt tuyn ni
Bt tuyn ni
Ngn tuyn ni 1
Ngn tuyn ni 2
Thng bo ha
Kh nn
35
3.2.5. Cc qu trnh trong tuyn ni p lc

Bin php ny tuy khng kinh t bng tuyn ni bin php tuyn ni chn khng,
nhng n cho php iu chnh bo ha trong mt khong rng hn vi hiu sut
mong mun. Trong phng php ny, khng kh ha tan vo nc trong iu kin p
sut v thit b tuyn ni lm vic ti p sut kh quyn. Vi cch ny, thit b tuyn
ni c cu to kiu h, d ch to, d vn hnh. Thit b lm vic theo nguyn tc ny
gi l tuyn ni bng kh ha tan (Disssolved air flotation - DAF).
Nc thi thng c nn trong bnh p lc di p sut 2,1 4,9 kg/cm 2, v
duy tr p sut ny trong khong 2 5 pht. Sau nc bo ha kh c a vo
b tuyn ni qua mt van gim p, ha tan ca khng kh gim xung, lng khng
kh d (khng kh ha tan) di dng bt kh ni ln trn ko theo cht bn. Thi gian
lu nc trong b thng 20 25 pht.
3.2.6. Cc phng php thc hin tuyn ni
3.2.6.1. Tuyn ni sinh hc v ha hc
Bin php ny dng nn cn t b lng t mt khi x l nc thi thnh ph.
Mun vy, cn t b lng t mt c tp trung vo mt b c bit v un nng ti
35 550C trong vi ngy. Do sinh vt pht trin v to bt kh ni ln, ko theo cn
cng ni ln v gt cn i. Kt qu m ca cn ch cn 80%.
Bn hot tnh d b lng t hai kh tuyn ni hn.
Khi cho phn vo nc thi, song song vi qu trnh ha hc, cn to ra cc bt
kh nh CO2, O2, Cl2. Trong nhng iu kin nht nh, cc bt kh ny cng ni ln
ko theo cc cht bn khng tan trong nc thi.
Khi tuyn ni ha hc th u tin nc thi phi c qua b trn ri sau mi
qua ngn tuyn ni. Thi gian lu li trong b trn phi khng t hn 3 5 pht
din ra phn ng v to bt.
3.2.6.2. Tuyn ni chn khng
u im ca bin php tuyn ni chn khng l cc qu trnh (to bt kh, dnh kt
gia cc bt kh vi cc cht bn, ni ln ca hn hp bt kh - cht bn) u din ra
trng thi mi trng tnh cho nn hiu sut tuyn ni cao, tn t nng lng cho c
qu trnh tuyn ni.
Bin php ny c nhc im l mc bo ha cc bt kh trong nc thp nn
ch s dng vi cc loi nc thi c nng cht bn khng tan kh cao (trn 250
300 mg/l).
Nhc im na l phi xy dng lp rp cc thng chn khng rt kn vi cc
thit b gt c gii bn trong. Do v cu to v c gii gp nhiu kh khn. Bt k
sa cha d nh no cng khng thc s c nu khng ngng lm vic ton trm.
36
3.2.6.3. Tuyn ni t s tch khng kh t dung dch

Phng php ny c p dng lm sch nc thi cha ht nhim rt mn.
Bn cht ca phng php ny l to dung dch qu bo ha khng kh. Khi gim p
sut cc bt khng kh s tch ra khi dung dch v lm ni cht bn.
Ty thuc vo bin php to dung dch qu bo ha, ngi ta chia ra: tuyn ni
chn khng, p sut v bm dng
3.2.6.4. Tuyn ni vi s phn tn khng kh bng c kh
S phn tn kh trong my tuyn ni c thc hin nh bm turbin kiu cnh
qut, l a c cnh quay hng ln trn. Thit k kiu ny c ng dng x l
nc c nng cc ht l lng cao (ln hn 2 g/l). Khi quay cnh qut trong cht
lng xut hin mt s lng ln cc dng xoay nh v c phn tn thnh cc bt kh
c kch thc xc nh, mc phn tn cng cao bt kh cng nh qu trnh cng
hiu qu. Tuy nhin, nu vn tc quay cao s lm tng t ngt dng chy ri v c th
ph v t hp ht - kh, do lm gim hiu qu x l
3.2.6.5. Tuyn ni nh cc tm xp
Phng php ny c u im l: kt cu bung ni n gin, chi ph nng lng
thp. Khuyt im: cc bt mau b bn v d b bt kn, kh cho vt liu c l ging
nhau to bt kh nhuyn v c kch thc bng nhau. Hiu qu tuyn ni ph thuc
vo l xp, p sut khng kh, lu lng khng kh, thi gian tuyn ni, mc nc
trong thit b tuyn ni
3.2.6.6. X l bng phng php tch phn on bt (tch bt)
Phng php tch phn on bt da trn s hp ph chn lc mt hay nhiu cht
tan trn b mt bt kh ni ln trn xuyn qua dung dch. Qu trnh ny ng dng
loi cht hot ng b mt ra khi nc thi, n tng t qu trnh hp ph trn cht
rn.
Trong qu trnh phn ring, bt to thnh c nng cht tan hot ng b mt
kh cao. Vic tch n ra khi bt rt kh khn. V vy, trong a s cc trng hp n
l cht thi.
Nh vy, qu trnh x l nc thi khi cht hot ng b mt bng phng php
tch bt c nhc im:
To thnh cht ngng giu cht hot ng b mt, b phn hy chm.
Khi nng cht hot ng b mt trong nc thi tng hiu qu x l
gim.
Do , ngi ta ngh phng php x l cht hot ng b mt kt hp vi
phng php tch bt ri x l bc x, loi tr hon ton cht thi dng bt.
37
Cht thi cha cht hot ng b mt c cho lin tc vo thp. Khng kh cng
c si bt vo thng ny. Bt to thnh trong thp c a qua thit b bc x,
chiu bng tia . Nh , cht hot ng b mt b phn hy cn bt ngng t.
Theo s khc, bt khng i ra khi thp m b phn hy ngay trn nh thp
bng tia .
Phng php ny cho php x l nc thi c nng cht hot ng b mt cao.
Tuy nhin, s phn hy hon ton cht hot ng b mt thnh H 2O v CO2 khng
kinh t. Thch hp nht l phn hy chng thnh cc cht d b oxy ha sinh hc
3.2.6.7. Tuyn ni sinh hc
Phng php ny c ng dng nn cn t b lng t I khi x l nc thi
sinh hot. Trong phng php ny cn c un nng bng hi nc n 35-55 0C v
nhit ny c gi c ngy m. Do hot ng ca cc vi sinh vt, cc bt kh sinh
ra v mang cc ht cn ln lp bt, chng c nn v kh nc. Bng cch ny,
trong vng 5-6 ngy m m ca cn c th gim n 80% v n gin ha qu
trnh x l cn tip theo.
3.2.6.8. Tuyn ni ion
Qu trnh ny c tin hnh nh sau: ngi ta cho khng kh v cht hot
ng b mt vo nc thi. Cht hot ng b mt trong nc to thnh cc ion c
in tch tri du vi in tch ca ion cn loi ra. Khng kh dng bt c trch
nhim a cht hot ng b mt cng cht bn ln lp bt.
Phng php ny c th p dng tch ra khi nc cc kim loi (Mo, W, V,
Pt, Ce, Re,) qu trnh hiu qu khi nng ion thp 10-3-10-2 mol.ion/l.
Trong trng hp cn tin hnh ng thi qu trnh tuyn ni v oxi ha cht
nhim, nn bo ha nc bng khng kh giu oxi hoc ozone. hn ch qu trnh
oxi ha th thay khng kh bng kh tr
3.2.6.9. Tuyn ni in
Bin php ny da trn nguyn tc: khi c dng din mt chiu qua nc thi,
mt trong cc in cc ( catot ) s to ra kh hydro. Kt qu nc thi kh c bo
ha bi cc bt kh s ko theo cc cht bn khng tan khc ni ln b mt nc.
Ngoi ra, nu trong nc thi cn cha nhiu cht bn khc l cc cht in phn th
dng in i qua s lm thay i cc thnh phn ha hc v tnh cht ca trng thi cc
tp cht khng tan do c cc qu trnh in ly, phn cc, in chuyn v oxy ha
kh. xy ra.
Trong nhiu trng hp nhng thay i c li cho qua trnh x l nc thi v
trong nhng trng hp khc cn phi iu khin cc qu trnh t c hiu
sut x l mt loi cht bn no .
38
Khi s dng cc in cc tan (st hoc nhm ) th cc anot s din ra qu

trnh ha tan kim loi: Kt qu s c cc cation (nhm hoc st )chuyn vo nc.
Nhng cation ny s cng nhm hydroxyl to thnh hydroxit l nhng cht keo t ph
bin trong thc t x l nc thi. Do , trong khng iu kin bt kh bm vo
bng cng nh qu trnh keo t cht bn, qu trnh hp ph, kt dnh. din ra mnh
v hiu sut tuyn ni cao hn.
Cng ca tt c qu trnh qu trnh ph thuc vo cc yu t sau:
Thnh phn ha hc nc thi.
Vt liu cc in cc (tan hoc khng tan).
Cc thng s ca dng in: in th, cng , in tr sut.
i vi cc trm tuyn ni in c cng sut ln th nn xy dng hai ngn gm
mt ngn in cc (ngn keo t), v mt ngn tuyn ni.
39
CHNG 4: X L NC THI BNG BIN PHP HA L V

HA HC
4.1. Phng php oxi ha kh
lm sch nc ngi ta s dng cc cht oxi ha sau: clo kh v lng, dioxit
clo, clorat canxi, hypoclorua canxi v natri, pemanganat kali, bicromat kali, oxi gi,
oxi ca khng kh, ozn, piroluzit MnO2.
Trong qu trnh oxi ha, cc cht nhim c hi, cha trong nc thi, do phn
ng ha hc, chuyn thnh cht t c hn v c loi ra khi nc.
Phng php ny yu cu chi ph tc cht ln, v vy n ch c ng dng khi
cht nhim khng th loi c bng cc phng php khc. V d, x l cc xianua,
cc hp cht tan ca asen...
Cht c tnh oxi ha mnh nht l flo, nhng do c tnh n mn mnh nn n
khng th c ng dng trong thc t.
Th oxi ha ca cc cht khc nh sau: Ozn - 2,07; Clo - 0,94; H 2O2 - 0,68;
Pemanganat kali - 0,59 (n v: Vn).
4.1.1. Oxi ha bng Clo
Clo v cc cht cha clo hot tnh l cht oxi ha ph bin nht. Chng c ng
dng lm sch nc khi H2S, hydrosunfua, cc hp cht metyl, lu hunh, cc
phenol, cc xianua...
Khi cho clo vo nc s hnh thnh hypoclorit v axit clohydric
Cl2 + H2O = HOCl + HCl
Sau din ra s phn li hypoclorit, khi pH = 4 phn t clo gn nh khng c:
HOCl H+ + OClTng Cl2 + HOCl + OCl- c gi l clo c hot tnh t do.
Qu trnh x l cc xianua c tin hnh trong mi trng kim (pH = 9). Xianua
c th c oxi ha thnh nit v dioxit cacbon.
CN- + 2OH- + Cl2 CNO- + 2Cl- + H2O
2CNO- + 4OH- + 3Cl2 CO2 + 6Cl- + N2 + 2H2O
Cc ngun clo hot tnh c th l clorat canxi, hypoclorit, cc clorat, dioxit clo.
Chng c hnh thnh theo cc phn ng sau:
Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 = CaOCl2 + H2O
2NaOH + Cl2 = NaClO + NaCl + H2O
2Ca(OH)2 + 2Cl2 = Ca(ClO)2 + CaCl2 + 2H2O
Cht oxi ha mnh l clorat natri (NaClO 2), n b phn hu sinh ra ClO 2. Dioxit
clo l kh c c mi gt hn clo. Clorat natri c iu ch nh sau:
2NaClO2 + Cl2 2ClO2 + 2NaCl
40
5NaClO2 + 4HCl 5NaCl + 4ClO2 + 2H2O

Qu trnh oxi ha xianua thnh xianat bi clo hot tnh nh sau:
CN- + OCl- CNO- + ClXianat d b thu phn thnh cacbonat
CNO- + 2H2O CO32- + NH4+
Vn tc thu phn ph thuc pH ca mi trng. pH = 5,3 trong 1 ngy m 80%
xianat b thu phn. Nu d clorat xianat b oxi ha tip tc.
2CNO- + 3OCl- + H2O 2CO2 + N2 + 2OH- + 3ClTrong lc phn ng pH c gi trong khong 8-11. Kim tra s oxi ha hon
ton da trn nng clo hot tnh cn d, khng thp hn 5-10mg/l.
Clorat canxi thng phm cha di 33% clo hot tnh, cn hipoclorua canxi-n
60%.
4.1.2. Oxi ha bng H2O2
H2O2 l cht lng khng mu, c ng dng oxi ha cc nitric, andehyt,
phenol, xianua, cht thi cha lu hunh, thuc nhum hot ha... Oxi gi c, nng
gii hn cho php trong nc l 0,1mg/l.
Trong mi trng axit v kim, H2O2 b phn hu.
2H+ + H2O2 + 2e 2H2O
2OH- + H2O2 + 2e 2H2O + 2O2Trong mi trng axit nc oxi gi chuyn mui st ha tr 2 thnh mui ha tr 3,
axit nit thnh axit nitric, sunfua thnh sunfat. Xianua b oxi ha thnh xianat trong
mi trng kim (pH = 9-12).
Trong dung dch long qu trnh oxi ha cht hu c din ra chm, v vy ngi ta
dng xc tc l cc ion kim loi c ha tr thay i (Fe2+, Cu2+, Mn2+, CO2+, Cr3+, Ag2+).
V d, qu trnh oxi ha bng H2O2 vi mui st din ra rt nhanh khi pH = 3-4,5.
Trong qu trnh x l nc ngi ta cn s dng tnh kh ca oxi gi
H2O2 + Cl2 O2 + 2HCl
NaClO + H2O2 NaCl + O2 + H2O
Cc phn ng ny c dng kh clo trong nc H2O2 d c loi bi MnO2.
MnO2 + H2O2 + 2HCl MnCl2 +2H2O + O2
Oxi ha cht nhim bng cc axit H 2SO5 v H2S5O8 c nhiu trin vng. V d
phenol c oxi ha bng H2SO5 khi pH = 10. Bng phng php ny c th gim
nng phenol n 510-6%. Cc xianua b phn hu nhanh di tc dng ca cc
axit ny.
Khi nng xianua trong nc thi l 0,01 - 0,05%, ngi ta dng H 2SO4, cn khi
nng cao dng H2S5O8. iu kin ti u l pH = 9.
41
4.1.3. Oxi ha bng oxi ca khng kh

Ngi ta s dng oxi ca khng kh oxi ha cc hp cht st nh thnh st tam
vi s to thnh hidroxit st kt ta. Phn ng oxi ha nh sau:
4Fe2+ + O2 + 2H2O = 4Fe3+ + 4OH
Fe3++ 3H2O = Fe(OH)3 + 3H+
Qu trnh oxi ha din ra khi sc khng kh qua nc thi. C th n gin ha
vic sc kh bng cch cho nc dng git ri trong khng kh xung b mt vt liu
lc. Khi cc git lng tip xc vi khng kh s xy ra qu trnh oxi ha st.
Oxi ha trong khng kh cng c dng oxi ha nc thi sunfit ca cc nh
my xenlul, ch bin du m v ha du. Qu trnh oxi ha cc hydrosunfua v
sunfua din ra mt s giai on vi s thay i ha tr ca lu hunh t -2 n +6.
S2- S S12O62- S2O32- SO32- SO424.1.4. Oxi ha bng piroluzit MnO2
Qu trnh c tin hnh bng cch lc nc thi qua lp vt liu ny hoc trong
thit b khuy trn. Piroluzit l vt liu t nhin, cha ch yu l dioxit mangan. N
c s dng rng ri oxi ha asen ha tr ba thnh ha tr nm.
H3AsO3 + MnO2 + H2SO4 = H3AsO4 + MnSO4 + H2O
Ch ti u cho qu trnh oxi ha l: lng MnO 2 bn ln ln hn so vi
phng trnh lng ha hc, axit ca nc 30 - 40 g/l, nhit nc 70 - 80oC.
4.1.5. Ozn ha
Oxi ha bng ozn cho php ng thi kh mu, kh mi, tit trng v v l ca
nc. Bng ozn ha c th x l phenol, sn phm du m, sunfuahydric, cc hp
cht asen, cht hot ha b mt, cc xianua, thuc nhum, cc hydrocacbon thm gy
ung th, thuc st trng...
Ozn - kh mu tm nht. Trong t nhin n thng tng kh quyn. nhit
to = -111,9oC ozn ha lng c mu xanh m.
Ozn rt c, nng ti a cho php trong khu vc lm vic l 0,0001mg/m 3.
Ozn oxi ha tt c kim loi, ngoi tr vng, chuyn chng thnh oxit.
Trong dung dch nc ozn phn li nhanh hn trong khng kh, trong dung dch
kim yu phn li rt nhanh, cn trong dung dch axit n c bn cao. Trong khng
kh sch n phn r rt chm.
Ozn lm phn hu cc cht hu c v tit trng, cc vi khun cht nhanh hn
hng ngn ln so vi vic s dng clo. ha tan ca ozn trong nc ph thuc pH
v cc cht ha tan khc. Khi c axit v mui trung tnh ha tan ca ozn tng.
Kim lm gim ha tan ca ozn.
Tc ng ca ca ozn trong qu trnh oxi ha c th din ra trong ba hng
khc nhau:
42
1. Oxi ha trc tip vi s tham gia ca mt nguyn t xy.

2. Lin kt ton b phn t ozn vi cht b xi ha vi s hnh thnh
cc oznua.
3. Tc ng xc tc cho qu trnh oxi ha bng oxi, c trong khng kh
cha ozn.
Ozn c iu ch t oxi ca khng kh kh hoc oxi tinh khit di tc dng
ca s phng in. Chi ph nng lng cho vic sn xut 1 kg ozn t khng kh gn
18kWh, cn t oxi sch gn 9 kWh.
Ozn c cho vo nc thi dng hn hp khng kh - ozn hoc oxi - ozn.
Nng ozn trong hn hp gn 3%. thc y qu trnh oxi ha hn hp c
phn tn trong nc thi di dng cc ht li ti.
V ozn l cht u c mnh nn trc khi thi cn phi lm sch kh thi khi
ozn cn st li. X li ozn c thc hin bng 3 phng php:
1. Pha long kh.
2. Phn hu ozn bng hp ph, xc tc hoc nhit phn.
3. Tn dng ozn.
Qu trnh x l nc thi c n gin nhiu khi s dng chung siu m v ozn,
tia cc tm v ozn. Tia cc tm lm tng tc qu trnh oxi ha ln 102 - 104 ln. Qu
trnh oxi ho c th chia lm hai giai on:
1. Kch thch bng quang ha, cc phn t di tc dng ca tia cc tm.
2. Oxi ha bng ozn.
Ozn oxi ha cht v c v hu c tan trong nc thi. Sau y l mt s v d
ozn ha cc hp cht kim loi:
2FeSO4 + H2SO4 + O3 = Fe2(SO4)3 + 3H2O + O2
MnO4 + O3 + 2H2O = H2MnO3 + O2 + H2SO4
2 H2MnO3 + 3O2 = 2HMnO4 + 3 O2 + H2O
Ozn ha H2S
H2S + O3 = H2O + SO2
3H2S + 4O3 = 3H2SO4
Ozn ha ion thioxianat
NCS- + 2O3 + 2OH- CN- + SO32- + 2O2 + 2H2O
CN- + SO32- + 2O3 CNO- + SO42- + 2O2
Ozn ha amoniac
NH3 + 4O3 NO3- + 4O2 + H2O + H+
Ozn ha cc xianua
CN- + O3 OCN- + O2
OCN- + 2H+ + 2H2O CO2 + H2O + NH4
43
OCN- + 2H2O HCO3- + NH3

2OCN- + H2O + 3O3 2HCO3- + SO2 + N2
Ozn ha cc cht hu c c lin kt
C
C
O3
O O
C
C
O3
khng bn
C+
OO-
ion lng cc
C C
O
ozonua
i vi phenol, ozn c hot tnh cao trong khong nng rng, t 0 n

1.000mg/l.
4.1.6. Phng php kh kim loi
Cc ion kim loi nng nh thu ngn, crom, cadimi, km, ch, ng, niken, asen
c loi ra khi nc thi bng phng php ho hc. Bn cht ca phng php ny
l chuyn cc cht tan trong nc thnh khng tan, bng cch thm tc cht vo v
tch chng ra di dng kt ta.
Cht phn ng dng l hydroxit canxi v natri, cacbonat natri, sulfit natri, cc cht
thi khc nhau nh x st crom cha: CaO 51,3%, MgO 9,2%, SiO 2 27,4%,
Cr2O3 4,13%, Al2O3 7,2%, FeO 0,73%.
4.1.6.1. X l hp cht thu ngn
Nc thi b nhim thu ngn v cc hp cht thu ngn c to thnh trong
sn xut clo, NaOH, trong cc qu trnh in phn dng in cc thu ngn, do sn
xut thu ngn, iu ch thuc nhum, cc hidrocacbon, do s dng thy ngn lm
cht xc tc. Thu ngn trong nc c th tn ti dng kim loi, cc hp cht v c:
oxit, clorua, sunfat, sunfua, nitrat, xianua ( Hg(CN)2), thioxanat (Hg(NCS)2), xianat
(Hg(OCN)2).
Thu ngn kim loi c lc v lng. Cc ht khng lng c oxy ho bng clo
hoc NaOCl n HgCl2. Sau , x l nc bng cht kh (NaHSO 4 hoc Na2SO3)
loi chng v clo d.
Thu ngn c th c tch ra khi nc bng phng php kh vi cc cht kh
l sunfat st, bisunfit natri, bt st, kh H2S, hydrazin.
lng thu ngn trc tin cho vo nc thi sulfat natri, bisunfit natri hoc kh
H2S. Sau x l nc bng clorua natri, kali, magi, canxi hoc sunfit magi vi
lng 0,1g/l. Khi , thu ngn s lng dng ht. loi cc ht keo phn tn cao,
dng cht keo t Al2(SO4)3.18H2O, FeSO4.7H2O
44
Cc hp cht thu ngn trc tin b phn hu bng oxy ho ( bng kh clo ), sau
khi loi clo d, cation thu ngn c kh n Hg kim loi hoc chuyn sang dng
sunfua kh, ri loi cn.
4.1.6.2. X l cc hp cht km, ng, niken, ch, cadimi, coban
Mui cc kim loi ny, ho cht cha trong nc thi tuyn qung, luyn kim, ch
to my, ch bin kim loi, ho cht, dc phm, ch bin sn, dt
X l nc thi cha mui km bng natri hydroxit:
Zn2+ + OH- Zn(OH)2
Khi pH= 5,4 hydroxit km bt u lng. Khi pH= 10,5 bt u tan cc hydroxit
km lng tnh. Do , qu trnh x l cn tin hnh vi pH= 8-9.
Khi s dng soa ta c phn ng:
2 ZnCl2 + 2 Na2CO3 + H2O 4 NaCl + (ZnOH)2CO3 + CO2
Khi pH= 7-9,5 hnh thnh cacbonat c thnh phn 2 ZnCO 3, 3 Zn(OH)2; khi pH
10 thnh phn hydroxit tng.
X l nc thi cha ion ng bng hydroxit:
Cu2+ + 2 OH- Cu(OH)2
2 Cu2+ + 2 OH- + CO32- (CuOH)2CO3
C th dng feroxianua kali tch ng v cc ion kim loi nng ra khi nc.
loi ng v cadimi cho nc thi tip xc vi SO 2 hoc cc sunfit v bt kim loi
nh km, st. Khi kim loi kh sunfit thnh sunfua, cng vi kim loi nng hnh
thnh sunfua kh tan.
X l niken bng hydroxit, cacbonat:
Ni2+ + 2 OH- Ni(OH)2
2 Ni2+ + 2 OH- + CO32- (NiOH)2CO3
Ni2+ + CO32- NiCO3
Cation ch trong dung dch chuyn thnh cn lng mt trong ba dng dung dch
kh tan:
Pb2+ + 2 OH- Pb(OH)2
2 Pb2+ + 2 OH- + CO32- (PbOH)2CO3
Pb2+ + CO32- PbCO3
Hydroxit ch bt u lng pH= 6.
X l coban v cadimi trong nc thi bng sa vi t kt qu ti a. Nc thi
c th cha nhiu kim loi khc nhau, chng thng c loi ng thi bng canxi
hydroxit. Lng ng thi vi kim loi khc nhau c hiu qu tt hn so vi khi lng
tng kim loi do hnh thnh tinh th hn hp v hp ph kim loi trn b mt pha rn.
X l nc thi bng kim cho php gim nng kim loi nng n i lng
thi vo h thng nc thi sinh hot. Khi sch yu cu cao hn th phng php
45
ny khng p ng. lm sch hn x l nc thi bng sunfua natri, v ho tan

ca cc sunfua kim loi thp hn ca cc hidroxit v cacbonat rt nhiu. Qu trnh lng
sunfua din ra khi pH thp hn so vi khi lng hydroxit v cacbonat. loi kim loi
cng c th s dng pirit ht hoc bt, sunfua cc kim loi khng c.
Nhc im ca phng php ny l hnh thnh cn kh tch ra khi nc. Ngoi
ra, nc sau khi x l cha lng ln mui canxi, kh s dng li trong h thng tun
hon nc.
4.1.6.3. X l hp cht asen
x l asen trong ngun nc ng dng phng php phn ng, hp ph, in
ho, chit v cc phng php khc. La chn phng php x l ph thuc vo dng
asen ho tan, thnh phn, axit v cc ch s khc ca nc.
Khi nng asen cao c th ng dng phng php lng ho hc di dng cc
cht kh tan ( asenat, asenit cc kim loi kim th v kim loi nng, sunfua v
hydroxit asen ).
Asen l mt cht c mnh c tc dng tch ly v c kh nng gy ung th v y
cng l mt cht kh x l. Gn y, cc nh khoa hc pht hin ra mt phng
php x l asen t hiu qu cao v chi ph thp. l phng php x l bng cy
dng x.
Mt s nh khoa hc M va pht hin ra mt loi dng x c tn l Pteris vittata
c kh nng ht cht asen ra khi nc b nhim c. Loi thc vt ny s lm gim
mc nhim xung mc gii hn an ton, do C quan Bo v mi trng M t
ra, ch trong vng mt ngy.
Phng php "lc sinh vt" ny s gip mang li mt phng thc r tin loi
b cht asen ra khi ngun nc sinh hot. Ngi ta s trng loi dng x ny trc
tip trong nc ht asen, tng t nh vic dng thm lau sy loi b cc cht
thi hu c hin nay.
Pteris vittata l mt loi thc vt hp th asen c pht hin ba nm trc y.
Loi thc vt ny c kh nng cha c ti 22g Asen/kg thn cy, ng thi c kh
nng sinh trng rt nhanh v khe mnh.
Trn nhng vng t khng b nhim, hm lng asen trong dng x thay i
t 11,8-64 phn triu. Tuy nhin, nhng cy dng x mc trong vng t nhim ti
min Trung Florida li c nng cao t 1.442-7.526 phn triu. Asen tp trung phn
ln trn nhng chic l xanh dng di hay l hnh lc ca dng x.
Dng x diu hu xut x t chu Phi, chu v Australia. Hin nay chng
thch nghi c vi cc vng t m hn chu M.
ng Mark Elless thuc Cng ty H thng Edenspace cng cc ng s phn
tch mt th nghim cng dng ca loi dng x ny bng cch o c thi gian v
46
lng asen m chng ht c. Kt qu l trong 24 gi, loi cy ny gim c ti

200 microgram asen trong mi lt nc. Nhng cy ny c th c s dng nhiu ln.
Khng ging nh mt s phng php loi b asen khc, phng php lc sinh
hc ny khng to ra cc cht thi ha hc giu asen kh x l. Thay vo , cht
nha c p ra t thn cy dng x ny c l asen, c th chit xut ra dng
trong cng nghip.
Cho ti nay, phng php ny t ra c hiu qu nhng nc giu hn. Th d,
hng nghn h thng cung cp nc M t c tiu chun mi ca EPA (Thng
1-2006 mi c hiu lc) v nng asen trong nc sinh hot thp: ch 10 microgram
trong mi lt nc.
4.1.6.4. X l mui st
St cha trong nc thi nh my ho cht, luyn kim, ch to my, ch bin kim
loi, dt, nhum, ho du, dc phm
kh st ng dng phng php sc kh, ho hc, hp ph, lc ngc Qu
trnh lc din ra nh sau:
4 Fe2+ + O2 + 2 H2O 4 Fe3+ + 4 OHFe3+ + 3 H2O Fe(OH)3 + 3 H+
Nu trong nc c ion bicacbonat:
4 Fe2+ + 8 HCO3- + O2 + 2 H2O 4 Fe(OH)3 + 8 CO2
Cn Fe(OH)3 c loi ra khi nc bng lng hoc lc.
Khi nng st cao, phng php sc kh khng cho php loi chng hon ton,
v vy phi dng phng php ho hc. Cht phn ng c th l clo, clorat canxi,
permanganat kali, ozon, oxit canxi, soaPhn ng lin kt vi clo:
2 Fe(HCO3)2 + Cl2 + Ca(HCO3)2 2 Fe(OH)3 + 6 CO2 + CaCl2
Phn ng lin kt vi permanganat kali:
3 Fe(HCO3)2 + KMnO4 + 2 H2O 3 Fe(OH)3 + 5 CO2 + MnO2 + KHCO3
Nu st dng cc hp cht hu c hoc keo th ta ng dng phng php ozon
ho.
4.1.6.5. X l cc hp cht mangan
Cc hp cht mangan cha trong nc thi nh my luyn kim, ch to my v
ho cht. Khi nng mangan ln hn 0,05 mg/l nc c mu ti. Loi mangan ra
khi nc c th ng dng cc phng php sau:
X l bng permanganat kali.
Sc kh vi s vi ho.
Lc nc qua ct mangan hoc cation mangan.
Ozon ho, clo ho hoc oxy ho bng dioxit clo.
Khi x l bng permanganat kali s hnh thnh dioxit mangan:
47
3 Mn2+ + 2 MnO4- + 2 H2O 5 MnO2 + 2 H2

Khi pH= 9,5 mangan c loi hon ton, cn khi pH< 7,5 n gn nh khng b
oxy ho bi oxy khng kh. kt thc qu trnh oxy ho sau khi sc kh cho thm
vo nc Ca(OH)2 hoc soa tng pH.
Mn(II) c th loi ra khi nc nh oxy ho bi clo, ozon hoc dioxit clo. Tiu
hao clo cho oxy ho 1 mg Mn l 1,3 mg, tiu hao ClO 2 l 1,35 mg v O3 l 1,45 mg.
Tuy nhin s dng cc cht kh ny cn xy dng cc thit b phc tp nn trong
thc t chng khng c ng dng. Trong cc phng php trn hiu qu nht l
phng php x l bng permanganat kali v n khng i hi thit b phc tp v d
kim tra.
4.2. ng t, keo t
4.2.1. Nguyn l ng t, keo t
Hnh 4.1. C ch ng t
ng t l qu trnh th ha cc ht phn tn v cht nh tng trong h keo.
Phng php ng t hiu qu nht khi c s dng tch cc ht keo phn tn c
kch thc 1-100m.
Trong x l nc thi, s ng t din ra di tc ng ca cht ng t. Cht
ng t trong nc to thnh cc bng hydroxit kim loi, lng nhanh trong trng
trng lc. Cc bng ny c kh nng ht cc ht keo v ht l lng kt hp chng vi
nhau. Cc ht keo c in tch m yu cn cc bng ng t c in tch dng yu
nn chng ht nhau.
4.2.2. C s l thuyt lng keo t v vai tr
Lng l qu trnh tch khi nc cn l lng hoc bng cn hnh thnh trong giai
on keo t to bng hoc cc cn bn sau qu trnh x l sinh hc
Tnh cht lng ca cc ht c th chia thng 3 dng nh sau :
Lng dng I: lng cc ht ri rc. Qu trnh lng c t trng bi cc ht lng
mt cch ri rc v tc lng khng i. Cc ht lng mt cch ring l khng c
kh nng keo t,
khng dnh bm vo nhau sut qu trnh lng. c th xc nh tc lng dng
ny c
48
th ng dng nh lut c in ca Newton v Stoke trn ht cn. Tc lng dng

ny hon ton c th tnh ton c.
Lng dng II: lng bng cn. Qu trnh lng c t trng bi cc ht ( bng cn)
kt dnh vi nhau trong sut qu trnh lng. Do qu trnh bng cn xy ra trn cc bng
cn tng dn kch thc v tc lng tng. Khng c mt cng thc ton hc thch
hp no biu th gi tr ny. V vy c cc thng s thit k v b lng dng ny,
ngi ta th nghim xc nh tc chy trn v thi gian lng hiu qu kh bng
cn cho trc t ct lng th
nghim, t nhn vi h s quy m ta c tc chy trn v thi gian lng thit k.
Lng dng III: lng cn tr. Qu trnh lng c t trng bi cc ht cn c nng
cao (>1000mg/l). Cc ht cn c khuynh hng duy tr v tr khng i vi cc v
tr khc, khi ckhi ht nh l mt th thng nht lng xung vi vn tc khng
i. Lng dng ny thng thy b nn bn.
Thc t phng php ny l phng php kt hp gia phng php ho hc v l
hc. Mc ch ca phng php ny nhm loi b cc ht cht rn kh lng hay ci
thin hiu sut lng ca b lng. Cu to ca b ny l loi b lng c hc thng
thng, nhng trong qu trnh vn hnh, chng ta thm vo mt s cht keo t nh
phn nhm, polymere to iu kin cho qu trnh keo t v to bng cn ci
thin hiu sut lng. Qu trnh to bng cn c th n gin ho trong hnh di y.
Qu trnh hnh thnh cc bng ng t din ra nh sau:
Me3+ + 3HOH Me(OH)3 + 3H+
Cht ng t thng dng l mui nhm, st hoc hn hp ca chng. Vic chn
cht ng t ph thuc thnh phn, tnh cht ha l v gi thnh ca n, nng tp
cht trong nc, pH v gi thnh phn mui ca nc. Cc mui nhm c lm cht
ng t l Al2(SO4)3.18H2O; NaAlO2, Al2(OH)5Cl; KAl(SO4)2.12H2O v
NH4Al(SO4)2.12H2O. Trong s , ph bin nht l sunfat nhm. N hot ng hiu
qu khi pH = 5-7,5. Sunfat nhm tan tt trong nc v c gi thnh tng i r. N
c s dng dng kh hoc dng dung dch 50%. Qu trnh to bng ng t ca
mt s mui nhm nh sau:
Al2(SO4)3 + 3Ca(HCO3)2 2Al(OH)3 + 3CaSO4 + 6CO2
Cc mui st c dng lm cht ng t l Fe 2(SO4)3.2H2O, Fe2(SO4)3.3H2O,
FeSO4.7H2O v FeCl3. Hiu qu lng trong cao hn khi s dng dng kh hoc dung
dch 10-15%. Cc sunfat c dng dng bt. Liu lng cht ng t ph thuc pH
ca nc thi. i vi Fe 3+ pH = 69, cn i vi Fe2+ pH 9,5. kim ha nc
thi dng NaOH v Ca(OH)2. Qu trnh to bng ng t din ra theo phn ng:
FeCl3 + 3H2O Fe(OH)3 + 3HCl
49
Fe2(SO4)3 + 6H2O 2Fe(OH)3 + 3H2SO4

Khi kim ha:
2FeCl3 + 3Ca(OH)2 2Fe(OH)3 + 3CaCl2
Fe2(SO4)3 + 3Ca(OH)2 2Fe(OH)3 + 3CaSO4
Mui st c u im so vi mui nhm:
Hot ng tt hn nhit nc thp.
Gi tr ti u pH trong khong rng hn.
Bng bn v th hn.
C th ng dng cho nc c khong nng mui rng hn.
C kh nng kh mi c v v l do c mt ca H2S.
Tuy nhin, chng cng c mt s nhc im:
C tnh axit mnh, lm n mn thit b.
B mt cc bng t pht trin hn.
To thnh cc pha nhum tan mnh
Ngoi cc cht nu trn cn c th s dng cht ng t l cc loi t st khc
nhau, cc cht thi sn xut cha nhm, cc hn hp, dung dch ty ra, x cha dioxit
silic.
Khi s dng hn hp Al2(SO4)3 v FeCl3 vi t l t 1:1 n 1:2 thu c kt qu
ng t tt hn khi dng tc cht ring l.
4.2.3. Phng php thc hin keo t in ha
4.2.3.1. Tr keo t - Flocculation
Tr keo t l qu trnh kt hp cc ht l lng khi cho cc hp cht cao phn t
vo nc. Khc vi qu trnh ng t, khi tr keo t s kt hp din ra khng ch do
tip xc trc tip m cn do tng tc ln nhau gia cc phn t cht keo t b hp ph
trn cc ht l lng.
Tr keo t thc y qu trnh to bng
hydroxit nhm v st nhm tng vn tc lng
ca chng. Vic s dng cht tr keo t cho
php gim cht ng t, gim thi gian ng
t v tng vn tc lng.
Cht tr keo t c th l hp cht t
nhin v tng hp. Cht tr keo t t nhin l
tinh bt, este, xenlul, dectrin (C 6H10O5)n.
Cht tr keo t v c l dioxit silic hot
ha (xSiO2.yH2O). Cht tr keo t hu c
tng hp l [-CH2-CH-CONH2]n, poliacrilamit
k thut (PAA), PAA hydrat ha.
50
Liu lng PAA ti u x l nc thi cng nghip dao ng trong khong

0,41g/m3. PAA hot ng trong khong pH ca mi trng rng. Tuy nhin, vn tc
lng bng keo t gim khi pH > 9.
Hnh 4.2: C ch tr lng
C ch lm vic ca cht tr keo t da trn cc hin
tng sau: hp ph phn t cht keo t trn b mt ht keo, to thnh mng li phn
t cht tr keo t. S dnh li ca cc ht keo do lc Van der Waals. Di tc ng ca
cht tr keo t gia cc ht keo to thnh cu trc ba chiu, c kh nng tch nhanh v
hon ton ra khi nc. Nguyn nhn xut hin cu trc ny l s hp ph cc phn t
cht tr keo t trn mt s ht to thnh cc cu ni polime gia chng. Cc ht keo
c tch in m nn thc y qu trnh keo t vi cc hydroxit nhm hoc st. Khi
cho thm silicat hot tnh s lm tng 2-3 ln vn tc lng v tng hiu qu lng trong.
Qu trnh x l nc thi bng ng t v keo t gm cc giai on sau: nh
lng v trn tc cht vi nc thi, tp bng v lng xung.
Hnh 4.3: S h thng x l nc thi bng ng t

1- Bnh cha chun b dung dch
4- Bung to bng
2- My nh lng
5- Thit b lng cn.
3- My trn
Nc thi trn vi cht tr keo t tc chm khng ph v bng cn. Sau
, nc c a vo bung to bng. S to bng din ra chm sau 10-30 pht.
Nc thi trn vi cht ng t theo ng i vo ngn tch khng kh. Sau nc i
theo ng trung tm n cc ng phn phi, l cc vi phun phn phi v quay nc
trong vng vnh ngn. Cc ht l lng cng vi bng ng t to thnh trong vng
vnh khn. Cc ht l lng cng vi bng lng xung y v c ly ra khi thit b.
Nc trong chy qua cc l vo rnh thot nc.
Keo t l qu trnh kt hp cc ht l lng khi cho cc hp cht cao phn t vo
nc. Khc vi qu trnh ng t, khi keo t s kt hp din ra khng ch do tip xc
trc tip m cn do tng tc ln nhau gia cc phn t cht keo t b hp ph trn cc
ht l lng.
51
Keo t khng c tc cht hay keo t in ha din ra bng cch dn nc qua cc

tm nhm c xp cch nhau 10-20 mm. Bn cht ca qu trnh l ha tan anot ca
cc tm nhm c ni ln lt vi cc cc dng v cc m ca ngun in c
cng cao v hiu in th thp. Khi ion nhm s chuyn vo nc v to thnh
hydroxit. u im ca qu trnh ny l hnh thnh v lng nhanh cc si bng dai v
khng cn iu chnh pH. Nhc im ca n l chi ph in nng cao.
Phng php ny c th c dng x l nc ph sa cc tnh thuc ng
bng Sng Cu Long, nhng do mng li in cha c lp t y v chi ph
in cao nn cn b hn ch.
4.2.3.2. Keo t in ha
Keo t khng c tc cht hay keo t in ha din ra bng cch dn nc qua cc
tm nhm c xp cch nhau 10-20 mm. Bn cht ca qu trnh l ha tan anot ca
cc tm nhm c ni ln lt vi cc cc dng v cc m ca ngun in c
cng cao v hiu in th thp. Khi ion nhm s chuyn vo nc v to thnh
hydroxit. u im ca qu trnh ny l hnh thnh v lng nhanh cc si bng dai v
khng cn iu chnh pH. Nhc im ca n l chi ph in nng cao.
Phng php ny c th c dng x l nc ph sa cc tnh thuc ng bng
Sng Cu Long, nhng do mng li in cha c lp t y v chi ph in
cao nn cn b hn ch.
4.2.3.3. B phn ng xoy
B phn ng xoy hnh tr
ng hnh tr t tm b lng ng( cng sut < 3000m3/ng).
Nc c trn u cht phn ng t b trn chuyn qua.
Nc ra khi ming vf = 2 3 m/s.
ng knh vi phun: chn theo tc .
Khong cch t ming phun n thnh b phn ng l 0.2Db.
t: thi gian lu, t = 15 20 pht
H: 2.6 5 m
n: s b phn ng.
Tn tht p lc do vi phun: h= 0.06 vf
B phn ng xoy hnh phu
B c dng nh mt ci phiu ln, gc nghing gia 2 thnh b cn ly trong
khong 50o -70o tu theo chiu cao b. Thi gian lu nc trong b ngn t 6 -10 pht
(nc c ly gii hn di v nc mu ly gii hn trn). Tc nc vo b
pha di ly bng 0.71.2 m/s. Tc nc i ti ch ra khi b lng 4 5 mm/s.
B phn dn nc t b phn ng sang b lng phi tnh n tc nc chy
trong mng, trong ng v qua l khng c ln hn 0.1 m/s i vi nc c v 0.05
m/s i vi
52
nc mu m bo bng cn c hnh thnh v khng b ph v. Khong cch dn

nc sang b lng cng ngn cng tt.
Trong qu trnh nc dng ln, do tit din dng chy tng dn, nn tc nc s
gim dn. Tc nc phn b khng u trn tit din ngang, tc nc cng ln
khi cng gn tm b v dng nc lun c xu hng phn tn dn dn ra pha thnh
b.
u im: hiu qu cao, tn tht p lc trong b nh, dung tch b nh (thi gian
lu nc ngn).
Nhc im: kh tnh cu to ca b phn thu nc trn b mt theo hai yu cu:
thu nc u v khng ph v bng cn, kh xy dng khi dung tch ln.
4.2.3.4. B phn ng kiu vch ngn
Nguyn l cu to c bn ca b l dng cc vch ngn to ra s i chiu lin
tc ca dng nc. B c cu to hnh ch nht, bn trong c cc vch ngn hng
dng nc chuyn ng zic zc theo phng nm ngang hoc phng thng ng.
Pha sau u b phn ng c mt ngn cho nc chy thng vo b lng ngang khi cn
sa cha b phn ng hay khi khng cn keo t. S lng vch ngn c tnh theo
hai ch tiu: dung tch b ph thuc vo thi gian lu nc v tc chuyn ng ca
dng nc gia hai vch ngn. Thi gian lu nc trong b ly l 20 pht khu x l
nc c v 30 - 40 pht khi x l nc c mu. Tc chuyn ng ca dng nc
gim dn t 0.3m/s u b xung 0.1m/s cui b. Chiu su trung bnh ca b l 2
- 3m. dc y b l 0.02 - 0.03 x cn. B c vch ngn ngang : cng sut
30.000m3/ng. B c vch ngn ng 6.000m3/ng. Thng Kt hp b lng ngang.
Khong cch gia cc vch ngn khng c nh hn 0.7m nu b c vch ngn
ngang v c th nh hn 0.7m i vi b c vch ngn thng ng.
u im: n gin trong xy dng v qun l vn hnh.
Nhc im: khi lng xy dng ln do c nhiu vch ngn v b c chiu
cao tha mn tn tht p lc trong ton b
53
CHNG 5: X L NC THI BNG PHNG PHP

SINH HC HIU KH
5.1. Khi nim
Thc cht ca phng php sinh ha x l nc thi l s dng kh nng sng
v hot ng ca vi sinh vt phn hy cc cht hu c trong nc thi. Cc vi sinh
vt s dng cc cht hu c v mt s cht khong khc lm ngun dinh dng v to
nng lng. Trong qu trnh dinh dng, chng nhn cc cht dinh dng xy dng
t bo cng nh sinh trng v sinh sn v do vy nn sinh khi c tng ln v h
qu l nc thi c lm sch.
5.2. Nguyn l chung ca qu trnh x l sinh hc
thc hin qu trnh xy ha sinh ha cc cht hu c ha tan, cc cht keo, cc
cht phn tn nh trong nc thi l t hp cc qu trnh gm ba giai on:
- Giai on 1: Cc cht gy nhim (cc cht hu c ha tan, cc cht phn tn
nh,) c dch chuyn t mi trng nc thi xung quanh n b mt t bo vi
sinh vt do qu trnh khuch tn i lu v phn t.
- Giai on 2: Dch chuyn cc cht bn t b mt t bo qua mng bn thm ca t
bo bng khuch tn do s chnh lch nng cc cht trong v ngi t bo.
- Giai on 3: Qu trnh chuyn ha cc cht trong t bo vi sinh vt vi s sn sinh
nng lng v qu trnh tng hp cc cht mi ca t bo vi s hp thu nng lng.
Ba giai on trn c quan h rt cht ch vi nhau v giai on chuyn ha cc
cht din ra trong t bo vi sinh vt ng vai tr chnh trong vic lm sch nc thi.
Cc phn ng ca qu trnh xy ha sinh ha iu kin hiu kh
-
xy ha cc cht hu c
y z 3
Cx H y Oz N x O2
vsv
4 3 4
xCO
2
y 3
H
2O
NH
3
2
Tng hp xy dng t bo
C x H y Oz N NH 3 O2
vsv
C5 H 7NO2 CO
2
Cx H y Oz N : tt c cc cht hu c ca nc thi.
C5 H 7 NO2 : cng thc ha hc ca t bo vi sinh vt thi im bnh thng
(c h hp ni bo).
H : nng lng
-
H hp ni bo (xy ha cc cht liu ca t bo).

Nu qu trnh xy ha din ra di th sau khi s dng ht cc cht hu c c
sn trong nc thi, s bt u din ra qu trnh chuyn ha cc cht ca t bo bng
vic xy ha cc cht liu ca t bo.
54
C5 H 7 NO2 5O2
vsv
NH 3 O2
vsv
5CO2
HNO
2
O2
vsv
NH 3 2 H
2O
HNO3
S chuyn ha cc cht hu c trong nc thi khi xy ha sinh ha hiu

kh.
1 - Cht bn trc khi x l,
2 - Cht bn b gi li trn b mt t bo,
3 - Cc cht bn cn li trong nc thi sau khi x l,
4 - Cc cht bn b oxy ha trc tip thnh CO2, H2O
v sinh nng lng,
5 - Cc cht b ng ha c tng hp tng
sinh khi,
6 - T oxy ha ca vi sinh vt thnh CO2 v H2O
2
5
4
6
7
Hnh 5.1. S chuyn ha

cc cht bn hu c khi oxy
ha sinh ha nc thi
do men h hp ni bo,
7 - Phn d ca vi sinh vt.
Nguyn tc cc phng php x l hiu kh:
Phng php hiu kh dng loi cc cht hu c d b vi sinh phn hu ra khi
ngun nc. Cc cht ny c cc loi vi sinh hiu kh oxy ho bng oxy ha tan
trong nc.
Vi sinh
Cht hu c + O2 H2O + CO2 + nng lng
Vi sinh
Cht hu c + O2 T bo mi
Nng lng
T bo mi + O2 CO2 + H2O + NH3
Tng cng:
Cht hu c + O2 H2O + CO2 + NH3
Trong phng php hiu kh ammoni cng c loi b bng oxy ho nh vi sinh
t dng (qu trnh nht ho)
Nitrosomonas
2NH4 + 3O2 2NO2 + 4H+ + 2H2O + Nng lng
Nitrobacter
2NO2 + O2 2NO3
Vi Sinh
Tng cng: NH4 + 2O2 NO3 + 2H+ + H2O + Nng lng
iu kin cn thit cho qu trnh: pH = 5,5 - 9,0, nhit 5 - 40oC.
5.3. S pht trin ca vi sinh vt
thit k v vn hnh mt b x l sinh hc c hiu qu chng ta phi nm vng
cc kin thc sinh hc c lin quan n qu trnh x l. Trong cc b x l sinh hc
cc vi khun ng vai tr quan trng hng u v n chu trch nhim phn hy cc
55
thnh phn hu c trong nc thi. Trong cc b bn hot tnh mt phn cht thi hu
c s c cc vi khun hiu kh v hiu kh khng bt buc s dng ly nng
lng tng hp cc cht hu c cn li thnh t bo vi khun mi. Vi khun trong
b bn hot tnh thuc cc ging Pseudomonas, Zoogloea, Achromobacter,
Flavobacterium, Nocardia, Bdellovibrio, Mycobacterium v hai loi vi khun nitrat
ha l Nitrosomonas v Nitrobacter. Ngoi ra cn c ccloi hnh si nh
Sphaerotilus, Beggiatoa, Thiothrix, Lecicothrix v Geotrichum. Ngoi cc vi khun
cc vi sinh vt khc cng ng vai tr quan trng trong cc b bn hot tnh. V d
nh cc nguyn sinh ng vt v Rotifer n cc vi khun lm cho nc thi u ra sch
hn v mt vi sinh.
Khi b x l c xy dng xong v a vo vn hnh th cc vi khun c sn
trong nc thi bt u pht trin theo chu k pht trin ca cc vi khun trong mt m
cy vi khun. Trong thi gian u, sm a h thng x l vo hot ng n nh
c th dng bn ca cc b x l ang hot ng gn cho thm vo b mi nh l
mt hnh thc cy thm vi khun cho b x l. Chu k pht trin ca cc vi khun
trong b x l bao gm 4 giai on:
Giai on chm (lag-phase): xy ra khi b bt u a vo hot ng v bn
ca cc b khc c cy thm vo b. y l giai on cc vi khun thch nghi
vi mi trng mi v bt u qu trnh phn bo.
Giai on tng trng (log-growth phase): giai on ny cc t bo vi khun
tin hnh phn bo v tng nhanh v s lng. Tc phn bo ph thuc vo thi
gian cn thit cho cc ln phn bo v lng thc n trong mi trng.
Giai on cn bng (stationary phase): lc ny mt vi khun c gi
mt s lng n nh. Nguyn nhn ca giai on ny l (a) cc cht dinh dngcn
thit cho qu trnh tng trng ca vi khun b s dng ht, (b) s lng vi khun
sinh ra bng vi s lng vi khun cht i.
Giai on cht (log-death phase): trong giai on ny s lng vi khun cht
i nhiu hn s lng vi khun c sinh ra, do mt vi khun trong b gim
nhanh. Giai on ny c th do cc loi c kch thc kh kin hoc l c im ca
mi trng.
56
Hnh 5.2: th in hnh v s tng trng ca vi khun trong b x l

Cng cn n thm rng th trn ch m t s tng trng ca mt qun th vi
khun n c. Thc t trong b x l c nhiu qun th khc nhau v c th tng
trng ging nhau v dng nhng khc nhau v thi gian tng trng cng nh nh
ca th. Trong mt giai on bt k no s c mt loi c s lng ch o do
thi im cc iu kin nh pH, oxy, dinh dng, nhit ... ph hp cho loi .
S bin ng v cc vi sinh vt ch o trong b x l c biu din trong hnh bn
di. Khi thit k v vn hnh h thng x l chng ta phi ti c h vi sinh vt
ny, khng nn ngh rng y l mt "hp en" vi nhng vi sinh vt b mt.
Hnh 5.3: th v s tng trng tng i ca cc vi sinh vt

trong b x l nc thi
Nh ni trn vi khun ng vai tr quan trng hng u trong cc b x l
nc thi. Do trong cc b ny chng ta phi duy tr mt mt vi khun cao tng
thch vi lu lng cc cht nhim a vo b. iu ny c th thc hin thng qua
qu trnh thit k v vn hnh. Trong qu trnh thit k chng ta phi tnh ton chnh
xc thi gian tn lu ca vi khun trong b x l v thi gian ny phi ln cc vi
khun c th sinh sn c. Trong qu trnh vn hnh, cc iu kin cn thit cho qu
trnh tng trng ca vi khun (pH, cht dinh dng, nhit , khuy trn...) phi c
iu chnh mc thun li nht cho vi khun.
57
5.4. ng hc ca qu trnh x l sinh ha

m bo cho qu trnh sinh ha din ra c hiu qu, phi to ra c iu kin
mi trng nh pH, nhit , cc cht dinh dng,tt nht cho h vi sinh vt. Khi
cc iu kin trn c m bo th qu trnh x l sinh hc din ra theo cc giai on
sau:
5.4.1. Tng trng t bo
c hai trng hp nui cy theo m hay nui cy trong b phn ng dng chy
lin tc. Nc thi trong cc b ny phi c khuy trn mt cch hon chnh v lin
tc v tc tng trng ca cc t bo vi sinh vt c th c biu din bng cc
cng thc sau:
max .
S
N
P
.
.
S Ks N KN P KP
Trong trng hp tng qut:
max .
S
N
P
.
.
. f t 0 , pH , DO,...
S Ks N K N P K P
S: cht nn (BOD), mg/l;

P: photpho v c, mg/l;
N: Nit v c, mg/l.
max
max
2
KS
S, mg/l
Hnh 5.4: th nh hng ca c cht ln tc sinh trng ca vi sinh vt

C
5.4.2. Cht nn v s gii hn tng trng
Trong trng hp nui cy theo m: Khi c cht v cht dinh dng cn thit cho
s tng trng ca vi sinh vt ch c s lng hn ch th cc cht ny s c dng
n cn kit khi qu trnh dinh dng s dng li.
58
Trong trng hp nui cy lin tc: Dng c cht v cc cht dinh dng c b
sung lin tc th khi nh hng ca vic gim dn c cht v cht dinh dng c
biu th bng phng trnh Monod:
max
S
S Ks
rg . X max .
S.X
S Ks
rg: tc tng sinh khi;

X: sinh khi;
: tc tng trng ring.
Ngoi ra, khi xt n nh hng ca cc yu t khc n tc tng trng: DO,
t0, pH, cc cht c,
rg max .
S
. f DO, t 0 , pH ,...
S Ks
5.4.3. S tng trng ca t bo v vic s dng cht nn

Trong c hai trng hp nui cy theo m v lin tc, mt phn c cht c
chuyn thnh t bo mi, mt phn c xy ha thnh cc cht v c. Do s t bo
mi phi tip tc s dng cc cht nn trong nc thi v sinh sn tip. Ta lp c
quan h gia s tng trng ca t bo v vic s dng cht nn:
dS
dt
Y: H s to sinh khi (h s ng ha), mg/l;
rg Y.rs Y .
mgMLVSS / l
mgBOD5 / l
rs: Tc suy gim c cht (tc s dng c cht), mg/l.t;

rs max .
Vi k
S.X
Y S+K S
max
: tc s dng c cht trong mt n v sinh khi
Y
k .S . X
rs
S+K S
5.4.4. nh hng ca h hp ni bo
Trong cc cng trnh x l nc thi khng phi tt c cc t bo vi sinh vt u
c tui nh nhau v u giai on tng trng log m c mt s t bo giai on
sinh trng chm v giai on cht.
59
Khi tnh ton tc tng trng ca vi sinh vt, ta phi xt n t hp ca cc

hin tng ny v ta gi thuyt s gim khi lng ca t bo do cht v tng trng
chm t l vi nng ca vi sinh vt c trong nc thi. Ta gi s gim khi lng
ny l h hp ni bo v qu trnh h hp ni bo c biu th bng phn ng sau:
C5 H 7 NO2 5O2
vsv
5CO2
NH 3 2 H
2O
113
160
1
1,42
Nhn xt: T phn ng trn c th thy, nu tt c t bo c xy ha hon ton
th lng xy bng 1,42 ln nng ca t bo.
Tc h hp ni bo
rd K d . X
Kd: h s phn hy ni bo, 1/t;
X: sinh khi, mg/l (g/m3,.).
Kt hp vi qu trnh phn hy ni bo: Tc tng trng thc ca t bo nh
sau:
rg/ max .
S.X
K d .X
S Ks
rg/ Yrs K d . X
rg/ : tc tng trng thc ca vi khun, mg/l.t (mg/l.ngy, g/m3.ngy).
Tc tng trng ring thc:
0 K d max .
S
K d , 1/t (1/ngy).
S Ks
Tc tng sinh khi bn hot tnh:
yb
rg/
rs
5.5. Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh x l sinh hc hiu kh

nh hng ca pH
Cc h thng x l sinh hc hiu kh c th hot ng c trong di pH kh rng
t 5 9. Tuy nhin pH ti u trong khong 6,5 8,5. Nc thi c pH ngoi ngng
cho php c iu chnh trong b iu ha.
nh hng ca nhit
Trong x l sinh hc, nhit c vai tr quan trng quyt nh vn tc ca phn
ng xy ha, cc qu trnh sinh trng v pht trin ca vi sinh vt. Vi a s vi sinh
vt, nhit trong cc h thng x l c th bin ng t 16 37 0C, nhit ti u 25
300C. nh hng ca nhit ti tc phn ng sinh hc th hin qua biu thc:
60
KT K 20 T 20
KT, K20: tc phn ng nhit x l v 200C;

: h s nhit (c gi tr t 1,00 1,04);
T: nhit x l, 0C.
Nhit cn nh hng ti vic hp th xy vo nc thi.
nh hng ca thnh phn v ngun dinh dng
duy tr s pht trin ca vi sinh vt, m bo m bo qu trnh lm sch nc
thi cn p ng nhu cu dinh dng ca vi sinh vt. Cc nguyn t nh hng quyt
nh ti qu trnh xy ha l C, N v P. Thnh phn dinh dng ph thuc nhiu vo
bn cht cc cht dinh dng c trong nc thi. Thc nghim cho thy t l C:N:P ti
u l 100:5:1. Cc nguyn t khong v vi lng thng c sn trong nc thi. Do
c trng cng ngh, mt s loi nc thi ngho N v P. S thiu ht ny s km hm
s pht trin ca mt s vi sinh vt c vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh xy ha.
Thiu N v P trong mt thi gian di l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn lm thay
i tng tc gia cc nhm vi khun c trong bn hot tnh. Cc vi khun dng si
pht trin mnh lm bn xp (>200 m ). Hin tng ny c gi l s phng ln ca
bn. Bn s xp, kh lng. ch s th tch lng tng gy kh khn cho qu trnh tch
bn b lng th cp.
nh hng ca cc cht c i vi vi sinh vt
Cc cht c hu c, v c, nht l cc kim loi nng, cc ion halogen c kh
nng c ch thm ch v hot h enzim xy ha kh vi sinh vt. V vy cn kim tra
v m bo hm lng ca chng khng qu gii hn cho php.
V d: Cc kim loi nng 2 mg/
Phenol v hp cht cha phenol < 140 mg/l
Cc mui xyanua < 60 mg/l.
nh hng ca xy ha tan
thc hin qu trnh xy ha, vi sinh vt cn O2 di dng ha tan. Trong cc h
thng x l hiu kh, xy c cung cp lin tc p ng nhu cu xy cho qu trnh
xy ha.
Thiu O2 cng l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn lm phng bn do vi khun dng
si pht trin. Vic cung cp O2 cn c tc dng to ra ng nht trong thit b, lm
r cc khi bng ln, gim cc im cht trong thit b, nng cao hiu qu lm sch
v rt ngn thi gian lu ca nc trong h thng x l.
Hiu sut s dng O2 trong thit b x l ph thuc khng ch vo phng php
cp kh (cng sut thit b, p lc nn, c trng ca h thng phn phi kh, chiu cao
lp nc) m cn ph thuc vo nhit , tnh cht nc thi, F/M (ngun dinh dng
61
Food v lng sinh khi Microorganismes), tc sinh trng, c trng hnh thi
v sinh l ca vi sinh vt.
m bo tc xy ha, O 2 ha tan cn t t nht l 4 mg/l. Theo Edeline,
nhu cu O2 cc b cn ph thuc ti trng ca h thng x l.
5.6. Cc cng trnh x l sinh hc nc thi trong iu kin t nhin
Trong mi trng t nhin, cc qu trnh l, ha v sinh hc din ra khi t, nc,
sinh vt v khng kh tc ng qua li vi nhau. Li dng cc qu trnh ny, ngi ta
thit k cc h thng t nhin x l nc thi. Cc qu trnh xy ra trong t nhin
ging nh cc qu trnh xy ra trong cc h thng nhn to, ngoi ra cn c thm cc
qu trnh quang hp, quang oxy ha, hp thu dng cht ca h thc vt. Trong cc h
thng t nhin cc qu trnh din ra vn tc "t nhin" v xy ra ng thi trong
cng mt h sinh thi, trong khi trong cc h thng nhn to cc qu trnh din ra tun
t trong cc b phn ng ring bit.
5.6.1. Ao h sinh hc
Ao sinh hc l dy ao gm 3 5 bc, qua nc thi chy vi vn tc nh, c
lng trong v x l sinh hc. Cc ao c ng dng x l sinh hc v x l b sung
trong t hp vi cc cng trnh x l khc. Ao c chia thnh 2 loi: ao thng kh t
nhin v ao nhn to. Ao thng kh t nhin khng su (0,5 1m) c si nng
bng mt tri v cc vi sinh vt nc. hot ng bnh thng cn phi t pH ti
u v nhit khng thp hn 6oC. Kch thc ao phi bo m thi gian lu cn thit
ca nc thi v vn tc oxy ha c nh gi theo BOD ca cht phn hu chm
nht.
5.6.2. Ao h hiu kh
5.6.2.1. Ao h sinh hc (Ao h n nh nc thi)
X l nc thi trong cc ao h n nh l phng php x l n gin nht v
c p dng t thi xa xa. Phng php ny khng yu cu k thut cao, vn u t
t, chi ph hot ng r tin, qun l n gin v hiu qu cng kh cao9.
Qui trnh x l theo phng php ao h sinh hc kh n gin v c tm tt nh
sau:
Nc thi
loi b rc, ct si
Cc ao h n nh
Nc x
l.
C s khoa hc ca phng php l da vo kh nng t nhin lm sch ca nc,
ch yu l vi sinh vt v cc thy sinh khc, cc cht nhim bn b phn hy thnh cc
cht kh v nc. Nh vy, qu trnh lm sch khng phi thun nht l qu trnh hiu
kh, m cn c c qu trnh ty tin v k kh.
Phng php ny c mt s u im nh sau:
62
y l phng php r nht, d thit k v xy dng, d vn hnh, khng i

hi cung cp nng lng (s dng nng lng Mt Tri).
C kh nng lm gim cc vi sinh vt gy bnh nhim trong nc thi xung
ti mc thp nht.
C kh nng loi c cc cht hu c, v c tan trong nc thi xung ti
mc thp nht.
C kh nng loi c cc cht hu c, v c tan trong nc
H vi sinh vt hot ng y chu ng c nng cc kim loi nng
tng i cao (>= 30 mg/l).
ng thi phng php ny cng c nhng nhc im c bn nh sau:
Thi gian x l kh di ngy
i hi mt bng rng
Trong qu trnh x l ph thuc nhiu vo iu kin thi tit t nhin, nhit
thp ca ma ng ko di thi gian v hiu qu lm sch hoc gp ma s lm trn ao
h gy nhim cc i tng khc
Ngoi ra cc ao h sinh hc, c bit l ao h k kh thng sinh ra cc mi hi thi
kh chu lm nh hng n mi trng sng xung quanh.
Phng php ny vn l phng php t lm sch nc c p dng t xa
xa, c bit l c dng nhiu trong cc nc pht trin t th k trc cho n nay.
5.6.2.2. Ao h hiu kh
Ao h hiu kh l loi ao nng 0.3-0.5m c qu trnh oxi ha cc cht bn hu c
ch yu nh cc vi sinh vt hiu kh. Loi ao h ny gm c: h lm thong t nhin
v h lm thong nhn to.
H hiu kh t nhin: Oxi t khng kh d dng khuch tn vo lp nc pha trn
v nh sng Mt Tri chiu di, lm cho to pht trin, tin hnh quang hp thi ra
oxi. m bo nh sng qua nc, chiu su ca h phi nh, thng l 30-40 cm.
Do chiu su nh vy din tch ca h cng ln hn cng tt. Ti ca h (BOD)
khong 250-300 kg/ha.ngy. Thi gian lu ca nc t 3-12 ngy.
Do ao nng, din tch ln m bo iu kin hiu kh cho ton b nc trong ao (t
mt thong n y). Nc lu trong ao tng i di, hiu qu lm sch c th ti
80-95% BOD, mu nc c th chuyn dn sang mu xanh ca to.
H c sc khuy: Ngun oxi cung cp cho vi sinh vt hiu kh trong nc hot
ng l cc thit b khuy c hc hoc kh kh nn (ch yu l khuy c hc). Nh vy,
mc hiu kh trong h s mnh hn, u hn v su ca h cng ln hn (2-4.5
m). Ti BOD ca h khong 400kg/ha.ngy. Thi gian lu nc trong h khong 1-3
ngy c khi di hn.
63
Qu trnh x l nc thi trong h hiu kh lm thong nhn to v c bn ging

qu trnh x l Aeroten, ch khc hai im:
+ Khng dng bn hot tnh hi lu t lng 2. V vy, nng bn trong h l rt
nh. C th coi phn ng BOD y l phn ng bc mt xy ra trong iu kin
khuy trn hon chnh.
+ Tui ca bn c tnh bng thi gian lu nc trong h t= V/Q. Thi gian lu gn
ng da trn p dng men ca Monod cho h khuy trn hon ton.
Kh nng kh BOD5 tnh theo cng thc:
S/S0 = 1/(1+ KT.t)
Trong :
S0 v S l BOD5 trc v sau khi x l (vo v ra h) (tnh bng
mg/l)
t: Thi gian lu nc (ngy)
KT: Ph thuc vo nhit T0C: KT = K20 .(T-20)
Trong thc t, xy ngn h sc kh vi trang b b sc kh hp l s cho hiu qu
x l cao. Ngc li, s phn tn bng kt ta ca bn hot tnh thp ( tui bn hot
tnh nh, mc n nh b hn ch) cng nh s pht trin ca to lm cn tr s
phn tn cc cht l lng. Do vy, khi x l nc thi th, nng cc cht huyn
ph dao ng trong khong 50 20 mg/l.
Sau h sc kh nn xy dng 1 b lng (lng 2) s gim c ch s ny. Thi gian
lu nc h sc kh l 10 ngy, trong iu kin kh hu n ha gim BOD c 80
90%, nu nhit cao hn s rt ngn c thi gian. Hiu qu kh vi khn ph
thuc vo thi gian lu nc trong h. V mt ny, h c sc kh khng bng cc ao
h t nhin khc. Chnh v vy, cc ao h t nhin cn c tn l cc ao h n nh.
B lng 2 y c th lm bng t, su t 1 2 m, nn t nn hoc y lt
hoc tm b tng, nu nn t yu c hin tng xi l. Khng nn lu nc trong
b lng qu 2 ngy trnh rong to pht trin.
5.6.2.3. Ao h k kh
Ao h k kh l loi ao su, t c hoc khng c iu kin hiu kh. Cc vi sinh vt
k kh hot ng sng khng cn oxi ca khng kh. Chng s dng oxi cc hp cht
nh nitrat, sulfat oxi ha cc cht hu c thnh cc axit hu c, cc loi ru v
kh CH4, H2S, CO2 v nc.
Ao h k kh thng dng lng v phn hy cn lng vng y. Loi ao h ny
c th tip nhn loi nc thi (k c nc thi cng nghip) c nhim bn ln, ti
BOD cao v khng cn vai tr quang hp ca to. Nc thi lu h k kh thng
sinh ra mi hi thi kh chu. V vy khng nn b tr cc loi ao h ny gn khu dn
c v x nghip ch bin thc phm.
64
duy tr iu kin k kh v gi m nc trong h trong nhng ngy ma ng

gi lnh, chiu su l kh ln (t 2 6 m, thng thng ly khong 2,5 3,5 m).
Khi xy dng h k kh thng tnh ton theo kinh nghim: chiu su nh trn
cp, din tch mt thong khng cn ln (thng vo khong 10 20% din tch ao
h ty nghi). Thi gian lu nc c th l di, nhng cn tnh ton sao cho ma h ch
cn lu nc t 1,5 n 2 ngy vo ma ng l 5 ngy. BOD trong h ny trong ma
h c th kh ti 6,5 80 % v ma ng c th kh ti 45 65%.
Cu to ca h trn c 2 ngn: 1 ngn lm vic v 1 ngn d phng khi vt bn
cn.
Ca dn nc vo ao h nn t chm m bo cho vic phn phi cn ng u
cc m h k kh x l nc thi. Trn th gii c thnh phn x l nc thi
trong h c b mt ti 5km2.
Cc h hiu kh hoc k kh c th xy dng mt bc hoc nhiu bc. Chiu su ca
bc sau ln hn bc trc. H mt bc thng c din tch 0.5 7 ha, nhiu bc din
tch mi bc 2,25 ha. Ty theo yu cu x l, c th xy dng mt h thng gm nhiu
h.
5.6.2.4. Ao h hiu kh k kh (Ao h ty nghi)
Loi ao h ny rt ph bin trong thc t. l loi kt hp c hai qu trnh song
song phn hy cc cht hu c ha tan c u trong nc v phn hy k kh (sn
phm ch yu l CH4) cn lng vng y.
c im ca ao h ty nghi xt theo chiu su c 3 vng: lp trn l vng hiu kh
(vi sinh vt hiu kh hot ng), vng gia l vng k kh ty tin (vi sinh vt ty nghi
hot ng) v vng pha y su l vng k kh (vi khun ln men metan hot ng).
Ngun oxi cn thit cho qu trnh oxi ha cc cht hu c nhim bn trong nc
nh khuch tn qua mt nc do sng gi v nh to quang hp di tc dng ca nh
sng Mt Tri. Nng oxi ha tan ban ngy nhiu hn ban m. Vng hiu kh ch
yu lp nc pha trn mt ao h c su ti 1m.
Vng k kh xy ra lp y h. y cc cht hu c b phn hy k kh sinh ra
cc kh CH4, H2S, H2, N2, CO2 (ch yu l CH4. Do qu trnh phn hy k kh cc cht
hu c cn gi l qu trnh ln men metan xy ra nhanh hn. Phn hy k kh cc cht
hu c thng sinh ra cc sn phm dng kh c mi thi kh chu v c th cn b
chy n hoc gy nhim c bu khng kh, c khi gy cht ngi khi ngi phi hn
hp kh thot ra t cc b k kh vi nng cao.
Trong h thng hnh thnh hai tng phn cch nhit: tng nc pha trn c nhit
cao hn tng di. Tng trn c to pht trin, tiu th CO 2 lm cho pH chuyn
sang kim (c khi ti 9,8). To pht trin mnh thnh lp dy ri cht v t phn lm
cho nc thiu oxi ha tan, nh hng n vi sinh vt hiu kh, cn cc vi sinh vt k
65
kh ty tin hot ng manh. Trong trng hp ny nn khuy o nc h trnh

cho h b qu ti cht hu c.
Xy dng h nn chn chiu su khong 1 1,5m, t l chiu di v chiu rng l
1:1 hoc 2:1. Nhng ni c nhiu gi, din tch h nn cho rng, cn nhng ni t gi,
xy h c nhiu ngn. y h cn phi ln cht chng thm, c th phi ph mt
lp t st dy 15cm. B h nn gia c chc chn trnh xi l.
Nu trng hp trong nc c nng kim loi nng cao th cn phi dng bin
php hp ph, trao i ionhoc cc bin php thch hp khc loi chng lm
gim nng ca chng. Kim loi nng cng nh cc cht c c tnh khc nh hng
c ch hoc tiu dit trc ht l cc vi sinh vt, sau n cc gii thy sinh khc v
cui cng nh hng n mi trng sng ca con ngi. Nu cc cht c ny nhim
vo nc sinh hot, nc ung s gy c rt nguy him cho ngi v ng vt. Qun
th vi to trong ao h rt mn cm vi c ca ion kim loi. Ngi ta ra
phng php dng to ch th mc nhim c ca cc ion kim loi nng trong nc.
Bo dng v vn hnh cc ao h sinh hc kh n gin: vi ao h hiu kh v ty
nghi cn phi loi bn v to, thay nc v lm c thng xuyn (c th vi tun phi
lm mt ln). Vi ao h k kh th 2 3 nm mi loi bn mt ln.
5.6.2.5. Ao h n nh x l bc III
Nc thi sau khi x l c bn (bc II bng Aeroten, lc sinh hc hay x l k kh
hoc qua cc thit b x l ha l, vt lcha t tiu chun l nc sch x vo
ngun th c th phi x l b sung (bc III). Mt trong cc cng trnh x l bc III l
ao h n nh sinh hc kt hp vi th bo, nui c.
y l loi ao h ty tin, nng su, rng hp ty iu kin cho php. Trong nc
thi x l cn mt lng BOD5 no (th d: khong 60 80 mg/l), cn nit cc
dng NH4+, NO-3 v phosphat (ngun P). Trong ao h, h vi sinh vt, ch yu l vi
khun, s hot ng 3 vng: k kh y, ty tin vng gia v hiu kh vng
trn gn mt nc. Vi sinh vt hot ng s phn hy nt phn BOD cn li hoc phn
COD c chuyn sang d phn hy. vng hiu kh, to pht trin s s dng
ngun N v P cho vic tng sinh khi, ng thi thi ra O 2 phc v cho vi sinh vt hiu
kh. Ngc li, vi sinh vt hiu kh hat ng s thi ra CO 2 cung cp ngun cacbon
phc v cho to v cc loi thc vt thy sinh khc cho qu trnh quang hp.
Thc vt thy sinh ao h n nh x l bc III thng l bo ci, bo ty, rau
mungCc loi ny pht trin, ngoi cung cp oxi cho vi sinh vt cn c b r cho
vi khun hiu k bm, b l che nh sng mt tri cho vi khun khi b cht bi tia
t ngoiv nh vy thc y nhanh qu trnh lm sch nc. Cc thc vt thy sinh
v to cn c kh nng hp th kim loi nng.
66
Cc ao h loi ny c th dng cho cc loi nc thi ch qua x l s b, nu cn

c th pha long vi nc c quy nh l sch theo t l 1:3 hoc 1:5. Vic nui c
cn tham kho kin ca ngnh thy sn.
5.6.3. Cnh ng ti v bi lc
Hnh 5.5: Cc qu trnh din ra cnh ng ti v bi lc

l khu t c chun b ring bit s dng ng thi hai mc ch: X l
nc thi v gieo trng. X l nc thi trong iu kin t nhin din ra di tc dng
ca h vi thc vt di t, mt tri, khng kh v di nh hng ca thc vt.
Trong t, cnh ng ti c vi khun, men, nm, ru to, ng vt nguyn sinh v
ng vt khng xng sng. Nc thi cha ch yu l vi khun. Trong lp t tch
cc xut hin s tng tc phc tp ca cc vi sinh vt c bc cnh tranh.
S lng vi sinh vt trong cnh ng ti ph thuc vo thi tit trong nm. Vo
ma ng, s lng vi sinh vt nh hn rt nhiu so vi ma h. Nu trn cc cnh
ng khng gieo trng cy nng nghip v chng ch c dng x l sinh hc
nc thi th chng c gi l cc cnh ng lc nc. Cc cnh ng ti sau khi
x l sinh hc nc thi, lm m v bn phn c x dng gieo trng cy c ht
v cy n ti, c, rau cng nh trng cy ln v cy nh (dng cy bi, khm).
Cnh ng ti c cc u im sau so vi cc Aeroten:
1. Gim chi ph u t v vn hnh.
2. Khng thi nc ra ngoi phm vi din tch ti.
3. Bo m c ma cy nng nghip ln v bn.
4. Phc hi t bc mu.
Trong qu trnh x l sinh hc, nc thi i qua lp t lc, trong cc ht l
lng v keo c gi li, to thnh mng trong l xp ca t.
Sau mng c to thnh ny hp th cc ht keo v cc cht tan trong nc
thi. Oxy t khng kh xm nhp vo l xp oxy ha cc cht ha c, chng chuyn
thnh cc hp cht v c. Oxy kh xm nhp v lp t di su, v vy s oxy ha
67
mnh lit nht din ra trong lp t pha trn (0,2 0,4m). Nu khng oxy s xy ra
cc qu trnh ym kh. Cc cnh ng ti tt nht nn b tr trn ct, t st tht v t
en. Nc ngm khng c cao hn 1,25m tnh t mt t. Nu nc ngm cao hn
th cn phi lp h thng thot nc.
X l nc thi bng cnh ng lc l vic ti nc thi ln b mt ca mt cnh
ng vi lu lng tnh ton t c mt mc x l no thng qua qu trnh l,
ha v sinh hc t nhin ca h t - nc - thc vt ca h thng. cc nc ang
pht trin, din tch t cn tha thi, gi t cn r do vic x l nc thi bng
cnh ng lc c coi nh l mt bin php r tin.
X l nc thi bng cnh ng lc ng thi c th t c ba mc tiu:
X l nc thi
Ti s dng cc cht dinh dng c trong nc thi sn xut
Np li nc cho cc ti nc ngm
So vi cc h thng nhn to th vic x l nc thi bng cnh ng lc cn t

nng lng hn. X l nc thi bng cnh ng lc cn nng lng vn chuyn v
ti nc thi ln t, trong khi x l nc thi bng cc bin php nhn to cn nng
lng vn chuyn, khuy trn, sc kh, bm hon lu nc thi v bn... Do t s
dng cc thit b c kh, vic vn hnh v bo qun h thng x l nc thi bng
cnh ng lc d dng v t tn km hn. Tuy nhin, vic x l nc thi bng cnh
ng lc cng c nhng hn ch nh cn mt din tch t ln, ph thuc vo cu trc
t v iu kin kh hu.
Ty theo tc di chuyn, ng i ca nc thi trong h thng ngi ta chia
cnh ng lc ra lm 3 loi:
Cnh ng lc chm (SR)
Cnh ng lc nhanh (RI)
Cnh ng chy trn (OF)
Cc c ch x l nc thi trong cnh ng lc

Cc c ch l hc:
Khi nc thi ngm qua cc l rng ca t, cc cht rn l lng s b gi li do
qu trnh lc. dy ca tng t din ra qu trnh lc bin thin theo kch thc ca
cc cht rn l lng, cu trc t v vn tc ca nc thi. Lu lng nc thi cng
cao, cc ht t cng ln th b dy ca tng t din ra qu trnh lc cng ln. i vi
cnh ng lc chm do lu lng nc thi p dng cho h thng thp nn cc cht
rn l lng c kch thc ln s b gi li ngay trn b mt t, cc cht rn l lng c
kch thc nh v vi khun b gi li vi centimet t mt. Cc cht ha tan trong
nc thi c th b pha long do nc ma, cc qu trnh chuyn ha ha hc v sinh
hc c th loi b c cc cht ny. Tuy nhin nhng vng kh hn c tc bc
68
hi nc cao, cc cht ny c th b tch t li (v d cc mui khong). Mt iu khc

cn ch l nu hm lng cht l lng qu cao n s lp y cc l rng ca t lm
gim kh nng thm lc ca t, cng nh lm nght cc h thng ti. Trong trng
hp ny ta nn cho cnh ng lc "ngh" mt thi gian cc qu trnh t nhin phn
hy cc cht rn l lng tch t ny, phc hi li kh nng thm lc ca t.
Cc c ch ha hc:
Hp ph v kt ta l hai c ch x l ha hc quan trng nht trong qu trnh.
Qu trnh trao i cation chu nh hng bi kh nng trao i cation ca t (CEC),
thng kh nng trao i cation ca t bin thin t 2 - 60meq/100g. Hu ht cc loi
t c CEC nm trong khong 10 - 30. Qu trnh trao i cation quan trng trong vic
kh nitogen ca amonium. Phospho c kh bng cch to thnh cc dng khng
hoc t ha tan. cc vng kh hn kh trnh khi vic tch t ca cc ion Natri lm
ph hy cu trc t v gim kh nng thm lc ca t. nh gi mc nguy hi
ca qu trnh ny ngi ta thng dng t l hp ph natri (SAR) trong Na, Ca, Mg
l nng cc cation tng ng c trong nc thi c tnh bng meq/L.
Khi dng cnh ng lc x l nc thi cng nghip cn phi c bc tin x
l nhm khng ch pH ca nc thi trong khong 6,5 - 9 khng lm hi thm thc
vt. Nu nc thi c SAR cao phi tm cch loi b Natri khng ch SAR khng
ln hn 8 - 10.
C ch sinh hc:
Cc qu trnh sinh hc thng din ra phn r ca thm thc vt. S lng vi
khun trong dt bin thin t 1- 3 t/g t, s a dng ca chng cng gip cho qu
trnh phn hy cc cht hu c t nhin hoc nhn to. S hin din hay khng ca
oxy trong khu vc ny cng nh hng rt ln n qu trnh phn hy v sn phm
cui cng ca h thng. Hm lng oxy c trong khu vc ny ty thuc vo cu trc
( rng) ca t. Do s phn hy ca cc vi sinh vt t, cc cht nitrogen,
phosphorus, sulfur chuyn t dng hu c sang dng v c v phn ln c ng ha
bi h thc vt. Lu qu trnh kh nitrt cng c th din ra nu lu lng np cht
hu c qu cao, t qu mn, thng xuyn ngp nc, mc thy cp cao, pH t
trung tnh hoc kim nh, nhit m...
Cc mm bnh, k sinh trng b tiu dit do tn ti bn ngoi k ch mt thi gian
di, cnh tranh vi cc vi sinh vt t, bm trn cc b phn ca thm thc vt sau
b tiu dit bi tia UV trong bc x mt tri.
5.7. Cc cng trnh hiu kh nhn to x l nc thi
5.7.1. B phn ng sinh hc hiu kh - Aeroten
X l nc thi bng Aeroten c nh khoa hc ngi Anh xut t nm 1887,
nhng n nm 1914 mi c p dng trong thc t v tn ti, pht trin rng ri cho
69
n ngy nay. Qu trnh hot ng sng ca qun th sinh vt trong Aeroten thc cht
l qu trnh nui vi sinh vt trong cc bnh phn ng sinh hc (bioreacter) hay cc bnh
ln men (fermenter) thu sinh khi. Sinh khi vi sinh vt trong cng ngh vi sinh
thng l t mt ging thun chng, cn trong x l nc thi l qun th vi sinh vt,
ch yu l vi khun, c sn trong nc thi.
5.7.1.1. c im v nguyn l lm vic ca Aeroten
B phn ng sinh hc hiu kh Aeroten l cng trnh b tng ct thp hnh khi
ch nht hoc hnh trn, cng c trng hp ngi ta ch to cc Aeroten bng st
thp hnh khi tr. Thng dng nht hin nay l cc Aeroten hnh b khi ch nht.
Nc thi chy qua sut chiu di ca b v c sc kh, khuy o nhm tng cng
oxi ha tan v tng cng qu trnh oxi ha cht hu c c trong nc.
Nc thi sau khi c x l s b cn cha phn ln cc cht hu c dng
ha tan cng cc cht l lng i vo Aeroten. Cc cht l lng lm ni vi khun bm
vo c tr, sinh sn v pht trin, dn thnh cc ht cn bng. Cc ht ny dn dn
to v l lng trong nc. Chnh v vy, x l nc thi Aeroten c gi l qu
trnh x l vi sinh trng l lng ca qun th vi sinh vt. Cc ht bng cn ny cng
chnh l bn hot tnh (xem chng II). Bn hot tnh l cc bng cn c mu nu
sm, cha cc cht hu c hp ph t nc thi l ni c tr cho cc vi khun cng
vi cc vi sinh vt bc thp khc, nh nguyn sinh ng vt sng v pht trin. Trong
nc thi c nhng hp cht hu c ha tan loi hp cht d b vi sinh vt phn hy
nht. Ngoi ra, cn c loi hp cht hu c kh b phn hy hoc loi hp cht ha
tan, kh ha tan dng keo cc dng hp cht ny c cu trc phc tp cn c vi
khun tit ra enzim ngoi bo, phn hy thnh nhng cht vt liu cho t bo hoc sn
phm cui cng l CO2 va nc. Cc hp cht hu c dng keo hoc dng cc cht
l lng kh ha tan l cc hp cht b oxi ha bng vi sinh vt kh khn hoc xy ra
chm hn.
Hnh 5.6: S nguyn tc hot ng ca Aeroten

Qu trnh oxi ha cc cht bn hu c xy ra trong Aeroten qua ba giai oan:
70
- Giai on th nht: tc oxi ha bng tc tiu th oxi. giai on ny

bn hot tnh hnh thnh v pht trin. Hm lng oxi cn cho vi sinh vt sinh trng,
c bit thi gian u tin, thc n dinh dng trong nc thi rt phong ph, lng
sinh khi trong thi gian ny rt t. Sau khi vi sinh vt thch nghi vi mi trng,
chng sinh trng rt mnh theo cp s nhn. V vy, lng tiu th oxi tng cao dn.
- Giai on hai: vi sinh vt pht trin n nh v tc tiu th oxi cng mc
gn nh t thay i. Chnh giai on ny cc cht hu c b phn hy nhiu nht.
Hot lc enzim ca bn hot tnh trong giai on ca enzim oxi ha ca bn hot tnh
thng t thi im sau khi lng bn hot tnh (sinh khi vi sinh vt) ti mc n
nh. Qua cc thng s hot ng ca Aeroten cho thy giai on th nht tc tiu
th oxi (hay tc oxi ha) rt cao, c khi gp 3 ln giai on hai.
- Giai on ba: sau mt thi gian kh di tc oxi ha cm chng (hu nh t
thay i) v c chiu hng gim, li thy tc tiu th oxi tng ln. y l giai
on nitrat ha cc mui amon.
Sau cng, nhu cu oxi li gim v cn phi kt thc qu trnh lm vic ca Aeroten
(lm vic theo m). y cn lu rng, sau khi oxi ha c 80 90% BOD trong
nc thi, nu khng khuy o hoc thi kh, bn hot tnh s lng xung y, cn
phi ly bn cn ra khi nc. Nu khng kp thi tch bn, nc s b nhim th
cp, ngha l sinh khi sinh vt trong bn (chim ti 70% khi lng cn bn) s b t
phn. T bo vi khun c hm lng protein rt cao (60 80% so vi cht kh), ngoi
ra cn c cc hp cht cha cht bo, hidratcacbon, cc cht khongkhi b t phn
s lm nhim ngun nc.
5.7.1.2. Cc yu t nh hng n kh nng lm sch nc thi ca
Aeroten
- Lng oxi ha tan trong nc: iu kin u tin m bo cho Aeroten c
kh nng oxi ha cc cht bn hu c vi hiu sut cao l phi m bo cung cp
lng oxi, m ch yu l oxi ha tan trong mi trng lng, mt cch lin tc, p ng
y cho nhu cu hiu kh ca vi sinh vt trong bn hot tnh. Lng oxi c th c
coi l khi nc thi ra khi b lng 2 c nng oxi ha tan l 2mg/l.
p ng c nhu cu oxi ha tan trong Aeroten ngi ta thng chn gii
php:
+ Khuy c hc vi cc dng khuy ngang, khuy ng. Song, bin php ny
khng hon ton p ng c nhu cu oxi.
+ Thi v sc kh bng h thng kh nn vi cc h thng phn tn kh thnh
cc dng hoc tia ln nh khc nhau.
+ Kt hp nn kh vi khuy o.
- Thnh phn dinh dng vi vi sinh vt
71
Trong nc thi, thnh phn dinh dng ch yu l ngun cacbon (c gi l c

cht hoc cht nn c th hin bng BOD) Cht bn hu c b phn hy (hoc b
oxi ha) bi vi sinh vt. Ngoi ra BOD, cn lu ti hai thnh phn khc: ngun nit
(thng dng NH4+) v ngun phosphat ( dng mui phosphat). Nhng hp cht
ny ( dng mui amon va phosphat) l nhng cht dinh dng tt nht i vi vi sinh
vt. Vi sinh vt pht trin cn cn ti mt lot cc cht khong khc nh Mg, K, Ca,
Mn, Fe, CoThng cc nguyn t ny dng ion u c mt trong nc thi, khng
nhng chng p ng cho nhu cu sinh l ca vi sinh vt m trong nhiu trng hp
cn qu tha d.
Thiu dinh dng trong nc thi (coi nc thi l mi trng nui cy) s gim
mc sinh trng, pht trin sinh khi ca vi sinh vt, th hin bng lng bn hot
tnh to thnh gim, km hm v c ch qu trnh oxi ha cc cht hu c gy nhim
bn.
Nu thiu nit mt cch ko di, ngoi vic cn tr cc qu trnh ha sinh cn lm
cho bn hot tnh kh lng, cc ht bng b phng ln tri ni theo dng nc ra lm
cho nc kh trong v cha mt lng ln vi sinh vt, lm gim tc sinh trng
cng nh cng oxi ha ca chng.
Nu thiu phosphat, vi sinh vt dng si pht trin v cng lm cho bn hot tnh
lng chm v gim hiu qu x l.
Ni chung, thiu dinh dng hai ngun N v P lu di s nh hng nhiu ti cu
to t bo mi, gim mc sinh trng, nh hng khng tt ti di truyn v cc th
h sau ca vi sinh vt. Trong thc t nu dng hi lu li nhiu ln cc qun th vi
khun ny trong bn hot tnh s lm gim hiu sut lm sch nc thi. khc phc
iu ny ngi ta xut mt t l cc cht dinh dng cho x l nc thi bng
phng php hiu kh nh sau: BOD:N:P=100:5:1. T s ny thng ch ng cho 3
ngy u. Trong thi gian ny vi sinh vt trong Aeroten pht trin mnh v bn hot
tnh cng c to thnh nhiu nht (nht l 1 2 ngy u tin). Cn qu trnh x l
ko di th t l ny cn l 200:5:1 (thi gian x l c th ti 20 ngy). cn i dinh
dng c th dng cc mui amon v phosphat b sung vo nc thi tng ngun N
v P. C th dng uree hoc superphosphat vo mc ch ny.
Trng hp d tha lng N v P, vi sinh vt s dng khng ht, phi kh cc
thnh phn ny bng cc bin php c bit tip theo (xem chng VIII, mc 8.6.1 v
8.6.2) hoc x l bng ao h n nh vi vic nui trng bo, rau mung v cc thc
vt ni khc.
- Nng cho php ca cht bn hu c c trong nc thi m bo cho
Aeroten lm vic c hiu qu.
72
Nng c cht trong mi trng nh hng nhiu ti i sng ca vi sinh vt.

Ni chung chng u c nng c cht ti hn hoc cho php, nu vt qu s c
ch n sinh l v sinh ha ca t bo vi sinh vt, lm nh hng xu n qu trnh trao
i cht, n vic hnh thnh enzim, thm ch c th b cht. Nh vy, vi sinh vt s b
c ch v b km hm qu trnh hot ng sng trong trng hp nng cht bn hu
c cao hn nng cho php.
Ni chung, cc loi nc thi c th x l bng Aeroten c lng BOD vo khong
500 mg/l, cn trng hp cao hn (khng qu 1000mg/l) phi x l bng Aeroten
khuy trn hon chnh. Nu BOD cao qu mc trn y th ta phi pha long bng
nc c quy c l sch (nh nc sng, h khng b nhim) hoc nc qua
x l c lng BOD dng ra thp. Cng c th phi x l k kh trc x l hiu kh.
- Cc cht c c tnh trong nc thi c ch n i sng ca vi sinh vt.
m bo cho bn hot tnh c to thnh v hot ng bnh thng trong
nc thi cn phi xc nh xem trc nc thi lm mi trng dinh dng nui
vi sinh vt c thch hp khng, c km hm, c ch n sinh trng v tng sinh khi
ca chng hay khng?
Tin hnh xc nh c tnh i vi vi sinh vt, c th dng nc thi nguyn
hoc pha long ri cn i dinh dng, sau cy ging vi sinh vt (c th l ging
thun chng hoc cn bn ca nc thi).
Vic xc nh ny ch cho ta thy loi nc thi no c th x l bng k thut bn
hot tnh trong Aeroten c hay khng, ch khng th suy ra c c tnh c ca
cc yu t (trong c kim loi nng hoc cc cht c khc) i vi vi sinh vt.
Nng mui v c trong nc thi khng qu 10 g/l. Nu l mui v c thng
thng, c th pha long nc thi v x l bng phng php bn hot tnh, cn nu
ln cht c nh kim loi nng, cc cht c hu c phi tin hnh phn tch cn thn
v c bin php x l ring bit (hp ph, trao i ion), sau mi c th x l bng
phng php sinh hc.
- pH ca nc thi c nh hng nhiu n cc qu trnh ha sinh ca vi sinh
vt, qu trnh to bn v lng. Ni chung, pH thch hp cho x l nc thi Aeroten
l 6,5 8,5. Trong thi gian cui, nc thi trong Aeroten c pH chuyn sang kim, c
th l cc h cht nit c chuyn thnh NH3 hoc mui amon.
- Nhit : Nhit nc thi trong nc thi c nh hng rt ln n hot
ng sng ca vi sinh vt. Hu ht cc vi sinh vt c trong nc thi l cc th a m
(mesophile): chng c nhit sinh trng ti a l 40 0C v ti thiu 50C. V vy,
nhit x l nc thi ch trong khong 6 370C, tt nht l 15 350C.
Nh chng ta bit, nhit khng ch nh hng n chuyn ha ca vi sinh vt
m cn nh hng nhiu ti qu trnh ha tan oxi vo nc cng nh kh nng kt
73
lng ca cc bng cn bn hot tnh. nh hng ca nhit n tc phn ng ha

sinh thng tnh theo phng trnh
rT = r20. (T-20)
Trong :
rT: Tc phn ng T0C

r20: Tc phn ng 200C
: H s hot ng do nhit
T: Nhit nc (0C)
Gi tr trong qu trnh x l sinh hc dao ng t 1,02 n 1,09 thng ly l

1,04.
- Nng cc cht l lng (SS) dng huyn ph
Sau khi x l s b, ty thuc nng l lng c trong nc thi m xc nh
cng trnh x l c bn thch hp nh lc sinh hc hoc Aeroten.
Nu nng cc cht l lng khng qu 100mg/l th loi hnh x l thch hp l b
lc sinh hc c bn thch hp nh lc sinh hc hoc Aeroten.
Con s ny cng ch quy c trong thc nghim i vi nhng Aeroten thng
thng, cn vi cc Aeroten hiu kh tch cc (khuy o hon chnh) nng cc
cht rn l lng c th l cao hn.
Song, vi lng cht rng l lng cao thng lm nh hng ti hiu qu x l. V
vy, i vi nhng nc thi c hm lng cht rn l lng qu cao cn phi qua lng
1 trong giai on x l s b mt cch y c th loi b vn cn ln v mt phn
cc cht rn l lng.
5.7.1.3. Phn loai Aeroten
C nhiu cch phn loi Aeroten:
- Phn loi theo ch thy ng: Aeroten y, Aeroten khuy trn v Aeroten
hn hp.
- Phn loi theo ch lm vic ca bn hot tnh: Aeroten c ngn hoc b
ti sinh (hot ha) bn hot tnh tch ring v loi khng c ngng ti sinh bn hot
tnh tch ring.
- Theo ti trng BOD trn 1 gam bn trong mt ngy ta c: Aeroten ti trng
cao, Aeroten ti trng trung bnh v Aeroten ti trng thp.
- Theo s bc cu to trong Aeroten (xy dng c nhiu ngn hoc hnh lang)
ta c cc Aeroten 1bc, 2 bc, 3 bc
5.7.1.4. Mt s Aeroten thng dng trong x l nc thi
a.
B Aeroten truyn thng
B Aeroten truyn thng c m t theo s cng nghip hnh 5.7
74
Hnh 5.7: S lm vic ca b Aeroten truyn thng

Nc thi sau lng 1 c trn u vi bn hot tnh hi lu ngy u b
Aeroten. Lng bn hi lu so vi lng nc thi c nhim trung bnh khong
20 30%. Dung tch b tnh ton sao cho khi dng kh nn sc khi nc trong b
sau 6 8h, hoc lm thong b mt khuy c hc trong 9 12 gi m bo hiu
sut x l ti 80 95%.
Vi Aeroten kiu ny thng dng x l nc thi c BOD < 400mg/l. Lng
khng kh cp cho Aeroten lm vic 55 65m 3 khng kh cho 1 kg BOD. Ch s th
tch ca bn (SVI) l 50 150ml/g. Tui ca bn l 3 15 ngy.
Aeroten kiu ny cn c ngn trong b hoc ngoi b hot ha (ti sinh) bn
hot tnh. Ngn hay b phc hi hot tnh cn c gi l ngn ti sinh hoc ngn hot
ha. Nng bn sau khi phc hi t ti 7 8g/l (trong b Aeroten lm vic ch cn
nng bn l 2 3g/l).
b.
Aeroten ti trng cao
Nc thi i vo b c nhim bn cao, thng l BOD > 500mg/l. Ti trng
trn bn hot tnh l 400 1000 mg BOD/g bn (khng tro) trong mt ngy m.
Nc thi khi x l s b c trn u vi bn hi lu (lng bn khong 10 20%) ri vo b Aeroten. Nng bn hot tnh trong b <= 1000mg/l. Sau 1 3 gi
sc kh kh c 60 65% BOD v nc ra c th t loi C hoc gn loi B.
B loi ny thng p dng x l nc thi cng nghip ch bin tht, sa. Cc
loi b truyn thng hoc thng thng c th thc hin hiu kh ko di v kh BOD
gn nh hon ton. Trong cc loi b ny cc cht hu c ha tan d phn hy s b
oxi ha trc ht, sau l cc cht kh phn hy hn dng keo hoc cc dng ht
nh l lng s b vi sinh vt hp th ri b phn hy tip sau.
75
c.
B Aeroten c cp kh gim dn theo dng chy
Hnh 5.8: B Aeroten c cp kh gim dn theo dng chy

Thng nc thi v bn hot tnh c a vo u b. Thng y c nng
cht hu c nhim bn ln nht, s xy ra cng oxi ha cao, nhu cu lng oxi
ln nht. Do nhu cu khng kh nhiu nht v gim dn theo chiu di ca b.
u im ca b ny l:
Gim c lng khng kh cp, tc l gim cng sut my nn kh, gim in
nng.
Khng c s lm hiu kh qu mc ngn cn sinh trng v hot ng ca cc
vi sinh khun kh cc hp cht cha nit, trong c khu kh nitrat thnh N 2 bay
vo khng kh.
Thi gian sc kh nc thi cng bn hot tnh (k c lng bn hi lu) l 6 8
gi. Lng bn sau hot ha c hi lu thng bng 25 50% lu lng dng
vo.
d.
B Aeroten nhiu bc
Hnh 5.9: B Aeroten nhiu bc

Nc thi sau khi lng 1 c a vo Aeroten bng cch onh hay theo bc, dc
theo chiu di b (khong 50 60%), bn tun hon i vo u b.
Cp kh u dc theo chiu di.
Cp kh theo cch ny s d oxi mt cht phn cui Aeroten. Song, Aeroten
c xy thnh nhiu ngn th s khc phc c d dng. Mi ngn y l mt bc.
Np theo bc c tc dng lm cn bng ti trng BOD theo th tch b, lm gim s
76
thiu ht oxi u b v lng oxi c tri u theo dc b lm cho hiu sut s

dng oxi tng ln, hiu sut x l s cao hn.
Cc loi b nhiu bc xy dng btng ct thp thng c mt bng hnh ch nht
chia thnh nhiu ngn. Mi ngn c mt hoc nhiu hnh lang, ngn cch bng tng
dc l lng khng ko di ti cnh i din. Nc thi chy ni tip theo chiu hnh
lang. Tit din ca mi hnh lang c th l hnh vung hoc hnh ch nht. Hnh 6.4
gii thiu cc hnh lang trong cu to ca Aeroten.
Aeroten mt hnh lang c dng vi trm x l nh v lm vic vi quy trnh
khng hot ha bn hot tnh. Nc thi sau khi lng 1 v bn hot tnh hi lu t lng
2 u cho vo u hnh lang (mng phn phi nc nm pha trn, cn mng phn
phi bn nm pha di).
Aeroten hai hnh lang thng c ngn ti sinh (hot ha) bn hot tnh. Dng mt
hnh lang lm ngn ti sinh. Th tch ngn ny thng 50% tng th tch
Aeroten.Aeroten kiu ny gn ging Aeroten c ngn n nh v ngn tip xc.
Thng c dng cc trm x l nh v trung bnh.
Aeroten ba hnh lang lm vic thun tin khi khng cn phc hi (ti sinh) bn
hot tnh. Song, cng c th ring 1 hnh lang (33% tng th tch Aeroten) lm
ngn hot ha bn hi lu.
Aeroten bn hnh lang lm vic c nhiu u vit, lm vic thun tin hn bt k
quy trnh cng ngh no. C th dnh 25 75% tng th tch Aeroten ti sinh bn
hot tnh. Aeroten kiu ny c lng bn hot tnh vi kh nng oxi ha kh cao v
hiu sut kh BOD tng i ln.
e.
B Aeroten c ngn tip xc vi bn hot tnh n nh
(Aeroten n nh- tip xc)
Hnh 5.10: S cng ngh x l nc thi bng b n nh tip xc

Bn hi lu c a vo ngn ti sinh (hay ngn phc hi hoc cn gi l ngn
hot ha). y mi trng ti sinh l nc thi c hoc khng c cn bng dinh
dng, nhng nht thit phi sc kh v khuy o (cng c th ch cn mt trong hai
bin php hiu kh). Bn c phc hi ngn ny khong 2 3 gi, c khi ti 6 gi
oxi ha ht cc cht hu c hp ph trn b mt v cc khe h ca ht bn, ti khi
77
n nh (t lng bn ti a v cc thng s khc t yu cu, c bit l kh nng

oxi ha l cao nht v n nh).
Nc thi t lng 1 c trn u vi bn hot tnh ti sinh n nh a ngn
tip xc. y bn hot tnh hp ph cc cht keo, cc cht l lng v ng thi hp
ph cc cht hu c dng ha tan c trong nc thi, qu trnh oxi ha l lng v
ng thi hp ph cc cht hu c dng ha tan c trong nc thi, qu trnh oxi ha
cc cht ny xy ra tc th v din ra trong thi gian 30 60 pht. Sau khi x l hn
hp bn - nc i sang b lng 2. Bn thu c b lng 2 c hi lu a vo ngn
ti sinh lm n nh. Bn d c x ra ngoi a i x l bn.
u im ca b: thng kh tch cc c dung tch nh, chu c s dao ng ln
ca lu lng v cht lng nc thi, hiu sut x l kh cao. Quy trnh ny c
ng dng v lm vic cho hiu sut cao trong x l nc thi sinh hot v nc thi
cng nghip thc phm.
f.
Aeroten thng kh ko di
Aeroten thng kh ko di c dng x l nc thi c t s l F/M (t l gia
BOD5 trong nc thi v bn hot tnh mg BOD/mg bn hot tnh) thp, ti trng
thp, thi gian thng kh thng l 20 30 gi duy tr h vi sinh vt lm vic pha
h hp ni bo (hay l pha hot ng ni sinh).
Cng sut thch hp cho Aeroten loi ny l <= 3500 m 3/ngy. Trong s cng
ngh khng cn b lng, nc ch cn loi rc i thng vo Aeroten. Ton b bn
lng 2 c tun hon li Aeroten. Bn d c a ln sn phi.
Ti trng ca b ny (tnh theo BOD trn n v th tch b): 240
mgBOD/m3.ngy
Lng khng kh cn cp theo BOD
B su 1,8m cn 280 m3/kg BOD5
B su 2,7m cn 187 m3/1kg BOD5
Nu lm thong bng my khuy c hc trn b mt th cn khng t hn 2
kgO2/1kgBOD5
g.
Aeroten thng kh cao c khuy o hon chnh
B hiu kh c tc thng kh cao v khuy o hon chnh l loi Aeroten tng
i l tng x l nc thi c nhim cng nh nng cc cht l lng cao.
Aeroten loi ny s c thi gian lm vic ngn. Rt ngn c c thi gian thng
kh vn hnh t s F/M cao, gim tui ca bn hot tnh (thi gian lu nc trong b
ngn).
Trong b Aeroten khuy o hon chnh, nc thi, bn hot tnh, oxi ha ha tan
c khuy trn u, tc thi. Do vy, nng bn hot tnh v oxi ha tan c phn
b u mi ni trong b v dn n qu trnh oxi ha c ng u, hiu qu cao.
78
u im ca quy trnh cng ngh ny l:

+ Pha long ngay tc khc nng cht nhim bn, k c cc cht c hi (nu
c).
+ Khng xy ra hin tng qu ti cc b mt ni no trong b.
+ Thch hp cho x l nc thi c ti trng cao, ch s th tch bn cao, cn kh
lng.
Hnh 5.11: S cng ngh ca b Aeroten thng kh cao c khuy o hon

chnh
5.7.1.5. Cung cp oxi cho Aeroten
Cc vi sinh vt trong Aeroten ch yu dng hiu kh. Chng cn oxi duy tr
hot ng sng: tng trng s lng t bo v oxi ha cc cht hu c nhim bn
nc. Trong nc thi c mt t oxi ha tan c vi sinh vt s dng trong thi gian
u ca qu trnh sinh trng, sau lng oxi ny cn kit. Nhu cu oxi ca vi khun
hiu kh trong Aeroten rt ln. Cc ngun oxi do khng kh khuch tn vo nc v c
th do to sinh ra trong qu trnh quang hp cng khng th p ng c nhu cu
ny. Do vy, vic cung cp oxi cho Aeroten b phn ng sinh hc hiu kh v cc
dng cng trnh hiu kh khc nh cc sinh hc, mng oxi hal v cng quan
trng.
Trong mt s quyn sch v vn ny thng c gi l H thng lm
thong Thc cht y l cung cp oxi, m ch yu l oxi ha tan pha lng (nc),
cho nhu cu sinh l ca v Trong mt s quyn sch v vn ny thng c gi l
H thng lm thong Thc cht y l cung cp oxi, m ch yu l oxi ha tan pha
lng (nc), cho nhu cu sinh l ca vi sinh vt.
Cung cp oxi c cc bin php:
+ Thi, nn kh.
+ Lm thong c hc
+ Thi nn kh kt hp vi khuy o c hoc.
79
Cc trm x l ln cn hiu kh tch cc cho cc Aeroten, ngi ta thng trang b

mt trm kh nn. Khng kh c nn qua cc my nn kh (Compressor) v a vo
bnh cha vi p lc cao ri x dn qua cc ng dn kh vo h thng phn phi kh
trong Aeroten.
H thng kh nn cn c bnh tch du m trnh lm tc cc l phn phi kh
thnh tia hoc bt nh, cng c th c bnh lm ngui kh nn trnh hin tng lm
cho nc thi trong Aeroten tng nhit qu gii hn lm vic.
Vic phn phi kh u trong cc lp nc Aeroten c ngha rt ln. N nh
hng trc tip n ha tan ca oxi, h s s dng oxi ca vi sinh vt, n hiu qu
x l v cng sut s dng in nng, chi ph qun l phn phi kh ngi ta hay
dng h thng ng lp theo hnh xng c t trong lng Aeroten; ng c c l nh
phun thnh tia kh hoc khng c l m cho phun thnh dong bt ln; lp u
kh ra l cc ng xp, tm xp hnh vng trn, hnh nn..
Kch thc cc l phn phi kh nh sau:
d <= 0,1 mm cho bt kh nh
d t 2 n 5 mm cho bt kh trung bnh,
d t 5 n 25 mm cho bt kh ln.
Ph bin nht l phng php phn phi kh qua tm xp. Kh ra khi cc l nh
ca tm xp thnh tia bt kh lm cho hn hp nc bn chuyn ng thnh vng
xon. Din tch cc tm xp chim ti 6 10% din tch y b.
Tm xp vung thng c kch thc 0,3 x 0,3 x 0,04m. a xp c ng knh
khong gn nh th. Vt liu xp c ch bng oxit nhm trn vi keramzit, thch
anh, than cc, backelit v bt thy tinh ri nung chy.
Dng tm xp c nhiu u im hn so vi ng c l: h s s dng khng kh
tng 1,75 ln. Song, bin php ny cng c nhc im l cc l ca tm xp d b kn
lm tc dng kh do cac nguyn nhn: bi bn du m trong khng kh, g st hoc vi
khun, nm mc pht trin trong cc l .
Phn phi kh bng ng c l, sau mt thi gian s dung cc l ny c th b vt
kn vi cc nguyn nhn ging nh trn. Trong s ng c l ngi ta c th dng ng
c l khoan vi d = 2,5 mm. Cc ng ny t l lng cch mt nc l 0,8 1 m. Hoc
c th dng qut gi thi mnh thay my nn kh.
Lm thong (hiu kh) bng cc my khuy o c hc. Cc loi my khuy o
c hc c th l rt khc nhau, nhng nguyn l cng tc u ging nhau: khi thit b
lm vic s to ra vng p thp khng kh thm nhp vo nc.
Cc thit b lm thong c hc c th phn theo:
+ Hiu ng: loi xm nhp su, loi xm nhp b mt;
+ Mt phng t trc quay ca cnh khuy: loi nm ngang, loi ng;
80
+ Cu to ca cnh khuy: loi nn, a, trc, bnh xe, tuc bin v xon c.
Lp h thng khuy c hc vi cc thit b thng khng ngp qu sau trong
nc. Phn mt in pha trn mt nc lm quay h thng khuy o khng
kh thm nhp vo nc. Trong thi gian gn y ngi ta ch to thit b lm thong
c hc di ng khuy o nc thi trong cc h sinh hc.
Vi my khuy c hc, c kin cho rng, nu m bo hiu kh th bn hot
tnh trong Aeroten s lng ng tt hn, gi thnh qun l thp hn 15% so vi kh
nn. Khuy o c hc c th p dng cho Aeroten c cng sut 800 3000 m3/ngy.
H thng hiu kh kt hp gm sc kh nc bng kh nn v khuy o bng c
hoc. H thng ny c th l cc thit b tch ri: h thng kh nn v khuy o ring
bit nh gii thiu trn hoc a kh nn vo trc my khuy ng c mt hoc
vi tua bin. di tuc bin cui cng ngp su trong nc, ngi ta gn mt vnh
c l phn tn kh. Khng kh i ra khi l nh ca vnh thnh tia kt hp khuy trn
ca cnh tuc bin s c ha tan tt hn.
Hiu kh khuy trn han chnh gm hai h thng: sc kh nn v khuy trn b
mt tch cc thng trang b cho cc Aeroten x l cc loi nc thi c ch s th tch
bn cao, cn kh lng v c th l nc thi c BOD cao cn pha long ngay tc khc
trong ton th tch b, khng xy ra hin tng qu ti cc b.
5.7.1.6. Mng oxi ha
Nm 1950, ln u tin H Lan, cng trnh a mng oxi ha vo x l nc
thi do tin s Pasveer cng tc ti Vin nghin cu Pulic Engineering ch tr. n nay
mng oxi ha c nhiu ci tin v c p dng rng ri, c bit cc trm x l
vi quy m nh.
Mng oxi ha l mt dng ci tin ca Aeroten khuy trn hon chnh lm vic
trong iu kin hiu kh ko di vi bn hot tnh (sinh trng l lng ca vi sinh vt
trong nc thi) chuyn ng tun hon trong mng. Nc thi c nhim bn cao
BOD20 = 1000 5000 mg/l c th a vo x l mng oxi ha. i vi nc thi
sinh hot ch cn qua chn rc, lng ct v khng qua lng 1 v c th a vo mng
oxi ha. Ti trng ca mng tnh theo bn hot tnh vo khong 200g BOD 5/kg.ngy.
Mt phn bn c khong ha ngay trong mng. Do , s lng bn gim khong
2,8 ln. Thi gian x l hiu kh 1 3 ngy.
81
Hnh 5.12: Cu to mng oxi ha

Mng oxi ha c dng hnh ch nht, hnh trn hay hnh elp. y v b c th
lm bng b tng ct thp hoc o (p) t c gia c. Chiu su cng tc t 0,7 n
1,0 m. Tc chuyn ng nc trong mong >= 0,3 m/s, lm thong (khuy o)
bng thit b c hc vi trc nm ngang.
5.7.2. Lc sinh hc
5.7.2.1. Nguyn l
Phng php lc nc ni chung loi ngi bit t lu, song a a n thnh
mt bin php cng ngh x l nc ni chung v nc thi ni ring mi ti th k
XIX mi c xc lp. Lc sinh hc ln u tin c p dung M nm 1891 v
Anh nm 1893. Khi nim v sinh hc lc nh git c pht trin t khi dng cc b
lc tip xc c cha y cc hn b p v v cho nc i qua. Nc chy qua
lc, tip xc vi mi vt liu lc trong khong thi gian ngn.
V nguyn l ca phng php lc sinh hc l da trn qu trnh hot ng ca vi
sinh vt mng sinh hc, oxi ha cc cht bn hu c c trong nc. Cc mng sinh
hc, l tp th cc vi sinh vt mng sinh hc, oxi ha cc cht bn hu c c trong
nc. Cc mng sinh hc, l tp th cc vi sinh vt (ch yu l vi khun) hiu kh, k
kh v k kh ty tin. Cc vi khun hiu kh c tp trung phn lp ngoi ca mng
sinh hc. y chng pht trin v gn vi gi mng l cc vt liu lc (c gi l
sinh trng gn kt hay sinh trng dnh bm).
Trong qu trnh lm vic, cc vt liu lc tip xc vi nc chy t trn xung,
sau nc thi lm sch c thu gom x vo lng 2. Nc vo lng 2 c th theo
nhng mnh v ca mng sinh hc b trc ra khi lc lm vic. Trong thc t, mt phn
nc qua lng 2 c quay tr li lm nc pha long cho cc loi nc thi m
c tr khi vo b lc v gi nhit cho mng sinh hc lm vic.
Cht hu c nhim bn trong nc thi b oxi ha bi qun th vi sinh vt mng
sinh hc. Mng ny thng dy khong 0,1 0,4 mm. Cc cht hu c trc ht b
phn hy b vi sinh vt hiu kh. Sau khi thm su vo mng, nc ht oxi ha tan v
s chuyn sang phn hy bi vi sinh vt k kh. Khi cc cht hu c c trong nc thi
82
cn kit, vi sinh vt mng sinh hc s chuyn sang h hp ni bo v kh nng kt

dnh cng gim, dn dn b v cun theo nc lc. Hin tng ny gi l trc mng.
Sau lp mng mi li xut hin.
5.7.2.2. Phn loi
Lc sinh hc ang c dng hin ny chia lm hai loi:
+ Lc sinh hc vi vt liu tip xc khng ngp nc
+ Lc sinh hc c vt liu tip xc t ngp trong nc.
5.7.2.3. Lc sinh hc c lp vt liu khng ngp trong nc
a. Lc phun hay nh git (Trickling filter)
Nguyn l cu to v hot ng
Lc nh git l loi b lc sinh hc vi vt liu tip xc khng ngp nc. Cc vt
liu lc c rng v din tch mt tip xc trong mt n v th tch l ln nht trong
iu kin c th. Nc n lp vt liu lc chia thnh cc dng hoc ht nh chy
thnh lp mng qua khe h ca vt liu, ng thi tip xc vi mng sinh hc trn
b mt vt liu v c lm sch do vi sinh vt ca mng phn hy hiu kh v k kh
cc cht hu c c trong nc. Cc cht hu c phn hy hiu kh sinh ra CO 2 v
nc, phn hy k kh sinh ra CH 4 v CO2 lm trc mng ra kh vt mang, b nc
cun theo. Trn mt gi mang l vt liu lc li hnh thnh lp mng mi. Hin tng
ny c lp i lp li nhiu ln. Kt qu l BOD ca nc thi vi sinh vt s dng
lm cht cht dinh dng v b phn hy k kh cng nh hiu kh: nc thi c lm
sch.
Hnh 5.13: Nguyn l cu to b lc sinh hc nh git

Nc thi trc khi a vo x l lc phun (nh git) cn phi x l s b
trnh tc nghn cc khe trong vt liu. Nc sau khi x l lc sinh hc thng nhiu
cht l lng do cc mnh v ca mng sinh hc cun theo, v vy cn phi a vo
lng 2 v lu y thi gian thch hp lng cn. Trong trng hp ny, khc vi
nc ra b Aeroten: nc ra khi lc sinh hc thng t bn cn hn ra t Aeroten.
Nng bn cn y thng nh hn 500 mg/l, khng xy hin tng lng hn ch.
Ti trng b mt ca lng 2 sau lc phun vo khong 16 25 m3/m2.ngy.
83
Vt liu lc
Vt liu lc kh phong ph: t dm, cui, ong, vng kim loi, vng gm,
than , than cc, g mnh, cht do tm un lnCc loi nn chn cc cc c
kich thc trung bnh 60 100mm. Chiu cao lp chn khong 0,4 2,5 4m,
trung bnh l 1,8 2,5m, kch thc ht, cc vt liu nh s lm gim h gia cc
cc vt liu gy tc nghn cc b, nu kch thc qu ln th din tch tip xc b h
gim nhiu dn n gim hiu sut x l. B vi vt liu l dm thng c dng
hnh trn. Nc thi c phn phi trn b mt lp vt liu lc nh mt h thng gin
quay phun nc thnh tia hoc nh git.
Cc thanh g, c bit l g M, v cc tm cht do (plastic) ln sng hoc
gp np c xp thnh nhng khi b cht c gi l mun vt liu. Cc modun
ny c xp trn gi , khi lng ton b ca vt liu gim i nhiu v lm cho
chiu cao ca lc c th tng ng k (ti 9 hoc 12 16m), gip ta thit k nhng
thp lc
Nhng thp nin gn y, do k thut cht do c nhiu tin b, nha PVC
(polyvinyl clorit), PP ( polypropylen) c lm thnh tm ln sng, gp np, dng
cu khe h, dng vnh hoa (plasdek), dng vch ngnc c im l rt nh
Phn ln cc vt liu lc c trn th trng p ng cc yu cu sau:
+ Din tch ring ln, thay i t 80 220 m2/m3
+ Ch s chn khng cao trnh lng ng ( thng cao hn 90%)
+ Nh c th s dng cao ln ( t 4 n 10 m hoc cao hn)
+ C bn c hc ln. Khi lm vic, vt liu dnh mng sinh hc v ngm
nc nng ti 300 350 kg/m 3. tnh ton, gi thng ly gi tr an ton l 500
kg/m3
+ Qun tnh sinh hc cao
+ n nh ha hc
Vt liu l cht do khc nhau v hnh dng c xc nh bng t s gia din
tch b mt/th tch; trng lng/ th tch; tnh xp ca vt liu, bn cht ca vt liu.
Tui th trung bnh ca vt liu cht do vo khong chc nm. Vic thay chng
do nhiu nguyn nhn: do qu bn, gi b hng
H thng lc sinh hc c thit lp u tin ti tri thc nghim Lawrence, bang
Matsachust, nc M nm 1891. n nm 1940 nc ny c 60% h thng x l
nc thi p dng cng ngh lc sinh hc. Nm 1946 Hi ng nghin cu ca lin
bang v vn lc nc khuyn co dng ton hc thit k cc h thng lc sinh
hc. S pht trin cc cht polime to iu kin cho bin php cng ngh x l nc
thi bng lc sinh hc c s dng rng ri.
84
Trc y vt liu lc thng l dm, cui c kch thc 25x100 mm vi b

lc cao khong 1 25m, n nay, nh c plastic lm vt liu lc, b lc c th cao ti
9 10m hoc 12 18 m (thp lc). Ty thuc vo c tnh cng nh hm lng cc
cht nhim bn trong nc, ngi ta thit k h a nc thi vo lc bng h thng
phun hoc nh git quay c iu chnh c thi gian nc lc v tc dng chy.
Vi qun th vi sinh vt bm vo cc vt liu lc nh granit, vng gm, nha
plasticQa trnh oxi ha din ra rt nhanh. Do vy, h thng ny c nhng u im:
+ Rt ngn c thi gian x l
+ ng thi c th x l hiu qu nc cn c qu trnh kh nitrat hoc phn
nitrat ha.
Tuy vy, h thng ny c tc nhc im l khng kh ra khi lc thng c mi
hi thi v xung quang lc c nhiu rui mui.
Thng kh b lc sinh hc
B lc sinh hc lm vic trong iu kin thong kh. Ngoi vic cp oxi cho vi
sinh vt mng sinh hc hot ng, thong kh cn c tc dng loi ra khi lc cc
kh to thnh do qu trnh phn hy cc cht hu c c trong nc, nh CO 2 v c th
c c CH4, H2S
Thng kh y c th bng cch t nhin hoc nhn to. Thng kh t nhin l
do s chnh lch nhit trong v ngoi b lc. Nu nhit ca nc thi ln hn
nhit ca khng kh th khng kh s i ra t ca thng kh thnh pha di gn
y b, qua lp vt liu lc i ln. Ngc li, nu nhit ca nc thi thp hn
nhit ca khng kh th hp nhit ca nc thi v khng kh bng nhau th b
lc khng thng kh. Trng hp ny khc phc bng thng kh nhn to.
Trong thng kh nhn to, ngi ta dung qut gi thi vo khong trng y b
mt v khng kh t i ln qua cc khe h ca lp vt liu.
Lng khng kh cn thitd cho lc sinh hc tnh theo cng thc:
WKK = BOD20(g/m3.ngy)/21
WKK: lng khng kh cn thit (m3/m2 nc thi.ngy)
21: t l % ca oxi trong khng kh
Qua thc t xc nh c lng oxi s dng trong lc sinh hc v trong cc cng
trnh sinh hc thng khng qu 7 8% lng oxi cung cp.
Khi nhit di 60C, qu trnh oxi ha cht hu c trong nc thi khng xy ra
b. Thit b lc a quay
Nc sau khi qua lc phun hoc nh git, nht l i vi lc cao ti, c th cha
t yu cu, c th cho nc tun hon tr li vi mc ch tng thi gian tip xc
gia nc thi vi mng sinh hc tng hiu qu x l. Khi tun hon nc tr li
85
cng lm tng ti trng thy lc lm cho mng d b v v trc khi vt liu, y mnh
qu trnh to mng
Hnh 5.14: Lc dng a quay

a quay sinh hc c p dng u tin CHLB c nm 1960 sau M v
Canada, 70% h thng RBC c s dng loi BOD, 25% loi BOD v nitrat,
5% loi nitrat. H a quay gm nhng a trn polystyren hoc polyvinyl clorit t
gn st nhau nhng chm khong 40 90% trong nc thi hoc quay vi vn tc
chm. Tng t nh b lc sinh hc, mt lp mng sinh hc c hnh thnh v bm
chc vo vt liu a quay
Khi quay, mng sinh hc tip xc vi cht hu c trong nc thi v sau tip
xc vi oxi ha khi ra khi nc thi. a quay c nh mt hoc sc gi. Nh
quay lin tc m mng sinh hc va tip xc c vi khng kh va tip xc c
vi cht hu c trong nc thi, v vy cht hu c c phn hy nhanh.
Yu t quan trng nht nh hng n hot ng ca RBC l lp mng sinh hc.
Khi bt u vn hng cc vi sinh vt trong nc bm vo vt liu v pht trin
cho n khi tt c vt liu c bao bi lp mng nhy dy chng 0,16 0,32 cm.
Sinh khi bm chc vo RBC tng ng nh mng sinh hc.
Vi sinh vt trong mng bm trn a quay gm cc vi khun k kh ty tin nh
Pseudomonas, Alcaligenes, Flavobacterium, Micrococus, Cc vi sinh vt hiu kh
nh Bacillus th thng c lp trn ca mng. Khi km kh hoc ym kh th to
thnh lp mng vi sinh vt mng v gm cc chng vi sinh vt thng mi kh chu.
Nm v cc cht hu c. S ng gp ca nm ch quan trng trong trng hp pH
nc thi thp hoc cc loi nc thi cng nghip c bit, v nm khng th cnh
86
tranh vi cc loi vi khun v thc n trong iu kin bnh thng. To mc trn b

mt lp mng vi sinh vt lm tng cng sc chu ng CO 2 ca lp mng sinh hc.
Ni chung pH ti u cho RBC l t 6,5 7,8, khi oxi ha cc cht hidratcacbon th
pH thch hp l 8,2 8,6. nitrat ha, pH ti u khong 7,2 7,8. Qu trnh nitrat
ha c th a ti vic kim ha mi trng v vy thm cc cht kim nh vi chng
hn l iu kin cn thit.
Cc cht dinh dng v c trong nc thi sinh hot cho s pht trin ca vi
sinh vt, v vy khng cn thit phi thm cht dinh dng. Tuy nhin i vi nc
thi cng nghip th cn phi thm cht dinh dng, t l thng ngh BOD 5: N:P l
100: 5 :1.
Nhit nc thi mc 13 320C khng nh hng nhiu n qu trnh hot
ng. Tuy nhin khi nhit gim di 130C th hiu qu x l gim. t c hiu
qu cao, nc thi phi c gi iu kin thong kh trong ton b h thng m
bo qu trnh oxi ha hidratcacbon v nitrat ha. C ngh cho rng nn gi lng
oxi ha tan mc 1 2 mg/l trong bn x l phng vic thiu oxi lm hn ch mc
x l lp di.
Mt trung bnh 9300 m2/ trc di 8m, mt cao t 11000 16700 m2/ trc 8
m, th tch thch hp l 51/m2. Nh vy, s dng vt liu lc c b mt ln s c hiu
qu cao. Vt liu dng li ni chung l tt hn dng a, v b mt ca dng li ln
hn. Nhng dng dng ny giai on u d b tc nghn dn n vic a cht thi
vo chm lm gim hiu lc ca thit b. Vn tc quay ca i khong 0,3 m/s.
Trong qu trnh vn hnh, s sinh trng ca vi sinh vt c gn kt vo b mt
cc a v s hnh thnh lp mng mng trn cc b mt xp nc a. Khi a quay,
ln lt s lm cho lp mng sinh hc (sinh khi) tip xc vi cht hu c trong nc
thi vi kh quyn hp th oxi. a quay s nh hng ti s vn chuyn oxi v
m bo cho sinh khi tn ti trong iu kin hiu kh. a quay cng l mt c ch
tch cht rn b trc mng. Mt s mng v c tch khi a, trng thi l lng
sau theo dng nc chuyn sang b lng. a sinh hc c th dng x l bc
hai ng thi cng c th hot ng nh kiu qu trnh theo ma, nitrat ha v kh
nitrat.
a quay sinh hc thng c thit k trn c s yu t ti trng rt ra t kt qu
nghin cu trm th nghim, m hnh sn xut, mc d (c th phn tch) nng sut
ca n theo phng php tim cn, tng t nh i vi cc b lc sinh hc. C hai
ch tiu ti trng thy lc v ti trng cht hu c u c dng xc nh kch
thc cng trnh x l bc hai. Cc loi ti trng i vi thi tit m p v ton nm v
nitrat ha s thp hn nhiu so vi ti trng khi x l bc hai.
87
Nng sut ti ca a RBC vo khong 0,5 1 kg BOD/m 3.ngy. Nn gim bt

cht hu c vo giai on u phng xy ra hin tng thiu oxi. Ti lng
nc trn b mt vt liu ca RBC thay i trong khong 0,03 0,06 m 3/m2.ngy vi
nc thi x l ln 2 v 0,01m 3/m2.ngy vi nc cn x l nitrat. Mi lin quan gia
th tch bn cha v b mt vt liu c ngha rt ln. Dung tch ti u ca bn cha
x l nc sinh hot l khong 4,88 1/m 2 b mt vt liu v thi gian lu nc khong
40 90 pht cho oxi ha cc hp cht cacbon hu c v 90 240 pht cho nitrat ha.
V phng din thit k RBC v thc t thy rng, a sinh hc lung sinh khi M
tn ti l ln v do t s F/M l nh. Chnh v l cc RBC c ti trng thy lc
cao v ti trng cc cht hu c cng cao, dn n x l nc thi rt c hiu qu.
88
CHNG 6: X L NC THI BNG PHNG PHP

SINH HC K KH
6.1. Khi nim
Phng php x l k kh dng loi b cc cht hu c trong phn cn ca nc
thi bng vi sinh vt tu nghi v vi sinh k kh.
Hai cch x l ym kh thng dng l:
Ln men axit: Thu phn v chuyn ho cc sn phm thu phn (nh axit
bo, ng) thnh cc axit v ru mch ngn hn v cui cng thnh kh cacbonic.
Ln men metan: Phn hu cc cht hu c thnh metan (CH4) v kh cacbonic
(CO2) vic ln men metan nhy cm vi s thay i pH. pH ti u cho qu trnh l t
6,8 n 7,4. Th d v phn ng metan ho:
Methanosarcina
CH3COOH CH4 + CO2
2CH2(CH2)COOH3 CH4 + 2CH3COOH + C2H5COOH + CH4 + CO2
Cc phng php k kh thng c dng x l nc thi cng nghip v cht
thi t tri chn nui.Ty theo iu kin c th (tnh cht, khi lng nc thi, kh
hu, a
hnh, mt bng, kinh ph...) ngi ta dng mt trong nhng phng php trn hoc kt
hp chng vi nhau.
6.2. C s ha sinh ca qu trnh phn hy k kh
6.2.1. C ch phn gii ym kh
Cc h thng ym kh ng dng kh nng phn hy cht hu c ca vi sinh vt
trong iu kin khng c oxy. Qu trnh phn hy ym kh cht hu c rt phc tp
lin h n hng trm phn ng v sn phm trung gian. Tuy nhin ngi ta thng
n gin ha chng bng phng trnh sau y:
ln men
Cht hu c ----------->
CH4 + CO2 + H2 + NH3 + H2S
ym kh
Hn hp kh sinh ra thng c gi l kh sinh hc hay biogas. Thnh phn ca

Biogas nh sau:
Methane (CH4)
55 - 65%
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
35 - 45%
Nitrogen (N2)
0 - 3%
Hydrogen (H2)
0 - 1%
89
Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S)
0 - 1%
Methane c nhit tr cao (gn 9.000 kcal/m 3). Do , nhit tr ca Biogas khong
4.500 - 6.000 kcal/m3, ty thuc vo phn trm ca methane hin din trong Biogas.
Qu trnh phn hy ym kh c chia thnh 3 giai on chnh nh sau:
1. Phn hy cc cht hu c cao phn t.
2. To nn cc axt.
3. To methane.
Hnh 6.1: Ba giai on ca qu trnh ln men ym kh (Mc. Cathy, 1981)

Qu trnh phn gii cc hp cht hu c l mt qu trnh phc tp gm nhiu giai
on c th tm tt trong s sau:
90
a. Giai on 1: Giai on thy phn

Cc hp cht hu c phn t lng ln nh protein, gluxit, lipit, b phn hy
di tc dng ca cc enzim hydrolaza ca vi sinh vt thnh cc cht hu c phn t
lng nh nh ng n gin, axit amin, ru, axit bo,
Trong giai on thy phn, phn ln cc hp cht gluxit c phn hy nhanh.
Cc hp cht protein c phn gii chm hn. Cc hp cht hu c phn t lng
ln nh xenlulo, liguoxenlulo,thng c phn hy chm v khng trit do cu
trc phc tp.
b. Giai on 2: Giai on ln men axit hu c
Cc sn phm thy phn s c cc vi sinh vt hp th v chuyn ha. Trong
iu kin ym kh, sn phm phn hy l cc hp cht hu c phn t lng nh nh
axit propionic, axit butyric, axit bo, cc ru, andehit, axeton v c mt s t axit
amin. Thnh phn ca cc sn phm trong giai on ln men ph thuc vo bn cht
cc cht nhim, tc nhn sinh hc v iu kin mi trng.
c bit trong giai on ny, cc axit amin hnh thnh do thy phn protein cng
s c kh amin, mt phn cc gc amin (- NH 2) c vi sinh vt s dng cho sinh
trng v pht trin, phn cn li trong nc thi c chuyn ha thnh - NH4+.
91
c. Giai on 3: Giai on ln men to axit axxetic

Cc sn phm ln men phn t lng ln nh axit bo, axit lactic, s c tng
bc chuyn ha n axit axetic.
3CH3-CHOH-COOH 2CH3-CH2-COOH + CH3-COOH + CO2 + 2H2O
Cc axit bo phn t lng ln c phn ct tng bc ti nguyn t caacbon
v tr .
Rn-CH2-CH2-COOH + 2H2O R(n-2)-COOH + CH3-COOH
d. Giai on 4: Giai on metan ha
y l giai on quan trng nht trong ton b qu trnh x l ym kh, nht l khi
qu trnh c thc hin thu biogas. Hiu qu x l s cao khi cc sn phm trung
gian c kh ha hon ton.
Trong x l ym kh s hnh thnh kh metan thng xy ra theo hai c ch ch
yu:
+ S hnh thnh do decacboxyl ha:
CH4 c hnh thnh do decacboxyl axit axetic
CH3-COOH CH4 + CO3
CH4 hnh thnh do decacboxyl ha cc axit hu c khc
4CH3-CH2-COOH
2 H 2O
7CH4 + 5CO2
2CH4-(CH2)2-COOH
2 H 2O
5CH4 + 3CO2
CH4 cng c th hnh thnh do decacboxyl cc cht trung tnh

2C2H5OH 3CH4 + CO2
CH3-CO-CH
3
H 2O
2CH2 + CO2
+ S hnh thnh CH4 theo c ch kh CO2

Hydro c hnh thnh do qu trnh ln men cc axit hu c trong iu kin ym
kh s c hu ht cc vi khun metanogene s dng nh ngun nng lng kh
CO2.
8H+ + CO2 CH4 + 2H2O
Khong 30% CH4 c hnh thnh theo c ch ny.
6.2.2. Tc nhn sinh hc
Trong phn gii ym kh cc qu trnh thy phn v ln men xy ra di tc dng
ca nhiu loi vi khun khc nhau. Thnh phn ca khu h vi sinh vt trong phn gii
ym kh ph thuc ch yu vo bn cht ca cc cht nhim c trong nc thi.
Ba nhm vi khun chnh tham gia vo qu trnh l nhm vi sinh vt thyphn
ch6t hu c, nhm vi sinh vt to acid bao gm cc loi: Clostridium spp.,
Peptococcus anaerobus, Bifidobacterium spp., Desulphovibrio spp., Corynebacterium
spp., Lactobacillus, Actonomyces, Staphylococcus v Escherichia coli, v nhm vi
92
sinh vt sinh methane gm cc loi dng hnh que (Methanobacterium,

Methanobacillus), dng hnh cu (Methanococcus, Methanosarcina).
- Vi sinh vt trong giai on thy phn v ln men axit hu c
+ Mi trng giu xenlulo thng c cc vi khun: Bacillus, Pseudocuonas,
Alcaligenes.
+ Mi trng giu tinh bt: Micrococus, Lactobacilleu, Pseudoconas spe,
Clostridium.
+ Mi trng giu protein: Bacillus, Bacterium coli v E. coli, Clostridium,
Proteus.
+ Mi trng giu lipit: Bacterioides, Bacillus, Alcaligenes, Pseudodonionas.
Trong cc chng: Bacillus, Clotridium, Lactobacillus, Bacterioides,
Pseudomonas v Enterobacter chim a s.
Phn ln cc vi khun thy phn v ln men axit hu c t nhy cm vi mi
trng. Chng c th pht trin trong gii pH = 2 7. Tuy nhin pH ti u t 5 7
nhit 33 40oC.
- Vi khun Axetogene
Vi khun to axit axetic thng pht trin trong mi trng cng vi vi khun
metan ha. Vi khun Axetogen to ra H2 trong qu trnh ln men nhng n li b chnh
sn phm ny b c ch v vy trong mi trng c cc vi khun metan ha, kh H 2
hoc H+ s c s dng kh CO2.
Mt s chng vi khun Acetogen c hiu qu metan ha cao nh:
+ Syntrophobacter wolonii, Syntro. wwolfei v Syntro. Buswelii.
Nhit ti u: 33 40oC, pH: 6 8.
Hai nhm vi khun khc cng c kh nng to Axetic nh:
+ Nhm vi khun kh sunfat: Selenomonas, Clostridium, Riminococcus v
Desulfovibrio. Trong mi trng hn hp vi vi khun metan ha, to sn phm ch
yu l axit axetic.
+ Nhm vi khun Homoacetogen, chng to axit acetic t CO2 v H2.
2CO2 + 4H2 CH3 COOH + 2H2O
Nhm ny c ngha c bit v chng cnh tranh vi vi khun metan trong
vic s dng H2.
- Vi khun metan ha
Vi khun metan ha kh a dng. Chng c chia thnh hai nhm chnh:
+ Nhm vi khun a m (Mesophyl) gm: Methanococcus, Methanobacterium,
Methanosarcina. Pht trin nhit 35 38oC, pH: 6,8 7,5.
+ Nhm vi khun a nng (Thermophyl): Methanobacillus, Methanothrix v
Methanospirillum. Pht trin tt nhit 55 60oC.
93
Vi khun ln men metan l nhng vi khun ym kh nghim ngt, chng rt mn

cm vi s c mt ca O2 v vy yu cu thit b ln men phi kn, pH ti u: 6,8 7,5.
6.3. Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh x l sinh hc nc thi ln men ym
kh
6.3.1. Nhit
Nhit v s bin i ca nhit trong ngy v cc ma nh hng n tc
phn hy cht hu c. Thng thng bin nhit sau y c ch n trong qu
trnh x l ym kh:
25 - 40oC: y l khong nhit thch hp cho cc vi sinh vt a m.
50 - 65oC: nhit thch hp cho cc vi sinh vt a nhit.
Ni chung khi nhit tng tc sinh kh tng nhng nhit trong khong 40
- 45oC th tc sinh kh gim v khong nhit ny khng thch hp cho c hai loi
vi khun, nhit trn 60oC tc sinh kh gim t ngt v qu trnh sinh kh b km
hm hon ton 65oC tr ln.
Hnh 6.2: nh hng ca nhit ln kh nng sinh kh ca hm

(Price and Cheremisinoff, 1981, Trch dn bi Chongrak, 1989)
cc nc vng n i nhit mi trng thp; do tc sinh kh chm v
nhit di 10oC th tch kh sn xut c gim mnh. ci thin tc sinh kh
ngi ta c th dng Biogas un nng nguyn liu np, hoc un nc nng trao
i nhit qua cc ng hnh xon c lp t sn trong lng hm . Ngoi ra ngi ta cn
dng cc tm nha trong bao hm li, nhit bn trong tm nha trong s cao
hn nhit mi trng t 5 - 10 oC, hoc thit k cho phn trn hm cha nc v
lng nc ny c un nng ln bng bc x mt tri, hoc to lp cch nhit vi
mi trng bng cch ph phn compost hoc l cy ln hm .
6.3.2. pH v kim (alkalinity)
pH trong hm nn c iu chnh mc 6,6 - 7,6 ti u trong khong 7 - 7,2 v
tuy rng vi khun to acid c th chu c pH thp khong 5,5 nhng vi khun to
methane b c ch pH . pH ca hm c khi h xung thp hn 6,6 do s tch t
qu cc acid bo do hm b np qu ti hoc do cc c t trong nguyn liu np
94
c ch hot ng ca vi khun methane. Trong trng hp ny ngi ta lp tc ngng

np cho hm vi khun sinh methane s dng ht cc acid tha, khi hm t
c tc sinh kh bnh thng tr li ngi ta mi np li nguyn liu cho hm
theo ng lng quy nh. Ngoi ra ngi ta c th dng vi trung ha pH ca hm
.
Alkalinity ca hm nn c gi khong 1.000 - 5.000 mg/L to kh nng
m tt cho nguyn liu np.
6.3.3. nh hng ca mn
Thng trn 90% trng lng nguyn liu l nc. Kh nng sinh Biogas ca hm
ty thuc nng mui trong nc. Kt qu cho thy vi khun tham gia trong qu
trnh sinh kh methane c kh nng dn dn thch nghi vi nng ca mui n NaCl
trong nc. Vi nng < 0,3% kh nng sinh kh khng b gim ng k. Nh vy
vic vn hnh cc h thng x l ym kh ti cc vng nc l trong ma kh khng
gp tr ngi nhiu (L Hong Vit, 1988).
6.3.4. Cc cht dinh dng
bo m nng sut sinh kh ca hm , nguyn liu np nn phi trn t
c t s C/N t 25/1 - 30/1 bi v cc vi khun s dng carbon nhanh hn s dng
m t 25 - 30 ln. Cc nguyn t khc nh P, Na, K v Ca cng quan trng i vi
qu trnh sinh kh tuy nhin C/N c coi l nhn t quyt nh.
6.3.5. nh hng lng nguyn liu np
nh hng ca lng nguyn liu np c th biu th bng 2 nhn t sau:
Hm lng cht hu c biu th bng kg COD/m3/ngy hay VS/m3/ngy
Thi gian lu tr hn hp np trong hm HRT
Lng cht hu c np cao s lm tch t cc acid bo do cc vi khun giai on
3 khng s dng kp lm gim pH ca hm gy bt li cho cc vi khun methane.
6.3.6. nh hng ca cc cht khong trong nguyn liu np
Cc cht khong trong nguyn liu np c tc ng tch cc hoc tiu cc n qu
trnh sinh kh methane. V d nng thp Nikel lm tng qu trnh sinh kh.
Cc cht khong ny cn gy hin tng cng hng hoc i khng. Hin tng
cng hng l hin tng tng c tnh ca mt nguyn t do s c mt mt nguyn t
khc. Hin tng i khng l hin tng gim c tnh ca mt nguyn t do s c
mt ca mt nguyn t khc.
6.3.7. nh hng ca cc sn phm trao i cht
Cc sn phm trao i cht thng l ru, axit,... Mt h thng hot ng n
nh thng c nng c cht cn bng. Tuy nhin, axit hu c hnh thnh thng
c phn ly:
95
COOH R
COO- + H+
S phn ly ca chng ph thuc vo pH, khi pH thp thnh phn axit khng phn
ng s tng, khng c li cho vi khun metan ha.
6.3.8. Khuy trn
Khuy trn to iu kin cho vi khun tip xc vi cht thi lm tng nhanh qu
trnh sinh kh. N cn lm gim thiu s lng ng ca cc cht rn xung y hm v
s to bt v vng trn mt hm
6.4. Cc cng trnh k kh x l nc thi
6.4.1. B metan
Trong cc qu trnh phn hy k kh cc cht hu c, x l nc thi bng phng
php k kh vi sinh trng l lng c ph bin. l qu trnh phn hy k kh xo
trn hon ton v c thc hin trong cng trnh thng c gi l b metan
(methantank). Ngoi ra hai qu trnh tip xc k kh, qu trnh vi lp bn hot tnh c
dng hng ln cng ang c ng dng rng ri.
Phn hy k kh vi sinh trng l lng l mt trong nhng quy trnh x l bn cn
lu i nht. Trong quy trnh ny khng cn c mt oxi phn t (O 2). Sinh kh metan
hay phn hy cc cht hu c trong b metan c th thc hin 35 37 0C hoc 50
550C. nhit 35 370C, khi nguyn liu trong b khng c gia nhit v xo
trn, do vy thi gian ln men l kh di: 30- 60 ngy (ln men tc tiu chun).
6.4.2. X l bng phng php tip xc k kh
Nguyn l ca phng php c cp ti phn trn. Theo phng php ny,
cng trnh gm mt b phn ng v mt b lng ring bit vi mt thit b iu chnh
bn tun hon. Gia 2 thit b chnh c t mt thit b kh kh loi kh tc trong
cc cc vn. Cc cc vn tc kh s lm nh hng xu ti qu trnh lng.
Hnh 6.3: Thit b tip xc k kh

B phn ng c th lm bng btng, bng thp hay cht do, c chng n mn
pha trong, c cch nhit duy tr nhit mong mun khu vc gia. Khuy trn
bng cch bm kh vo bnh cha lm bng vt liu khng g.
96
B lng coi nh mt thit b c c, v bn tch ra c nng cao v t y cho

bn hi lu tr li b phn ng. T l bn tun hon khong 50 100%.
Phng php ny t chu nh hng bi lu lng, thch hp i vi vic x l
phn chung, x l nc thi c nh trong cng nghip hp, ct cn, cng nghip
ha cht, cng nghip bt giy, cng nghip ng
Vi 2 b (metan v lng) tch ring cho php phn ng mi b c lp vi nhau
v to ra mt s thun li:
+ Chuyn bn t b ny sang b khc d dng, qu trnh bo dng vi khi
ng li n gin.
+ Lc b H2S (sinh ra do kh sulfat v kh ny s c ch qu trnh) x l kh gaz
ngoi.
+ Tch c mt phn cc cht khong ca bn nh my li tm.
Hiu qu ca phng php: loi b c BOD 5 cao, x l bng phng php tip
xc k kh rt hiu qu. Nc thi cha x l c khuy trn vi bn tun hon v sau
c phn hy trong b phn ng kn khng cho khng kh vo. Song khi phn
hy, hn hp bn nc i vo b lng hoc tuyn ni: nc trong i ra, nu cha t
yu cu x vo cc ngun nc th phi x l tip bng phng php hiu kh vi
Aeroten hoc lc sinh hc; bn k kh sau khi lng c hi lu nui cy trong
nc thi mi. Lng sinh khi vi sinh vt k kh thp nn bn d tha l rt t. Ti
trng v hiu sut x l theo phng php k kh tip xc c gii thiu bng 8.2
cng vi phng php khc.
6.4.3. Thit b k kh gi lng
Hnh 6.4: Thit b k kh gi lng

y l h thng mt thit b c bm tun hon. Vi sinh vt c c nh ln cc
cht mang dng ht (thy tinh xp, gm xp, nha nhn to,...). Thit b ny c u
im l b mt tip xc pha rt ln (1000 2000 m 2/m3). 95% s t bo vi khun c
c nh ln lp cht mang.
97
Hn hp rn - lng trong thit b c tun hon to trng thi chuyn ng gi

lng hay tng si nh mt bm. Vn tc bm c khng ch sao cho cc ht cht
mang trng thi l lng khng nh hng ti mng sinh hc.
Phn trn ca thit b c kt cu hn ch s cun tri ca cc cht mang.
6.4.4. X l nc thi vi lp bn k kh vi dng hng ln (UASB)
B phn ng c th lm bng btng, thp khng g c cch nhit vi bn ngoi.
Trong b phn ng vi dng nc
dng ln qua nn bn ri tip xc
vo b lng t cng vi b phn
ng. Kh metan to ra gia lp
bn. Hn hp kh lng v bn
lm cho bn to thnh dng l
lng. Vi quy trnh ny, bn tip
xc c nhiu cht hu c c
trong nc thi v qu trnh phn
hy xy ra tch cc. Cc loi kh
Hnh 6.5: B UASB
to ra trong iu kin k kh (ch
yu l CH4 v CO2) s to ra dng tun hon cc b, gip cho vic hnh thnh nhng
ht bn hot tnh v gi cho chng n nh. Mt s bt kh v ht bn c kh bm vo
s ni ln trn mt hn hp pha trn b. Khi va phi lp li chn pha trn, cc bt
kh b v v ht bn c tch ra li lng xung di. gi cho lp bn trng thi
l lng, vn tc dong hng ln phi gi khong 0,6 0,9 m/h.
Bn trong b metan l sinh khi vi sinh vt v ty nghi ng vai tr phn hy v
chuyn ha cc cht hu c. Bn hot tnh ny hnh thnh hai vng r rt: khong
chiu cao t y b ln l lp bn do cc ht keo t, nng khong 5 7%; trn lp
ny l lp bn l lng vi nng 1.000 3.000 mg/l, gm cc bng cn chuyn ng
gia lp bn y v bn tun hon t ngn lng ri xung.
Bn hot tnh trong b phn ng c nng cao cho php b lm vic vi ti trng
cao. m bo b lm vic vi nng bn cao, ngi ta phi cy ging vi sinh vt
ca pha axit v pha sinh metan. Ly cc ging vi sinh vt t nhin sng trn phn tru,
b ti cy vi nng thch hp. B phi vn hnh vi ch thy lc <= cng
sut thit k, sau 2 3 thng mi t c nng bn cn thit. Nu khng cy
ging t nhin, b hot ng 3 4 thng mi t c nng bn cn thit.
Hn hp vi sinh vt k kh phn hy cc cht hu c trong b trng thi trn ln 3
pha kh nc bn. a nc ra khi b phn ng cn phi c tm kh t
nghing 550 so vi phng nm ngang. Sau khi tch kh, hn hp bn kh chy vo
98
b lng. Bn lng c ri xung tun hon, tr li b phn ng k kh. Tng chiu

cao ca ngn lng l 2m, chiu cao phn lng l >=1.
6.4.5. Thit b dng thp m
Thit b dng thp c cha vt liu m ti y hoc 50 70% dung tch.
Vt liu m c th dng khi hoc dng ri t cht liu s xp, cht do, c
rng cao (< 45%).
Lp m ng vai tr cht mang c nh mng sinh hc. Hm lng vi sinh vt
trong thit b ln v kh n nh.
Nc thi c a vo y thit b. Qua thp m cc cht nhim c
chuyn ho ym kh. Nc sau x l chy trn ra phn trn. Nguyn l hot ng
ca thit b c trnh by trong hnh 6.6.
Kh
biogas
Dng ra
Vt liu
m
Dng
vo
Hnh 6.6: Thit b ym kh dng thp m

Thit b c u im ln l vn hnh kh n gin, t tn nng lng. Tuy nhin khi
nc thi vo c hm lng cn l lng ln s tch lu v gy tc cc b trong lp
m.
6.4.6. H thng thit b k kh hai giai on
C ch x l ym kh kh phc tp. Mi nhm vi sinh vt cc giai on khc
nhau c tnh cht sinh l v yu cu iu kin mi trng khng ging nhau. c bit
khi x l thu Biogas. V vy to c mi trng thch hp cho mi giai on s nng
cao hiu qu ca qu trnh x l.
Do cc vi khun thu phn v axit ho a axit v chu c s bin ng axit ln
hn nn c th thit k h thng hai thit b.
- Thit b 1: Thc hin qu trnh thu phn v ln men axit hu c. Trong thit
b ny lng O2 c trong nc thi s c cc vi khun h hp tu tin s dng
oxy ho cc hp cht hu c. To iu kin ym kh cao cho qu trnh ln men.
- Thit b 2: Thc hin qu trnh axetat v metan ho.
H thng hai thit b c bit ph hp vi cc loi nc thi giu gluxit, d axit
ho nh tinh bt, ng
99
Tuy nhin h thng ny khng c u th vi cc loi nc thi giu protein, lipit,

xenlulo hoc pectin khng tan.
6.4.7. X l nc thi bng phng php k kh vi sinh trng gn kt
Trong phng php ny lp vi sinh vt pht trin thnh mng mng trn vt liu
lm gi mang bng cht do, c dng chy nc y chy qua.
Vt liu c th l cht do dng tm sp xp hay bng vt liu ri hoc ht, nh
ht polyspiren c ng knh 3- 5 mm, chiu dy lp vt liu l 2m.
Cu to b phn ng cy c nh vi khun trn lp hu c
Lc k kh l mt thp cha y cc loi vt liu rn khc nhau, dng kh cc
cht hu c cacbon c trong nc thi. Nc thi i t di lc hng ln pha trn
c tip xc vi vt liu. Trn mt cc loi vt liu c vi sinh vt k kh v ty tin
pht trin dnh bm. Lp mng ny khng b ra tri, thi gian lu li (c) c th
ti 100 ngy c c th ln hn vi thi gian nc lu trong b lc l ngn.
Do vy, b lc k kh thch hp cho vic x l nc thi c nng nhim thp
nhit khng kh ngoi tri. Trong b lc cc cht hu c khi tip xc vi mng dnh
bm trn mt vt liu s c hp th v phn hy. Bn cn c gi li trong khe
rng ca lp lc. Sau 2- 3 thng lm vic x bn 1 ln, thau ra lc.
Nc qua lp lc c tch ra kh ri chy vo mng thu theo ng dn sang x l
hiu kh (nu cn).
100
CHNG 7: X L NC THI MT S NGNH CNG

NGHIP
7.1. Cc yu t la chn cng trnh x l nc thi
Nh trnh by phn trc, nc thi trc khi x vo ngun cn thit phi
c x l khng lm nhim mi trng. Ty theo loi ngun nc m cht thi
s x vo chng ta s tham kho bng "gii hn nng ti a ca cc cht nhim
trong nc thi" bit mc cn thit phi lm sch nc thi. Ty theo iu kin
ti chnh, din tch, nhn lc ca x nghip la chn cc h thng x l ph hp.
bo m cho vic thit k h thng x l cn thit phi thu thp cc s liu sau:
Qui trnh sn xut ca x nghip (trong phi xc nh khu no sinh ra
nc thi? thnh phn? bao nhiu? k hoch gim thiu nc thi nu c?)
V lu lng nc thi cn thit phi xc nh tng lng nc thi/ng.,
lu lng nc thi theo tng gi trong ngy, s bin thin lu lng nc thi theo
gi, ca, ma v sn xut.
V thnh phn nc thi: nn xc nh cc ch tiu nh BOD, COD, mu,
SS, VSS, Total coliform, hm lng cc ha cht khc nu c (theo c trng ca tng
loi hnh sn xut)
Cc qui nh v tiu chun lin quan
Khi thit k h thng x l ch trng n cc im sau
Nhu cu ca ch nhn h thng x l
y l mt yu t quan trng nht l i vi cc cng ng nh cha c kinh
nghim v xy dng v vn hnh cc h thng x l. N lin h n vn vn u
t, kh nng vn hnh, nhn s iu hnh h thng, cc thit b, kinh nghim v kh
nng nh hng n mi trng.
i vi tt c cc n, iu cn thit nht l k s thit k v ch nhn phi hiu
r cc mc tiu, mc ch chung tha mn c nhu cu ca ch nhn m vn bo
m c yu cu c bn trong vic la chn phng php x l (t tiu chun nc
thi cho php thi vo ngun nc cng cng, c hiu qu kinh t, gim nh cc nh
hng xu n mi trng...)
Kinh nghim
Cc kinh nghim v thit k v vn hnh cc h thng x l gip ta c th d on
trc cc kh nng v hn ch ca h thng x l c nhng bin php h tr, ci
tin thch hp. Kin thc v cc h thng x l gip cho cc k s loi b c cc
yu t khng an ton v tnh ton sai dn n cc thit k khng ph hp, lng ph.
i vi cc qui trnh mi, ngi k s cha c kinh nghim th qui trnh ny phi
c th nghim cn thn cc m hnh cng nh trong thc tin.
101
Yu cu ca cc c quan qun l mi trng

Vit Nam tiu chun nc thi c php thi vo ngun nc cng cng c
ban hnh bi B Ti nguyn v mi trng. Trn nguyn tc, cc S Ti nguyn v
mi trng c quyn a ra cc tiu chun ring ca mnh nhng cc tiu chun ny
khng c thp hn tiu chun ca B. Do vic tm hiu cc qui nh, tiu chun
ca c quan qun l l ht sc cn thit thit k h thng x l t yu cu ca cc
c quan ny.
Tng thch vi nhng thit b hay h thng sn c
i vi vic nng cng sut, m rng mt h thng x l sn c phi ch n
qui trnh v thit b mi phi tng thch vi nhng ci c sn c th tn dng c
ngun nhn lc, vt lc sn c, trnh lng ph.
Ti chnh
Kh thi v mt ti chnh, cc phn tch v mt kinh t nn da trn cc ch tiu nh
NPV (net present value), B/C (benefit/cost ratio), IRR (internal rate of return)... Cc
yu t v lm pht cng nn a vo tnh ton. Phi c tnh c gi vn hnh v
bo tr h thng bao gm cc chi ph v nhn cng vn hnh, nng lng, vt t v ha
cht cung cp cho h thng.
Cc h thng nn mang li hiu qu kinh t (thu li do khng phi tr thu mi
trng, t ngun nng lng, phn bn thu c)
Cc vt t, thit b
Cc thit b s dng phi l cc loi c sn v d tm trn th trng bo m
nhu cu v ph tng thay th khi c s c, khng lm gin on vic vn hnh h
thng x l v tin xy dng.
Phi d tr v kh nng cung cp cc loi vt t s dng cho h thng k c in nng
trong tng lai h thng khng b gin on do vn khan him cc loi vt t
ny.
Nhn s
Nhn s vn hnh v bo tr h thng sau ny k c nhng k thut vin. Cc
nhn s ny phi c tp hun v c ch x l, cc s c c th xy ra, cch khc
phc...
Cc h thng x l phi tng ng vi trnh k thut ca a phng, c th
tn dng ngun nhn lc a phng (gim chi ph u t, cng nh d dng tm nhn
s vn hnh cc thit b).
Tnh mm do
C kh nng nng cng sut khi nh my c yu cu tng sn lng.
102
7.2. X l nc thi sinh hot

7.2.1. Gii thiu
Nc thi sinh hot l nc thi pht sinh t cc hot ng sinh hot ca cc cng
ng dn c nh: khu vc th, trung tm thng mi, khu vc vui chi gii tr, c
quan cng s, Thng thng, nc thi sinh hot ca h gia nh c chia lm hai
loi chnh: nc en v nc xm. Nc en l nc thi t nh v sinh, cha phn
ln cc cht nhim, ch yu l: cht hu c, cc vi sinh vt gy bnh v cn l lng.
Nc xm l nc pht sinh t qu trnh ra, tm, git, vi thnh phn cc cht
nhim khng ng k. Cc thnh phn nhim chnh c trng thng thy nc
thi sinh hot l BOD5, COD, Nit v Pht pho. Trong nc thi sinh hot, hm lng
N v P rt ln, nu khng c loi b th s lm cho ngun tip nhn nc thi b ph
dng mt hin tng thng xy ra ngun nc c hm lng N v P cao, trong
cc loi thc vt thy sinh pht trin mnh ri cht i, thi ra, lm cho ngun
nc tr nn nhim.
Mt yu t gy nhim quan trng trong nc thi sinh hot, c bit l trong
phn, l cc loi mm bnh c ly truyn bi cc vi sinh vt c trong phn. Vi
sinh vt gy bnh t nc thi c kh nng ly lan qua nhiu ngun khc nhau, qua
tip xc trc tip, qua mi trng (t, nc, khng kh, cy trng, vt nui, cn
trng), thm nhp vo c th ngi qua ng thc n, nc ung, h hp,,v sau
c th gy bnh. Vi sinh vt gy bnh cho ngi bao gm cc nhm chnh l virus,
vi khun, nguyn sinh bo v giun sn.
Vi thnh phn nhim l cc tp cht nhim bn c tnh cht khc nhau, t cc
loi cht khng tan n cc cht t tan v c nhng hp cht tan trong nc, vic x l
nc thi sinh hot l loi b cc tp cht , lm sch nc v c th a nc vo
ngun tip nhn hoc a vo ti s dng. Vic la chn phng php x l thch hp
thng c cn c trn c im ca cc loi tp cht c trong nc thi. Cc
phng php chnh thng c s dng trong cc cng trnh x l nc thi sinh
hot l: phng php ha hc, phng php ha l, v phng php sinh hc.
Cc phng php ha hc dng trong HTXLNT sinh hot gm c: trung ha, oxy
ha kh, to kt ta hoc phn ng phn hy cc hp cht c hi. C s ca phng
php ny l cc phn ng ha hc din ra gia cht nhim v ha cht thm vo, do
, u im ca phng php l c hiu qu x l cao, thng c s dng trong cc
h thng x l nc khp kn. Tuy nhin, phng php ha hc c nhc im l chi
ph vn hnh cao, khng thch hp cho cc HTXLNT sinh hot vi quy m ln.
Bn cht ca phng php ho l trong qu trnh x l nc thi sinh hot l p
dng cc qu trnh vt l v ho hc a vo nc thi cht phn ng no gy
tc ng vi cc tp cht bn, bin i ho hc, to thnh cc cht khc di dng cn
103
hoc cht ho tan nhng khng c hi hoc gy nhim mi trng. Nhng phng
php ho l thng c p dng x l nc thi l: keo t, tuyn ni, ng t, hp
ph, trao i ion, thm lc ngc v siu lc Giai on x l ho l c th l giai
on x l c lp hoc x l cng vi cc phng php c hc, ho hc, sinh hc
trong cng ngh XLNT hon chnh.
Bn cht ca phng php sinh hc trong qu trnh x l nc thi sinh hot l s
dng kh nng sng v hot ng ca cc vi sinh vt c ch phn hu cc cht hu
c v cc thnh phn nhim trong nc thi. Cc qu trnh x l sinh hc ch yu c
nm nhm chnh: qu trnh hiu kh, qu trnh trung gian anoxic, qu trnh k kh, qu
trnh kt hp hiu kh trung gian anoxic k kh cc qu trnh h. i vi vic x l
nc thi sinh hot c yu cu u ra khng qu kht khe i vi ch tiu N v P, qu
trnh x l hiu kh bng bn hot tnh l qu trnh x l sinh hc thng c ng
dng nht.
i vi HTXLNT sinh hot ca Cng ty TNHH Furukawa cng sut 600 m 3/ngy,
yu cu ca nc thi u ra khng qu kht khe (loi C, TCVN 5945:2005) nn cng
ngh c chng ti la chn s dng l phng php bn sinh hc hiu kh. Cc
bc kho st v vn hnh h thng x l nc thi sinh hot ca Cng ty TNHH
Furukawa s c cp v tm tt trong bi bo ny.
7.2.2. Cng ngh x l
Nc thi
sinh hot
Hm t hoi
Ngn tch
du m
B iu ha
My thi
kh
B
Aerotank
B lng
B phn hy
bn k kh
chn lp
Ngun
tip nhn
Hnh 7.1: S cng ngh x l ca HTXLNT sinh hot

104
Nc thi sinh hot ca 8000 cng nhn thuc Cng ty TNHH Furukawa t cc
Hm t hoi c bm vo B iu ha. V nc thi c thnh phn du m tng i
cao nn ngn tch du s c lp t ti b iu ha tch du m v cc tp cht
nh c trong nc thi. T b iu ha, nc thi c a vo B sinh hc hiu kh
c ha tr n vi bn vi sinh hot tnh to thnh hn hp vi sinh v nc thi.
Vi sinh vt hiu kh trong hn hp bn hot tnh s chuyn ha cc cht hu c trong
nc thi di dng thc n thnh cc hp cht n gin hn v v hi vi mi
trng. Hn hp vi sinh v nc thi c chy vo B lng, ni bn hot tnh c
lng li v nn y b. Bn lng c tun hon (khong 25-80 % tng lu lng)
vo b sinh hc hiu kh duy tr nng vi sinh n nh trong b. Nc sau lng
t tiu chun mi trng loi C, TCVN 5945:2005 v c a vo ngun tip nhn.
Cng on x l cui cng l x l v thi b bn t b lng. Bn t b lng c
bm vo B phn hy bn hiu kh ni phn hy cc hp cht hu c c trong bn
trong mi trng hiu kh. Sau x l, bn ch cn cha cht v c v cc cht rn vi
sinh. Bn ti y b ca b phn hy bn c bm n ni x l sau mi 6 (hay 12
thng).
7.3. X l nc thi tinh bt m
7.3.1. Gii thiu
Sn xut tinh bt khoai m l mt ngnh thc phm chnh ng Nam . Cng
nghip ch bin tinh bt khoai m l mt ngnh cng nng nghip lm theo thi v, s
dng khoai m lm nguyn liu chnh. Tinh bt khoai m l mt trong cc ngun c
hm lng tinh bt cao nht, c khoai m cha n 30% hm lng tinh bt nhng c
hm lng protein, cacbonhydrate v cht bo thp. l ngun thc n cho cuc
sng con ngi v l ngun nguyn liu cho cc ngnh cng nghip ch bin thc
phm.
S cng ngh sn xut tinh bt m:
105
Hnh 7.2: S qui trnh SX tinh bt m

Hu ht cc cng ngh sn xut tinh bt m trn th gii v Vit Nam c s
dng u thi nc thi t hai cng on ra c v ly tm, trch ly, loi nc. Trung
bnh lng nc s dng khong 4 m 3/1 tn nguyn liu v 4 tn nguyn liu cho mt
tn sn phm. c trng nc thi loi ny l c hm lng cht hu c cao, c kh
nng gy nhim mi trng trn din rng. Theo s liu phn tch v nh gi cc
nh my, nng 2 ch tiu c trng ca nc thi loi ny vo khong BOD t
6.000 9.000 mg/l, COD t 8.000 13.000 mg/l. y l ngun nhim nc rt
nghim trng.
Thnh phn ha hc
Thnh phn ha hc ca khoai m thay i ty thuc vo ging trng, tnh cht,
dinh dng ca t, iu kin pht trin ca cy v thi gian thu hoch.
106
Bng 2.1. Thnh phn ho hc ca khoai m
c t CN: c t trong khoai m tn ti di dng CN. Ty thuc vo ging v

t trng m hm lng c t trong khoai m khong 0,001 0,04%. Cyanua l
nguynt gy c tnh cao i vi con ngi v thy sinh vt. Cyanua t do tn ti
di dng HCN hay CN l dng c tnh nht trong nc l HCN. Cyanua ngn cn
qu trnh chuyn ha cc ion vo da, ti mt, thn, nh hng n qu trnh phn ha
t bo trong h thn kinh..
7.3.2. Tng quan cng ngh x l nc thi tinh bt m
X l bc 1: l bc ban u chun b cho x l sinh hc, trong qu trnh x l
ny thng c cc qu trnh x l sau: song chn rc hoc li chn rc, b lng ct,
b iu ha, b trung ha, b thi kh s b, b lng t 1.
Song chn rc: thng c kch thc khe h <15 mm, c th gi li cc tp cht
th nh xc b khoai m, l cy rc ly bng phng php th cng hoc thit b co
rc c kh. Thng thng song chn rc hoc li chn rc c t trc bm nc
thi bo v bm b nght bi rc ln, tc nghn ng dn bn, hoc dnh cht trn
cc ng khuch tn kh trong x l sinh hc.
B lng ct: c nhim v loi b ct, mnh kim loi trong nguyn liu, trong
nc thi v sinh nh xng, cn ny c tnh cht d tch nc, tr, tng i kh,
m khong 13 65%. Trng lng ring khong 1600kg/m 3, nu ct khng c tch
ra khi nc thi, c th gy nh hng ln n cc cng trnh pha sau nh mi mn
thit b, lng cn trong ng ng. B lng ct thng c 3 loi: (1) lng ct ngang,
trn, vung; (2) lng ct thi kh; (3) b lng ct xoy. Trong nc thi ch bin tinh
107
bt m, thng c hm lng ct ng k, v vy trong cng ngh x l cn thit phi

c b lng ct.
B gn m: c nhim v thu hi lng tinh bt cn st li sau cng on ly tm,
lng tinh bt ny thng nh hn nc, ni ln c vt em bn cho cc ngnh
khc ti s dng
B iu ha: ty thuc vo cng ngh sn xut, nguyn liu v sn phm m lu
lng v thnh phn tnh cht nc thi ca tng x nghip s khc nhau, nhn chung
l dao ng khng u trong mt ngy m. S dao ng nng v lu lng nc
thi s nh hng n ch cng tc ca mng li v cc cng trnh x l, c bit
quan trng vi cc cng trnh ha l, sinh hc vi vic lm n nh nng nc thi
s gip gim nh kch thc cng trnh x l ha l, n gin ha cng ngh x l v
tng hiu qu x l nc thi cc cng trnh x l.
B trung ha: nc thi cng ngh ch bin tinh bt m u c pH thp, cc
cng on do qu trnh ln men axt tinh bt. Do trc khi tin hnh x l sinh hc
(pH yu cu t 6.5 8.5) hay qu trnh ha l (thng yu cu pH trung tnh) cn tin
hnh trung ha to iu kin thch hp cho vi sinh pht trin tt. Qu trnh trung
ha c thc hin trong cc b trung ha lm vic lin tc hoc gin on theo tng
m, vic cu to ca b ny thng kt hp vi b lng.
B lng t 1: c chc nng (1) loi b cc cht lng c m cc cht ny c th
gy ra hin tng bn lng trong ngun tip nhn; (2) tch du m hoc cc cht ni
khc; (3) gim ti trng hu c cho cc cng trnh x l pha sau.
X l bt 2: l cng on phn hy sinh hc, chuyn cc cht hu c c kh nng
phn hy thnh cc cht v c v cht hu c n nh kt thnh bng cn d loi b ra
khi nc thi
H hiu kh: C din tch rng, chiu su cn. Cht hu c trong nc thi c
x l ch yu nh s cng sinh ca to v vi khun sng dng l lng. Oxy cung cp
cho vi khun nh s khuch tn t khng kh qua b mt v qu trnh quang hp ca
to. Cht dinh dng v CO2 sinh ra trong qu trnh phn hy cht hu c c to s
dng. H hiu kh c hai dng: (1) c mc ch ti u sn lng to, h ny c chiu
su cn 0,15 0,45; (2) ti u lng oxy cung cp cho vi khun, chiu su h ny
khong 1,5m. t hiu qu tt c th cung cp oxy bng cch thi kh nhn to. Ti
trng ca h khong 250 300 kg/ha.ngy. Thi gian lu nc trong h tng i di,
hiu qu lm sch khong 80 90% BOD, mu ca nc c th bin dn thnh mu
xanh ca to.
H ty tin: Trong h ty tin tn ti 03 khu vc: (1) khu vc b mt, ni ch
yu vi khun v to sng cng sinh; (2) khu vc y, tch ly cn lng v cn phn hy
nh vi khun k kh; (3) khu vc trung gian, cht hu c trong nc thi chu s phn
108
hy ca vi khun ty tin. Trong h thng hnh thnh hai tng cch nhit, tng nc
pha trn c nhit cao hn tng di. Tng trn c to pht trin mnh thnh lp
dy ri cht lm cho nc thiu O2 ha tan nh hng n vi sinh vt hiu kh, cn cc
sinh vt ty nghi hoc k kh hot ng mnh. C th s dng my khuy to iu
kin hiu kh trn b mt khi ti trong cao. Ti trng thch hp dao ng trong khong
70 140kgBOD5/ha ngy.
H k kh: Thng c p dng cho x l nng cht hu c cao v cn l
lng ln, ng thi c th kt hp phn hy bn lng. H khng cn vai tr quang hp
ca to, cc h ny c chiu su ln, c th su n 9m. Ti trng thit k khong 220
560kg BOD5/ha ngy. Kh nng x l hu c ca h thng ph thuc vo thi tit,
ma h: 65 80%, ma ng : 45 65%. Cu to ca h thng hai ngn, ngn lm
vic v ngn d tr khi vt bn cn.
B UASB: thng c p dng x l nc thi c hm lng cht hu c cao
nh nc thi ngnh tinh bt m. Nc thi c np t pha y b, i qua lp bn
ht, qu trnh x l xy ra khi cc cht hu c tip xc vi bn ht. c tnh quan
trng nht ca bn t b UASB l vn tc lng ca bn kh cao, nh c th vn
hnh thit b k kh vi vn tc ngc dng t di ln cao. Khi vn hnh giai on
u ti trng cht hu c khng c qu cao v vi sinh vt acid ha s to acid bo d
bay hi vi tc nhanh hn rt nhiu ln so vi tc ca cc acid ny thnh acetate
di tc dng ca vi khun acetate lm gim pH mi trng, c ch vi khun methane
ha. Ti trng hu c c th tng dn khi vi khun thch nghi. V vy, vi h thng
UASB ti trng cht hu c c th t cao trong giai on hot ng n nh.
B acid ha: trong nc thi tinh bt thng cha mt lng cyanua cao, nm
di dng acid hu c ha tan, ti b acid ha ny s din ra qu trnh acid ha cht
hu c ha tan, hp cht cyanua thnh cc acid hu c, l cht nn cho qu trnh sinh
hc tip theo.
B Aeroten: l mt cng trnh nhn to, trong ngi ta cung cp oxy v khuy
trn nc thi vi bn hot tnh. Bn hot tnh trong b tn ti di dng bng xp,
tp hp ch yu cc qun th vi khun khong ha c kh nng hp th v oxy ha
cht bn hu c nh oxy c trong nc thi. Hai thng s c bn quan trng trong b
bn hot tnh l t l BOD5 vo trn lng sinh vt (bn) sinh ra (F/M), thi gian lu
bn qt, cc thng s cn li nh thi gian lu nc, ti trng BOD5, hiu sut x l.
Trong b aeroten mt thng s quan trng na l cht dinh dng, thng thng t l
gia cc ch tiu l BOD5 : N : P l 100 : 5 : 1. Lng kh cp vo b t 55 65m 3/1kg
BOD5 cn kh. Ch s th tch bn thng dao ng 50 150mg/l, tui bn thng 3
15 ngy, nng COD u vo thng nh hn 400mg/l. Hiu qu lm sch thng
80 95%.
109
7.4. X l nc thi sn xut giy

7.4.1. Tng quan cng ngh sn xut bt giy
Si cellulose l nguyn liu th chnh cho cng ngh sn xut giy v bt giy.
Cc t bo thc vt, c bit l t bo g, cha rt nhiu si cellulose. Trong cng
nghip sn xut giy v bt giy, si cellulose ch yu c cung cp t cc ngun sau
:
Cc loi g : Bch n, b , m, keo,
Cc thc vt ngoi g : Tre na, b ma, rm r,
Cc vt liu ti sinh : Vi vn, giy vn, giy s dng,
Trong , g l ngun cung cp si quan trng nht. Thnh phn ha hc c bn
ca g bao gm:
Hnh 7.3: S thnh phn ha hc trong g

Cng ngh sn xut bt giy
Nghin bt t si ti ch
Trong nhiu nm qua, vic s dng si ti ch sn xut bt giy v xeo giy
tr nn ph bin. Vic s dng loi vt liu ny trong thi gian gn y tng ln
ng k. Cc pht trin cng ngh hin i tp trung ch yu vo vic nng cp cht
lng bt giy t cc vt liu ti ch v chnh do thnh cng trong lnh vc ny dn
n vic s dng rt rng ri loi bt giy t si ti ch.
Bt giy sn xut cc vt liu lm hp v giy gi c th lm t bt k loi si
th cp no m khng cn phn loi nhiu. Giy thi c thu gom ri v i khi c
b thnh kin d dng vn chuyn. Giy thi c lu kho, thnh ng. My
nghin bt c hc c s dng nghin giy, trn nc v chuyn ha thnh mt
110
hn hp ng nht, c th bm nh nc. Cc cht nhim bn nng nh ct, si,

c thi b khi chy l lng trong h thng mng. Ti y cc cht nng s lng
xung v ly ra khi h thng theo nh k. Si c phn loi ring di dng huyn
ph nh, sau c chy qua mt lot cc sng lc c lp tm c l. y cc cht
nhim bn nh hn, nhng ln hn si s b loi ra. Trong mt s qui trnh cng ngh
cn phi c sn phm tht sch, th phi c mt lot cc cyclon lm sch t sau cc
sng lc. cng on ny, ngi ta phi s dng mt my lc tinh c hc hoc kh
mnh vn nhm m bo sao cho cc si tch ri nhau v c th to ra bn lin
kt gia cc si trong giy. Cch sn xut ny rt ph hp trong vic sn xut cc loi
bao gi.
Nghin bt c hc
Trong nghin bt c hc, cc si ch yu b tch ri nhau do lc c hc trong my
nghin hoc trong thit b tinh ch. Qui trnh cng ngh nguyn thy l gia cng g
trn bng g c p bng nghin quay trn. Cng ngh ny lm ra loi bt
giy c dai tng i thp.
cc my tinh ch TMP (Thermal Mechanical Pulping) v cc my nghin p lc
cch x l c hc c tin hnh p lc v nhit cao, do vy bt giy c cc
thuc tnh dai tt hn bt giy c hc truyn thng. Thc hin qui trnh cng ngh
ny cc my tinh ch c linh hot cao hn trong vic la chn nguyn liu, v sau
c th tn dng vn g, cng nh cc nguyn liu si ngoi g.
Trong nghin bt CTMP (Chemical Thermal Mechanical Pulping) cht lm
nguyn liu si c ngm tm vi cc ha cht trc khi tinh ch. V do vy c th
lm tng dai v sng ca bt giy.
C th ty cc loi bt giy c hc bng my tinh ch hoc bng h thng ty
ring, hydrogen dioxide l ha cht c s dng ph bin nht. Trc cng on ty,
bt giy c x l loi b cc kim loi nng, chng l xc tc cho cc phn ng
phn hy tc nhn ty.
Nghin bt ha hc v bn ha hc
Trong nghin bt ha hc v bn ha hc, nguyn liu si c x l vi ha cht
nhit v p lc cao (nu). Mc ch ca qu trnh x l ny l nhm ha tan hoc
lm mm thnh phn chnh ca cht lignin lin kt cc si trong nguyn liu vi nhau,
ng thi li gy ra s ph hy cng t cng tt i vi thnh phn cellulose (tng
dai ca si). Cch x l ny c tin hnh trong ni p sut (ni nu), c th vn
hnh theo ch lin tc hoc theo tng m.
C hai loi cng ngh nghin bt ha hc chnh : cc quy trnh kim ha (quy
trnh sulphate, quy trnh xt) v quy trnh sulphite
111
Trong quy trnh sulphate, dch nu c kim cao v cc thnh phn hot
tnh l cc ion hydroxyl, sulphite v hydrogen sulphite. Cc thnh phn hot tnh qu
trnh nghin bt giy bng xt l hydroxyl v carbonate. Nghin bt giy sulphate to
ra loi bt giy dai nht trong khi nghin bt giy xt thch hp hn vi cc nguyn
liu cha lignin thp nh cc loi cy mt nm, tre na,
Cc cht hot tnh trong quy trnh sulphite l sulphur dioxide t do, sulphite
hoc ion hydrogen sulphite. Bt giy sulphite c sng khng ty cao nht nn
thng ch cn t ha cht ty hn so vi bt giy sulphate v bt giy xt.
Ty bt
Mc ch ca ty bt giy ha hc l lm sng mu lignin tn d trong bt giy
sau khi nu. kh c lignin ngi ta dng chlorine, hypochlorite, chlorine
dioxide, oxygen hoc ozone v c bit l peroxide. Mt cch truyn thng, c th ni
rng quy trnh ty trng bao gm 03 giai on chnh :
Giai on clo ha, oxy ha trong mi trng axit phn hy phn ln
lignin cn st li trong bt.
Giai on thy phn kim sn phm lignin ha tan trong kim nng c
tch ra khi bt
Giai on ty oxy ha thay i cu trc cc nhm mang mu cn st li
Nghin bt, phi ch v xeo giy
Bt giy c nghin c thy ha v chui ha t yu cu, c cho thm
cht n v ph gia (cht ph trm,) ri a ln my xeo nh hnh t giy. Cui
cng l p vt nc, sy kh v ct cun.
Nc thi ra di dn li xeo gi l nc trng, cha nhiu ht mn. Nc thi
cng on ny i khi c th chim ti 90% lu lng tng cng ca nh my nhng
tng i sch nng cht nhim bn khng cao, BOD trung bnh, mu thp, pH
gn trung tnh, khng cha lignin, hm lng cht rn l lng cao, ch yu l do bt
giy v cht n tht thot. Lng cht rn ny c th d dng thu hi bng cc
phng php lng.
112
Hnh 7.4: S cng ngh sn xut giy

7.4.2. Cc vn mi trng
Ngnh sn xut bt giy v giy c lit vo ngnh sn xut gy nhim mi
trng ng k c trc tip cng nh gin tip.
Trc tip
- Nc thi c lu lng, ti lng cng nh c tnh ca cc cht nhim cao,
cc cht nhim hu c (dch chit t thn cy, cc axit bo, mt s sn phm phn
hy ca lignin, v cc dn xut ca ligin b Clo ha) pht sinh t ngnh giy l
ngun tim tng gy nhim mi trng nc mt, t v nc ngm nu c thi
thng ra ngoi khng qua x l. c bit l dch en thi ra t qu trnh nghin bt
bng phng php ha hc
- Kh thi t qu trnh t nhin liu sn xut hi nc bo ha. Ngoi ra, trong
qu trnh nghin bt giy ha hc cc kh nng mi nh hydro sulphite, mercaptan,
- Dioxin xut pht t qu trnh ty trng bt giy bng chlorine.
113
Gin tip
- Gp phn lm cn kit ngun ti nguyn nc.
- Gp phn lm cn kit ngun ti nguyn rng.
- Gy hiu ng nh knh thng qua vic s dng nng lng in v mt thm
thc vt.
7.5. X l nc thi nh my bia
7.5.1. Gii thiu
Bia c sn xut ti Vit Nam cch y trn 100 nm ti nh my Bia Si Gn v
nh my Bia H Ni. Hin nay do nhu cu ca th trng, ch trong mt thi gian
ngn, ngnh sn xut bia c nhng bc pht trin mnh m thng qua vic u t v
m rng cc nh my bia c t trc v xy dng cc nh my bia mi thuc Trung
ng v a phng, cc nh my lin doanh vi cc hng bia nc ngoi. Hin nay,
c nc c khong trn 320 nh my bia v cc c s sn xut bia vi tng nng lc
sn xut t trn 800 triu lt/nm. Trong s , bia a phng sn xut 311 c s
(chim 97,18% s c s) nhng sn lng ch chim 37,41% sn lng bia c nc
(t 231 triu lt) v t 60,73% cng sut thit k.
Cng nghip sn xut bia ang l ngnh to ra ngun thu ln cho ngn sch nh
nc v c hiu qu kinh t, v vy trong my nm qua sn xut bia c nhng bc
pht trin kh nhanh. Do mc sng tng, mc tiu dng bia ngy cng cao. Nm 2000
c khong 81 triu ngi v n nm 2005 c th l 89 triu ngi dng bia. Do vy
mc tiu th bnh qun theo u ngi vo nm 2005 t 17lt/ngi/nm (sn lng
bia t khong 1.500 triu lt, tng gp 2 ln so vi nm 2000). Bnh qun lng bia
tng 20% mi nm.
Cng nghip sn xut bia to nn mt lng ln nc thi x vo mi trng.
Hin nay tiu chun nc thi to thnh trong qu trnh sn xut bia l 8-14l nc
thi/lt bia, ph thuc vo cng ngh v cc loi bia sn xut. Cc loi nc thi ny
cha hm lng ln cc cht l lng, COD v BOD d gy nhim mi trng. V
vy cc loi nc thi ny cn phi x l trc khi x ra ngun nc tip nhn.
7.5.2. Thnh phn nc thi
Ti lng nhim trong nc thi bia thi bia l 6-18 kg BOD5, 9-30 kg COD,
2-4 kg cn l lng... cho 1000 lt bia. Cc nghin cu v thnh phn, tnh cht nc
thi sn xut bia cho thy hm lng cc cht nhim trong nc thi cc c s sn
xut bia a phng ln hn tiu chun cho php rt nhiu ln (bng 1).
Bng 7.2: Thnh phn v tiu chun x nc thi sn xut bia ra ngun nc mt
TT
1
Ch tiu
pH
Nc thi trc
x l
6-9,5
Tiu chun thi

TCVN 5945 - 2005
6-9
114
Hm lng cn l
150-300
100
lng, mg/l
3
BOD5, mg/l
700-1500
50
4
COD, mg/l
850-1950
100
5
Tng Nit (TN)
15-45
60
6
Tng Phtpho
4,9-9,0
6
Coliform,
7
<10.000
10.000
MPN/100 ml
Do c hm lng cht hu c cao, cn l lng ln, nc thi sn xut bia gy
mi hi thi, lng cn, gim nng oxy ho tan trong nc ngun khi tip
nhn chng. Mt khc cc mui nit, pht pho... trong nc thi bia d gy hin
tng ph dng cho cc thu vc.
7.5.3. Tng quan phng n x l
Nc thi nh my bia cn c x l sinh hc, m bo yu cu x ra ngun
nc mt theo quy nh ca TCVN 5945-2005. Sau khi nghin cu cc s liu v s
lng, thnh phn v tnh cht nc thi sn xut ca nh my bia a phng (Cng
ty bia ong Thi Bnh, Nh my bia NADA Nam nh, Nh my bia H Long, Cng
ty bia Vinh- Ngh An...) cng sut t 8 triu n 20 triu lt bia/nm, ti Nghin
cu x l nc thi cc nh my bia a phng do trng i hc Xy dng trin
khai xut nguyn tc x l nc thi bia a phng vi hm lng cht hu c
d oxy ho sinh ho cao c nu sau y.
Vi nguyn tc x l nc thi nh vy, ti nghin cu dng b lc dng
chy ngc vt liu ni (upflow anaerobic filter - UAF) trong khu x l sinh hc k
kh v b aeroten kt hp lng hot ng theo m (Sequencing Batch Reactor - SBR)
trong khu x l sinh hc hiu kh.
2
115
Hnh 7.5: S cng ngh x l nc thi nh my bia

Cc loi b lc k kh l cc loi b kn, pha trong cha vt liu ng vai tr nh
gi th ca vi sinh vt dnh bm. Cc gi th lm bng cc loi vt liu hnh dng,
kch thc khc nhau, hot ng nh nh vt liu lc. Cc dng nc thi c th i t
di ln hoc trn xung. Cc cht hu c c vi khun hp th v chuyn ho
to thnh CH4 v cc loi cht kh khc. Cc loi kh sinh hc c thu gom ti phn
trn b. Kh CH4 v cc loi kh sinh hc to thnh khc c thu hi pha trn.
Vt liu lc ca b lc k kh l cc loi cui si, than , x, ng nha, tm
nha hnh dng khc nhau. Kch thc v chng loi vt liu lc, c xc nh
da vo cng sut cng trnh XLNT, hiu qu kh COD, tn tht p lc nc cho
php, iu kin cung cp nguyn vt liu ti ch... Cc loi vt liu lc, cn m
bo rng ln (t 90-300m3/m2 b mt b). Tng b mt ca vt liu lc c vai tr
quan trng trong vic hp th cc cht hu c. Vt liu lc ni s dng trong cc
nghin cu trin khai ti trng i hc Xy dng l polyspirene, ng knh d=56mm. Loi b ny c gi l b lc ngc k kh vt liu ni (Upflow Anaerobic
Floating Blanket-UAFB). y l loi vt liu lc nh, trng lng ring nh v c
tng b mt tip xc ln . Khi mng vi sinh vt dy, hiu qu lc nc thi gim (tn
tht p lc lc tng). Vt liu lc c ra bng phng php x tc thi. Trong qu
trnh ra lc, s lng vi khun hot tnh ca b lc k kh dng chy ngc hao ht
t. Mt khc vic ra lc cng n gin.
116
B lc k kh c mt lot u im nh kh nng tch cc cht bn hu c (BOD)

cao, thi gian lu nc ngn, vi sinh vt d thch nghi vi nc thi, qun l vn
hnh n gin, t tn nng lng v d hp khi vi b t hoi v cc cng trnh x
l nc thi khc. Tuy nhin cng nh cc cng trnh x l nc thi bng phng
php sinh hc khc, thi gian a cng trnh vo hot ng di, b thng hay b s
c tc nghn, hm lng cn l lng trong nc thi ra khi b ln. Cc loi vt
liu lc c c tnh k thut yu cu thng c gi thnh cao.
7.6. X l nc thi l git m
7.6.1. t vn
Ngun gc mi s bin i v mi trng sng ang xy ra hin nay trn th
gii cng nh nc ta l cc hot ng kinh t, pht trin ca x hi loi ngi. Cc
hot ng ny mt mt lm ci thin cht lng cuc sng ca con ngi , mt khc
li ang to ra hng lot khan him , cn kit ngun ti nguyn thin nhin, gy
nhim, suy thoi mi trng khp mi ni trn th gii. V vy, bo v mi trng tr
thnh vn ton cu, l quc sch ca hu ht cc nc trn th gii. Vit Nam ang
trong giai on thc hin cng nghip ho, hin i ho t nc. Nn kinh t th
trng l ng lc thc y s pht trin ca mi ngnh kinh t, trong c ngnh ch
bin lng thc , thc phm to ra cc sn phm c gi tr phc v cho nhu cu tiu
dng trong nc cng nh xut khu. Tuy nhin, ngnh ny cng to ra mt lng ln
cht thi rn, kh, lng l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn gy ra nhim mi trng
chung ca t nc. Cng vi ngnh cng nghip ch bin lng thc, thc phm th
ngnh git m cng trong tnh trng . Do c im cng ngh ca ngnh, ngnh git
m s dng mt lng nc kh ln trong qu trnh ch bin. V vy, ngnh thi
ra mt lng nc kh ln cng vi cc cht thi rn, kh thi. Vn nhim ngun
nc do ngnh ch bin thu sn thi trc tip ra mi trng ang l mi quan tm
hng u ca cc nh qun l mi trng. Nc b nhim bn s nh hng n con
ngi v s sng ca cc loi thu sinh cng nh cc loi ng thc vt sng gn .
V vy, vic nghin cu x l nc thi ngnh git m cng nh cc nganh cong
nghiep khac la mot yeu cau cap thiet at ra khong ch
oi vi nhng nha lam cong tac bao ve moi trng ma
con cho tat ca moi ngi chung ta.
7.6.2. Qui trnh git m
Dy chuyn git m tru b
- Khu vc tip nhn: gim thiu cng thng ca gia sc, chng suy kit v tng
cc vi trng ra khi rut, cc gia sc s c lu li t 24 36 gi v thng xuyn
c kim tra sc kho trc khi git m.
117
- Gy ngt: Cc gia sc c chuyn t khu vc tip nhn n khu vc git m ,

ti nay cc gia sc s c gy ngt bng in trc khi m v m bo khng c
ng, cm mt con dao nh vo no ca gia sc v sau treo lean bng 2 chn sau.
- Git m: Mch mu c ct t huyt chy ra , sng chn cng c ct ri
trc khi lt da
- Lt da: Da s c lt b bng nhng con dao sc v ko ra bng tay, huyt v
nc m ri xung nh.
- Moi rut: Thn gia sc c lt da c ct m ra v tch cc b phn c th
n c v khng th n c n khu lm sch.
- X tht v ra: Thn gia sc s c x i bng ca in, ra sch v ct xn
gn gng trc khi kim tra cht lng , cn v giao cho ch hng v chuyn n khu
vc ch bin.
Git m heo:
- Tri nht: Heo c nht trong 24 gi phc hi v gim cng thng v
nc tng cc vi trng ra khi rut
- Lm ngt: Trc khi m heo b lm ngt bng dng in tn sut cao, in p
thp v c ko ln gi treo m.
- Ct tit: ng mch v tnh mch c b ct t mu chy ra heat v lm mm
cc c tht co lng c d dng.
- Nhng nng v co lng: Sau khi thc huyt xong, heo c nhng vo nc
nng (khang 60 ) t 4 5 pht ri co lng bng my c trc xoay trn, sau heo
c ko ln dy chuyn v vic co lng b st li s c thc hin bng tay.
- Moi rut: u heo c ct ring v bng c m banh ra . Phn ni tng c
chuyn i tch ring nhng phn dng c v khng dng c. Rut c lm
sch lm lp xng.
- Ct x: Phn thn heo sau khi c lm sch v ct gn gh c x u ra lm 2
phn. Mi phn li c lm sch mt ln na v c kim tra cht lng trc khi
giao i.
7.6.3. Thnh phn nc thi
Nc thi ca cc c s git m c nng cht rn cao, BOD v COD kh cao
v lun lun cha mt lng ln cc cht hu c bao gm cc hp cht ca cacbon,
nito, photpho. Cc hp cht hu c ny lm tng ph ca nc ng thi d b phn
hy bi cc vi sinh vt , gy mi hoi thi v lm nhim ngun nc. Nc thi ca
cc c s ch bin tht c thng cha mt lng ln vi sinh vt. Nu khng c bin
php x l th rt d gy nhim bi cc vi khun gy bnh, gy ng c ngun nc
s dng. Ngoi ra ngnh git m l mt ngnh i hi s dng nc rt nhiu, hu nh
cc cng on x l nguyn liu u c nhu cu dng nc nh:
0
118
- Khu ra s b nguyn liu

- Khu lm r nc ng lnh
- Khu x l nguyn liu
- Khu ch bin nh hp, luc
Nc thi ca cng ngh ch bin tht gn ging nc thi sinh hot nhng c
nhim cao hn nhiu. Chng c nng du m, axit bo rt cao, ngoi ra cn c cht
ty ra, lng Nc thi git m cn cha cht dinh dng nh Protein, khi diamin
ho to ra NH3 v th nc thi can phi c nitrit ho.
Bng 7.3: Thnh phn nc thi nh my git m gia sc
7.6.4. Mt s phng n x l
Nc thi sau khi c x l s b v x l ho l (song chn rc, b lng ct, b
iu ho, b tuyn ni) s tip tc c x l sinh hc (bao gm x l sinh hc k
kh v hiu kh) ri qua b lng t 2, b kh trng v cui cng l c thi ra ngoi.
Ngoi ra cn c mt s cng trnh ph nh: B trn Clo, b phn hy bn k kh, my
tch bn
119
Hnh 7.6: S cng ngh x l nc thi nh my git m gia sc
120
TI LIU THAM KHO

[1]. Lm Vnh Sn, 2007, K Thut X L Nc Thi, Ti Liu Ebook Ti
www.ebook.edu.vn.
[2]. L Anh Tun, 2005, Cng Trnh X L Nc Thi, Trng i Hc Cn Th.
[3]. Lng c Phm, 2004, Cng Ngh X L Nc Thi Bng Bin Php Sinh
Hc, NXB Gio Dc.
[4]. Ng Th Nga, Trn Vn Nhn, 1999, Gio Trnh Cng Ngh X L Nc Thi,
NXB Khoa Hc V K Thut, H Ni.
[5]. Trn Hiu Nhu, X l nc thi, NXB Khoa Hc V K Thut.
[6]. Trn Th M Diu, Nguyn Trung Vit, 2006, C S Cng Ngh Mi Trng,
Cng Ty Mi Trng Tm Nhn Xanh.
[7]. Trnh L Hng, 2007, K Thut X L Nc Thi, NXB Gio Dc, H Ni.
[8]. Trnh Th Thanh, Trn Ym, ng Kim Loan, 2004, Gio Trnh Cng Ngh
Mi Trng, NXB i Hc Quc Gia H Ni.
121
MC LC
Trang
Chng 1: GII THIU CHUNG V NC THI..............................................1
1.1. Phn loi nc thi v c tnh ca nc thi.............................................1
1.2. S nhim bn ngun nc.............................................................................9
CHNG 2: X L S B V TIN N NH..............................................12
2.1. Song chn rc................................................................................................12
2.2. Li lc..........................................................................................................15
2.3. B lng ct.....................................................................................................16
2.4. Sn phi ct...................................................................................................18
2.5. Tin n nh...................................................................................................19
CHNG 3: X L NC THI BNG PHNG PHP C HC............24
3.1. Lng nc thi..............................................................................................24
3.2. Tuyn ni.......................................................................................................30
CHNG 4: X L NC THI BNG BIN PHP HA L V HA
HC............................................................................................................................ 40
4.1. Phng php oxi ha kh............................................................................40
4.2. ng t, keo t..............................................................................................48
CHNG 5: X L NC THI BNG PHNG PHP SINH HC HIU
KH............................................................................................................................. 55
5.1. Khi nim......................................................................................................55
5.2. Nguyn l chung ca qu trnh x l sinh hc..........................................55
5.3. S pht trin ca vi sinh vt........................................................................56
5.4. ng hc ca qu trnh x l sinh ha......................................................59
5.5. Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh x l sinh hc hiu kh ..................61
5.6. Cc cng trnh x l sinh hc nc thi trong iu kin t nhin ..........63
5.7. Cc cng trnh hiu kh nhn to x l nc thi.....................................70
CHNG 6: X L NC THI BNG PHNG PHP SINH HC K
KH............................................................................................................................. 90
6.1. Khi nim......................................................................................................90
6.2. C s ha sinh ca qu trnh phn hy k kh...........................................90
122
6.3. Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh x l sinh hc nc thi ln men

ym kh....................................................................................................................... 95
6.4. Cc cng trnh k kh x l nc thi........................................................97
CHNG 7: X L NC THI MT S NGNH CNG NGHIP.......102
7.1. Cc yu t la chn cng trnh x l nc thi......................................102
7.2. X l nc thi sinh hot..........................................................................104
7.3. X l nc thi tinh bt m......................................................................106
7.4. X l nc thi sn xut giy....................................................................111
7.5. X l nc thi nh my bia.....................................................................115
7.6. X l nc thi l git m.........................................................................118
TI LIU THAM KHO.....................................................................................122
123

Thai Minh Cong - Bai Giang CNXLNT

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Thai Minh Cong - Bai Giang CNXLNT

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chng 1: GII THIU CHUNG V NC THI

1.1. Phn loi nc thi v c tnh ca nc thi

Lu lng nc thi th ph thuc rt nhiu vo iu kin kh hu v cc tnh

Ngnh cng nghip

Gio vin bin son: Thi Mnh Cng

ngnh cng nghip, s liu cng c th thay i ng k do mc hon thin ca

Cc cht hu c bn vng kh phn hy

Cc kim loi nng

hu c gy c thng l: polyclorophenol (PCP), polyclorobiphenyl (PCB),

pH ca nc thi c mt ngha quan trng trong qu trnh x l. Cc cng trnh

Nhu cu oxy sinh ha l lng oxy cn thit vi sinh vt oxy ha cc cht hu

COD Chemical oxigen Demand

- Cc cht v c l dng cc mui ha tan hoc khng tan nh t dng

Vi khun ng rut gm 3 nhm:

coli v nh vy ch s coli s l: 1000/250 = 4, nh vy 1 lt mu nc c 4 trc khun

Nng ca cht gy nhim sau khi trn nc thi vi nc sng

Cis : nng ca cht gy nhim trong dng Qs ;

Cit : nng cht nhim trong dng nc thi Qt .

Qu trnh t lm sch: Kh nng ca ngun nc t gii phng khi nhng

Hnh 1.1. nh hng ca nhim do cc cht hu c ti cht lng dng sng

Hnh 1.2: S h sinh thi h

Gio vin bin son: Thi Mnh Cng

Hin nay mt s nc trn th gii ngi ta cn dng my nghin rc

Hnh 2.2: Cu to v phng php lp t song chn

: lu lng ti a ca nc thi, m3/s;

Gio vin bin son: Thi Mnh Cng

hmax : chiu cao ca nc qua song chn, m;

: h s tn tht cc b ti song chn rc ph thuc vo tit din cc

: gc nghing song chn so vi mt phng ngang,

Hnh 2.3 Gi tr ng vi cc kiu tit din song chn khc nhau

Tang trng quay vi vn tc 0,1 0,5 m/s.

Hnh 2.4: Cu to li lc dng tang trng quay

7. Mng thu gom nc ra.

Tn tht p lc qua li chn:

Cc h s C, A c th tra bng catalog ca nh cung cp v c xc nh bng

Din tch hu ch ca li lc c tnh theo cng thc:

2.3.1.2. Phn loi

vn tc trnh hin tng lng cc cht hu c, ch c ct v cc phn t nng c

2.3.2. B lng ct ngang

Hnh 2.5: Cu to b lng ct ngang v phn phi nc

Hnh 2.6: Cu to b lng ct c sc kh

Gio vin bin son: Thi Mnh Cng

vic ca chng mt n nh. Chng hn b lng tnh vi lu lng trung bnh gi th s

c b tr ti cc ngun to ra nc thi, cn vi b iu ho nng (khi lu

iu ha lu lng c s dng duy tr dng thi vo gn nh khng i,

Q: lu lng nc thi, m3/h;

Cmax, Ctb, Ccf: gi tr cc i, trung bnh, cho php nng cc cht gy

Hnh 2.8: S xc nh th tch cn thit ca b iu ha

Gio vin bin son: Thi Mnh Cng

CHNG 3: X L NC THI BNG PHNG PHP C

0 : khi lng ring ca cht lng;

Gio vin bin son: Thi Mnh Cng

- Thay vo (3) ta c: Fc 3..u.d

2 < Re < 500 (ch qu ) nht khng cn nh hng n chuyn ng

trng hp b lng ngang vi nhng iu kin ti u nht:

Hnh 3.1: S qu o chuyn ng ca cc ht cn t do trong b lng ngang

h: xut pht im ca cc ht cn c tc lng nh.

y b, cn cc ht c u u o th l lng v b dng nc cun ra ngoi. Khi lng cc

Gio vin bin son: Thi Mnh Cng

trong nc, hiu qu lng thp, v th khng dng b lng ng lng cc ht cn t

Hnh 3.2: S lng ng cc ht cn keo t

Hnh 3.3. S cu to b lng ng

Gio vin bin son: Thi Mnh Cng