HYDRAULICS

(BFC 2072 / BFC 21103)

Prepared by:-

MR WAN AFNIZAN BIN WAN MOHAMED

DEPT. OF WATER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
FAC. OF CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

e-mail: afnizan@uthm.edu.my

**Some part of the lecture notes are editted from Mrs

Zarina Md Ali

CHAPTER 1

TYPES OF FLOW IN
OPEN CHANNEL

Learning Objectives
To know open channel classification and
fluid characteristics.
To understand state of flow in open
channel.
To understand geometric elements
definition in open flow calculation.

CONTENT
INTRODUCTION
TYPES OF FLOW
UNIFORM & NON-UNIFORM FLOW
STEADY & NON-STEADY FLOW

STATE OF FLOW
LAMINAR & TURBULENT FLOW

CHANNEL GEOMETRY

INTRODUCTION
Hydraulic is related to the principle of fluid
mechanics usage for structure of water
engineering, civil and environmental
engineering necessity especially hydraulic
structure example channel, river, weir dan
water treatment plant.

INTRODUCTION
... Cont

Properties of Fluid
Relative Density

Surface Tension

Viscosity

Compressibility

Properties
of Fluid

Bulk Modulus

Capillarity

Specific Gravity
Density

... Cont

INTRODUCTION
Open Channel Flow

Flow in open
channel has a
free surface
which is caused
by atmosphere
pressure

Atmosphere

Free surface

Flow
d
Distribute
d flow
Zo
Datum

... Cont

INTRODUCTION
Open Channel Flow

Chapter 1. Flow in Open Channel

Tahan river
rapids

Stormwater Management and Road Tunnel

(SMART), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Siberian meandering
river

UNIFORM
&
NON-UNIFORM
FLOW

Practical applications are the determination of:

a. flow depth in rivers, canals and other conveyance conduits,

b. changes in flow depth due to channel controls e.g. weirs,

spillways, and gates,
c. changes in river stage during floods,
d. surface runoff from rainfall over land,
e. optimal channel design, and
f.

others

TYPES OF FLOW
UNIFORM FLOW

Depth of flow is the same at every section

of the flow (dy/dx = 0).

NON-UNIFORM FLOW

Depth of flow varies at different sections of

the flow (dy/dx 0).

Uniform flow

Non-uniform flow

... Cont

TYPES OF FLOW

NON-UNIFORM FLOW

Can be divided into two :-

1. Gradually Varied Flow (GVF)

The depth changes gradually over a long
distance along the length of a channel.
2. Rapidly Varied Flow (RVF)
The depth changes abruptly over a
comparative short distance

... Cont

TYPES OF FLOW

NON-UNIFORM FLOW

Gradually Varied Flow (GVF)

Example: backwater at the upstream of

weir or sluice gate.

... Cont

TYPES OF FLOW

NON-UNIFORM FLOW

Rapidly Varied Flow (GVF)

Example: hydraulic jump

STEADY
&
UNSTEADY
FLOW

TYPES OF FLOW
STEADY FLOW
Depth

of flow (y) does not change and

assumed to be constant during the time
interval; dy / dt = 0.

Example:

time

Constant flow in piping flow in

... Cont

TYPES OF FLOW

STEADY FLOW

... Cont

TYPES OF FLOW

UNSTEADY FLOW

Water surface and depth of flow fluctuate

from time to time. This means, dy / dt 0.

Unsteady uniform flow is an impossible

condition.

Example : Flood

In a nutshell ..
Open Channel
Flow

Steady Flow

Uniform Flow

Non-uniform
Flow

Unsteady Flow

Uniform Flow

Non-uniform
Flow

GVF

GVUF

RVF

RVUF

STATE OF FLOW

Can be classified according to : Viscosity effect

Gravity effect

... Cont

STATE OF FLOW

In term of viscocity effect :

In open channel flow :-

4 vR
Re =

Reynolds number
depends on viscosity
Fluid viscosity is
constant

Re < 500

- Laminar

500 < Re < 12500 - Transition

Re > 12500

- Turbulent

... Cont

STATE OF FLOW

Characteristics of laminar & turbulent flow

Laminar flow

Turbulent flow

Low velocity in small Deep of flow.

cross section channel.
Non-prismatic cross
High viscosity.
section (i.e; river)

create the turbulent.

Transition
State of flow happen when laminar flow change to turbulent flow
before alter to fully turbulent.

STATE OF FLOW

... Cont

In term of gravity effect :

State as inertia
force to gravity
force ratio and
known as Froude
number.

In open channel flow :-

Fr =

v
gD

Fr = 1

- Critical

Fr < 1

- Sub critical

Fr > 1

- Super critical

... Cont

STATE OF FLOW

Combination of viscosity and gravity

effect will create 4 state of regime which
are:-

Sub critical laminar

Fr < 1.0, Re < 500

Super critical laminar

Fr > 1.0, Re < 500

Sub critical turbulent

Fr < 1.0, Re > 12500

Super critical turbulent

Fr > 1.0, Re > 12500

CHANNEL GEOMETRY
TYPES OF OPEN CHANNEL

Natural channel
Artificial channel

Prismatic channel

... Cont

CHANNEL GEOMETRY

NATURAL @ EARTH CHANNEL

Natural channels are waterways that exist

naturally on earth.

The properties of natural channels are

normally very irregular and difficult to control.

Examples: hillside rivulets, brooks, streams,

rivers and tidal estuaries.

CHANNEL GEOMETRY

Three types of channel :-

NATURAL CHANNEL

Figure 1.1 : Natural channel

... Cont

CHANNEL GEOMETRY

ARTIFICIAL CHANNEL

Artificial channels are watercourses that are

contracted and developed by human.

The properties of artificial channels are based on

developers requirements and controllable.

Examples: canal, flume, chute, drop,culvert or

open channel-flow tunnel.

.... Cont
B

CHANNEL GEOMETRY

ARTIFICIAL CHANNEL

Figure 1.2 : Artificial channel

... Cont

CHANNEL GEOMETRY

ARTIFICIAL CHANNEL
EXAMPLE : CANAL

It is a long and mild-sloped channel built on the

ground.

Exist in earth surface or coated with concrete,

cement, wood or others.

EXAMPLE : CANAL

Terusan Wan Muhammad Saman, Kedah

Griboyedov Canal, St. Petersburg, Russia

... Cont

CHANNEL GEOMETRY

ARTIFICIAL CHANNEL
EXAMPLE : FLUME

It is a hard channel or passage built from

wood, metal or concrete across a depression.

It is used in laboratory for research.

EXAMPLE : FLUME

This flume diverts water from White River,

Washington to generate electricity

Open-channel flume in laboratory

Bull Run Hydroelectric Project diversion flume

... Cont

CHANNEL GEOMETRY

ARTIFICIAL CHANNEL
EXAMPLE : CHUTE & DROP

Chute is a steep-sloped channel.

Drop is similar to a chute, but the change in

elevation takes place over a very short distance.

Chute - is a channel having steep slopes.

Natural chute (falls) on the left and man-made logging chute on the right
on the Coulonge River, Quebec, Canada

Drop - is similar to a chute, but the change in

elevation is within a short distance.

The spillway of Leasburg Diversion Dam is

a vertical hard basin drop structure
designed to dissipate energy

... Cont

CHANNEL GEOMETRY

ARTIFICIAL CHANNEL
EXAMPLE : SEWERAGE

It is a closed conduit and built under soil

surface.

The water is in half-fully flow.

CHANNEL GEOMETRY

.... Cont
C

PRISMATIC CHANNEL

Uniform cross section & slope at whole channel

length.

Usually artificial channel.

CHANNEL GEOMETRY ELEMENT

y = Depth of water
T = Top width water surface
B = Base width water surface
P = Wetted perimeter
A = Wetted area
R = Hydraulic radius
R = A/P
D = Hydraulic depth
D = A/T

(m)
(m)
(m)
(m)
(m2)
(m)
(m)

.... Cont

CHANNEL GEOMETRY

CHANNEL GEOMETRIC ELEMENT

T

B
Figure 1.3 : Channel geometric element

.... Cont

CHANNEL GEOMETRY

CHANNEL GEOMETRIC ELEMENT

I

SIDES SLOPE, Z

z
Figure 1.4 : Channels sides slope
Note : If slope, = 45 z = 1
( z at left & right side is same )

.... Cont

CHANNEL GEOMETRY

CHANNEL GEOMETRIC ELEMENT

II

CHANNEL SLOPE, So ( unit less )

Figure 1.5 : Channels sides slope

.... Cont

CHANNEL GEOMETRY

CHANNEL GEOMETRIC ELEMENT

III

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN v & Q

Q AV

. 9.5

where ;
Q = Discharge or flow rate (m3/s)
v = Velocity (m/s)

CHANNEL GEOMETRY

.... Cont

CHANNEL GEOMETRIC ELEMENT

DERIVATION OF CHANNEL FORMULA

1
y

3
1

1
z

B
Figure 1.6 : Derivation of channel formula

.... Cont

CHANNEL GEOMETRY

From Figure 1.6 :

T = Top width water surface

T B 2zy
A = Wetted area
A = Area 1 + Area 2 + Area 3

A zyy B y zyy
2

A By zy 2

.... Cont CHANNEL GEOMETRY

CHANNEL GEOMETRIC ELEMENT
Cont . From Figure 1.6 :
P = Wetted perimeter
L y 2 zy 2
L y 2 z 2y 2
L y2 1 z2
L y 1 z2

.... Cont CHANNEL GEOMETRY

CHANNEL GEOMETRIC ELEMENT
Cont . From Figure 1.6 :
P = Wetted perimeter
therefore ;
P B 2L
P B 2y 1 z 2

Note :
Use this trapezoidal formula (A, T & P) to find formulae for
rectangular & triangular shape.
For Rectangular
for Triangular

z =0
B =0

CHANNEL GEOMETRY

.... Cont

Table 1.1 : Channels geometric elements

To sum up ..
SHAPE

By

B + 2y

zy2

2zy

2y 1 + z 2

By + zy2

B + 2zy

B + 2y 1 + z 2

T
y

B
T
y

T
1

1 y

B
T

d2
( sin )
8
( in radian )

sin
d
2
( in angle )

d
2
( in radian )

EXAMPLE 1.1

Based on the figure given find :i)

ii)

iii)

Top width water surface (T), wetted

area (A), wetted perimeter (P) &
hydraulic radius (R).
If Q = 2.4 m3/s, determine the flow
state.
If inclined length (L) = 50 m, find the
cost to construct this channel (Given
excavation cost = RM 3/m3 and lining
cost = RM 5/m2)

.... Cont
1m
2m
60
3m

SOLUTION:
Given:-

B=3m
y=2m
t = 3 m ( channel height)

SOLUTION
Find z value first :

1
z
1
z
0.5774
tan 60
tan 60

60
z
Therefore ;
(a)

Top width water surface, T

T B 2zy
T 3 ( 2)(0.5774)(2)
T 5.3096 m

SOLUTION .... Cont

(b)

Wetted area, A
A By zy 2
A ( 3)(2) (0.5774)(2) 2
A 8.3096 m 2

(c)

Wetted perimeter, P
P B 2y 1 z 2
P 3 ( 2)(2) 1 (0.5774) 2
P 7.6189 m

SOLUTION .... Cont

(d)

Hydraulic radius, R

A
P
8.3096
R
7.6159
R

R 1.091 m

(e)

State of flow
Fr

v
gD

SOLUTION .... Cont

(ii)

Cont . State of flow

Find v & D first :
Q
A
2.4
v
0.2888 m/s
8.3096
v

A
T
8.3096
D
5.3096
D

D 1.5650 m

SOLUTION .... Cont

(ii)

Cont . State of flow

Thus ;
Fr

v
gD

Fr

0.2888
(9.81)(1.565)

Fr 0.074 1

Sub critical flow

SOLUTION .... Cont

(ii)

Cont . State of flow

Thus ;
Fr

v
gD

Fr

0.2888
(9.81)(1.565)

Fr 0.074 1

(iii)

Construction cost
Construction cost includes :(a) Excavation cost
(b) Lining cost

Sub critical flow

SOLUTION .... Cont

(iii)

Cont . Construction cost

(a) Excavation cost
Excavation volume AL

(L)
Excavation volume ( 3) ( 3) (0.5774) ( 3) 2 (50)
Excavation volume Bt zt 2

Excavation volume 709.83 m 3

Therefore ;
Excavation cost

RM 3
m3

709.83 m 3

Excavation cost RM 2129.49

SOLUTION .... Cont

(iii)

Cont . Construction cost

(b) Lining cost
Lining area PL
Lining area B 2t 1 z 2 (L )

Lining area 3 (2)(3) 1 (0.5774)2 (50)

Lining area 496.42 m 2

Therefore ;

Lining cost

RM 5
m2

496.42 m 2

Lining cost RM 2482.09

SOLUTION .... Cont

(iii)

Cont . Construction cost or overall cost

Hence ;
Constructi on cost Excavation cost Lining cost
Constructi on cost RM 2129.49 RM 2482.09
Constructi on cost RM 4611.58

TIMES UP

THANK YOU

1.6 Assignment No. 1 (due date January 10, 2011)

Q1. [Final Exam Sem. 1, Session 2010/2011]

Justify the difference between:

(a) uniform flow and nonuniform flow
(b) state of flow using Reynolds number Re and Froude number Fr
Q2. [Final Exam Sem. 1, Session 2008/2009]
(a) What is:
(i) Wetted perimeter
(ii) Gradually varied flow
(iii) Non-uniform flow
(iv) Froude number
(b) Explain the differences between canal and sewer.

Q3. [Final Exam Sem. 1, Session 2006/2007]

What is:
(a) Reynolds number
(b) Froude number
(c) Hydraulic radius
(d) Prismatic channel
(e) Uniform flow

Q4. A discharge of 16.0 m3/s flows with a depth of 2.0 m in a rectangular

channel of 4.0 m wide. Determine the state of flow based on (i) Froude
number, and (ii) Reynolds number. Determine the flow regime.

Q5. A triangular channel of apex angle 120 carries a discharge of 1573 L/s.
Calculate the critical depth.