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Universiti Teknologi Malaysia: Title of Experiment
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia: Title of Experiment
Group / Section
1/Section
Supervisor
Date of Experiment
17/3/2014
Date of Submission
23/3/201
4
4.4 Result
Table below show the data for venturi meter and orifice plate meter respectively.
Venturi meter
Volume Time
water
(second,s)
collected
(Litre)
H1
(mm)
H2
(mm)
(m)
Qtheo
(m3/s)
x 10-3
Qact
(m3/s)
x 10-3
Cd,theo
Log
h
Log
Qactual
5.0
30.07
498
342
0.156
0.14
0.17
1.21
-0.01
-3.77
5.0
24.75
488
264
0.224
0.17
0.20
1.18
-0.65
-3.70
5.0
5.0
22.06
20.13
454
452
178
90
0.276
0.362
0.19
0.22
0.23
0.25
1.21
1.14
-0.56
-0.44
-3.64
-3.60
D1 = 20.4 mm
D3 = 10.0 mm
Upstream pressure point where the orifice plate equal to the diameter of the test pipe (D)
and downstream pressure is where its distance is equal to radius of pipe (D/2)
Both upstream and downstream pressure/tapping point at the corner are positioned
immediately perpendicular to the orifice plate.
D = 22.0 mm and D/2 = 12.0 mm
Pressure heads at D and D/2 tappings
Volume
water
collected
(litre)
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
Time
(second,s
)
h1 @ D
(mm)
h2 @ D/2
(mm)
29
27
23
20
540
500
500
490
370
310
240
180
(m)
0.170
0.190
0.260
0.310
Qtheo
(m3/s)
x 10-3
0.093
0.098
0.115
0.126
Qact
(m3/s)
x 10-3
0.172
0.185
0.217
0.250
Cd,theo
1.849
1.888
1.887
1.984
Time
(second,s
)
29
27
23
20
h3 @ up- h4
stream
@down(mm)
stream
(mm)
505
290
495
290
490
280
470
280
(m)
0.215
0.205
0.210
0.190
Qtheo
(m3/s)
x 10-3
0.105
0.102
0.103
0.098
Qact
(m3/s)
x 10-3
0.172
0.185
0.217
0.250
Cd,theo
1.638
1.814
2.107
2.551
INTRODUCTION
The measurement of fluid flow is important in applications ranging from measurements of
blood-flow rates in human artery to the measurement of liquid oxygen in a rocket.
The selection of the proper instrument for a particular application is governed by many variables,
including cost. Flow-rate-measurement devices frequently require accurate pressure and
temperature measurements in order to calculate the output of the instrument.
The most widely used flow metering principle involves placing a fixed area flow restriction of
some type in the pipe or duct carrying the fluid. This flow restriction causes a pressure drop that
varies with the flow rate.
Thus, measurement of the pressure drop by means of a suitable differential-pressure pick up
allows flow rate measurement.
Each of the flow measurement devices inherently has its own advantages and disadvantages.
Some of those instruments are:
The Venturi Meter
In the venturi meter (shown in figure (1) below) the fluid is accelerated through a converging
cone and the pressure difference between the upstream side of the cone and the throat is
measured and provides the signal for the rate of flow
The fluid slows down in a cone with smaller angle where most of the kinetic energy is converted
back to pressure energy. Because of the cone and the gradual reduction in the area, the flow
area is at minimum at the throat.
High pressure and energy recovery makes the venturi meter suitable where only small pressure
heads are available.
The Orifice
Plate
The orifice meter shown in figure (2) below, consists of a flat orifice plate with a circular hole
drilled in it. There is a pressure tap upstream from the orifice plate and another just downstream.
There are in general three methods of placing the taps. The coefficient of the meter depends upon
the position`n of taps.
Theory
Venturi meter
The Bernoulli equation can be applied to by referring point 1 and 2. The analysis for the equation
for flow rate can be derived:
2g
Qth= A V A
3 3
3
where:
h h
1
A
1- 3
A1
Qth
A1
A3
h1
h3
The discharge coefficient defined as the ratio of the actual flow rate, Q act over theoretical flow rate
Qth : Coefficient of discharge, Cd = Qactual / Qtheoritical
Q act C Q
d th
2g h1 h3
2g
=C A
C A
d 3
d 3
2
2
A
A
3
3
1
1 A
A
1
and
Q act n h
...........where
n C A
d 3
h1 h3
2g
A
1- 3
A
1
Orifice meter
For the orifice plate diagram, the Bernoulli equation can be applied at point 1 and 3. From the
analysis, the equations for flow rate can derived as:
Volumetric flow rate:
2g h
2
1- m
Qth = a
where:
Qth
a
m
h
Discharge coefficient defined as the ratio of actual volume flow rate to theoretical volume flow rate
:
Coefficient of discharge, Cd = Qactual / Qtheoritical
Q act C Q
d th
2g h
C a
= C a
d 1 - m 2
d
and
aA
A2 - a 2
Q act C
d
2g
2
a
1-
A
2g h
...........where
aA
meter coefficien t
A2 - a 2
Calculation
a) Venturi Meter
For the first data,
i) Time
= 31.16 s
ii) Volume v
5 liter
= 0.005 m3
= 0.005m3/31.16
iii) Qactual
= h1 - h2
= ( 497 -343 ) mm
= 0.154 m
vi) Cd
= Q
actual
theo
= 0.2073 x10 -3
0.72568 x 10 -3
= 0.2857
vii) log Qactual
viii) log H
= log 0.410
= -0.3872
b)
t = 84 s
= 0.005 m3
iii) Qactual
84 s
= 0.0595 x 10-3 m3/s
iv) H = h1 - h2
= ( 525 - 360 ) mm
= 0.165 m
v) Q theo
= 0.4598 x 10 -3 m3/s
= 0.0595 x 10-3
vi) Cd
0.4598 x 10-3
= 0.1294
Value for the next data also use the same method as above.
i) Qactual
ii) H = h3 - h4
= ( 526 -362 ) mm
= 0.164 m
iii) Qteori
= 0.4584 x 10 -3 m3/s
iv) Cd = Qactual
Qtheo
= 0.0595 x 10-3
0.4584 x 10-3
= 0.1298
The graph
Cd A3
2g
A3 2
1( )
A1
is
that the graph plotted is correct. Next, the gradient from the equation is 0.5 while the
gradient obtained from the graph is 0.5461. The theoretical gradient value and the
gradient value obtained from the graph are slightly different. While the y-intercept
obtained from the graph is -3.3432. From y-intercept, we are able to calculate the
value for
C d as below:
Log n
-3.3432
log C d A 3
C d (7.854 x 105
= Log
log 7.854 x 10
(
1
2g
A 2
1( 3 )
A1
2 ( 9.81 )
7.854 x 105
3.269 x 104
= -3.3432
2 ( 9.81 )
7.854 x 105
1
3.269 x 104
3.3432
Cd=
= 0.9672
Average
Cd =
= 1.0648
Cd
and average
Cd
the overall result that we obtained for venturi meter is incorrect. This is due to some
errors made while conducting the experiment and also errors that might come from
the apparatus been used in experiment. This will further discuss in question (v).
The graph of Qact against h for method D and 1/D and method upstream and
downstream is plotted.
Theoritically,
aA
Q act C
d 2 2
A -a
2g h
...........where
aA
meter coefficien t
2 2
A -a
aA
C
2g
d
2
2
A -a
Qact =MX+c, m =
.
For the D and 1/2D tappings method, the m=1.3539, therefore;
aA
A2 - a 2
C
d
Cd
2g
=1.3539
= 1.3539
= 1.3539
A 2a 2
aA
)
2
0.00038 0.0001
0.000380.0001 29.81
=1.081
For method D and 1/2D, the average coefficient discharged Cd is,
Average
Cd =
1.7449+1.7228+1.7813+
3
= 1.750
For method upstream and downstream, the average coefficient discharged Cd is,
Average
Cd
1.3777+ 1.5856+1.7472
3
= 1.570
The value of both average coefficient discharged C d for method D and 1/2D
and upstream and downstream is different to each other which are 1.750 and 1.570.
The different value is can be caused by some errors that done during the experiment
such as the reading of outlet pipe that is not perpendicular to our eyes. Other error is
might be come from the apparatus.
Based on the experimental results, venturi meter have more losses compared to
orifice meter. This venturi meter losses should be low due to steam line shape of the
diffuser however our experimental data deviate from the fact. From the observation,
venturi meter have lower Cd compared to orifice meter. So, venturi gives less accurate
measurement because its coefficient of discharge, Cd is lower compared to orifice
meter.
Based on the experimental results, which flow meter gives more accurate
measurement. Briefly explain your choice.
As the results indicate, the most accurate flowmeter reading was the venture
meter. The flow rate to theoretical flow rate ratio for average was slightly higher,
this shows that the data collected during the experiment was not significantly
accurate. The data collected using the orifcee plate meter was having a greater
variation than the accurate value, this shows that there were some errors while
conducting the experiment.
in human, the observer may not start and stop the stopwatch simultaneously when
the water level is reaching.
The parallax error can be reduced by putting a white paper behind the ruler to
make the water meniscus be seen more clearly Before start the experiment, we
have to ensure that the air bubble in the flexible tube completely null. So it will
gave the precise readings.
Make sure the scale of the ruler is in good condition. So the readers would get
the precise readings. The rate of flow of water must be in a steady flow for a
constant velocity at nozzle.
All the apparatus is made sure in good condition before the experiment start. In
order to obtain a more accurate result, some repetition while taking the reading
can be done and average value is calculated.
Conclusion
The objective of this experiment was to determine and compared the coefficient of discharged,
Cd for a series of flow measuring devices.
From the experiment, we can conclude that the logarithm value for Qactual is directly proportional
with the increasing logarithm value for h. We also obtain that the experimental slopes of graphs are
seen to be deviate from the theoretical value C d. From the graph that we constructed, we can measure the
manometer reading will effects the coefficient discharged, C d. And also, Qtheoritical is inversely proportional
to coefficient discharge, Cd. so the higher the Qtheoritical, the lower the Cd.
However, this experiment involved with some errors that will affect the accuracy of the result,
hence, we should take the measurements repeatedly and carefully throughout the experiment to
minimize the error in the experiment.
Procedure
1. The apparatus was set up as shown in the figure. The outlet pipe variable head
outlet tank was elevated. The pump then was turn on until the water started to flow
References
2. http://mysite.du.edu/~jcalvert/tech/fluids/orifice.htm
3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orifice_plate