INDIAN EMISSIONS REGULATIONS

Limits, Regulations & Measurement of Exhaust Emissions and Calculation of Fuel Consumption

December 2011

THE AUTOMOTIVE RESEARCH ASSOCIATION OF INDIA

With Best Compliments From :
Shrikant R Marathe, Director - ARAI

Progress through Research

Head Legal - ARAI, Pune

National Ambient Air Quality Standard (CPCB)

and Health Effects of Air Pollutants

43-49

Heavy Duty Commercial Engines

Progress through Research

TEST CYCLES

17

IV) EMISSION STANDARDS FOR CNG & LPG DRIVEN VEHICLES

I) Mass emission standards for vehicles when operating on CNG shall be same as are applicable for gasoline
vehicles with the exception that HC shall be replaced by NMHC, where NMHC= 0.3 x HC
II) Mass emission standards for vehicles when operating on LPG shall be same as are applicable for gasoline
vehicles with the exception that HC shall be replaced by RHC, where RHC= 0.5 x HC
III) Crank case emission and SHED test are not applicable in CNG/LPG mode.
IV) Applicable emission norms for CNG & LPG driven vehicle
.

Category

Applicable Emission Norms

OE CNG/ LPG Category M and Category N Vehicles with GVW=3500kg,

3 wheelers and 2 wheelers

Prevailing gasoline norms *

CNG/LPG Category M and Category N Vehicles with GVW= 3500kg,

3 wheelers and 2 wheelers retro fitment from Gasoline

Prevailing gasoline norms

CNG/LPG Category M and Category N Vehicles with GVW= 3500kg,

3 wheelers and 2 wheelers retro fitment from Diesel

Prevailing diesel norms**

CNG/LPG Category M and Category N Vehicles with GVW > 3500kg,

manufactured upto1st April 2010

Prevailing diesel engine norms based on 13-mode steady-state engine

dynamometer test or 13 -mode Engine steady state cycle as applicable **

CNG/LPG Category M and Category N Vehicles with GVW > 3500kg,

manufactured on and from 1st April 2010

Prevailing diesel engine norms **

* - Vehicle having option for bi-fuel operation and fitted with limp-home gasoline tank of capacity not exceeding 2 liters, 3 liters and 5 liters respectively on 2W,
3W and 4W are exempted from emission test, crankcase emission test and SHED test in gasoline mode.

** - PM limit is not applicable

CNG & LPG Driven Vehicles

Progress through Research

20

Agriculture Tractor
Progress through Research

21

Off Road Vehicles / Engines

26

Reference Fuel Specification

BS - I Diesel

BS - I Petrol
Parameter

Unit

Research Octane Number, RON

Motor Octane Number, MON
o
Density at 15 C
Reid Vapour Pressure
Distillation:
Initial boiling point
10% vol. point
50% vol. point
90% vol. point
final boiling point
Residue
Hydrocarbon Analysis
Olefins
Aromatics
Saturates
Oxidation Stability
Existent gum
Sulphur content

(3)

kg/l
bar
o

BS I Fuel as per
legislation
Max
Min
95
85
0.762
0.748
0.56
0.64

C
C
o
C
o
C
o
C
% v/v

24
42
90
155
190
-

40
58
110
180
215
2

% vol
% vol

(including max. 5% vol. benzene)

20

45

balance

% v/v
minutes
mg/100ml

480
-

%mass

0.04

0.005
0.0013

Copper corrosion at 50 C
Lead content
Phosphorus content

g/l
g/l

* Addition of oxygenates prohibited

Test method
D2699
D2700
D1298
D323
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D1319
(*) D3606 / D2267
D1319
D525
D381
D1266 / D2622 /
D2785
D130
D3237
D3221

Parameter

Unit

Cetane number
Density at 15 oC
Distillation:
- 50 % point
- 95 % point
- final boiling point
Flash point
CFPP
Viscosity at 40 oC

C
C
C
o
C
o
C
mm 2/s

Sulpher content

%mass

Copper corrosion
Conradson carbon residue
(10% DR)
Ash content
Water content
Neutralisation (strong acid)
number
Oxidation stability
Additives

kg/m 3
o
o
o

BS-I Fuel as per

legislation
Min

Max

49.0
0.835

53.0
0.845

245
320
55
2.5
to be
reported

Test method
D613
D1298
D86

340
370
(-) 5
3.5

D93
EN 116 (CEN)
D445

0.3

D1266/D2622/D2785

D130

% mass

0.2

D189

% mass
% mass

0.01
0.05

D482
D95 / D1744

mg/KOH/g

0.2

mg/100ml

2.5
*

* must not contain any ,metallic additives or cetaneimprover additives

D22741

BS - II Diesel

BS - II Petrol
BS I Fuel as per
legislation

Unit

Parameter

Research Octane Number, RON

Motor Octane Number, MON
o
Density at 15 C
Reid Vapour Pressure
Distillation:
Initial boiling point
10% vol. point
50% vol. point
90% vol. point
final boiling point
Residue
Hydrocarbon Analysis
Olefins

kg/l
bar
o

C
o
C
o
C
o
C
o
C
% v/v

95
85
0.748
0.56

D2699
D2700
D1298
D323

24
42
90
155
190
-

40
58
110
180
215
2

D86
D86
D86
D86
D86
D86

Aromatics

% vol

Saturates
Oxidation Stability
Existent gum
Sulphur content

% vol

% v/v
minutes
mg/100ml

(3)

20

(including max. 5% vol.

45
benzene)
balance
480
4

%mass

g/l
g/l

Copper corrosion at 50 oC
Lead content
Phosphorus content

Test method
Max
0.762
0.64

Min

0.04
0.005
0.0013

Parameter

Unit

BS I Fuel as per
legislation
Min

D1319
(*) D3606 /
D2267
D1319/
D525
D381
D1266 / D2622
/D2785
D130
D3237
D3221

Cetane number
Density at 15 oC
Distillation:
- 50 % point
- 95 % point
- final boiling point
Flash point
CFPP
Viscosity at 40 oC

C
C
C
o
C
o
C
mm 2/s

Sulphur content

%mass

Copper corrosion
Conradson carbon residue
(10% DR)
Ash content
Water content
Neutralisation (strong acid)
number
Oxidation stability
Additives

kg/m 3
o

49.0
0.835
245
320
55
2.5
to be
reported

Test method

Max
53.0
0.845

D613
D1298
D86

340
370
(-) 5
3.5
0.05
1

D93
EN 116 (CEN)
D445
D1266 / D2622
D2785
D130

% mass

0.2

D189

% mass
% mass

0.01
0.05

D482
D95 / D1744

mg / KOH / g

0.2

mg/100ml

2.5

D22741

* must not contain any ,metallic additives or cetane improver additives

*Addition of oxygenates prohibited

BS II Reference Fuel Specifications

31

Progress through Research

BS-III Petrol
Parameter
Research Octane Number, RON
Motor Octane Number, MON
Density at 15 C
Reid Vapour Pressure
Distillation:
- Evaporated at 70 C
- Evaporated at 100C
- Evaporated at 150C
- final boiling point
Residue
Hydrocarbon analysis:
Olefins
Aromatics
Saturates
Benzene
Carbon/Hydrogen ratio
Induction period (2)
Oxygen content
Existent gum
Sulphur content (3)
Copper corrosion
Lead content
Phosphorus content

Limits (1)

Unit

Test Method

kg/m 3
kPa

Minimum
95
85
748
56

Maximum
762
60

EN 25164
EN 25163
ISO 3675
PrEN ISO 13016 -1 (DVPE)

% v/v
% v/v
% v/v
C
% v/v

24
49
81
190
-

40
57
87
215
2

EN-ISO 3405
EN-ISO 3405
EN-ISO 3405
EN-ISO 3405
EN-ISO 3405

% v/v
% v/v
% v/v
% v/v

28

10
40
1

ASTM D 1319
ASTM D 1319
ASTM D 1319
pr. EN 12177

minutes
% m/m
mg/ml
mg/kg

480
-

2.3
0.04
100
class 1
5
1.3

EN -ISO 7536
EN 1601
EN -ISO 6246
ASTM D 5453
EN -ISO 2160
EN 237
ASTM D 3231

Balance
Report

mg/l
mg/l

(1) The values quoted in the specifications are true values. In

establishment of their limit values the terms of ISO 4259 Petroleum
productsDetermination and application of precision data in relation to
methods of test have been applied and infixing a minimum value, a
minimum difference of 2R above zero has been taken in to account; in fixing
a maximum and minimum value, the minimum difference is 4R (
R=reproducibility ).
Not withstanding this measure, which is necessary for technical reasons,
the manufacturer of fuels should never the less aim at a zero value where the
stipulated maximum value is 2R and at the mean value in the case of
quotations of maximum and minimum limits. Should it be necessary to clarify
the questions as to whether a fuel meets the requirements of the
specifications, the terms of ISO 4259 should be applied.
(2) The range for cetane number is not in accordance with the
requirements of a minimum range of 4R. However, in the case of a dispute
between fuel supplier and fuel user, the terms of ISO 4259 may be used to
resolve such disputes provided replicate measurements, of sufficient
number to archive the necessary precision, are made in preference to single
determinations.
(3) The actual sulphur content of the fuel used for the Type I test shall be
reported.

32
Progress through Research

BS-III Diesel
Limits

Unit

Parameter

(3)

Test Method

Maximum

52
833

54
837

EN - ISO 5165
EN - ISO 3675

245
345
55
2.5

350

3
-

370
-5
3.5
6
300
1
0.2
0.01
0.05
0.02
0.025

EN - ISO 3405
EN - ISO 3405
EN - ISO 3405
EN 22719
EN 116
EN - ISO 3104
IP 391
Pr. EN-ISO/DIS14596
EN - ISO 2160
EN - ISO 10370
EN - ISO 6245
EN - ISO 12937
ASTM D 974-95
EN - ISO 12205

EN 12916

(2)

Cetane number
Density at 15C
Distillation :
-50 per cent point
-95 per cent point
-final boiling point
Flash Point
CFPP
Viscosity at 40C
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

(1)

Minimum

kg/m 3
C
C
C
C
C
mm 2/s

% m/m
mg/kg

Sulphur content
Copper corrosion
Conradson carbon residue (10% DR)
% m/m
Ash content
% m/m
per
cent m/m
Water content
mg
KOH/g
Neutralisation (strong acid) number
(4)
mg/ml
Oxidation stability
New and better method for polyper cent m/m
cyclicaromatics under development

BS -III CNG
Characteristics

Basis

Limits
Min
Max .

Test
Method

100

99

100

ISO 6974

% mole

ISO 6974

% mole
mg/m 3 (1)

50

ISO 6974
ISO 6326-5

% mole

92.5

91.5

93.5

ISO 6974

% mole

ISO 6974

% mole
mg/m 3 (1)

7.5
-

6.5
-

8.5
50

ISO 6974
ISO 6326-5

(3) The actual sulphur content of the fuel used for the Type I test shall be
reported.
(4) Even though oxidation stability is controlled, it is likely that shelf life will
be limited. Advice should be sought from the supplier as to storage conditions
and life

Parameter

Unit

Min

93.5

Composition :
C3-content
C4-content
Olefins
Evaporation residue

% vol
% vol
% vol
mg/kg

48
48
0

Total sulphur
content
Hydrogen sulphide

pmm
weight (1)
-

Copper strip corrosion

Water at 0 C

Fuel A
Max

Rating

Min

Fuel B
Max

EN 589
Annx B

93.5
52
52
12
50

83
13
9

Test method

87
17
15
50

ISO 7941
ISO 7941
ISO 7941
ISO 7941
EN 24260

50

50

None

None

ISO 8819

class 1

Class1

ISO 6251 (2)

Free

Free

Visual inspection

(1) Value to be determined at standard conditions 293.2K (20oC) and 101.3kPa

Reference fuel G 25
Composition:
Methane
Balance [ Inerts (different from N2)
+ C2 +C2+]
N2
Sulphur content

(2) The range for cetane number is not in accordance with the requirements
of a minimum range of 4R. However, in the case of a dispute between fuel
supplier and fuel user, the terms of ISO 4259 may be used to resolve such
disputes provided replicate measurements, of sufficient number to archive the
necessary precision, are made in preference to single determinations.

Motor Octane Number

% mole

Reference fuel G 23
Composition:
Methane
Balance [ Inerts (different from N2)
+ C2 +C2+]
N2
Sulphur content

Not with standing this measure, which is necessary for technical reasons, the
manufacturer of fuels should never the less aim at a zero value where the
stipulated maximum value is 2R and at the mean value in the case of quotations
of maximum and minimum limits. Should it be necessary to clarify the questions
as to whether a fuel meets the requirements of the specifications, the terms of
ISO 4259 should be applied.

BS - III LPG
Units

Reference fuel G 20
Composition:
Methane
Balance [ Inerts (different from N2)
+ C2 +C2+]
N2
Sulphur content

(1) The values quoted in the specifications are true values. In

establishment of their limit values the terms of ISO4 259 Petroleum products
Determination and application of precision data in relation to methods of test
have been applied and infixing a minimum value, a minimum difference of 2R
above zero has been taken in to account; in fixing a maximum and minimum
value, the minimum difference is 4R (R=reproducibility)

% mole

86

84

88

ISO 6974

% mole

ISO 6974

% mole
mg/m 3 (1)

14
-

12
-

16
50

ISO 6974
ISO 6326-5

(1) Value to be determined at 293.2 K (20 C) and 101.3 kPa

(2) This method may not accurately determine the presence of corrosive materials if the
sample contains corrosion inhibitors or other chemicals which diminish the corrosivity of
the sample to the copper strip. Therefore, the addition of such compounds for the sole
purpose of biasing the test method is prohibited

Note : Commercial CNG / LPG fuel shall be used for testing till availability of reference fuel

BS - IV Petrol
Parameter

Limit (1)
Min
Max

Test method

95.0
85.0
740.0 754.0
56.0 60.0

EN 25164
EN 25163
ISO 3675
Pr EN ISO 13016-1(DVPE)

24.0
40.0
50.0 58.0
89.0
83.0
190.0 210.0
2.0

EN-ISO 3405
EN-ISO 3405
EN-ISO 3405
EN-ISO 3405
EN-ISO 3405

10.0
29.0
35.0
1.0
Report
Report
480
0.1
0.04
10
Class 1
5
1.3

ASTM D 1319
ASTM D 1319
ASTM D 1319
EN 12177

Unit

Research Octane Number, RON

Motor Octane Number, MON
kg/m 3
Density at 15 C
Reid Vapour Pressure
kPa
Distillation:
evaporated at 70 C
% v/v
evaporated at 100 C
% v/v
evaporated at 150 C
% v/v
o
final boiling point
C
% v/v
Residue
Hydrocarbon Analysis
% v/v
Olefins
Aromatics
% v/v
% v/v
Benzene
% v/v
Saturates
Carbon/ Hydrogen ratio
Carbon/Oxygen ratio
Induction Period (2)
minutes
Oxygen content
% m/m
Existent gum
mg/ml
Sulphur content(3)
mg/kg
Copper corrosion
mg/l
Lead content
mg/l
Phosphorus content
o

EN ISO 7536
EN 1601
EN ISO 6246
ASTM D 5453
EN ISO 2160
EN 237
ASTM D 3231

(1) The values quoted in the specifications are true values. In establishment of their
limit values the terms of ISO 4259 Petroleum products Determination and application of
precision data in relation to methods of test have been applied and in fixing a minimum
value, a minimum difference of 2R above zero has been taken into account; in fixing a
maximum and minimum value, the minimum difference is 4R (R = reproducibility).
Not withstanding this measure, which is necessary for technical reasons, the manufacturer
of fuels should nevertheless aim at a zero value where the stipulated maximum value is 2R
and at the mean value in the case of quotations of maximum and minimum limits. Should it be
necessary to clarify the questions as to whether a fuel meets the requirements of the
specifications, the terms of ISO 4259 should be applied.
(2) The range for cetane number is not in accordance with the requirements of a
minimum range of 4R. However, in the case of a dispute between fuel supplier and fuel user,
the terms of ISO4259 may be used to resolve such disputes provided replicate
measurements, of sufficient number to archive the necessary precision, are made in
preference to single determinations.
(3) The actual sulphur content of the fuel used for the Type I test shall be reported.

BS - IV Diesel
Parameter
Cetane number
Density at 15C
Distillation:
-50% point
-95% point
-final boiling point
Flash point
CFPP
Viscosity at 40C
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Sulphur content (3)
Copper corrosion
Conradson carbon residue (10% DR)
Ash content
Water content
Neutralisation (strong acid) number
Oxidation stability (4)
Lubricity (HFRR wear scan diameter at 60C)
Oxygen stability at 110C
FAME

Unit
kg/m 3
C
C
C
C
C
mm 2/s
% m/m
mg/kg
% m/m
% m/m
% m/m
mg KOH/g
mg/ml
um
h
%v/v

Min

Limit (1)
Max

Test method

54.0
837

EN-ISO 5165
EN-ISO 3675

52.0
833
245
345
55
2.3
3.0
-

EN-ISO 3405
350
EN-ISO 3405
EN-ISO 3405
370
EN 22719
-5
EN 116
3.3
EN-ISO 3104
6.0
IP 391
10
ASTM D 5453
Class 1 EN ISO 2160
0.2
EN-ISO 10370
0.01
EN-ISO 6245
EN-ISO 12937
0.02
0.02
ASTM D 974
EN-ISO 12205
0.025
CEC F-06-A-96
400
PROHIBITED

(1) The values quoted in the specifications are true values. In establishment of their limit
values the terms of ISO 4259 Petroleum products Determination and application of
precision data in relation to methods of test have been applied and in fixing a minimum
value, a minimum difference of 2R above zero has been taken into account; in fixing a
maximum and minimum value, the minimum difference is 4R (R = reproducibility)
Not withstanding this measure, which is necessary for technical reasons, the manufacturer
of fuels should nevertheless aim at a zero value where the stipulated maximum value is 2R
and at the mean value in the case of quotations of maximum and minimum limits.
Should it be necessary to clarify the questions as to whether a fuel meets the requirements of
the specifications, the terms of ISO 4259 should be applied.
(2) The range for cetane number is not in accordance with the requirements of a minimum
range of4R. However, in the case of a dispute between fuel supplier and fuel user, the terms
of ISO4259 may be used to resolve such disputes provided replicate measurements, of
sufficient number to archive the necessary precision, are made in preference to single
determinations.
(3) The actual sulphur content of the fuel used for the Type I test shall be reported
(4) Even though oxidation stability is controlled, it is likely that shelf life will be limited.
Adviceshould be sought from the supplier as to storage conditions and life.

BS - IV LPG
For Category M and Category N Vehicles
not exceeding 3,500 Kgs GVW
Parameter

Unit

Fuel A

Fuel B

Composition

Test method
ISO 7941

For Category M and Category N Vehicles

not exceeding 3,500 Kgs GVW
Parameter

Unit

Fuel A

Fuel B

Composition

Test method
ISO 7941

C3-content

% vol.

30+ 2

85 + 2

C3-content

% vol.

50+ 2

85 + 2

C4-content

% vol.

balance

balance

C4-content

% vol.

balance

balance

<C3, >C4

% vol.

max. 2

max. 2

<C3, >C4

% vol.

max. 2

max. 2

Olefins

% vol.

max. 12

max. 15

Olefins

% vol.

max. 12

max. 14

Evaporation residue

mg/kg

max. 50

max. 50

ISO 13757

mg/kg

max. 50

max. 50

ISO 13757

free

free

Visual inspection

free

free

Visual inspection

Water at 0 o C
Total sulphur content
Hydrogen sulphide

mg/kg

Copper strip corrosion

Odour

Rating

Motor Octane Number

max. 10
max. 10
none
none
Class 1
Class 1
Characteristic Characteristic
min. 89

min. 89

EN 24260
ISO 8819
ISO 6251 (1)
EN 589 Annex B

(1) This method may not accurately determine the presence of corrosive materials if the sample
contains corrosion inhibitors or other chemicals which diminish the corrosivity of the sample to
the copper strip. Therefore, the addition of such compounds for the sole purpose of biasing the
test method is prohibited.

Evaporation residue
Water at 0 o C
Total sulphur content
Hydrogen sulphide

mg/kg

Copper strip corrosion

Odour

Rating

Motor Octane Number

max. 10
max. 10
none
none
Class 1
Class 1
Characteristic Characteristic
min. 92.5

min. 92.5

EN 24260
ISO 8819
ISO 6251 (1)
EN 589 Annex B

(1) This method may not accurately determine the presence of corrosive materials if the sample
contains corrosion inhibitors or other chemicals which diminish the corrosivity of the sample to
the copper strip. Therefore, the addition of such compounds for the sole purpose of biasing the
test method is prohibited.

AdBlue specification data sheet

DIN 70070 ISO 22241
Urea concetration
Density at 20 C
Refractive index at 20C
Alkalinity
Carbonate
Biuret
Aldehyde
Insoluble
Phosphate
Calcium
Iron
Copper
Zinc
Chromium
Nickel
Aluminium
Magnesium
Sodium
Potassium

Unit

Min. Limit

Max. Limit

% by weight
kg/cm

31.8
1087
13814
-

33, 2
1093
13, 843
0,2
0,2
0,3
5
20
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,2
0,2
0,2
0,2
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5

% by weight
% by weight
% by weight
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg

Glossary
BS
cc
CEV
CNG
CO
CO2
ESC
ETC
FC
GVW
HC
IDC
LPG

Bharat Stage
Cubic Capacity
Construction Equipment Vehicle
Compressed Natural Gas
Carbon Monoxide
Carbon Dioxides
Engine Steady state Cycle
Engine Transient Cycle
Fuel Consumption
Gross Vehicle Weight
Hydrocarbon
Indian Driving Cycle
Liquefied Petroleum Gas

M category
Vehicles

4 wheeler vehicle used for

carriage of passengers upto 9 seater

MIDC

Modified Indian Driving Cycle

N1 category
Vehicles
NMHC
NOx
OBD
PM
RHC

4 wheeler vehicle used for carriage of load or

passengers & having GVW<3500kg
Non - Methane Hydrocarbon
Nitrogen Oxides
On-Board Diagnostic
Particulate Matter
Relative Hydrocarbon

National Ambient Air Quality Standard (CPCB)

Rev on 16th Nov 2009 as per GSR 826 (E)
Concentration in Ambient Air
Industrial,
Residential,
Rural and
Other Area

Ecologically
Sensitive Area
(notified by
Central Govt.)

Annual *

50

20

Improved West and Gaeke Method

24 hours**

80

80

Ultraviolet Fluorescence

Annual *

40

30

Modified Jacob & Hochheiser Modified

24 hours**

80

80

(Na-Arsenite) Method / Chemiluminescence

Particulate Matter (size less than

3
10 m) or PM 10, g/m

Annual *

60

60

100

100

Particulate Matter(size less than

3
2.5 m) or PM2.5, g/m

Annual *

40

40

24 hours**

60

60

8 hours**

100

100

UV Photometric technology

180

180

Chemiluminescence / Chemical Method

Annual*

0.5

0.5

AAS /ICP Method after sampling using EPM 2000 or equivalent

24 hours**

ED XRF using Teflon Filter

8 hours**
1 hour*

Non Dispersive Infra Red (NDIR)

Spectroscopy

Annual *

100

100

Chemiluminescence

24 hours**

400

400

Indophenol- blue method

Annual *

Gas Chromatography based continuous analyzer/ Adsorption

& desorption followed by GC analysis

Sr.
No.

1
2
3

Time Weighted
Average

Pollutants

Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), g/m

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), g/m

Ozone (O3), g/m3

Lead (Pb), g/m

1 hour*

Carbon Monoxide (CO), mg/m

Ammonia (NH3) , g/m3

Benzene(C6H6), g/m

24 hours**

Method of Measurement

Gravimetric / TEOM / Beta Attenuation

10

Benzo a Pyrene (BaP)

(particulate phase only), ng/m3

Annual *

11

Arsenic, ng/m3

Annual *

12

Nickel, ng/m3

Annual *

20

20

Gravimetric / TEOM / Beta Attenuation

Solvent extraction followed by HPLC/GC analysis

AAS /ICP Method after sampling on EPM 2000

or equivalent filter paper

* Annual Arithmatic Mean of minimum 104 measurments in a year at a particular site taken twice in a week 24 hrly at uniform intervals
** 24 hourly or 08 hourly or 01 hourly monitored values as applicable shall be complied with 98% of the time, they may exceed the limits but not on two consecutive days of monitoring
Note : Whenever and wherever monitoring results on two consecutive days of monitoring exceed the limits specified above for the respective category, it shall be consider adequate
reason to institute regular or continuous monitoring and further investigation

National Ambient Air Quality Standard (CPCB)

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43

Ambient Air Quality Standards in respect of Noise (CPCB)

UNDER THE NOISE POLLUTION (REGULATION AND CONTROL) RULES, 2000
The Principal Rules were published in the Gazette of India, vide S.O. 123(E), dated 14.2.2000 and subsequently amended vide S.O. 1046(E), dated 22.11.2000, S.O. 1088(E),
dated 11.10.2002, S.O. 1569 (E), dated 19.09.2006 and S.O. 50 (E) dated 11.01.2010 under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.)

Limits in dB (A) Leq*

Area Code

Category of Area / Zone

Day Time

Night Time

Industrial Area

75

70

Commercial Area

65

55

Residential Area

55

45

Silence Zone

50

40

Note :
1. Day time shall mean from 6.00 a.m. to 10.00 p.m.
2. Night time shall mean from 10.00 p.m. to 6.00 a.m.
3. Silence zone is an area comprising not less than 100 metres around hospitals,
educational institutions, courts, religious places or any other area which is declared as such by the competent authority
4. Mixed categories of areas may be declared as one of the four above mentioned categories by the competent authority.
* dB(A) Leq denotes the time weighted average of the level of sound in decibels on scale A which is relatable to human hearing.
A decibel is a unit in which noise is measured.
A, in dB(A) Leq, denotes the frequency weighting in the measurement of noise and corresponds to frequency response characteristics of the human ear.
Leq: It is an energy mean of the noise level over a specified period.

National Ambient Noise Quality Standard (CPCB)

44

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Global Warming Potential of Green House Gases (GHGs)

Green House Gases

Formula

Pre-industrial
conc.

1995 conc.

Global Warming Potential

(Over Time Horizon of 100 years)

Carbon Dioxide

CO2

278 ppm

360 ppm

Methane

CH4

700 ppb

1721 ppb

23

Nitrous Oxide

N2O

275 ppb

315 ppb

296

CCI2F2

0.5 ppb

6200 - 7100

CHCIF2

0.1 ppb

1300 - 1400

CF4

0.07 ppb

6500

SF6

0.03 ppb

23900

Dichlorodifluoro Methane
(CFC-12)
Chlorodifluoro Methane
(HCFC-22)
Perfluoro Methane
Sulfur hexa fluoride

Global Warming Potential of Green House Gases (GHGs)

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45

Details of Health Effects of Various Air Pollutants

Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), g/m3

Short-term intermittent exposures

Bronchoconstriction (temporary breathing difficulty)
E/N/T irritation
Mucus secretion
Long-term exposures
Respiratory illness
Aggravates existing heart disease
Intensified in presence of PM

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), g/m3

Long Term exposure

Pulmonary fibrosis, emphysema, and higher LRI (lower respiratory tract illness) in children
Toxic acute effects at 10-30 ppm
Nose and eye irritation
Lung tissue damage and Pulmonary edema (swelling)
Bronchitis /Effect on Defense mechanisms
Pneumonia / Aggravate existing heart disease

Details of Health Effects of Various Air Pollutants

46

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Particulate Matter (size less than 10 m)

or PM 10 g/m3

Particulate Matter(size less than 2.5 m)

or PM2.5, g/m3

Ozone (O3), g/m3

Short-term exposure effects

Lung inflammatory reactions
Respiratory symptoms
Adverse effects on the cardiovascular system
Increase in medication usage and hospital admissions
Increase in mortality
Long-term exposure effects
Increase in lower respiratory symptoms
Reduction in lung function in children
Increase in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Reduction in lung function in adults
Reduction in life expectancy, owing mainly to cardiopulmonary mortality and
probably to lung cancer
Acute Health effects
Severe E/N/T (ear/nose/throat) irritation
Eye irritation at 100 ppb
Interferes with lung functions
Coughing at 2 ppm
Chronic Health Effects
Irreversible, accelerated lung damage

Details of Health Effects of Various Air Pollutants

Progress through Research

47

Lead (Pb), g/m3

Absorbed into blood; similar to calcium

Accumulates in blood, bones, muscles, fat
Damages organs kidneys, liver, brain, reproductive system, bones (osteoporosis)
Brain and nervous system seizures, mental retardation, behavioral disorders, memory problems, mood changes,
Young children - lower IQ, learning disabilities
Heart and blood high blood pressure and increased heart disease

Carbon Monoxide (CO) mg/m3

Reacts with hemoglobin in blood

Forms carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO) rather than oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)
Prevents oxygen transfer
Low-level: cardiovascular and neurobehavior
High-level: headaches/nausea/fatigue to possible death
Oxygen deficient people esp. vulnerable (anemia, chronic heart or lung disease, high altitude residents, smokers)
Cigarette smoke: 400-450 ppm;
smokers blood 5-10% HbCO vs 2% for non-smoker

Ammonia (NH3) , g/m3

Causes immediate burning of the eyes, nose, throat and respiratory tract and can result in blindness, lung damage or death
Inhalation of lower concentrations can cause coughing, and nose and throat irritation.

Benzene(C6H6), g/m3

Short Term Exposure

Headaches, vomiting, disorientation, shakiness, elevated heart rate, and loss of consciousness
Long Term Exposure
Exposed to it over a long period of time are at the highest risk for developing benzene-related illnesses,
which range from anemia to cancer like Leukemia.

Details of Health Effects of Various Air Pollutants

48

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Benzo a Pyrene (BaP)

(particulate phase only), ng/m3

Arsenic, ng/m3

Nickel, ng/m3

Short-term health effects

Skin rash or eye irritation with redness and/or a burning sensation.
Exposure to sunlight and the chemical together can increase these effects.
Long-term health effects
probable cancer-causing agent in humans
it causes skin, lung, and bladder cancer in humans and in animals
Exposure to inorganic arsenic can cause various health effects, viz.,
irritation of the stomach and intestines,
decreased production of red and white blood cells,
skin changes and lung irritation
damage DNA
Uptake of significant amounts of inorganic arsenic can intensify the
chances of cancer development especially development of skin cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer and lymphatic cancer
high exposure to inorganic arsenic can cause infertility and miscarriages with women,
skin disturbances, declined resistance to infections,
heart disruptions and brain damage with both men and women
inorganic arsenic can poisoning of livestock near various industrial processes can penetrate into human body after their consumption.
An uptake of too large quantities of nickel has the following consequences:
- Higher chances of development of lung cancer, nose cancer, larynx cancer and prostate cancer
- Sickness and dizziness after exposure to nickel gas
- Lung embolism and Respiratory failure
- Birth defects
- Asthma and chronic bronchitis
- Allergic reactions such as skin rashes, mainly from jewellery
- Heart disorders

Details of Health Effects of Various Air Pollutants

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49

State-of-art utilities for temperature & humidity control in all test areas, central gas handling system,
eco friendly fire fighting system and emergency power back-up

SEALED HOUSING FOR EVAPORATIVE DETERMINATION (SHED)

Capable of measuring evaporative emission from 2, 3 and 4 Wheeler vehicles
The 87.48 m3 volume SHED facility has wide temperature
range of 15 oC - 50 oC

Compliance to BS II, BS III, Euro IV, Euro V, EPA and future norms

Steady state dynamometer facility is equipped with Engine dynomometer,

Raw emission analyzer bench, Partial flow PM sampling system, Dynamic fuel meter,
Fuel and coolant conditioning unit, Smoke meter.

Transient dynamometer capacity :- 220kW, 500 kW

Nano Particle Evaluation Facility

Contacts :

Knowledge Centre
The Automotive Research Association Of India
Survey No.102, Vetal Hill, Kothrud, Pune - 411038
Email : kc@araiindia.com
Tel: +91 (0)20 30231192/1193
Website : www.araiindia.com

THE AUTOMOTIVE RESEARCH ASSOCIATION OF INDIA

Progress through Research