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an
Ng
oc
Lin
I. T VN
1. L do chn ti
Do thc t trnh nhn thc ca hc sinh THCS cha cao, c bit l i vi vng
nng thn, thi gian tip thu trn lp cn t so vi lng kin thc v kh nng t duy,
nhn dng, phn loi bi ton xc nh c yu cu ca bi ton l ht sc kh
khn i vi phn ln hc sinh.
Bn cnh , do nhu cu ham hc, ham hiu bit ca s hc sinh c trin vng,
do mc quan trng ca vt l 9 i vi vic thi hc sinh gi i cc c p v tip tc hc
ban khoa hc t nhin cc lp trn nn yu cu t ra l phi chn la, sng lc v
phn loi bi tp hng dn cho hc sinh l cng vic v cng quan trng i vi
mi gio vin dy bi dng.
Thc t cho th y: kin thc l v hn, cc loi, cc dng bi tp ni chung, bi
tp v mch in ni ring l r t phong ph v a dng:
- Mch in mc ni tip, mc song song.
- Mch in hn hp tng minh.
- Mch in hn hp khng tng minh.
- Mch cu, mch i xng, mch tun hon, mch bc thang...
Trong qu trnh bi dng vt l THCS cho hc sinh, nu ta ch phn ra cc phn c,
nhit, in, quang; mi phn lm mt vi bi hc sinh quan st, ghi chp v ghi nh
my mc theo kiu ti hin th r t kh c th ghi nh bn vng v p dng khi
cn thit.
Vic bi dng hc sinh c trin vng i h i gio vin phi nh hng c
v phn loi tng dng bi tp cho hc sinh, vi mi dng trc ht cung c p cho hc
sinh h thng kin thc c bn, nhng im cn lu , cung c p cch gii c th, chn
la bi tp cho hc sinh luyn gii nm vng phng php vi mc t n gin
n phc tp. Trong cc dng bi tp th vic hc sinh bit phn tch cch mc cc
b phn trong mch in phc tp th mi c th bt tay vo vic gii cc bi tp khc.
Trong qu trnh bi dng cho hc sinh mi nhn, hc sinh thuc i tuyn d
thi hc sinh gi i, iu m ti nhn th y hu ht hc sinh l i vi nhng mch in
phc tp, cc em u b lng tng, b tc khng tm ra hng phn tch mch in.
Song do iu kin c hn v thi gian, iu kin v phng tin, dng, vt
ch t.. nn khng th nghin cu k trnh by cc cho cc dng bi tp v cc loi
mch in m y ti ch a ra mt vi kinh nghim nh gip hc sinh bin i
t mch in hn hp khng tng minh tr v mch in hn hp tng minh c
th thc hin gii mt cch n gin v nh vy, khi hc sinh bit cch v li mch
in th khi hc sinh s c s hng th bt tay vo vic khai thc nhiu dng
ton, bi ton v mch in.
Vy gip hc sinh c kh nng gii ton vt l phn nh lut m, bi dng
hc sinh c trin vng chn i tuyn hc sinh gi i... t kt qu cao, ti la
chn chuyn NHNG
NH NGH
HNG DN H
NH V L
H N V T NH G
T
N T
THA N YU U B
TO N V T L 9 T NG TH
L NG TH V NH trong chuyn ny
ti ch nu ra cc bi ton v mch in hn hp khng tng minh cung c p cho
hc sinh c thm gii php gii bi ton loi mch in ny.
2. c ch nghin cu
Tm ra mt phng php tng qut a nhng mch in phc tp v cc
dng n gii nh t .
Ng
oc
Lin
u n
A. Mt kin thc c bn
Mt mch in c th gm nhiu on mch in. Mi on mch in gia
hai im ca on mch in c th gm mt hay nhiu b phn, cc b phn c th
mc ni tip hoc mc song song vi nhau.
1.1 nh u t m:
1.2 nh u t m i vi cc oi on mch
a/ on mch ni tip:
Ph
an
R1
Tnh ch t:
ta c :
I = I1 = I 2 .
U = U 1 + U2 .
R = R1 + R2 .
U 1 R1
.
U 2 R2
Ch :
H.1
B
R2
(1a)
(2a)
(3a)
(4a)
U
R
R1
R1 R2
U
R
R2
R1 R2
U 1 R1
.
U 2 R2
(5a)
- Nu R2 = 0 th theo (5a) ta th y : U2 = 0 v U1 = U.
Do trn s (H.1). Hai im C v B: UCB = I.R2 = 0. Khi im C coi nh trng
vi im B (hay im C v B c cng in th).
- Nu R2 = (r t ln)
U1 = 0 v U2 = U
R1
I1
A
R2
I2
H.2
Tnh ch t:
ta c:
U = U 1 = U2 .
I = I1 + I 2 .
(1b)
(2b)
Ng
oc
Lin
I 1 R2
.
(3b)
I 2 R1
1
1
1
.
(4b)
Rtd R1 R2
U
I .R1 .R2
R2
U
I1 1
I.
Ch :
R1 R 1 R1 ( R1 R2 )
R1 R2
U
I .R1 .R2
R1
U
I2 2
I.
R2 R 2 R2 ( R1 R2 )
R1 R2
I 1 R2
(5b)
Ph
an
- Nu R2 = 0 th theo (5b) ta c:
I1 = 0 v I2 = I.
Do trn s (H.2). Hai im A v B c: UAB = 0. Khi hai im A v B c th
coi l trng nhau (hay hai im A v B c cng in th).
- Nu R2 = (r t ln) th ta c : I2 = 0 v I1 = I.
(Khi R2 c in tr r t ln so vi R1 th kh nng cn tr dng in ca vt dn l r t
ln. Do ta c th coi dng in khng qua R2.)
1.3 t im u
- Trong mt mch in, cc im ni vi nhau bng dy ni (hoc ampe k) c in
tr khng ng k c coi l trng nhau. Khi ta chp cc im li v v li
mch tnh ton.
- Trong cc bi ton, nu khng c ghi ch g c bit th ta c th coi:
RA 0 v RV .
- Khi gii bi ton vi nhng s mch in mc hn hp tng i phc tp, nn
tm cch a v mt s tng ng n gin hn. Trn s tng ng, nhng
im c in th nh nhau (bng nhau) c gp li (chp li) lm r nhng b
phn phc tp ca on mch c ghp li to thnh on mch n gin hn.
B. ch in hn hp khng tng minh
Mch in hn hp khng tng minh cng l mt loi mch in mc hn
hp, song cch mc kh phc tp, khng n gin m phn tch cch mc cc b phn
trong mch in c ngay. V vy, thc hin c k hoch gii, bt buc phi
tm cch mc li a v mch in tng ng n gin hn.
Nh rng, gia cc im ni vi nhau bng dy dn, ampe k... c in tr
khng ng k l nhng im c cng in th, ta gp li (chp li). Khi v li
mch in, ta s c mch in tng ng dng n gin hn.
Ph
an
Ng
oc
Lin
A=C
E = F= B
Bc 4: V in tr ln ng thng va v.
Xt xem tng in tr hay nhiu in tr c ni gia 2 im gn nh t
no, v in tr v dy ni vo gia cc im.
T im C n im D c mt in tr R2
A=C
R2
E = F= B
T im im D n im F c mt in tr R4
A=C
R2
E = F= B
R4
T im D n im E c mt in tr R3
A=C
R2
R4
E = F= B
Lin
R3
T im C n im E c mt in tr R1
R2
Ph
an
A=C
Ng
oc
R1
R4
E = F= B
R3
Bc 5: c mch in.
Nh vy mch in AB gm c cc in tr c mc nh sau: [(R3//R4)ntR2]//R1
y l cch c bn v chnh xc nh t, cch ny kh lu nhng nu cc em cha
nm vng cch chuyn i mch th nn s dng cch ny, khi quen ri th c th
khng cn dng na, khng nn t u tp cch nhn mch bng mt s d dn n
nhng sai lm khng ng c.
* Bi t p p dng
R2
R1
A
B
C
Cho s mch in nh hnh v
Hy v s tng ng tnh:
a. RAB
R3
R4
b. RAC
c. RBC
D
Gii
a. Tnh AB
- V mch in tnh RAB th ta xem im A, B l hai u mt.
- Ta xc nh c cc im A; im D trng vi im C; im B.
+ T im A n im B c mt in tr R1
+ T im A n im D c mt in tr R3
+ T im D n im B c mt in tr R
+ T im C n im B c mt in tr R2
R1
C=D
R3
R4
R2
Nh vy mch in AB gm cc in tr: [(R2//R4)ntR3]//R1
b. Tnh AC
Tng t, tnh RAC ta xc nh c A v C l hai u mt.
R1
R4
Ng
oc
Lin
R3
D=C
R2
Ph
an
R3
R1
R4
D=C
R2
Nh vy mch in BC gm cc in tr: [(R1ntR4)//R2]//R3
Ph n 2: Tnh gi t in t th m n u c u bi ton
Dng 1: Tnh gi t in t d vo i ng U, cho t c
gii mt bi tp vt l ni chung v bi tp in hc ni ring v nh t l nhng bi
ton ngc tm gi tr in tr th a mn yu cu bi ton nh th ny, hc sinh
thng cm th y lng tng khng bit nn bt u t u, vn dng nhng cng thc
v h thc no gii quyt. Do trong cc dng bi tp nh th ny ti a ra cc
bc gip hc sinh c th d dng tip cn n cc yu cu ca bi ton.
R1
A
R4
R4
Tm tt
R1 = 30
R2 = 24
R3 = 90
UAB = 120V
I4 = 1,2A
Tm R4 = ?
Lin
R1
R2
R3
R2
Ng
oc
R3
Ph
an
Xt on mch gm 3 in t
2,
R3 v
4t
c:
{
V t ong on mch BD c h i in t
mc ong ong
{
Bc 4: Xy dng lp lun i t yu cu ca bi ton, s dng h thc ca nh lut
m v cc h thc trong on mch ni tip v song song va phn tch bc 3 i
n cc i lng cho.
V d trong bi ny yu cu ca l I4 = 1,2A v cho l UAB = 120V. Ta s
xy dng lp lun nh sau:
Gi gi tr in tr cn tm l x
Ta c:
=>
(*)
cc gi t vo (*) t c:
Ph
an
Th
Ng
oc
Lin
D
R1
R2
- R0
R4
Ng
oc
R5
Bc 2: V i mch in
C
A
R4
R5
R3
A
R1
R0
R2
] [
]
T c: [
Bc 3: Vit cc cng thc nh lut m ca on mch ni tip v song song.
U = U145+ U23+U0
I = I145 + I23+I0
R = R145 + R23+R0
Trong on mch:
B
R3
Ph
an
U = 2V
R0=0,5
R1 = 1;
R2 = 2;
R3 = 6;
R4 = 0,5;
R5 max = 2,5
Tm R5 =? Iamax
Lin
L p u n tm gi t c bin t
V d 1: Cho mch in nh hnh bn. Cho hiu in th
U = 2V, cc in tr R0 = 0,5; R1 = 1; R2 = 2; R3 =
6; R4 = 0,5; R5 l mt bin tr c gi tr ln nh t l
2,5. B qua in tr ca ampe k v dy ni. Thay i
gi tr ca R5, xc nh gi tr ca R5 ampe k ch gi
tr ln nh t.
Bc 1: Tm tt
Trong on mch:
T ong n mch:
Lin
Vi cc in tr c gi tr c tnh nh sau:
Ng
oc
- in tr ton mch l
Ph
an
- Ta th y Ia max khi x nh nh t
xmin= 0,5 R5 = 0
- Thay vo Ia ta c Iamax= 0,357A
10
R1
A
+
B
A2
A1
R1
V
xx C
RMC
R2
R2
Lin
RNC
AB: R1ntR2nt(RMC//RNC)
t
Ng
oc
MN=
Ph
an
=
Thay vo phng trnh (*) ta c:
[
V
p dng b t ng thc Cosi ta c:
D u = xy ra khi:
11
1.
Ph
an
Ng
oc
Lin
UAB khng i
R1 = 6;
R2 = 6;
R4 = 2;
1. R3 = 6; Uv= 12V
Tm UAB=?
2. Thay vn k bng ampe k
Tm R3 =? P3max
P3max =?, Ia = ?
ch in c v i:
R1
R4
R2
R3
12
4nt[R1//(R2ntR3)]
(*)
T ong :
R3 = 6
vn k b n mpe k.
ch in c v i
R4
Ng
oc
2. Th
Lin
R1
Ph
an
R3
R2
Trong :
13
(**)
2//[R1nt(R3//R4)]
P3 cc i th (
(
)
) nh nh t.
) nh nh t khi:
Suy ra
Khi :
(
Ng
oc
Lin
Ph
an
Ph n 4: Bi t p n u n
Bi 1. Cho mch in nh hnh v:
I = 0,5A
U4 = 2,4V
R1 = ?
Bi 2. Cho mch in nh hnh v:
R1 = 3r; R2 = 6r; R3 = 4r
R4 = 2r; R5 = r
a. Tnh RAB theo r.
A
_
+
U
A
B
R4
R3
R1
14
R2
R4
Lin
Ng
oc
Ph
an
2. K m. Gi nguyn gi tr ca R y nh cu trn. Tm s ch ca
ampe k khi v tnh hiu in th UBM.
Bi
15
4.
Ng
oc
Lin
Ph
an
NH NGH
N T
T NG TH
PH
THA
NH V L
N YU
N V T NH
U B TO N V T L
L NG TH V NH ti thu c kt qu nh sau:
t qu o nh i chng.
* Kt qu kho st trc khi thc hin ti .
im t
im t
im t
9 10
78
5 7
ng
26
im di 5
SL
SL
SL
SL
0,0%
15,4%
10
38,5%
12
46,1%
im t
im t
im t
9 10
78
5 7
16
im di 5
26
SL
SL
SL
SL
14
53,8%
30,8%
15,4%
0,0%
T LU N
1. Bi hc kinh nghim:
Trong phn in hc vt l 9, kin thc v bi tp r t a dng. y, ti ch
a ra mt phm vi nh v bi tp trong ni dung bi dng hc sinh gi i c p huyn.
Qua vic i mi chng trnh vt l 9, ti th y rng hc sinh cn b ng vi phng
php hc, cha c k nng gii bi tp, cho d l nhng hc sinh gi i. V vy,
ngi gio vin cn phi h thng ha kin thc a ra phng php gii bi tp
phi tng cng cho hc sinh lm bi tp.
Lin
cho hc sinh l iu cn thit. Hn na, theo chng trnh th r t t tit luyn tp, cn
Ng
oc
Ph
an
17
2.
N V T NH G
N YU
NH V L
U B TO N V T L
NT
T NG TH
Lin
DN H
THA
L NG TH
VINH vi mong mun: pht trin nng lc t duy, rn luyn k nng, k xo cho hc
Ng
oc
Ph
an
18
L
. T VN
Trang 1
1. L do chn ti
Trang 1
c ch nghin cu
2.
Trang 1
Trang 2
4. Nhim v nghin cu
Trang 2
Trang 2
1.
UY T VN
Trang 2
u n
Lin
2. Th c t ng t c khi th c hin ti
.G
Ng
oc
th
Dng 1: Tnh gi t in t
D ng 2: Tm gi t c bin t
Trang 4
Trang 4
Trang 4
m n u c u bi ton
Trang 6
vo i ng U, cho t c
Trang 6
Ph
an
Ph n 2. Tm gi t in t
Trang 2
cng ut c c i h
Trang 8
Ph n 3. Bi t p tng hp
Trang 12
Ph n 4. Bi t p n u n
Trang 14
3.
t qu th c hin
Trang 16
T LU N
Trang 17
1. Bi hc kinh nghim
Trang 17
2.
Trang 18
t u n chung
19