I.

T VN
1. L do chn ti
Do thc t trnh nhn thc ca hc sinh THCS cha cao, c bit l i vi vng
nng thn, thi gian tip thu trn lp cn t so vi lng kin thc v kh nng t duy,
nhn dng, phn loi bi ton xc nh c yu cu ca bi ton l ht sc kh
khn i vi phn ln hc sinh.
Bn cnh , do nhu cu ham hc, ham hiu bit ca s hc sinh c trin vng,
do mc quan trng ca vt l 9 i vi vic thi hc sinh gi i cc c p v tip tc hc
ban khoa hc t nhin cc lp trn nn yu cu t ra l phi chn la, sng lc v
phn loi bi tp hng dn cho hc sinh l cng vic v cng quan trng i vi
mi gio vin dy bi dng.
Thc t cho th y: kin thc l v hn, cc loi, cc dng bi tp ni chung, bi
tp v mch in ni ring l r t phong ph v a dng:
- Mch in mc ni tip, mc song song.
- Mch in hn hp tng minh.
- Mch in hn hp khng tng minh.
- Mch cu, mch i xng, mch tun hon, mch bc thang...
Trong qu trnh bi dng vt l THCS cho hc sinh, nu ta ch phn ra cc phn c,
nhit, in, quang; mi phn lm mt vi bi hc sinh quan st, ghi chp v ghi nh
my mc theo kiu ti hin th r t kh c th ghi nh bn vng v p dng khi
cn thit.
Vic bi dng hc sinh c trin vng i h i gio vin phi nh hng c
v phn loi tng dng bi tp cho hc sinh, vi mi dng trc ht cung c p cho hc
sinh h thng kin thc c bn, nhng im cn lu , cung c p cch gii c th, chn
la bi tp cho hc sinh luyn gii nm vng phng php vi mc t n gin
n phc tp. Trong cc dng bi tp th vic hc sinh bit phn tch cch mc cc
b phn trong mch in phc tp th mi c th bt tay vo vic gii cc bi tp khc.
Trong qu trnh bi dng cho hc sinh mi nhn, hc sinh thuc i tuyn d
thi hc sinh gi i, iu m ti nhn th y hu ht hc sinh l i vi nhng mch in
phc tp, cc em u b lng tng, b tc khng tm ra hng phn tch mch in.
Song do iu kin c hn v thi gian, iu kin v phng tin, dng, vt
ch t.. nn khng th nghin cu k trnh by cc cho cc dng bi tp v cc loi
mch in m y ti ch a ra mt vi kinh nghim nh gip hc sinh bin i
t mch in hn hp khng tng minh tr v mch in hn hp tng minh c
th thc hin gii mt cch n gin v nh vy, khi hc sinh bit cch v li mch
in th khi hc sinh s c s hng th bt tay vo vic khai thc nhiu dng
ton, bi ton v mch in.
Vy gip hc sinh c kh nng gii ton vt l phn nh lut m, bi dng
hc sinh c trin vng chn i tuyn hc sinh gi i... t kt qu cao, ti la
chn chuyn N N
N V L

N
TN
T NT
TRONG B T VT L L
9 trong chuyn
ny ti ch nu ra cc bi ton v mch in hn hp khng tng minh cung c p
cho hc sinh c thm gii php gii bi ton loi mch in ny.
2. c ch nghin cu
Tm ra mt phng php tng qut a nhng mch in phc tp v cc
dng n gii nh t .
C th khi gp mt bi v mch in, phn nh mch in thuc dng no
ri dng phng php ko mch, a chng v dng n gin hn.

3. i tng v phm vi nghin cu

Cc bi ton v g mch in mt chiu khng tng minh trong chng trnh
c bn cng nh nng cao ca lp 9.
4. Nhim v nghin cu
Tm nhng mch in t n gin n phc tp, phn loi ri a v nhng
dng chung nh t.
a ra cc v d c th v tng loi mch in, tng dng mt cho hc sinh
d hnh dung.
5. hng php nghin cu
Lit k nhng dng mch in
Phn loi nhng dng mch in
Thu thp thng tin t cc ti liu bi dng v tham kho.
.
T VN
1.
C
u n
A. Mt kin thc c bn
Mt mch in c th gm nhiu on mch in. Mi on mch in gia
hai im ca on mch in c th gm mt hay nhiu b phn, cc b phn c th
mc ni tip hoc mc song song vi nhau.
1.1 nh u t m:
1.2 nh u t m i vi cc oi on mch
a/ on mch ni tip:

A
R1
Tnh ch t:
ta c :
I = I 1 = I2 .
U = U 1 + U2 .
R = R 1 + R2 .
U 1 R1

.
U 2 R2

Ch :

H.1

B
R2

(1a)
(2a)
(3a)
(4a)
U
R

R1
R1 R2

U
R

R2
R1 R2
U 1 R1

.
U 2 R2

Chia U thnh U1 v U2 t l thun vi R1 v R2.

(5a)

- Nu R2 = 0 th theo (5a) ta th y : U2 = 0 v U1 = U.
Do trn s (H.1). Hai im C v B: UCB = I.R2 = 0. Khi im C coi nh trng
vi im B (hay im C v B c cng in th).
- Nu R2 = (r t ln)
U1 = 0 v U2 = U

b/ on mch mc song song:

R1

I1
A

R2

I2

H.2

Tnh ch t:
ta c:
U = U 1 = U2 .
I = I 1 + I2 .

(1b)
(2b)

I 1 R2

.
(3b)
I 2 R1
1
1
1
.
(4b)

Rtd R1 R2
U
I .R1 .R2
R2
U
I1 1

I.
Ch :
R1 R 1 R1 ( R1 R2 )
R1 R2
U
I .R1 .R2
R1
U
I2 2

I.
R2 R 2 R2 ( R1 R2 )
R1 R2
I 1 R2

Chia I thnh I1 v I2 t l nghch vi R1 v R2 :

I 2 R1

(5b)

- Nu R2 = 0 th theo (5b) ta c:
I1 = 0 v I2 = I.
Do trn s (H.2). Hai im A v B c: UAB = 0. Khi hai im A v B c th
coi l trng nhau (hay hai im A v B c cng in th).
- Nu R2 = (r t ln) th ta c : I2 = 0 v I1 = I.
(Khi R2 c in tr r t ln so vi R1 th kh nng cn tr dng in ca vt dn l r t
ln. Do ta c th coi dng in khng qua R2.)
1.3 t im u
- Trong mt mch in, cc im ni vi nhau bng dy ni (hoc ampe k) c in
tr khng ng k c coi l trng nhau. Khi ta chp cc im li v v li
mch tnh ton.
- Trong cc bi ton, nu khng c ghi ch g c bit th ta c th coi:
RA 0 v RV .
- Khi gii bi ton vi nhng s mch in mc hn hp tng i phc tp, nn
tm cch a v mt s tng ng n gin hn. Trn s tng ng, nhng
im c in th nh nhau (bng nhau) c gp li (chp li) lm r nhng b
phn phc tp ca on mch c ghp li to thnh on mch n gin hn.
B. ch in hn hp khng tng minh
Mch in hn hp khng tng minh cng l mt loi mch in mc hn
hp, song cch mc kh phc tp, khng n gin m phn tch cch mc cc b phn
trong mch in c ngay. V vy, thc hin c k hoch gii, bt buc phi
tm cch mc li a v mch in tng ng n gin hn.
Nh rng, gia cc im ni vi nhau bng dy dn, ampe k... c in tr
khng ng k l nhng im c cng in th, ta gp li (chp li). Khi v li
mch in, ta s c mch in tng ng dng n gin hn.

- Phn tch cch mc cc b phn trong mch in l bc kh quan trng, n gip ta

thc hin yu cu ca bi ton trnh c nhng sai st.
Cui cng, ta p dng cc tnh ch t v h qu ca nh lut m i vi tng
loi on mch ni tip v song song.
2. Th c t ng t c khi th c hin ti
Trc khi thc hin ti, qua ging dy trng, qua tm hiu v trao i vi
ng nghip ti nhn th y a s hc sinh ham m hc b mn Vt l, nhng khi lm
cc bi tp vt l cc em thng lng tng trong vic nh hng gii, c th ni hu
nh cc em cha bit cch gii cng nh trnh by li gii. Theo ti, thc trng nu
trn c th do mt s nguyn nhn sau:
+ Hc sinh cha c phng php tng quan gii mt bi tp Vt l, bi tp
in ni ring.
+ Hc sinh cha bit vn dng lin kt cc kin thc
+ Ni dung c u trc chng trnh sch gio khoa mi hu nh khng dnh
thi lng cho vic hng dn hc sinh gii bi tp hay luyn tp, dn n hc sinh
khng c iu kin b sung, m rng v nng cao kin thc cng nh rn k nng gii
bi tp in.
3. Cc bin php tin hnh
R1
h n 1: V i mch in
Cc em thng th y s nhng mch in phc
A
tp v n kh rc ri v kh nhn ra tnh ch t song
song ni tip ca cc in tr. Sau y l mt s bc
R3
R2
R4
chuyn i mch c bn cng nh phc tp.
V d:
ho mch in
Bc 1: t tn im.
A
B
t tn cho t t c nhng im c t 3 dy ni
tr ln.
R1
E
Bc 2 : Chp mch v loi b mch.
A
Xc nh t t c nhng im ni 2 u
Ampe k, dy in, chp thnh 1, xc nh im
R3
u v im cui ca mch in. Theo mch
R2
R4
in ta c:
F
C
A, B l im u v im cui.
D
A trng C ; D ; E trng F trng B.
B dy ni nhng im ni Vn k n
A
B
c ).
Bc 3: Vit t t c cc im ln mt ng thng, ch nhng im trng nhau ch
v thnh mt im, hai im mt hai bn l hai cc ca ngun in.

A=C

E = F= B

Bc 4: V in tr ln ng thng va v.
Xt xem tng in tr hay nhiu in tr c ni gia 2 im gn nh t
no, v in tr v dy ni vo gia cc im.
T im C n im D c mt in tr R2

A=C

R2

E = F= B

T im im D n im F c mt in tr R4
A=C

R2

E = F= B

R4

T im D n im E c mt in tr R3
A=C

R2

R4

E = F= B

R3
T im C n im E c mt in tr R1

R1

A=C

R2

R4

E = F= B

R3
Bc 5: c mch in.
Nh vy mch in AB gm c cc in tr c mc nh sau: [(R3//R4)ntR2]//R1
y l cch c bn v chnh xc nh t, cch ny kh lu nhng nu cc em cha
nm vng cch chuyn i mch th nn s dng cch ny, khi quen ri th c th
khng cn dng na, khng nn t u tp cch nhn mch bng mt s d dn n
nhng sai lm khng ng c.
* Bi t p p dng
R2
R1
A
B
C
Cho s mch in nh hnh v
Hy v s tng ng tnh:
a. RAB
R3
R4
b. RAC
c. RBC
D
ii
a. Tnh AB
- V mch in tnh RAB th ta xem im A, B l hai u mt.
- Ta xc nh c cc im A; im D trng vi im C; im B.
+ T im A n im B c mt in tr R1
+ T im A n im D c mt in tr R3

+ T im D n im B c mt in tr R4
+ T im C n im B c mt in tr R2

R1

C=D

R3

R4

R2
Nh vy mch in AB gm cc in tr: [(R2//R4)ntR3]//R1
b. Tnh AC
Tng t, tnh RAC ta xc nh c A v C l hai u mt.

R3

R1

R4

D=C

R2
Nh vy mch in AC gm cc in tr: [(R2//R4)ntR3]//R1
c. Tnh BC
Ta xc nh c hai im B, C l hai u mt.
S dng phng php tng t ta c mch in

R3

R1

R4

D=C

R2
Nh vy mch in BC gm cc in tr: [(R1ntR4)//R2]//R3
h n 2: Tnh gi t in t th m n u c u bi ton
gii mt bi tp vt l ni chung v bi tp in hc ni ring v nh t l
nhng bi ton ngc tm gi tr in tr th a mn yu cu bi ton nh th ny,
hc sinh thng cm th y lng tng khng bit nn bt u t u, vn dng nhng
cng thc v h thc no gii quyt. Do trong cc dng bi tp nh th ny ti
a ra cc bc gip hc sinh c th d dng tip cn n cc yu cu ca bi ton.

V d: Cho mch in nh hnh v:

Bit R1 = 30, R2 = 24, R3 = 90
UAB = 120V, I4 = 1,2A
in tr Ampe k v cc dy ni khng ng k.
Tnh gi tr R4
ng dn gii:
Bc 1: Hc sinh c k t 3 n 5 ln cho n
khi nm c cc yu cu ca bi ton: cho g?
Yu cu g? tm tt li bi ton.
Bc 2: V li mch in a v mch in tng
minh
(nu c).

R1
A

R1

R2

R4

R3

R2

R4

Tm tt
R1 = 30
R2 = 24
R3 = 90
UAB = 120V
I4 = 1,2A
Tm R4 = ?

R3
Bc 3: Vit cc cng thc nh lut m ca on mch ni tip v song song. Cc
cng thc ny c th gi l cng thc lin h gia cc i lng gtrong mch in.
Lu vit t mch tng qut bn ngoi sau vit dn vo cc mch nhnh bn trong.
Theo mch in t c: [( 3//R4)ntR2]//R1

Xt on mch gm 3 in t

2, 3 v 4 t c:

V t ong on mch BD c h i in t

mc ong ong

Bc 4: Xy dng lp lun i t yu cu ca bi ton, s dng h thc ca nh lut

m v cc h thc trong on mch ni tip v song song va phn tch bc 3 i
n cc i lng cho.
V d trong bi ny yu cu ca l I4 = 1,2A v cho l UAB = 120V. Ta s
xy dng lp lun nh sau:
Gi gi tr in tr cn tm l x
Ta c:

=>

(*)

n y ta th y trong cng thc ch cn cha in tr v gi tr hiu in th

UAB cho trc.
Vit t t c cc in tr c trong cng thc di dng bin x, sau thay vo (*)
gii v tm x

Th

cc gi t vo (*) t c:

= > 114x + 2160 = 9000 => x = 60

Vy gi tr in tr R4 cn tm l: R4 = 60.
Qua bi ny ta th y trong qu trnh xy dng cng thc i t yu cu ca bi
ton cho n i lng cho c s an xen gia hai cng thc l nh lut m v cc
cng thc ca mi lin h trong mch in. Ngha l nu bc ny chng ta dng
h thc ca nh lut m th bc tip theo chng ta s s dng cng thc ca mi lin
h. lm c iu ny vic vit cc cng thc trong on mch ni tip v song
song l r t quan trng. N gip hc sinh c mt ci nhn tng qut v mch in v d
dng chuyn i qua li gia cc i lng gii quyt v n .
h n 3: Bi t p n u n
Bi 1. Cho mch in nh hnh v:

I = 0,5A
U4 = 2,4V
R1 = ?

Bi 2. Cho mch in nh hnh v:

R1 = 3r; R2 = 6r; R3 = 4r
R4 = 2r; R5 = r
a. Tnh RAB theo r.
b. Tnh cd qua cc in tr khi r = 3 ;
UAB = 18V
Coi rng i n tr ca cc dy ni kh ng ng
k
Bi 3. Cho mch in (nh hnh v) c:
A
R1 = R2 = R3 = 40 , R4 = 30 , ampe k ch
_
+
C
0,5A.
U
A
B
R4
a.Tm cng dng in qua cc in tr, v
R3
qua mch chnh.
R1
R2
b. Tnh UAB
c. Gi nguyn v tr cc in tr, hon v ampe k
v ngun in U, th ampe k ch bao nhiu? Trong bi ton ny, ampe k l tng.
Bi 4. Cho mch in nh hnh v:
R6
R1= 40; R3=30 ; R4=40;
R5= 36 ; R6 = 90 ; hiu in th UAB lun
khng i
+ _
Khi ng kha K, dng in qua R3 c cng
A B
I3 = 0,08A, hiu in th gia hai u in tr R4
R5
khi l U4 =7,2V. Tnh:
A
R1
R2
a. Gi tr R2?
b. Hiu in th UAB?
R3
c. S ch ca Ampe k khi kha K m?
K
R
4
3. t qu th c hin
T vic hng dn hc sinh gii mt bi tp in nu trn, trong nm hc 2013
2014 ti th y a s hc sinh vn dng mt cc linh hot vo vic gii bi tp, hc
sinh c kh nng t duy tt hn, c k nng vn dng kin thc vo gii bi tp tt
hn, linh hot hn.
C th thng qua kho st ch t lng hc sinh sau khi
i mch in v tnh gi t in t

th

m n u c u bi ton v t p 9 ti

thu c kt qu nh sau:

ng dn hc inh v

t qu o nh i chng.
* Kt qu kho st trc khi thc hin ti .

im t

im t

im t

9 10

78

5 7

ng
25

im di 5

SL

SL

SL

SL

0,0%

12,0%

10

40,0%

12

48,0%

* Kt qu kho st sau khi thc hin ti.

ng
25

im t

im t

im t

9 10

78

5 7

im di 5

SL

SL

SL

SL

14

56,0%

32,0%

12,0%

0,0%

Qua so snh i chng kt qu ti th y t l im: Kh, Gi i tng, im yu

gim c th l:
C th: im gi i tng 56% ; im kh tng 20% ; im trung bnh v yu
gim 76 %.
.

T L N

1. Bi hc kinh nghim:
Trong phn in hc vt l 9, kin thc v bi tp r t a dng. y, ti ch
a ra mt phm vi nh v bi tp trong ni dung bi dng hc sinh gi i c p huyn.
Qua vic i mi chng trnh vt l 9, ti th y rng hc sinh cn b ng vi phng
php hc, cha c k nng gii bi tp, cho d l nhng hc sinh gi i. V vy,
ngi gio vin cn phi h thng ha kin thc a ra phng php gii bi tp
cho hc sinh l iu cn thit. Hn na, theo chng trnh th r t t tit luyn tp, cn
phi tng cng cho hc sinh lm bi tp.
Vi chuyn ny,chng ti ch cp n bi tp trong phm vi nh , vi
nhng kin thc v bi tp c bn, phn dng bi tp v cch gii. Tuy ti ny ngn
gn, n gin nhng nu p dng c trong tnh hnh thc t, n s gip cho cc
hc sinh gi i c r t nhiu kin thc b ch khi cc em lm bi tp mch in, gp phn
nng cao ch t lng hc tp v yu thch mn hc ca hc sinh.Trong qu trnh ging
dy b mn Vt l trng THCS vic hnh thnh cho hc sinh phng php, k nng
gii bi tp Vt l l ht sc cn thit, t gip cc em o su, m rng nhng
kin thc c bn ca bi ging, vn dng tt kin thc vo thc t, pht trin nng lc
t duy cho cc em, gp phn nng cao ch t lng gio dc, c th l :
+ Gip hc sinh c thi quen phn tch u bi, hnh dung c cc hin tng
Vt l xy ra trong bi ton sau khi tm hng gii.

10

+ Trong mt bi tp gio vin cn hng cho hc sinh nhiu cch gii (nu c
th ). kch thch s hng th, say m hc tp cho hc sinh rn thi quen tm ti li
gii hay cho mt bi ton in.
+ Khc su cho hc sinh nm chc cc kin thc b tr khc. C nh vy vic
gii bi tp in ca hc sinh mi thun li v hiu qu.
lm c iu ny:
- Gio vin cn t bi dng nng cao nghip v chuyn mn, thng xuyn
trao i, rt kinh nghim vi ng nghip.
- Nm vng chng trnh b mn ton c p hc.
- Gio vin cn hng dn hc sinh nghin cu k cc kin thc cn nh n
tp, nh li kin thc c bn, kin thc m rng, ln lt nghin cu k cc phng
php gii bi tp sau gii cc bi tp theo h thng t d n kh, so snh cc dng
bi tp khc su ni dung kin thc v cch gii. Trn c s hc sinh t hnh
thnh cho mnh k nng gii bi tp.
Trn dy l mt s kinh nghim m bn thn ti rt ra c t thc t qua
qu trnh ging dy t chn chng in hc, lp 9 trng THCS ni chung, cng
l kinh nghim rt ra c sau khi thc hin ti ny ni ring.
2.

t u n chung:
Sau thi gian nghin cu tm hiu, c s quan tm gip ca ban gim

hiu nh trng cng nh t chuyn mn ti thc hin thnh cng vic:

sinh v i mch in v tnh gi t in t

th

ip hc

m n u c u bi ton v t p

9 vi mong mun: pht trin nng lc t duy, rn luyn k nng, k xo cho hc sinh
trong vic bi dng b mn Vt l. Nhm nng cao ch t lng b mn ni ring, gp
phn nng cao ch t lng gio dc ni chung.
Tuy nhin v iu kin thi gian, cng nh tnh hnh thc t nhn thc ca hc
sinh a phng ni ti cng tc v nng lc c nhn c hn, nn vic thc hin
ti ny chc hn khng trnh kh i thiu st. Knh mong cc ng ch v cc bn ng
nghip, trao i v gp gip ti hon thin hn trong chuyn mn.
Cam Ha, ngy 28 thng 10 nm 2014
Ngi vit

Phan Ngc Linh

11

 L
. T VN

Trang 1

1. L do chn ti

Trang 1

c ch nghin cu

2.

Trang 1

3. i tng v phm vi nghin cu

Trang 2

4. Nhim v nghin cu

Trang 2

5. hng php nghin cu

Trang 2

T VN

1.

Trang 2

u n

Trang 2

2. Th c t ng t c khi th c hin ti

Trang 4

3. Cc bin php tin hnh

Trang 4

3.

t qu th c hin

Trang 9

T L N

Trang 10

1. Bi hc kinh nghim

Trang 11

2.

Trang 11

t u n chung

12