Urea solution

T DP T NOx

DOC cDPF SCR NH3 Kat

l NOx NH3

By sensors: l T DP NOx NH3 AdBlue

Dr. K. C. Vora
Emeritus Professor, COEP
AICTE-INAE Distinguished Visiting Faculty
Chair, ASDC Expert Group on EV
Chair, BAJA SAEINDIA & Chair, SAEINDIA Faculty Devp Committee
Former Sr. Deputy Director & Head ARAI Academy, ARAI, Pune.
With Prof. Sagar Kadam, I C Engine Lab, COEP
❑ Fuels & Combustion Course Outcome
❑ Fuels & Combustion Curriculum
❑ Introduction
❑ Definitions
❑ Emission from I C Engines
❑ Effect of Pollutants
❑ Emission Standards
❑ Driving Cycles
❑ Emission Measurement
❑ Emission Control: In-Cylinder Techniques
❑ Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)
❑ Catalytic Converters
❑ Meeting BS VI Norms
❑ Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF)
❑ Selective Catalyst Reduction (SCR)
❑ Conclusion: Need for an Integral Approach
Course Outcomes (COs): At the end of the course student will
be able to:
❑Analyze the properties of fuels
❑Compare the suitability of fuels utilization point of view.
❑Evaluate the performance of an engine
❑Demonstrate stages of combustion in SI and CI engine
❑Analyze the emission and performance of an engine.
Unit 1 (4 hrs)
❑ Characterization:
❑ Fuels - Types and Characteristics of Fuels, Fuels Analysis, Proximate and
Ultimate Analysis, Moisture Determination, Calorific Value, Gross & Net
Calorific Values, Calorimetry, DuLong’s Formula for CV Estimation, Flue gas
Analysis.
Unit 2 (6 hrs)
❑ Solid fuels:
❑ Coal Family, Properties, Calorific Value, DMMF, DAF and Bone Dry Basis,
Ranking, Storage, Washability, Coking & Caking Coals, Renewable Solid
Fuels, Biomass, Wood Waste, Agro Fuels, Manufactured Solid Fuels.
❑ Liquid fuels:
❑ Sources, Petroleum Fractions, Classification, Refining, Properties of Liquid
Fuels, Calorific Value, Specific Gravity, Flash & Fire Point, Octane Number,
Cetane Number etc, Alcohols, Liquefaction of Solid Fuels
Unit 3 (4 hrs)
❑ Gaseous fuels:
❑ Classification, Composition & Properties, Estimation of Calorific Value,
Gas Calorimeter, Rich & Lean Gas, Wobbe Index, Natural Gas, LPG, LNG,
CNG, Methane, Producer Gas, Water Gas, Town Gas, Coal Gasification,
Gasification Efficiency, Biogas.
Unit 4 (2 hrs)
❑ Combustion:
❑ Combustion equations, stoichiometric A/F, enthalpy of formation, adiabatic flame temperature.
Unit 5 (10 hrs)
❑ SI and CI Engine:
❑ Otto cycle, fuel supply system, stages of combustion in SI engines, abnormal combustion and knocking
in SI engines, factors affecting knocking, effects of knocking, control of knocking, combustion chambers
for SI engines, Diesel cycle, fuel supply system, stages of combustion in C.I. Engines, delay period,
factors influencing delay period, diesel knock, control of diesel knock, types of combustion chamber.
Unit 6 (10 hrs)
❑ Performance and Emission:
❑ Engine Performance and parameters, determination of IP, BP, FP, IMEP, BMEP, various efficiencies,
energy balance, performance of CI and SI engine. Exhaust after treatment, catalytic converters, exhaust
gas recirculation, emission control in engines, sources of SI and CI engine emission, Euro and Bharat
stage norms, Emission control methods in SI and CI engine.
Text Books:
❑ Ganesan. V, “Internal Combustion Engines”, Tata McGraw Hill
❑ Mathur & Sharma, “A Course in Internal Combustion Engines”, Dhanapat Rai Publications.
❑ Samir Sarkar, “Fuels & Combustion”, 2nd Edition, Orient Longman, 1990

Reference Books:
❑ Edward E. Obert, “Internal Combustion Engines and Air Pollution”, Internal Edu. Pub, 1973
❑ Crouse W.H., “Automotive Mechanics”, McGraw Hill
❑ Heywood J., “I.C. Engines Fundamentals”, McGraw Hill publications
❑ Sharma SP, Mohan Chander, “Fuels & Combustion”, Tata McGraw Hill, 1984.
❑ Burns Stephen, “An Introduction to Combustion: Concepts & Applications”, 2012.
❑ Borman Gary, Ragland Kenneth, “ Combustion Engineering”, 1998.
❑ Pundir B P, “Engine Emission”, 2007.
 Introduction
Can you guess what are these pictures?
Red Blood Cells Exposed to Nano-particles
Smaller Particles are more dangerous than bigger particles

1 µm particles 0.078 µm particles

Depth of Lung Penetration of Coarse & Fine Particle

PRESEPARATOR ( 10 µm
and above)
Stage 0 (9.0 µm – 10.0 µm )

COARSE
Stage 1 (5.8 µm – 9.0 µm )
Pharynx Stage 2 (4.7 µm – 5.8 µm )

Trachea & primary bronchi Stage 3 (3.3 µm – 4.7µm )

Secondary bronchi Stage 4 (2.1µm – 3.3 µm )

Terminal bronchi Stage 5 (1.1 µm – 2.1µm )
Alveoli Stage 6 (0.65 µm – 1.1µm)

FINE
Alveoli Stage 7 (0.43 µm – 0.65 µm )
Stage 8 (0.003 µm- 0.43 µm)
Air Quality worldwide is an Issue
 Definitions
• Air pollution are solid, liquid or gaseous substances that
changes the natural composition of air.

• Emissions are from a source causing air pollution.

We distinguish:
• Point sources (eg, factory chimney)
• Line sources (such as road and vehicle column)
• Area sources (eg industrial area, residential area)
Air-2-AirEmission
Technology
from &
I CChallenges
Engines
Intake to Tail Pipe Gasoline Engine Out Emission Diesel Engine Out Emission
C O CO C O O CO2
Engine C O O CO2
C O CO
N O O NO2
H C HC
N O NOx
N O NOx PM PM
S O O SO2
H H O H2O
H C HC
PM PM O O O2
PM
N N N2 N N N2

Aftertreatment Technologies
➢ 3 - Way Catalytic Converter (TWC)
➢ 4 - Way Catalytic Converter (FWC)
➢ Gasoline Particulate Filter (GPF)
➢ Clean Intake Air
Aftertreatment Technologies
➢ Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC)
➢ Particulate Oxidation Catalyst (POC)
➢ Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF)
➢ Single or Dual SCR
➢ Lean NOx Trap (LNT)
➢ HC Injection/EHC

➢ Low Sulfur Fuel ➢ Ultra Thin Wall Substrate/Canning

➢ New Catalyst Formulation Challenges
➢ Unleaded Fuel ➢
➢
Avoid sintering
Fine Particle Filter
➢ Engine in Cylinder Vs Aftertreatment
➢ NOx Vs PM Control
➢ Package & Thermal - Management
➢ Package & Thermal - Management
Sensors & On-Board Diagnostics
 Automotive Exhaust System
Manifold
Sensors Emission
Control
Closed Couple Converter

Hot End EATS

Flex
Coupling Cold End
Underbody Converter

Resonator
Intermediate Baffle Plate
Pipe
Perforated Tube
Converter Isolator
Heat Shield

Hanger Rod
Tail Pipe

Exhaust system is a device used to expel the engine out gases

in a cleaner, quieter and safer way to the atmosphere.

Exhaust system directly plays a vital role in engine performance.

 Effects of Pollutants
Different Pollutants have Different Effects:

➢ Carbon Monoxide (CO) – Blood circulatory system & heart.

➢ Hydrocarbon (HC) – URTI & global warming.
➢ Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) - lungs, global warming, acid rain.
➢ Particulate Matter (PM) - Effects on lungs & heart.
➢ Carbon Dioxide (CO2) - Climate change & Global Warming
➢ Ozone - respiratory system, lungs
➢ Lead - nervous system, brain
➢ Diesel, Air Toxics - cancer, respiratory effects
➢ There are potential effects of the Mixture
 Emission Standards
What is Type Approval ???
Meeting design requirements of vehicle for specified
norms.

What is COP ???

Checking production / manufacturing tolerances
affecting vehicle emissions.

What is ln-use Testing ???

Reliability of components over the period of time.
 Emission Standards
Emission Legislation Requirements

On Road Application Off- Road Application

Genset Vehicular
2 - Wheeler 3-Wheeler 4 - Wheeler
Application Application

Agricultural
Diesel Diesel GVW <= GVW > 3.5 Portable Tractors
3.5 ton ton
Gasoline Gasoline Diesel
Diesel Diesel
CEVs
LPG Gasoline Gasoline

CNG LPG LPG

Dual Fuel
CNG CNG
Emissions/Safety Regulations Progression in India
1992 1996 2000 2005 2010 2014 2017 2020 2022 2024 2026
Emission
EURO1
EURO2
EURO3
EURO4
EURO5
EURO6

Major cities BS1

BS2 BS3 2013
BS4
BS4 OBDII

BS1
Nationwide BS2
BS3 BS4 OBDII BS6

Fuel Consumption

Nationwide for FE Regulation 1

M1 Vehicles FE Regulation 2

Safety
Offset Crash
Full Frontal
Side Impact
 Present Emission Norms in India

Vehicle Category Proposed Emission Effective date

norms
2W BS VI 1st April, 2020

3W BS VI 1st April, 2020

4W ≤ 3.5T BS VI 1st April, 2020

4W > 3.5T BS VI 1st April, 2020

Agricultural Tractor / Stage IV / Stage V 1st April, 2022

CEV 1st April, 2024
 Types of Applications:
Covered Under CMVR

On road Application
Off road Application
Automotive

Combine
harvester Power
2W 3W 4W-LDV 4W-HDV Tractor CEV
Tiller

Test on CD Test on ED
Driving Cycle Development
Development of driving cycle for 2-&3-W,
4W(Passenger car and MUV), LCV&HCV

• Selection of vehicles / routes

• Specific data collection
• Start /stop vehicle parameters such as
speed, throttle position, gear shift pattern,
engine rpm, etc
• Formulation of driving cycle with the help
of statistical tools
• Evaluation and fine tuning of driving cycle
Indian Driving Cycle for 3 Wheelers
50

40

SPEED(km/hr)
30

20

10

0
0 20 40 60 80 100
TIME(sec)

Cruise
Avg. Max. Idle time Accel. Decel time
Time Distance Max. Speed Max Decel time
Speed accel. ratio Time ratio ratio
ratio
sec km km/h km/h m/s2 m/s3 % % % %
IDC
648 3.948 21.93 42 0.65 0.63 14.81 38.89 34.26 12.04
(6 Cycles)
Modified Indian Driving Cycle for 4 Wheelers

100 Part 2:
Part 1: 780 sec 400 sec
80
Speed (km/h) One Cycle of 195 sec
60

40
Max
20 Speed 90
kph
0
0 500 1000
Time (sec)
 Emission Measurement

 Measurement of CO, HC, NOx,CO2, PM, O2

 Continuous data.

 Programmable Driving Cycles

Chassis Dynamometer Emission Test Setup

FLOW
COMPUTER
SAMPLE BAGS
SAMPLE
CVS HANDLING
CONTROL

AIR CO HC

CO 2 NO X
FAN DRIVER’S
AID ANALYSERS
CFV
BLOWER
CYCLONE
FILTER
DYNO. CVS SAMPLER
• Emission Certification Laboratory
 Type Approval Applicability : BS-VI
2W 3W 4W
Type of Test as per BS-VI
PI (E5) CI (B7) PI (E5) CI (B7) PI (E5) CI (B7)
Type I - Mass Emission Y Y Y Y Y Y
Type II - Idle Emission Y N Y N Y N
Type II - Free Acceleration Smoke Test N Y N Y N Y
Type III - Crankcase Emission Y N Y N Y N
Type IV - Evaporative Emission Y N Y N Y N
Type V - Durability Y Y Y Y Y Y
Type VI - Cold CO/HC (-7 OC) NA NA NA NA NA NA
Type VII – OBD Y Y Y Y Y Y
CO2 & Fuel Consumption (AIS 137) Y Y Y Y Y Y
Engine Power NA NA NA NA Y Y
RDE NA NA NA NA Y Y
Performance and Durability Evaluation
• Emission & Fuel economy

• Specialized evaluation for fuels like Gasoline,

Diesel, Biodiesel, Ethanol, LPG, CNG, etc.

• Evaluation of fuel additives

• Durability

• Evaluation of different graded oils.

• Wear and tare of engine and transmission

components

• Emission control devices

DF as per BS-VI norms
 PUC Norms

*For CNG Vehicles, NMHC=0.3HC; For LPG Vehicles, RHC=0.5HC

 Emission from In-Use Vehicles
Applicability of Rules
(CMVR 62)

Transport Vehicle category

(Non-Private) – Buses / Taxi / Trucks / Auto-
rickshaws
● New Vehicle: 2 years
● Fitness Certificate is valid for every 2 years up
to 8 years old vehicles
● Thereafter- Renewal of Fitness annually
● Renewal for E- rickshaw & E - cart : 3 years

Current
Non-Transport Vehicle category
Legal (Private vehicles)
● Fitness Certificate is valid for 15 years

Framework ● Thereafter- Renewal for fixed interval

 Current practices for fitness checks of in use vehicles
Mandatory Fitness Tests
As per CMVR 62

Pollution Tests Visual Inspection Safety

• CO/ HC Idle Emissions-
Gasoline vehicles
• Free acceleration smoke-
Diesel vehicles
• Spark Plug/ Suppressor cap/
HT cable
• Lights/ Bulbs- other than head
lamps
• Safety Glass, Horn, Silencer
• Windscreen wiper,
Speedometer
• Headlamp Test (beam focus)
• Brake Test (Stopping distance
on road / Braking efficiency
measurement on roller brake
tester equipment)

33
 Inspection & Certification (I&C) Test Center

➢ Required test equipment are laid out in such a way that vehicles are tested one after the other.

➢ Automated test report generation for following vehicle tests: Safety, Emission, Visual Inspection.
Tests Carried out in I&C centre

Emission Test Head Light Test Brake Test

Speedometer Test Suspension Test Side Slip Test

Visual Inspection Under Body Inspection Joint Play Test

Inspection and Maintenance Test Center- Nasik
 2030

Expected Commercial Vehicles

Roadmap Population
LCV +HCV = 87 million
No. of Lanes reqd.= 3483
Centers reqd.= 871
2020

Commercial Vehicles Passenger Vehicles

Population Population=240 million
LCV +HCV = 33 million No. of lanes reqd.= 6488
No. of Lanes reqd.= 1343 Centers reqd.= 1622
Centers reqd.= 336

Passenger Vehicles 2 Wheeler

Population= 93 million Population=610 million
No. of lanes reqd.= 2501 No. of lanes reqd.=13688
Centers reqd.= 625 Centers reqd.=3422

Above lane requirements are based on

following assumptions:
2 Wheeler • 2 shift operation, 75 % lane occupancy,75 % Model I&M test centers ,Phase - I
Population=235 million operating efficiency, 275 working days in one
year.
No. of lanes reqd.=5277 Based on the vehicle population data available
Model I&M test centers ,Phase - II
Centers reqd.= 1319 from year 2011 by MoRTH- Provisional (10%
vehicle growth for every year is considered.)
Cluster- Expansion of I&C test centers by state govt.
Source: MoRTH Transport Wing
Switch to Lower CO2 Emitting Vehicles
• Lighter (less weight), Cleaner (less emissions) &
Cheaper (less fuel consumption)
 CO2 Emission for Gasoline & Diesel Vehicles

Source: ICCT, FEV through SAE Paper No. 2019-26-0151

Ambient Air Quality Monitoring
 To identify and target the air pollution sources in the city .
 Monitoring of -
➢ criteria pollutants like RSPM, SO2, NOx & CO
➢ Air toxics like benzene, 1,3-butadiene, aldehydes, PAHs and
➢ Gaseous pollutants like ozone, HC, NMHC
Considering seasonal variations and representative locations.
 Chemical speciation of PM for carbon fractions,
elements, ions and organic markers.
Emission Control: In-Cylinder Techniques

Engine
In-Cylinder Techniques

Engine
In-Cylinder Techniques

Engine
In-Cylinder Techniques

Engine
 Exhaust Gas Recirculation
Displacing some of the engine intake with inert gas is
another NOx reduction strategy. The inert gas lowers the
combustion temperature by diluting the mixture in the heat
cylinder and absorbing heat from the burning fuel.
New Innovation
Which Changed the Emission
Scenario
 3-Way (TW) Catalytic Converter
Catalytic converters transform NOx, CO & HC into N2, CO2 & H2O
Can
Mat
Ceramic Substrate with Catalytic
Coating

N2 CO2 H2O

NOX CO HC
CONSTRUCTIONS OF CATALYTIC CONVERTERS
 Success Story of Catalyst
The development of automotive
emission control technology over the
100 % Engine Exhaust last three and a half decades is one of
the greatest environmental success
> 98 % stories of this century.
<2%
O2
H2O
Compared to the 1960s the emission
CO2
N2 of motor vehicles has dropped to a
Catalyst fraction, the fuel economy has
doubled.
< 0.05 % O2
> 1.95 % H2O
CO2
HC N2
CO
NOx
Metallic & Ceramic Substrates
 Ceramic Substrates:
Unique Extrusion Process
Range:
300 to 900 CPSI.
2 to 6 mil wall
thickness
(1 mil = 25.4 microns)
Metallic Substrates: Unique High Temp Vacuum Brazing
Sinusoidal Shape Cell Structure
Catalytic
•Substrates
Converters Components
•Precious Metal Salts
•Washcoat Powders
Honeycombs Alumina, Oxygen Storage Component (OSC), Pt, Pd, Rh
Promoters, Stabilizers
Cordierite Material: MgO-Al2O3-SiO2

Material capability in auto

application conditions
– Thermal and mechanical
stability (melting point at
1450C)
– Excellent thermal shock
resistance from low thermal
expansion
–
Versatility in porosity and pore
microstructures
Abundant natural resources of
raw materials (Clay, talc,
oxides) for MgO-Al2O3-SiO2
Oxides

Ref: R. S. Senthil Kumaran, Corning, Automotive Substrates

for Catalytic Converter & Diesel Particulate Filters,
PIP on Engine Emission & Control, Jan 2015
 Partners for production
of Catalytic Converters
SUBSTRATE MANUFACTURERS:
Ceramic: Corning, NGK,
Silicon Carbide: Ibiden
Metallic: Continental (Emitec), Showa

COATERS:
Johnson Matthey, BASF (Engelhard), Umicore (Degussa), Sud-Chemie
(Vadodara)

SUBSTRATE+COATING: Kemira (Finland)

MAT MANUFACTURERS: 3M, UNIFRAX

CANNERS: Sharda Motors, Tenneco (Walker), ARVIN, Cummins

 Cell Structure
•Cell Density, Web Thickness

•Standard
•200/12 •400/6,5

•Thinwall
t
•400/4 •600/4
L

•Ultra
• N (cpsi ) no. of cells per square inch •Thinwall
• L: cell pitch •900/2
• t: web thickness •600/3

• tr: web thickness (mils)

 Automotive Substrates Enabling
Technology for Ultra-Low Emissions

400/6.5 (Euro 2) 900/2 (Euro 6)

Engine-out Emission
Catalyst light-off (A/F  14.7)
 Automotive Emissions
Importance of Cold Start
Tailpipe HC Emissions (FTP Bag 1)
Tailpipe HC Mass (g/s) 0.025 1500

Temperature, (Deg F)
0.02 1200

0.015 900
Catalyst "Light-Off"
X Temperature
0.01 600

0.005 300

0 0
0 100 200 300 400 500
Time (s)
Trends of Catalytic Converter Configuration
Advantages of Close Coupled Catalyst
Closed Couple Catalyst Design Criteria
Improvement in Oxygen Storage Capacity
 Technology to meet BS VI Emission Norms
70
BS IV N1C3

60 79.5 % NOx Reduction

SCR
50
BS IV N1C2

93 % PM Reduction
40 75 % NOx Reduction
PM Emission (mg/km)

SCR DPF
30

89 % PM Red.
BS IV N1C1 / M class
68 % NOx Reduction
DPF
20
LNT
DPF

82 %
10 BS VI
All Passenger Cars
4.5mg
0 80mg
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
NOx Emission (mg/km)

▪ 3 major technologies developed for meeting BS VI – DPF, SCR & LNT.

 Meeting the BSVI Emission Norms
Engine Optimization: Engine out emission
Combustion Process Refinement Reduction, Fuel
Change of Emission Tradeoff Consumption Reduction
, Oil Consumption reduction, Friction & Durability
Reduction Improvement

Vehicle level Improvements:

Weight reduction Emission reduction, Fuel
Running Loss Reduction, Consumption Reduction
Improved Air flow – cooling requirements

Exhaust Treatment to
Exhaust After-treatment: Reduce Tailpipe Emissions

A three prong improvement for meeting Emissions and Durability needs

Meeting the BSVI Emission Norms: S I Engines
Engine Optimization: Engine out emission
Advanced PFI, Improved Air Fuel Control Reduction, Fuel
(VVT, LAF, ETC) Consumption Reduction
EGR, High Pressure injection with lower & Durability
SMD, High Energy Ignition Control, High CR Improvement

High CR & Engine Mod. EGR & High Energy Ignition Advanced Injection

Major Engine Modifications for Durability and lower Engine out emissions.
Need lower Sulfur levels to ensure durability of the parts/sensors
Meeting the BSVI Emission Norms: S I Engines
Exhaust After-treatment:
Higher Catalyst Loading with improved Exhaust Treatment to
durability Reduce Tailpipe Emissions
Higher Cell Density

Increase in Cell Density and Catalyst Light off improvements to improve

Precious metal Cold Start Emissions

More Durable emission After Treatment System will be the requirement.

Low Sulfur required for durability requirements
Near Zero Emission Vehicle
 Gasoline Emission Technologies
First Converter (1976) COC/ TWC / All Pd Catalyst

Closed Coupled Converter

GPF
Manifold Converter
Low Emission Vehicle (LEV)
Thin Wall Substrates

Ultra Thin Wall Substrate

Wash coat / Different PGMs / Catalyst

Ultra Low Emission Anchoring etc.
Vehicle (ULEV)
Super Ultra Low Emission
Converter (SULEV)

1976 Buick Converter

 Gasoline Emission Control System Trend
Under body Catalytic Converter

Ultrathin - Wal substrate

Thin –Wall substrate

Standard -Wall substrate

Closed Coupled Converter

TWC + GPF – BS VI System Packaging Constraints

Engine Mount / Weight

GBD Controlled Canning

Manifold Catalytic Converter
Thermal Management

High Chromium Material

Micro MIG Welding

Serviceable DPF System

 Meeting the BSVI Emission Norms: C I Engines
Engine Optimization: Engine out emission
Combustion Process Refinement Reduction, Fuel
Change of Emission Tradeoff, Consumption Reduction
Oil Consumption reduction, & Durability
Friction reduction Improvement

Higher EGR

PM
Higher EGR at Low Loads

NOx
Lower Comp. ratio Injection Rate Shaping

Engine Re-design and Optimization will be the key to achieve low and durable emissions
Sensitivity to higher sulfur levels increases
SIAM
 Meeting the BSVI Emission Norms: C I Engines
Exhaust After-treatment: Exhaust Treatment to
Diesel Particulate filter/
Reduce Tailpipe Emissions
SCR Alternative Routes

PM

PM Control by Engine
Optimization with NOx control
NOx by an after Treatment device

SCR - Alternative

Particulate Filter will be a must for PM control. Passive Regeneration will be the key.
Low sulfur will be required for durability requirements
SIAM
 Emission Challenges – NOx & PM
0.1

0.09

PM After Treatment
Technology
0.08

0.07

0.06
PM (g/km)

0.05
BS III 2005
0.04
BS IV2017
0.03

0.02
BSVI 2020
0.01
NOX After Treatment Technology

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
NOx (g/km)
Environmental Technologies
Increasingly Sophisticated Diesel Solutions
Required

NOx
Control

DPF DPF

DOC DOC DOC

Diesel Oxidation Catalyzed Soot NOx Control

Catalyst Filter
Removes HC, CO Burns Soot Converts NOx
(hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide) (particulate matter) (oxides of nitrogen)

1994 2006 2010 *

76
 BS IV to BS VI Exhaust Systems
BS IV Technology BS VI Technology
Gasoline Vehicle After Treatment System Gasoline Vehicle After Treatment System

E E E
N N N
G G G
TWC Muffler I
TWC TWC Muffler I TWC TWC GPF Muffler
I
N N N
E E
E
Diesel Vehicle After Treatment System
Diesel Vehicle After Treatment System
E EGR
E EGR N
N G
LNT DPF
Muffler
G I
I
DOC Muffler
N
N E
E

E EGR E EGR
P P N S
N
Muffler D A
G DOC F F G
F F I
O DPF C S Muffler
I
N N C R C
E E

➢ Acoustic attenuation contribution for cold end is more than hot ➢ Acoustic attenuation contribution for cold end is similar to hot
end. end.

Back pressure contribution Back pressure contribution

➢ Hot end : ~40% ➢ Hot end : ~60%
➢ Cold end : ~60% ➢ Cold end : ~40%
Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) Or Catalyzed Soot Filter (SCF)

▪ Plugged channel honeycomb

▪ Particulates trapped on wall
▪ Regenerated to burn particles
▪ Catalyzed or uncatalyzed
Ceramic Wall-Flow DPF Materials

Segmented
SiC
-SiC

AT*

Industry’s Material Preference:

Cordierite - (2MgO 2Al2O3 5SiO2), Silicon Carbide - (-SiC)
AT- ([Strontium Aluminosilicate] Aluminum Titanate (Al2TiO5))
•* bi•phasic
 Silicon Carbide DPF

SiC grain Characteristics of SiC-DPF

+ High Thermal Resistance
+ High Chemical Resistance
+ Low Pressure Loss
Pore + High Filtration Efficiency
Uniform pore structure
DPF Regeneration
Passive Regeneration
DPF Regeneration

Source: CAI-Asia
Post Injection Regeneration for an Uncoated DPF

(Umicore)
CDPF Active Regeneration
One Approach to SCR
(Selective Catalyst Reduction)
Oxidation Catalyst (V)
SCR Catalyst (S)
2NO + O2 → 2NO2
4NH3 + 4NO + O2 → 4N2 + 6H2O
4HC + 3O2 → 2CO2 + Urea 2NH3 + NO + NO2 → 2N2 + 3H2O
2H2O
(NH2)2 8NH3 + 6NO2 → 7N2 + 12H2O
2CO + O2 → 2CO2 CO

Exhaus V H S O
t Gas

Hydrolysis Catalyst (H) Oxidation Catalyst (O)

(NH2)2CO + H2O → 2NH3 + 4NH3 + 3O2 → 2N2 +
CO2 6H2O
DPF+SCR
DPF+SCR+AMOX
Diesel
DieselEmission Control
Emission Control System System
Trend
Trend DOC + DPF + SCR
LNT + cDPF

Cylindrical Type Box Type S Type

DOC + sDPF
 Upcoming Regulation - RDE
Real Driving Emission
➢ Measure the pollutants, such as NOx emitted by cars while driven on the
road.
➢ RDE will not replace laboratory tests, it will ensure that cars deliver low
emissions over on-road conditions
RDE Test Setup RDE Test Conditions

Consist Of Urban Rural Motorway

Speed ≤ 40 km/h > 40 & ≤ 60 km/h > 60 km/h

Trip
34 % 33 % 33 %
Composition

Distance > 16 km > 16 km > 16 km

Total Trip Duration Between 90 & 120 mins

Conformity Conformity factor 1 means Euro 6 NOx limit of 80mg/km

Not to exceed limit must met over an RDE test
Factor
 Upcoming Regulation - CAFÉ
Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFÉ)
CAFÉ Norms : World CO2 Emission Roadways 76%
➢ Carbon di-oxide regulations in CAFÉ norms Airways 12%
from 130 g/km in 2017 to 113 g/km in 2022.
Water ways 10%
➢ Need to have fuel efficiency improvement
Railways 2%
from 15% to 30% in 2022. Railways
Transportation sector is major source of CO2
emission

Exhaust system backpressure needs to be reduced to meet

CAFÉ norms & fuel efficiency improvement
 Other Sources

Air Quality
Management
In-use
vehicle Clean Vehicle
emission Technology
Control Government
Departments
Oil
Companies

Vehicle
Users

Judiciary Clean
Traffic
Management NGOs Fuels
/Policies Vehicle
Manufacturers

Alternative
Land Use Fuels/
Planning Drivetrains