Maths Extension 1 Trigonometry

Trigonometry
Trigonometric Ratios
Exact Values & Triangles
Trigonometric Identities
ASTC Rule
Trigonometric Graphs
Sine & Cosine Rules
Area of a Triangle
Trigonometric Equations
Sums and Differences of angles
Double Angles
Triple Angles
Half Angles
T formula
Subsidiary Angle formula
General Solutions of Trigonometric Equations
Radians
Arcs, Sectors, Segments
Trigonometric Limits
Differentiation of Trigonometric Functions
Integration of Trigonometric Functions
Integration of sin2x and cos2x
INVERSE TRIGNOMETRY
Inverse Sin Graph, Domain, Range, Properties
Inverse Cos Graph, Domain, Range, Properties
Inverse Tan Graph, Domain, Range, Properties
Differentiation of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Integration of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

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Maths Extension 1 Trigonometry

Trigonometric Ratios

hypotenuse

adjacent

opposite

hypotenuse

adjacent

opposite

Sine

sin

Cosine

cos

Tangent

tan

Cosecant

cosec

Secant

sec

Cotangent

cot

sin
cos
tan
cosec
sec
cot

=
=
=
=
=
=

sin
cos

=
=
=

cos 90
sin 90
cot 90
sec 90
cos ec 90
tan 90

60 seconds = 1 minute
60 minutes = 1 degree
tan

1
sin
1
cos
1
tan

opposite
hypotenuse
adjacent
hypotenuse
opposite
adjacent
hypotenuse
opposite
hypotenuse
adjacent
adjacent
opposite

cot

60 = 1
60 = 1
cos
sin

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Maths Extension 1 Trigonometry

Exact Values & Triangles

30

3
45

60

sin

cos
tan

cos e

c
sec
cot

0
0
1
0

30

60

45

1
2

3
2

3
2
1
3

1
2

1
2
1
2

180
0
1
0

2
3

2
3

90
1
0

1
3

Trigonometric Identities
sin 2 cos 2
cos 2
sin 2

=1
= 1 sin 2
= 1 cos 2

= cosec2
cot 2 = cosec2 1
1 = cosec2 cot 2

1 cot 2

=
2
tan =
1 =

tan 2 1

sec 2
sec 2 1
sec 2 tan 2

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Maths Extension 1 Trigonometry

ASTC Rule
90
nd

2 Quadrant

1st Quadrant

180
3rd Quadrant

0
360
4th Quadrant

270

First Quadrant: All positive

sin

sin

cos

cos

tan

tan

+
+
+

Second Quadrant: Sine positive

sin 180

sin

cos180

cos
tan

tan 180

Third Quadrant: Tangent positive

sin 180
sin
cos180
cos
tan 180

tan

Fourth Quadrant: Cosine positive

sin 360
sin
cos 360

cos

tan 360

tan

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Maths Extension 1 Trigonometry

Trigonometric Graphs

Sine & Cosine Rules

Sine Rule:
a
b
c

sin A sin B sin C

OR

sin A sin B sin C

a
b
c

b
C

Cosine Rule:
a 2 b 2 c 2 2bc cos A

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Maths Extension 1 Trigonometry

Area of a Triangle
A 12 ab sin C

C is the angle
a & b are the two adjacent sides
C

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Maths Extension 1 Trigonometry

Trigonometric Equations
Check the domain eg. 0 360
Check degrees ( 0 360 ) or radians ( 0 2 )
If double angle, go 2 revolutions
If triple angle, go 3 revolutions, etc
If half angles, go half or one revolution (safe side)
Example 1
Solve sin =

for 0 360
sin = 12
= 30, 150
1
2

Example 2
Solve cos 2 =

1
2

cos 2

for 0 360
= 12
= 60, 300, 420, 660
= 30, 150, 210, 330

Example 3
Solve tan 2 = 1 for 0 360
tan 2 = 1

= 45, 225
2
= 90
Example 4
sin 2 cos 0

=0
cos 2 sin 1 = 0

2 sin cos cos

cos

=0
= 90,
270

sin

= 12
= 210,
330

Example 5
3 sin cos 2 2

3 sin 1 2 sin 2

= 2
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Maths Extension 1 Trigonometry

2 sin 2 3 sin 1
2 sin 1 sin 1

sin

=0
=0

= 12
= 210,
330

sin

= 1
= 270

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Maths Extension 1 Trigonometry

Sums and Differences of angles

sin
= sin cos cos sin
sin
= sin cos cos sin
cos
= cos cos sin sin
cos
= cos cos sin sin
tan tan
tan
= 1 tan tan
tan

tan tan
1 tan tan

Double Angles
sin 2
= 2 sin cos
cos 2

= cos2 sin 2
= 1 2 sin 2
= 2 cos 2 1

tan 2

sin 2
cos 2

2 tan
1 2 tan 2

= 12 1 cos 2
= 12 1 cos 2

Triple Angles
sin 3
= 3 sin 4 sin 3
cos 3
= 4 cos3 3 cos
tan 3

3 tan tan 3
1 3 tan 2

Half Angles
sin
= 2 sin 2 cos 2
cos

= cos2 2 sin 2 2
= 1 2 sin 2 2
= 2 cos 2 2 1
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Maths Extension 1 Trigonometry

tan

2 tan 2
1 2 tan 2 2

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Maths Extension 1 Trigonometry

Deriving the Triple Angles

sin 3
= sin 2
= sin 2 cos cos 2 sin
= 2 sin cos cos 1 2 sin 2 sin
= 2 sin cos 2 sin 2 sin 3
= 2 sin 1 sin 2 sin 2 sin 3
= 2 sin 2 sin 3 sin 2 sin 3
= 3 sin 4 sin 3
cos 3

= cos 2
= cos 2 cos sin 2 sin
= 2 cos2 1 cos 2 sin cos sin
= 2 cos3 cos 2 sin 2 cos
= 2 cos3 cos 21 cos 2 cos
= 2 cos 2 cos 2 cos 2 cos3
= 4 cos3 3 cos

tan 3

=
=

_
Normal double angle_
Expand double angle_
Multiply_
Change sin 2 cos 2 1
_
Simplify_

tan 2

tan 2 tan
1 tan 2 tan

tan

2 tan
1 tan 2
2 tan tan
1 tan 2

2 tan tan tan 3

1 tan 2
1 tan 2 2 tan 2
1 tan 2

3 tan tan 3
1 3 tan 2

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Maths Extension 1 Trigonometry

T Formulae
Let t = tan 2

sin

sin

cos

tan

2t
1 t2
1 t2
1 t2
2t
1 t2

= 2 sin 2 cos 2
=

2 sin cos
cos 2 2 sin

Using half angles

_
Divide by 1

2
2
2

sin 2 cos 2 1

2 sin 2 cos 2
cos 2 2
=
cos 2 2 sin 2 2
cos 2 2

cos

2 tan 2
1 tan 2 2

2t
1 t2

cos 2 2 sin 2 2

cos2 2 sin 2 2
cos2 2 sin 2 2

cos 2 2 sin 2 2
cos 2 2
=
cos 2 2 sin 2 2
cos 2 2

1 tan 2 2
1 tan 2 2

1 t2
1 t2

Divide top and bottom by

cos 2

cos cancel;
tan

sin
cos

2t
1 t 2
1 t 2
1 t 2

2t
1 t2

sin
cos

becomes tan

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Maths Extension 1 Trigonometry

Subsidiary Angle Formula

a sin x b cos x

=
=

R (sin x cos x cos x sin x )

R sin x cos x R cos x sin x

a =

R cos x

a2

R sin x

b2

sin 2 x cos 2 x 1

=
=

R 2 cos 2 x
R 2 sin 2 x

a 2 b2
R2
tan

a 2 b2

=C
=C
=C
=C

a sin x b cos x

a sin x b cos x
a cos x b sin x

a cos x b sin x

b
a

R sin( x )
R sin( x )

R cos( x )
R cos( x )

Example 1
Find x. 3 sin x cos x 1
R = 3
= 4
=2

tan

12

1
3

= 30

=1
sin( x 30) = 12
x 30 = 30, 150
x = 60, 180

2 sin( x 30)

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Maths Extension 1 Trigonometry

General Solutions of Trigonometric Equations

sin sin
Then n (1)
n

cos cos

Then

tan tan

Then n

2 n

Radians
c

= 180

1 =

c
180

Arcs, Sectors, Segments

Arc Length
l = r

Area of Sector
A = 12 r 2

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Maths Extension 1 Trigonometry

Area of Segment
A = 12 r 2 sin

Segment

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Maths Extension 1 Trigonometry

Trigonometric Limits
lim
x0

sin x
x

lim
x 0

tan x
x

lim cos x
x 0

=1

Differentiation of Trigonometric Functions

d
sin x
dx

= cos x

d
sin f ( x)
dx

f ' ( x) cos f ( x )

d
sin( ax b)
dx

a cos( ax b)

d
cos x
dx

sin x

d
cos f ( x)
dx

f ' ( x ) sin f ( x )

d
cos(ax b)
dx

a sin( ax b)

d
tan x
dx

sec 2 x

d
tan f ( x)
dx

f ' ( x) sec 2 f ( x )

d
tan(ax b)
dx

a sec 2 (ax b)

d
sec x
dx

sec x. tan x

d
cos ecx
dx

cot x. cos ecx

d
cot x
dx

cos ec 2 x

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Maths Extension 1 Trigonometry

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Maths Extension 1 Trigonometry

Integration of Trigonometric Functions

cos ax dx

1
sin ax c
a

sin ax dx

sec

1
tan ax c
a

sin 1

cos 1

1
x
tan 1 c
a
a

1
sec ax c
a

dx

ax

1
a x
2

dx

a x
2

1
x2

cos ec

dx

dx

ax

dx

sec ax. tan ax dx

cos ecax. cot ax

dx

1
cos ax c
a

x
c
a

x
1 x
c __OR__ sin c
a
a

1
cot ax c
a

1
cos ecax c
a

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Maths Extension 1 Trigonometry

Integration of sin2x and cos2x

cos 2 x
= 2 cos2 x 1
cos 2 x 1
= 2 cos 2 x
1
cos 2 x 1
= cos 2 x
2
cos x dx
= cos 2 x 1 dx
= 12 12 sin 2 x x C
= 14 sin 2 x 12 x C
2

1
2

cos
cos 2 x
2 sin 2 x
sin 2 x

sin

dx

dx = 14 sin 2 x 12 x C

= 1 sin 2 x
= 1 cos 2 x
= 12 1 cos 2 x
= 1 cos 2 x dx
= 12 x 12 sin 2 x C
= 12 x 14 sin 2 x C
1
2

sin

dx = 12 x 14 sin 2 x C

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Maths Extension 1 Trigonometry

INVERSE TRIGNOMETRY
Inverse Sin Graph, Domain, Range, Properties
y

1 x 1

x
-2

y
2
2

2
sin 1 ( x) sin 1 x

Inverse Cos Graph, Domain, Range, Properties

y

1 x 1

0 y

-1

cos 1 ( x ) cos 1 x

Inverse Tan Graph, Domain, Range, Properties

All real x
y
2

2
-2

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Maths Extension 1 Trigonometry

y
2
2

tan 1 ( x) tan 1 x

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Maths Extension 1 Trigonometry

Differentiation of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

d
sin 1 x
dx

d
sin 1
dx

x
a

1
1 x2
1
a x2
2

sin 1 f ( x)
dx

cos 1 x
dx

d
cos 1
dx

tan 1 x
dx

1
1 x2

d
tan 1
dx

a
a x2

f ' ( x)
a [ f ( x)]2

x
a

d
cos 1 f ( x)
dx

x
a

d
tan 1 f ( x)
dx

f ' ( x)
1 [ f ( x)]2

1
1 x2
1
a x2
2

f ' ( x)
1 [ f ( x)]2

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Maths Extension 1 Trigonometry

Integration of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

1
a x
2

dx

a x
2

1
x2

dx

dx

x
c
a

sin 1

cos 1

1
x
tan 1 c
a
a

x
1 x
c __OR__ sin c
a

a

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