TABLE OF CONTENT

TABLE OF CONTENT................................................................................................i
LIST of TABLE...........................................................................................................ii
LIST OF FIGURES....................................................................................................ii
CHAPTER 1..................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................1
1.1 Background.....................................................................................................1
1.2 Objective..........................................................................................................2
1.3 Operational Definition......................................................................................2
CHAPTER 2..................................................................................................................3
Literature review........................................................................................................3
2.1 Theory A..........................................................................................................3
2.2 Previous Studies.............................................................................................4
CHAPTER 3..................................................................................................................5
Methodology..............................................................................................................5
3.1 Research Design.............................................................................................5
3.2 Data Analysis...................................................................................................5
3.3 Conclusion.......................................................................................................5
Reference..................................................................................................................6

LIST of TABLE

Table 1.1 Statistic for 2013...........................................................................................1

Table 1.2 Statistic for 2012...........................................................................................1
Table 3.1.......................................................................................................................5

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1......................................................................................................................3

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Vibrational spectroscopy is one of the use full tools to study small molecules in life
sciences and to characterise unknown chemical compounds.
vibrational spectroscopy is used as a diagnostic tool for the identification of bacteria,
cancerous cells and metabolites in living cells.
The success of vibrational spectroscopy in life sciences is certainly due, largely, to
technical developments leading, for instance, to the commercial availability of lasers
for Raman spectroscopy and rapid-scan interferometric detection systems for Fourier
transform infrared (IR) spectroscopy. In this way, the sensitivity of vibrational
spectroscopy increased considerably, allowing experiments that were hitherto
unimaginable to be carried out.
The enormous success of the union between vibrational spectroscopy and the life
sciences prompted many researchers from very different disciplines to adopt various
IR and Raman spectroscopic techniques for the study of biological systems, thereby
constituting a highly interdisciplinary research area at the interface between physics,
chemistry, and biology.
In all these respects, vibrational spectroscopy offers a variety of advantages.
Firstly, vibrational spectroscopy can contribute to the elucidation of details in the
molecular structures and intermolecular interactions that go far beyond the resolution
of even highly resolved crystal structures. Secondly, unlike NMR spectroscopy,
vibrational spectroscopy is in principle not restricted by the size of the sample and
thus can afford valuable information for small biomolecules in addition to complex
biological systems. Thirdly, vibrational spectroscopic methods are applicable
regardless of the state of the biomolecule, i.e., they can be used to study
1

biomolecules in solutions, in the solid and crystalline state, or in monolayers. Thus, it

is possible to adapt the techniques according to the specific requirements of the
sample and the biophysical questions to be addressed. In this sense, vibrational
spectroscopy offers the potential to probe molecular events under conditions that are
closely related to the physiological reaction environment. Fourthly, this versatility also
allows combining vibrational spectroscopy with various time- resolved approaches.
Thus, detailed information regarding the dynamics of bio- logical systems can also
be obtained, down to the femtosecond time scale. Thus, it is one of the central
objectives of this book to demonstrate that vibrational spectroscopic methods
represent powerful tools, which are complementary to the techniques used in
structural biology.
However, it is still not clear how these developments made it possible for the basic
questions on protein function to be addressed, considering that proteins are very
complex systems consisting of thousands of atoms.

Table 1.1 Statistic for 2013

The cognitive theory of multimedia learning is very important for multimedia

presentation
Table 1.2 Statistic for 2012

The cognitive theory of multimedia learning is very important for multimedia

presentation

The cognitive theory of multimedia learning is very important for multimedia

presentation
The cognitive theory of multimedia learning is very important for multimedia
presentation

1.2 Objective

The cognitive theory of multimedia learning is very important for multimedia

presentation
In this study, a design of experiment (DoE) method was utilised to identify the effect
of air plasma spray (APS) parameters on several main properties of titanium dioxide
(TiO2) coatings. Titanium dioxide (titania) feedstocks with sizes ranging from 10
mmto 45 mm were sprayed onto the mild steel substrates with different plasma
spraying parameters. A 24 full factorial design was used to investigate the effects of
four varying principal parameters at two levels, namely, the plasma power (20 and
40KW), the powder feed rate (6 and 22 g/min), the scanning speed (0.2 and 0.5
m/s), and the number of cycles (10 and 20), on four important properties of coatings;
microhardness, thickness/cycle, deposition efficiency (DE), and porosity. The results
showed that one the most important factor in affecting all responses was the plasma
power. It strongly affected the hardness and the porosity which had a primary effect
on the thickness/cycle and the DE values. In contrast, the interaction of the powder
feed rate and the scanning speed had a negative effects on both thickness/ cycle
and DE. The number of cycles has no profound effect on the considered responses;
it can only be used as a factor to achieve different coating thicknesses. To conclude,
a plasma power of 30 kW with a low level of powder feed rate of 6 g/min and 0.5 m/s
3

of scanning speed is most preferable to optimise TiO2 coating deposition on mild

steels. &(Forghani et al., 2013)(Yusoff, Ghazali, Isa, Daud, & Muchtar, 2013)

1.2.1 Research Question

The cognitive theory of multimedia learning is very important for multimedia

presentation

1.3 Operational Definition

The cognitive theory of multimedia learning is very important for multimedia

presentation

CHAPTER 1

Literature review

2.1 Theory A

The cognitive theory of multimedia learning is very important for multimedia

presentation

2.1.1 Theory AA

The cognitive theory of multimedia learning is very important for multimedia

presentation

Figure 2.1
In this study, a design of experiment (DoE) method was utilised to identify the effect
of air plasma spray (APS) parameters on several
main properties of titanium dioxide (TiO2) coatings. Titanium dioxide (titania)
feedstocks with sizes ranging from 10 mmto 45 mm were sprayed onto the mild steel
substrates with different plasma spraying parameters. A 24 full factorial design was
used to investigate the effects of four varying principal parameters at two levels,
namely, the plasma power (20 and 40KW), the powder feed rate (6 and 22 g/min),
the scanning speed (0.2 and 0.5 m/s), and the number of cycles (10 and 20), on four
important properties of coatings; microhardness, thickness/cycle, deposition
efficiency (DE), and porosity. The results showed that one the most important factor
5

in affecting all responses was the plasma power. It strongly affected the hardness
and the porosity which had a primary effect on the thickness/cycle and the DE
values. In contrast, the interaction of the powder feed rate and the scanning speed
had a negative effects on both thickness/ cycle and DE. The number of cycles has
no profound effect on the considered responses; it can only be used as a factor to
achieve different coating thicknesses. To conclude, a plasma power of 30 kW with a
low level of powder feed rate of 6 g/min and 0.5 m/s of scanning speed is most
preferable to optimise TiO2 coating deposition on mild steels. &(Forghani et al.,
2013)

2.2 Previous Studies

The cognitive theory of multimedia learning is very important for multimedia

presentation

CHAPTER 2

Methodology

3.1 Research Design

The cognitive theory of multimedia learning is very important for multimedia

presentation
Table 3.3

3.2 Data Analysis

The cognitive theory of multimedia learning is very important for multimedia

presentation. Data in Table 1.2 showsthat and figure 2.1

3.3 Conclusion

The cognitive theory of multimedia learning is very important for multimedia

presentation

Reference

Forghani, S. M., Ghazali, M. J., Muchtar, a., Daud, a. R., Yusoff, N. H. N., & Azhari,
C. H. (2013). Effects of plasma spray parameters on TiO2-coated mild steel
using design of experiment (DoE) approach. Ceramics International, 39(3),
31213127. doi:10.1016/j.ceramint.2012.09.092
Yusoff, N. H. N., Ghazali, M. J., Isa, M. C., Daud, a. R., & Muchtar, a. (2013). Effects
of powder size and metallic bonding layer on corrosion behaviour of plasmasprayed Al2O3-13% TiO2 coated mild steel in fresh tropical seawater. Ceramics
International, 39(3), 25272533. doi:10.1016/j.ceramint.2012.09.012