4 5 2 METALLOGRAPHY

plane surface) surfaces with respect to the deformation direction. Either the
Jeffries or the intercept method can be used, although the latter is preferred.
If a Jeffries count of the number of grains per square millimeter at IX is made
on the three principal planes yielding values ofNAtt, NAi, and NAiP, the number of
grains per cubic millimeter Nv is determined from the following equation:
Nv = 0.8(AU,t NAA NA,p)m

(6-34)

Values of Nv for different grain sizes are given in col. 7 of Table 6-5, or the ASTM
grain size be calculated from the following equation:
G = [2.214 log Nv] - 2.1 A

(6-35)

Alternatively, an average value of the number of grains per square millimeter at

IX (NA) can be calculated! as follows:
NA = (NAitNAANA,p)m

(6-36)

Then G is calculated by Eq. (6-22). Estimates of G for such structures are

probably accurate within one-half a unit. The relationship between NA or NL and
Nv in ASTM El 12 was initially based on the following:
Nv = (JV.4)3'2 = 0.7(yVJ3

(6-37)

Currently, Nv is calculated only from NL using a more conservative relationship:

Nv = 0.5659(N,.)3

(6-38)

If the intercept method is used to evaluate nonequiaxed grains, straight test

lines are preferred over the circular grid. The straight lines must be oriented in the
following way on the three test planes:
NLI Parallel to the elongation on the longitudinal plane
NLit Perpendicular to the elongation on the transverse plane (through-thickness
direction)
NL p Perpendicular to elongation on planar surface (i.e., across the width)
Note that these three test directions are mutually perpendicular. The degree of
grain elongation on each plane can be determined by making intercept measurements on each plane in directions perpendicular to each of the above test lines.
Then, on each plane, the grain-elongation ratio is determined by dividing the NL
value in the compressed direction by that in the elongated direction.
To determine the ASTM grain size, two equivalent procedures can be
employed. The average NL value can be obtained as follows:
NL = HNL,\ + NLit + NL>p)

(6-39)

Then, NL is used to calculate L 3 from Eq. (6-28), and the ASTM grain size is
tThis method is preferred to estimation of G based on Nv.