Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Anatomi Cranium PDF
Anatomi Cranium PDF
ATLAS OF HUMAN
SKELETAL ANATOMY
Artner Juraj
Pekny Petr
Gergelova Katarina
Cranium I
2003
J. ARTNER, WWW.JURAJARTNER.COM, 2002
PAGE
Cranium
The Skull- Anatomy
J. ARTNER
Contents
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Cranial Topography
2.3. Adult vs Newborn Skull
2.4. Os frontale
2.5. Os parietale
2.6. Os temporale
2.7. Os occipitale
2.8. Os sphenoidale
2.9. Os ethmoidale
2.10. Os zygomaticum
2.11. Os lacrimale
2.12. Maxilla
2.13. Os palatinum
2.14. Os nasale
2.15. Concha nasalis inferior
2.16. Vomer
2.17. Mandibula
2.A. Clinical Aspects
2.1. Introduction
The skull is one of the most complex
and difficult chapters in human
anatomy. It is also one of the few
anatomic structures, where almost all
the different medical sectors or fields
meet each other and use their anatomic
knowledge:
Neurology and neurosurgery use their
anatomic knowledge for the surgical
access to the central nervous system,
otorhinolaryngology specializes in the
nasal and the auditory skull- parts,
general surgery uses the topographic
knowledge, craniofacial surgery works
on almost all skull structures,
ophthalmology specializes in the
orbital structures, obstetrics needs the
knowledge about newborn and fetal
skulls to provide and control the birth,
and the internal medicine needs the
knowledge because of some metabolic
and malignant disorders. As you can
see, almost all medical fields are
covered. Some special clinical topics
will be described in the last chapter
called Clinical Aspects.
First medical procedures on skulls are
dated to earlier than 8000 B.C. when
PAGE
Viscerocranium
Os frontale
Os parietale (2x)
Os occipitale
Os sphenoidale
Os temporale (2x)
Os ethmoidale
Os nasale (2x)
Os lacrimale (2x)
Os zygomaticum (2x)
Concha nasalis inf (2x)
Vomer
Os palatinum (2x)
Maxilla (2x)
Mandibula
Nc
Fig. 2.1.: Head and skull from front
Vc
PAGE
FH
Perspective
Explanation
Norma frontalis
View
at
the
frontal
outer
surface of skull
Norma verticalis
Norma basalis
View
at
the
inferior
outer
surface of skull
PAGE
ethmoidale, Os sphenoidale, Os
palatinum) the pyramidal orbital
cavities.
4
7
3
5
PAGE
1
1
e
a 5 Fs
4
7
6
d
f
3
Fi
2
3
c
1
d
4
3
f
2
3
c
PAGE
Os frontale
Os temporale
Os nasale
Orbita
Septum nasi osseum
Os zygomaticum
Apertura nasalis ant.
Maxilla
PAGE
OsF
sF
OsN
Lp
sS
Csn
Vo
Ma
PAGE
Or
Cs
Cm
Ci
Sm
Sn
Fig. 2.12.: Coronal cut of the sinus
area and the ostiomeatal complex
Nasal septum (Sn), Sinus maxillaris
(Sm), Orbita (Or), Nasal Conchae
(superior- Cs, media- Cm, inferior- Ci)
Sf
Cm
Cs
Se
Ss
Ci
Sm
Np
PAGE
Os frontale
Foramen supraorbitale
Sutura frontozygomatica
Os sphenoidale
Os zygomaticum
Foramen infraorbitale
Maxilla
Os nasale
Vomer
Sutura zygomaticomaxillaris
Sutura intermaxillaris
PAGE
10
1
4
PAGE
11
Os parietale
Os frontale
Os nasale
Os sphenoidale
Os zygomaticum
Os occipitale
Maxilla
Os temporale
Mandibula
Sut. sagittalis
Sut. coronalis
Sut. sphenofrontalis
Sut. frontozygomatica
Sut. sphenoparietalis
Sut. squamosa
Sut. lambdoidea
Sut. sphenosquamosa
Sut. occipitomastoidea
Sut. temporozygomatica
Fig. 2.18.: Aspectus anterolateralis of skull (sutures)
PAGE
12
1 Os frontale
2 Os parietale
3 Os sphenoidale
4 Os temporale
5 Os occipitale
6 Os zygomaticum
7 Os nasale
8 - Maxilla
4
5
7
6
8
1 Os frontale
2 Os parietale
3 Os sphenoidale
4 Os temporale
5 Os occipitale
6 Os zygomaticum
7 Os nasale
8 Maxilla
9 - Mandibula
8
9
PAGE
13
3
b
2
a
1
4
5
b 2
a
1
b
1
PAGE
14
PAGE
15
Foramen incisivum
Sut. palatina mediana
Maxilla
Sut. palat. transversa
Os palatinum
Os zygomaticum
Choanae
Os sphenoidale
Foramen ovale
Fossa mandibularis
Proc. styloideus
Fossa jugularis
Condylus occipitalis
Proc. Mastoideus
Canalis condylaris
Foramen magnum
Os occipitale
Linea nuchalis inferior
PAGE
16
Foramen incisivum
Maxilla
Os zygomaticum
Os palatinum
Processus
styloideus
Foramen lacerum
Foramen
ovale
Fossa
jugularis
Fossa
mandibularis
Foramen
magnum
Canalis
condylaris
Linea nuchalis
inferior
PAGE
17
Calvaria
1
d
o
Basis cranii
3
f
PAGE
18
3
4
PAGE
19
2
1
Fossa cranii anterior
3
4
Fossa cranii media
11
5
9 10
7
14
12
15
13
16
9- Foramen ovale
10- Foramen spinosum
11- Foramen lacerum
12- Foramen jugulare
13- Part of Os parietale
14- Foramen magnum
15- Canalis condylaris
16- Eminentia cruciformis
Fig. 2.29.: Basis cranii interna with marked positions of the venous sinuses
Photography by Pekny P., 2003
PAGE
20
STRUCTURE
LOCATION
STRUCTURES/
FUNCTION
Os ethmoidale
Crista galli
Foramina ethmoidalia
Crista frontalis
Foramen caecum
Impressiones digitatae
Fossa cranii media
Canalis opticus
Os ethmoidale,
middle sagittal
Os ethmoidale,
Connection to orbital
margin between Os
cavity,
ethmoidale and Os frontale A. ethmoidalis
V. ethmoidalis
N. ethmoidalis
Os frontale,
Attachment of Falx cerebri
middle sagittal
Os frontale,
1% connection to nasal
under Crista frontalis
cavity, 99% blind ending,
middle sagittal
V. emissaria for. caeci
Os frontale,
Cerebral impressions
Squama frontalis
Os sphenoidale
Os sphenoidale,
between Ala major and
minor
Foramen rotundum
Os sphenoidale,
Ala major
Foramen ovale
Os sphenoidale,
Ala major
Foramen spinosum
Os sphenoidale,
Ala major
Foramen lacerum
Os sphenoidale,
Between Ala major and
Pars petrosa of Os
temporale
Os sphenoidale,
Corpus, Sella turcica
Fossa hypophysialis
Connection to orbital
cavity,
N. opticus (II)
A. ophthalmica
Connection to orbital
cavity,
N. oculomotorius (III)
N. trochlearis (IV)
N. ophthalmicus (V)
N. abducens (VI)
V. ophthalmica superior
Connection to Fossa
pterygopalatina,
N. maxillaris (V)
Connection to Fossa
infratemporalis,
N. mandibularis (V)
Connection to Fossa
infratemporalis,
A. meningea media
R. meningeus n. V
Connection to Basis cranii
externa,
A. carotis interna
Plexus caroticus
Hypophysis
PAGE
21
STRUCTURE
Fossa cranii posterior
Foramen magnum
Foramen jugulare
LOCATION
STRUCTURES/
FUNCTION
Os occipitale,
middle sagittal
Fig. 2.30.: Table of most important structures visible at the interior of the skull base
After this short introduction of the
views at the skull it is important to
note, that there are much more
structures which can be seen and
described in the separate views at the
human skull. These structures and their
function will be described in the
specific chapters about separate bones
in detail.
It is generally recommended to return
to this chapter when reading the
following chapters to achieve a better
PAGE
22
PAGE
23
PAGE
24